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<button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory and antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>High Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Era_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Era_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Early Modern Era and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Era_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phanariots_(1711–1822)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phanariots_(1711–1822)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Phanariots (1711–1822)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phanariots_(1711–1822)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_Statute,_1848_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_Statute,_1848_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Organic Statute, 1848 revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_Statute,_1848_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Bessarabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Bessarabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Southern Bessarabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Bessarabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_Wallachia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Wallachia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Union with Wallachia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Wallachia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines_and_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines_and_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Magazines and newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines_and_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moldavia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldawi%C3%AB_(prinsdom)" title="Moldawië (prinsdom) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moldawië (prinsdom)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prencipau_de_Moldavia" title="Prencipau de Moldavia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Prencipau de Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princip%C3%A1u_de_Moldavia" title="Principáu de Moldavia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Principáu de Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaviya_knyazl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Moldaviya knyazlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moldaviya knyazlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بوغدان پرنسلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوغدان پرنسلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малдаўскае княства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малдаўскае княства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малдаўскае княства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малдаўскае княства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Княжество Молдова – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Княжество Молдова" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principat_de_Mold%C3%A0via" title="Principat de Moldàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Principat de Moldàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavsk%C3%A9_kn%C3%AD%C5%BEectv%C3%AD" title="Moldavské knížectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moldavské knížectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tywysogaeth_Moldofa" title="Tywysogaeth Moldofa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tywysogaeth Moldofa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavien" title="Moldavien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moldavien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstentum_Moldau" title="Fürstentum Moldau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fürstentum Moldau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova_v%C3%BCrstiriik" title="Moldova vürstiriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moldova vürstiriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ηγεμονία της Μολδαβίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηγεμονία της Μολδαβίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_de_Moldavia" title="Principado de Moldavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Principado de Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princlando_Moldavio" title="Princlando Moldavio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Princlando Moldavio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaviako_Printzerria" title="Moldaviako Printzerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moldaviako Printzerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Moldavie" title="Principauté de Moldavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Principauté de Moldavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_de_Moldova" title="Principado de Moldova – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Principado de Moldova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%8B%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="몰다비아 공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰다비아 공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մոլդովական իշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլդովական իշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldav%C3%ADa" title="Moldavía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Moldavía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principato_di_Moldavia" title="Principato di Moldavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principato di Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="מולדביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מולדביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="მოლდოვის სამთავრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლდოვის სამთავრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Молдаван княздыгы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молдаван княздыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatus_Moldaviae" title="Principatus Moldaviae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Principatus Moldaviae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C4%81vija" title="Moldāvija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Moldāvija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavijos_kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97" title="Moldavijos kunigaikštystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moldavijos kunigaikštystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsia_de_Moldova" title="Prinsia de Moldova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Prinsia de Moldova" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кнежевство Молдавија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кнежевство Молдавија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorstendom_Moldavi%C3%AB" title="Vorstendom Moldavië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vorstendom Moldavië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospodarstwo_Mo%C5%82dawskie" title="Hospodarstwo Mołdawskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hospodarstwo Mołdawskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_da_Mold%C3%A1via" title="Principado da Moldávia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Principado da Moldávia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatul_Moldovei" title="Principatul Moldovei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principatul Moldovei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%94_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Молдавськоє княжество – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Молдавськоє княжество" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Молдавское княжество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молдавское княжество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavsk%C3%A9_knie%C5%BEatstvo" title="Moldavské kniežatstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moldavské kniežatstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Moldavija" title="Kneževina Moldavija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kneževina Moldavija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%A7%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Молдовьско Кънѧжьство – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Молдовьско Кънѧжьство" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кнежевина Молдавија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кнежевина Молдавија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Moldavija" title="Kneževina Moldavija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kneževina Moldavija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மோல்டாவியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோல்டாவியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มอลเดเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอลเดเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fdan_Prensli%C4%9Fi" title="Boğdan Prensliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boğdan Prensliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Молдавське князівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молдавське князівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Moldavia" title="Công quốc Moldavia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="摩尔达维亚公国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩尔达维亚公国" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Moldavia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moldavia">History of Moldavia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical principality. For the region of Romania, see <a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a>. For the modern state, see <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moldova_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moldova (disambiguation)">Moldova (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Principality of Moldavia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Moldova</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Țara Moldovei</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1346–1859</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Moldavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Moldova"><img alt="Flag of Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Moldavia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Moldavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Moldavia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Moldavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Moldavia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Moldavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia" title="Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia">Flag</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_flag"><a href="#endnote_flag">a</a></sup> (14th–15th cent.)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of armsb (14th–15th cent.) of Moldova"><img alt="Coat of armsb (14th–15th cent.) of Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia" title="Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia">Coat of arms</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_arms"><a href="#endnote_arms">b</a></sup><br />(14th–15th cent.)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Voivodeship_of_Moldavia_(1789).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Principality of Moldavia, 1789"><img alt="Location of the Principality of Moldavia, 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Voivodeship_of_Moldavia_%281789%29.svg/250px-Voivodeship_of_Moldavia_%281789%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Voivodeship_of_Moldavia_%281789%29.svg/375px-Voivodeship_of_Moldavia_%281789%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Voivodeship_of_Moldavia_%281789%29.svg/500px-Voivodeship_of_Moldavia_%281789%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of the Principality of Moldavia, 1789</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldova_(1483)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Moldavia under Stephen the Great, 1483"><img alt="Moldavia under Stephen the Great, 1483" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Moldova_%281483%29-en.png/250px-Moldova_%281483%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Moldova_%281483%29-en.png/375px-Moldova_%281483%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Moldova_%281483%29-en.png/500px-Moldova_%281483%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="1614" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Moldavia under <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a>, 1483</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman vassal</a><sup id="cite_ref-suzerainty_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzerainty-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1498–1572; 1574–1600; 1618–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> vassal<sup id="cite_ref-suzerainty_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzerainty-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1601–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate#Russian_protectorates" title="Protectorate">Russian protectorate</a><sup id="cite_ref-protectorate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protectorate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1829–1856)</li> <li>International protectorate<sup id="cite_ref-protectorate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protectorate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1856–1859)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Baia" title="Baia">Baia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> (1343–1388)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> (1388–1564)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> (1564–1859)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%;padding:0.25em 0 0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Minority</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Romanian (endonym) / Moldavian (exonym)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Principality: <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary lines</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">Princes of Moldavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospodar" title="Hospodar">Hospodars</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1346–1353 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99,_Voivode_of_Moldavia" title="Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia">Dragoș</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1859–1862 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Foundation of the Moldavian <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">mark</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1346</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Union with Wallachia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 24 January] 1859</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_gros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldavian gros (page does not exist)">Moldavian gros</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_moldovenesc" class="extiw" title="ro:Gros moldovenesc">ro</a>]</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">Taler</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MD" title="ISO 3166-2:MD">MD</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1301-1382).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg/52px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/20px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/30px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/39px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_District" title="Bukovina District">Bukovina District</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_flag"><b><a href="#ref_flag">^</a></b></span> Modern reconstruction of a Moldavian princely standard <span style="font-size:85%;">(attested versions of the number and general aspects of symbols other than the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> vary considerably)</span>.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_arms"><b><a href="#ref_arms">^</a></b></span> Modern reconstruction of a Moldavian coat of arms based on the seals of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_I_of_Moldavia" title="Roman I of Moldavia">Roman I</a> and others (attested versions of the field tincture and number and general aspects of symbols other than the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> vary considerably).</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Romania" title="Category:History of Romania">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of <span class="fn org label">Romania</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Romania">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Transylvania" title="Prehistory of Transylvania">Prehistory of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity" title="Romania in Antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Banat in the Middle Ages">Banat in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">Founding of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Times</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Temesvar">Eyalet of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">1848 Moldavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">1848 Wallachian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_Transilvan%C4%83_pentru_Literatura_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultura_Poporului_Rom%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Fascist Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">Romanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Historical timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Romania">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">By historical region</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="History of Maramureș">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/16px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Moldova" title="Category:History of Moldova">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">History of <span class="fn org label">Moldova</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Moldova"><img alt="Coat of arms of Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">Free Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian-Dniester_area_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian-Dniester area in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodnici" title="Brodnici">Brodnici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principality of Moldavia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Moldavia">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia_in_the_Early_Modern_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavia in the Early Modern Era">Early Modern Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Romanian military intervention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Romania">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian ASSR</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Anti-fascist resistance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">Independence of Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Transnistria">War of Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic">Gagauz Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_independent_Moldova" title="History of independent Moldova">History of independent Moldova</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/16px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/24px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/32px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Moldova" title="Portal:Moldova">Moldova portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Moldova" title="Template:History of Moldova"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Moldova" title="Template talk:History of Moldova"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Moldova" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Moldova"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Moldavia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Moldova</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[molˈdova]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/Ro-Moldova.ogg\/Ro-Moldova.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Moldova.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Ro-Moldova.ogg/Ro-Moldova.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Moldova.ogg" title="File:Ro-Moldova.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Țara Moldovei</i></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The country of Moldova</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic</a>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><span lang="ro-Cyrl">Молдова</span></span> or <span title="Romanian-language text"><span lang="ro-Cyrl">Цара Мѡлдовєй</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Carpathians">Eastern Carpathians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Țara Românească</i></span>) as the basis of the modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a>), all of <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa</a>. The region of <a href="/wiki/Pokuttya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokuttya">Pokuttya</a> was also part of it for a period of time. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moldavia_(region_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavia (region of Romania)">western half of Moldavia</a> is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">southeastern</a> parts are territories of Ukraine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymology of Moldova">Etymology of Moldova</a></div> <p>The original and short-lived reference to the region was <i>Bogdania</i>, after <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I">Bogdan I</a>, the founding figure of the principality.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The names <i>Moldavia</i> and <i>Moldova</i> are derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Moldova_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova River">Moldova River</a>; however, the etymology is not known and there are several variants:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A legend mentioned in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Descriptio_Moldaviae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descriptio Moldaviae (page does not exist)">Descriptio Moldaviae</a></i> (1714–1716) by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> links it to an <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> hunting trip of the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a> <a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoș">Dragoș</a> and the latter's chase of a star-marked aurochs. Dragoș was accompanied by his female hound, called <i>Molda</i>; when they reached the shores of an unfamiliar river, Molda caught up with the animal and was killed by it. The dog's name would have been combined with the Romanian word for water, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">apă</i></span>, and given to the river and extended to the country.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got-Latn">Mulda</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: <span lang="got">𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰</span>, <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Runr">ᛗᚢᛚᛞᚨ</span></span>) meaning 'dust', 'dirt' (cognate with the English <i><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mould</a></i>), referring to the river.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> etymology (<span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">-ova</i></span> is a quite common Slavic suffix), marking the end of one Slavic genitive form, denoting ownership, chiefly of feminine nouns (i.e., 'that of Molda').</li> <li>A landowner named Alexa Moldaowicz is mentioned in a 1334 document as a local <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> in service to <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_George_II_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaus George II of Halych">Yuriy II of Halych</a>; this attests to the use of the name before the foundation of the Moldavian state and could be the source for the region's name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>On a series of coins of <a href="/wiki/Petru_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru I of Moldavia">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen I of Moldavia">Stephen I</a> minted by <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxon</a> masters and with German legends, the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverses</a> feature the name of Moldavia in the form <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Molderlang</i></span>/<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Molderlant</i></span> (recte: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Molderland</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-LBieltz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBieltz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KParvan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KParvan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several early references,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Moldavia</i> is rendered under the composite form <i>Moldo-Wallachia</i> (in the same way <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> may appear as <i>Hungro-Wallachia</i>). <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> references to Moldavia included <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Boğdan Iflak</i></span> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">بغدان افلاق</span></span>, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Bogdan#Rulers_of_Moldavia" title="Bogdan">Bogdan</a>'s Wallachia') and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Boğdan</i></span> (and occasionally <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Kara-Boğdan</i></span>, <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">قره بغدان</span></span>, "Black Bogdania"). See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_with_alternative_names#M" title="List of European regions with alternative names">names in other languages</a>. </p><p>The names of the region in other languages include <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Moldavie</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Moldau</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Moldva</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Молдавия</span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Moldaviya</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Boğdan Prensliği</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μολδαβία</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory and antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Balkans">Prehistory of the Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni–Trypillian culture">Cucuteni–Trypillian culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpi_(people)" title="Carpi (people)">Carpi (people)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Romania in the Early Middle Ages</a></div> <p>The inhabitants of Moldavia were Christians. Archaeological works revealed the remains of a Christian necropolis at <a href="/wiki/Mih%C4%83l%C4%83%C8%99eni,_Boto%C8%99ani" title="Mihălășeni, Botoșani">Mihălășeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani_County" title="Botoșani County">Botoșani county</a>, from the 5th century. The place of worship, and the tombs had Christian characteristics. The place of worship had a rectangular form with sides of eight and seven meters. Similar necropolises and places of worship were found at Nicolina, in Iași<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bolokhoveni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolokhoveni">Bolohoveni</a> are mentioned by the <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatian_Codex" title="Hypatian Codex">Hypatian Chronicle</a></i> in the 13th century. The chronicle shows that this<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> land is bordered on the principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kiev. Archaeological research also identified the location of 13th-century fortified settlements in this region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> Alexandru V. Boldur identified Voscodavie, Voscodavti, Voloscovti, Volcovti, Volosovca and their other towns and villages between the middle course of the rivers Nistru/Dniester and Nipru/Dnieper.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolohoveni disappeared from chronicles after their defeat in 1257 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel of Galicia</a>'s troops. Their ethnic identity is uncertain; although Romanian scholars, basing on their ethnonym identify them as <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (who were called <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>), archeological evidence and the <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatian_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypatian Chronicle">Hypatian Chronicle</a></i> (which is the only <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> that documents their history) suggest that they were a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei198657_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei198657-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolokhovians_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolokhovians-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 13th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Brodnici" title="Brodnici">Brodniks</a></i>, a possible <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I did not find anywhere to mention the Romanian element of brodniks. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Halych-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Halych-Volhynia">Halych</a>, were present, alongside the Vlachs, in much of the region's territory (towards 1216, the Brodniks are mentioned as in service of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Suzdal</a>). </p><p>Somewhere in the 11th century, a <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> named Rodfos <a href="/wiki/Blakumen" title="Blakumen">was killed by Vlachs</a> presumably in the area of what would become Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1164, the future <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a>, was taken prisoner by Vlach shepherds in the same region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Romania in the Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvania in the Middle Ages">Transylvania in the Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachia in the Middle Ages">Wallachia in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantin_Lecca_-_Dragos_Voda_la_vanatoarea_zimbrului.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bison, which was killed on the banks of a stream, is surrounded by a group of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Constantin_Lecca_-_Dragos_Voda_la_vanatoarea_zimbrului.jpg/220px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Dragos_Voda_la_vanatoarea_zimbrului.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Constantin_Lecca_-_Dragos_Voda_la_vanatoarea_zimbrului.jpg/330px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Dragos_Voda_la_vanatoarea_zimbrului.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Constantin_Lecca_-_Dragos_Voda_la_vanatoarea_zimbrului.jpg/440px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Dragos_Voda_la_vanatoarea_zimbrului.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>The hunt of Voivode Dragoș' for the bison</i> (by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Lecca" title="Constantin Lecca">Constantin Lecca</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedrala_Catolic%C4%83_din_Baia3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Catedrala_Catolic%C4%83_din_Baia3.jpg/220px-Catedrala_Catolic%C4%83_din_Baia3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Catedrala_Catolic%C4%83_din_Baia3.jpg/330px-Catedrala_Catolic%C4%83_din_Baia3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Catedrala_Catolic%C4%83_din_Baia3.jpg/440px-Catedrala_Catolic%C4%83_din_Baia3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Roman Catholic Cathedral established by <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxon</a> colonists at <a href="/wiki/Baia" title="Baia">Baia</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Moldenmarkt</i>), <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suczawa_twierdza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Suczawa_twierdza.jpg/220px-Suczawa_twierdza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Suczawa_twierdza.jpg/330px-Suczawa_twierdza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Suczawa_twierdza.jpg/440px-Suczawa_twierdza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Seat Fortress in <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suceava_-_Stauia_lui_Stefan_Cel_Mare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Suceava_-_Stauia_lui_Stefan_Cel_Mare.jpg/220px-Suceava_-_Stauia_lui_Stefan_Cel_Mare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Suceava_-_Stauia_lui_Stefan_Cel_Mare.jpg/330px-Suceava_-_Stauia_lui_Stefan_Cel_Mare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Suceava_-_Stauia_lui_Stefan_Cel_Mare.jpg/440px-Suceava_-_Stauia_lui_Stefan_Cel_Mare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian statue of Moldavian Prince <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CetateaNeamtului.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CetateaNeamtului.jpg/220px-CetateaNeamtului.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CetateaNeamtului.jpg/330px-CetateaNeamtului.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CetateaNeamtului.jpg/440px-CetateaNeamtului.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_Citadel" title="Neamț Citadel">Neamț Citadel</a> in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Neam%C8%9B" title="Târgu Neamț">Târgu Neamț</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Cetatea_Soroca_Soroca_Fortress_(42928890910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Cetatea_Soroca_Soroca_Fortress_%2842928890910%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Cetatea_Soroca_Soroca_Fortress_%2842928890910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Cetatea_Soroca_Soroca_Fortress_%2842928890910%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Cetatea_Soroca_Soroca_Fortress_%2842928890910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Cetatea_Soroca_Soroca_Fortress_%2842928890910%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Cetatea_Soroca_Soroca_Fortress_%2842928890910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5320" data-file-height="3547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soroca_Fort" title="Soroca Fort">Soroca Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soroca" title="Soroca">Soroca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%838.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%838.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%838.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Akkerman Fortress in <a href="/wiki/Cetatea_Alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetatea Alba">Cetatea Alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Franciscan Friar <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, who visited the court of the Great Khan in the 1250s, listed "the Blac",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Vlachs, among the peoples who paid tribute to the Mongols, but the Vlachs' territory is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005196_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005196-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei1986131_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei1986131-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friar William described "Blakia" as "<a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Assan's</a> territory"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> south of the Lower Danube, showing that he <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lands_across_the_Danube" title="Bulgarian lands across the Danube">identified it with the northern regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVásáry200530_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVásáry200530-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 14th century, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> attempted to expand his realm and the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> eastwards after the fall of Cuman rule, and ordered a campaign under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phynta_de_Mende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phynta de Mende (page does not exist)">Phynta de Mende</a> (1324). In 1342 and 1345, the Hungarians were victorious in a battle against <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar-Mongols</a>; the conflict was resolved by the death of <a href="/wiki/Jani_Beg" title="Jani Beg">Jani Beg</a>, in 1357. The Polish chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a> mentioned Moldavians (under the name <i>Wallachians</i>) as having joined a military expedition in 1342, under King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_the_Elbow-high" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław I the Elbow-high">Władysław I</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1353, <a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoș">Dragoș</a>, mentioned as a Vlach <i><a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>, was sent by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I</a> to establish a line of defense against the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> forces of Mongols on the <a href="/wiki/Siret_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siret River">Siret River</a>. This expedition resulted in a polity vassal to Hungary, in the <a href="/wiki/Baia" title="Baia">Baia</a> (<i>Târgul Moldovei</i> or <i>Moldvabánya</i>) region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I of Moldavia">Bogdan of Cuhea</a>, another Vlach <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> from Maramureș who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359, took control of Moldavia, and succeeded in wrenching Moldavia from Hungarian control. His realm extended north to the <a href="/wiki/Cheremosh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheremosh River">Cheremosh River</a>, while the southern part of Moldavia was still occupied by the Tatar Mongols. </p><p>After first residing in Baia, Bogdan moved Moldavia's seat to <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> (it was to remain there until <a href="/wiki/Petru_II_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru II of Moldavia">Petru II Mușat</a> moved it to <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>; it was finally moved to <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_L%C4%83pu%C8%99neanu" title="Alexandru Lăpușneanu">Alexandru Lăpușneanu</a> - in 1565). The area around Suceava, roughly correspondent to future <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, would later constitute one of the two administrative divisions of the new realm, under the name <i>Țara de Sus</i> (the "Upper Land"), whereas the rest, on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> river, formed <i>Țara de Jos</i> (the "Lower Land"). </p><p>Disfavored by the brief union of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Angevin Poland</a> and Hungary (the latter was still the country's overlord), Bogdan's successor <a href="/wiki/La%C8%9Bcu_of_Moldavia" title="Lațcu of Moldavia">Lațcu</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Latin Catholicism</a> around 1370. Despite the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Siret" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Siret">Latin diocese of Siret</a>, this move did not have any lasting consequences. Despite remaining officially <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and culturally connected with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> after 1382, princes of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bogdan-Mu%C8%99at" title="House of Bogdan-Mușat">House of Bogdan-Mușat</a> entered a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople Patriarchate</a> about control of appointments to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Moldavia">Moldavian Metropolitan seat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Antony_IV_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople">Patriarch Antony IV</a> even cast an <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> over Moldavia after <a href="/wiki/Roman_I_of_Moldavia" title="Roman I of Moldavia">Roman I</a> expelled Constantinople's candidate, sending him back to Byzantium. The crisis was finally settled in favor of the Moldavian princes under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander I of Moldavia">Alexander I</a>. Nevertheless, religious policy remained complex: while conversions to faiths other than Orthodox were discouraged (and forbidden for princes), Moldavia included sizable Latin Catholic communities (Germans and <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Romania">Armenians</a> of the non-Chalcedonian <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>; after 1460, the country welcomed <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> refugees (founders of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciuburciu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciuburciu (page does not exist)">Ciuburciu</a> and, probably, <a href="/wiki/Hu%C8%99i" title="Huși">Huși</a>). </p><p>The principality of Moldavia covered the entire geographic region of Moldavia. In various periods, various other territories were politically connected with the Moldavian principality. This is the case of the province of <a href="/wiki/Pokuttya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokuttya">Pokuttya</a>, the fiefdoms of <a href="/wiki/Cetatea_de_Balt%C4%83" title="Cetatea de Baltă">Cetatea de Baltă</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciceu" title="Ciceu">Ciceu</a> (both in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>) or, at a later date, the territories between the Dniester and the Bug rivers. </p><p>Petru II profited from the end of the Hungarian-Polish union and moved the country closer to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian realm</a>, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Vassalage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassalage">vassal</a> of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II</a> on September 26, 1387. This gesture was to have unexpected consequences: Petru supplied the Polish ruler with funds needed in the war against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, and was granted control over <a href="/wiki/Pokuttya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokuttya">Pokuttya</a> until the debt was repaid; as this is not recorded to have been carried out, the region became disputed by the two states, until it was lost by Moldavia in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Obertyn" title="Battle of Obertyn">Battle of Obertyn</a> (1531). Prince Petru also expanded his rule southwards to the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>. His brother Roman I conquered the Hungarian-ruled <a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi">Cetatea Albă</a> in 1392, giving Moldavia an outlet to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, before being toppled from the throne for supporting <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Koriatovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Koriatovych">Fyodor Koriatovych</a> in his conflict with <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas the Great">Vytautas the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen I of Moldavia">Stephen I</a>. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander I of Moldavia">Alexander I</a> was brought to the throne in 1400 by the Hungarians (with assistance from <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a>), he shifted his allegiances towards Poland (notably engaging Moldavian forces on the Polish side in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marienburg_(1410)" title="Siege of Marienburg (1410)">Siege of Marienburg</a>), and placed his own choice of rulers in Wallachia. His reign was one of the most successful in Moldavia's history, but also saw the first confrontation with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> at Cetatea Albă in 1420, and later even a conflict with the Poles. A deep crisis was to follow Alexandru's long reign, with his successors battling each other in a succession of wars that divided the country until the murder of <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_II_of_Moldavia" title="Bogdan II of Moldavia">Bogdan II</a> and the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_Aaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter III Aaron">Petru III Aron</a> in 1451. Nevertheless, Moldavia was subject to further Hungarian interventions after that moment, as <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> deposed Aron and backed <a href="/wiki/Alex%C4%83ndrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexăndrel">Alexăndrel</a> to the throne in <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>. Petru Aron's rule also signified the beginning of Moldavia's <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> allegiance, as the ruler agreed to pay <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Moldavian–Ottoman Wars">Moldavian–Ottoman Wars</a></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a>, who took the throne and subsequently came to an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_IV_Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazimierz IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV of Poland</a> in 1457, the state reached its most glorious period. Stephen blocked Hungarian interventions in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baia" title="Battle of Baia">Battle of Baia</a>, invaded Wallachia in 1471, and dealt with Ottoman reprisals in a major victory (the 1475 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Battle of Vaslui</a>); after feeling threatened by Polish ambitions, he also attacked <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and resisted <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian Campaign (1497–1499)">a Polish invasion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cosmin_Forest" title="Battle of the Cosmin Forest">Battle of the Cosmin Forest</a> (1497). However, he had to surrender <a href="/wiki/Kiliia" title="Kiliia">Chilia</a> (now Kiliia) and <a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi">Cetatea Albă</a> (now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), the two main fortresses in the <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a>, to the Ottomans in 1484, and in 1498 he had to accept Ottoman suzerainty, when he was forced to agree to continue paying tribute to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>. Following the taking of <a href="/wiki/Khotyn" title="Khotyn">Hotin</a> (Khotyn) and <a href="/wiki/Pokuttya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokuttya">Pokuttya</a>, Stephen's rule also brought a brief extension of Moldavian rule into <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>: Cetatea de Baltă and <a href="/wiki/Ciceu" title="Ciceu">Ciceu</a> became his <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefs</a> in 1489. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Era_and_Renaissance">Early Modern Era and Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Modern Era and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Wallachia">Early Modern Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Transylvania">Early Modern Transylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotyn_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khotyn_3.jpg/220px-Khotyn_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khotyn_3.jpg/330px-Khotyn_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khotyn_3.jpg/440px-Khotyn_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4868" data-file-height="3212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khotyn_Fortress" title="Khotyn Fortress">Khotyn Fortress</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> River, present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, then bordering the northern frontier of the Moldavian Principality and southern <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_III_the_One-Eyed" title="Bogdan III the One-Eyed">Bogdan III the One-Eyed</a>, Ottoman overlordship was confirmed in the shape that would rapidly evolve into control over Moldavia's affairs. <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_Rare%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter IV Rareș">Peter IV Rareș</a>, who reigned in the 1530s and 1540s, clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> over his ambitions in Transylvania (losing possessions in the region to <a href="/wiki/George_Martinuzzi" title="George Martinuzzi">George Martinuzzi</a>), was defeated in Pokuttya by Poland, and failed in his attempt to extricate Moldavia from Ottoman rule – the country lost <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> to the Ottomans, who included it in their <a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a>. </p><p>A period of profound crisis followed. Moldavia stopped issuing its own coinage <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>, under <a href="/wiki/Stephen_IV_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen IV of Moldavia">Prince Ștefăniță</a>, when it was confronted with rapid depletion of funds and rising demands from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Porte</a>. Such problems became endemic when the country, brought into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>, suffered the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Stagnation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire">stagnation of the Ottoman Empire</a>; at one point, during the 1650s and 1660s, princes began relying on <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> coinage (usually copies of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_riksdaler" title="Swedish riksdaler">Swedish riksdalers</a>, as was that issued by <a href="/wiki/Eustratie_Dabija" title="Eustratie Dabija">Eustratie Dabija</a>). The economic decline was accompanied by a failure to maintain state structures: the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_military_forces" title="Moldavian military forces">Moldavian military forces</a> were no longer convoked, and the few troops maintained by the rulers remained professional <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Seimeni" title="Seimeni">seimeni</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jassy_(Iasi)-Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery_(J.Rey,_1845).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jassy_%28Iasi%29-Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery_%28J.Rey%2C_1845%29.jpg/220px-Jassy_%28Iasi%29-Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery_%28J.Rey%2C_1845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jassy_%28Iasi%29-Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery_%28J.Rey%2C_1845%29.jpg/330px-Jassy_%28Iasi%29-Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery_%28J.Rey%2C_1845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jassy_%28Iasi%29-Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery_%28J.Rey%2C_1845%29.jpg/440px-Jassy_%28Iasi%29-Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery_%28J.Rey%2C_1845%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery" title="Trei Ierarhi Monastery">Trei Ierarhi Monastery</a> in Iași, housed the <a href="/wiki/Vasilian_College" title="Vasilian College">Vasilian College</a>, an institution of higher learning founded in 1640</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldavia,_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_(1600).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/220px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/330px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/440px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>In 1600, <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a> became Prince of Wallachia, of Transylvania, and of Moldavia.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, Moldavia and the similarly affected Wallachia remained both important sources of income for the Ottoman Empire and relatively prosperous agricultural economies (especially as suppliers of grain and cattle – the latter was especially relevant in Moldavia, which remained an under-populated country of <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>). In time, much of the resources were tied to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman economy</a>, either through <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a> on trade that were only lifted in 1829, after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> (which did not affect all domains directly), or through the raise in direct taxes - the one demanded by the Ottomans from the princes, as well as the ones demanded by the princes from the country's population. Taxes were directly proportional with Ottoman requests, but also with the growing importance of Ottoman appointment and sanctioning of princes in front of election by the <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> and the boyar Council – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfatul_boieresc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfatul boieresc (page does not exist)">Sfatul boieresc</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfatul_domnesc" class="extiw" title="ro:Sfatul domnesc">ro</a>]</span></i> (drawing in a competition among pretenders, which also implied the intervention of creditors as suppliers of bribes). The fiscal system soon included taxes such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Romanian_taxes" title="Historical Romanian taxes">văcărit</a></i> (a tax on head of cattle), first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Iancu_Sasul" title="Iancu Sasul">Iancu Sasul</a> in the 1580s. </p><p>The economic opportunities offered brought about a significant influx of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania" title="Greeks in Romania">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> financiers and officials, who entered a stiff competition with the high boyars over appointments to the Court. As the <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor system</a> suffered the blows of economic crises, and in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salarisation</a> (which implied that persons in office could decide their own income), obtaining princely appointment became the major focus of a boyar's career. Such changes also implied the decline of free peasantry and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, as well as the rapid fall in the importance of low boyars (a traditional institution, the latter soon became marginal, and, in more successful instances, added to the population of towns); however, they also implied a rapid transition towards a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary economy">monetary economy</a>, based on exchanges in foreign currency. Serfdom was doubled by the much less numerous slave population (<i>robi</i>), composed of migrant <a href="/wiki/Roma_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in Romania">Roma</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg/220px-Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="611" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg/330px-Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg/440px-Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Moldavia through the ages</figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict between princes and boyars was to become exceptionally violent – the latter group, who frequently appealed to the Ottoman court in order to have princes comply with its demands, was persecuted by rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_L%C4%83pu%C8%99neanu" title="Alexandru Lăpușneanu">Alexandru Lăpușneanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_III_the_Terrible" title="John III the Terrible">John III</a>. Ioan Vodă's revolt against the Ottomans ended in his execution (1574). The country descended into political chaos, with frequent Ottoman and <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> incursions and pillages. The claims of Mușatins to the crown and the traditional system of succession were ended by scores of illegitimate reigns; one of the usurpers, <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Iacob_Heraclid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioan Iacob Heraclid">Ioan Iacob Heraclid</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Greek who encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and attempted to introduce <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> to Moldavia. </p><p>In 1595, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Movile%C8%99ti" title="Movilești">Movilești</a> boyars to the throne with <a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a> coincided with the start of frequent anti-Ottoman and anti-<a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> military expeditions of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> into Moldavian territory (see <i><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></i>), and rivalries between pretenders to the Moldavian throne encouraged by the three competing powers. </p><p>The Wallachian prince <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>, after previously taking over <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, also deposed Prince Ieremia Movilă, in 1600, and managed to become the first Prince to rule over Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White2000_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the episode ended in Polish conquests of lands down to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, soon ended by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War</a> and the reestablishment of Ottoman rule. Polish incursions were dealt a blow by the Ottomans during the 1620 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cecora_(1620)" title="Battle of Cecora (1620)">Battle of Cecora</a>, which also saw an end to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Graziani" title="Gaspar Graziani">Gaspar Graziani</a>. </p><p>A period of relative peace followed during the more prosperous and prestigious rule of <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a>. He took the throne as a boyar appointee in 1637 and began battling his rival <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98tefan" title="Gheorghe Ștefan">Gheorghe Ștefan</a>, as well as the Wallachian prince <a href="/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab">Matei Basarab</a>. However, his invasion of Wallachia, with the backing of <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> <a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks">Hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>, ended in disaster at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Finta" title="Battle of Finta">Battle of Finta</a> in 1653. A few years later, Moldavia was occupied for two short intervals by the anti-Ottoman Wallachian prince <a href="/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban" title="Constantin Șerban">Constantin Șerban</a>, who clashed with the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ghica_family" title="Ghica family">Ghica family</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ghica" title="George Ghica">George Ghica</a>. In the early 1680s, Moldavian troops under <a href="/wiki/George_Ducas" title="George Ducas">George Ducas</a> intervened in <a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">right-bank Ukraine</a> and assisted <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a>, only to suffer the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phanariots_(1711–1822)"><span id="Phanariots_.281711.E2.80.931822.29"></span>Phanariots (1711–1822)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phanariots (1711–1822)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">History of the Russo-Turkish wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principati1786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Principati1786.jpg/220px-Principati1786.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Principati1786.jpg/330px-Principati1786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Principati1786.jpg/440px-Principati1786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6272" data-file-height="4704" /></a><figcaption>The Principalities of Moldavia and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> in 1782, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_and_capture_of_Jassy_in_1788_by_the_Russian_army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Siege_and_capture_of_Jassy_in_1788_by_the_Russian_army.jpg/220px-Siege_and_capture_of_Jassy_in_1788_by_the_Russian_army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Siege_and_capture_of_Jassy_in_1788_by_the_Russian_army.jpg/330px-Siege_and_capture_of_Jassy_in_1788_by_the_Russian_army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Siege_and_capture_of_Jassy_in_1788_by_the_Russian_army.jpg/440px-Siege_and_capture_of_Jassy_in_1788_by_the_Russian_army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>The siege and capture of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> in 1788 by the Russian Army</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 17th century, Moldavia became the target of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>'s southwards expansion, inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1711</a>. Prince <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> sided with Peter in open rebellion against the Ottomans, but he was defeated at <a href="/wiki/St%C4%83nile%C8%99ti" title="Stănilești">Stănilești</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> officially discarded recognition of local choices for princes, imposing instead a system relying solely on Ottoman approval: the <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariote epoch</a>, inaugurated by the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrocordatos" title="Nicholas Mavrocordatos">Nicholas Mavrocordatos</a>. </p><p>Phanariote rule was marked by <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, intrigue, and high taxation, as well as by sporadic incursions of Habsburg and Russian armies deep into Moldavian territory. Nonetheless, they also attempted legislative and administrative modernization inspired by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">The Enlightenment</a> (such as the decision by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos" title="Constantine Mavrocordatos">Constantine Mavrocordatos</a> to salarize public offices, to the outrage of boyars, and the abolition of serfdom in 1749, as well as <a href="/wiki/Scarlat_Callimachi_(hospodar)" title="Scarlat Callimachi (hospodar)">Scarlat Callimachi</a>'s <i>Code</i>), and signified a decrease in Ottoman demands after the threat of Russian annexation became real and the prospects of a better life led to waves of peasant emigration to neighboring lands. The effects of Ottoman control were also made less notable after the 1774 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> allowed Russia to intervene in favour of Ottoman subjects of the Eastern Orthodox faith - leading to campaigns of petitioning by the Moldavian boyars against princely policies. </p><p>In 1712, <a href="/wiki/Khotyn" title="Khotyn">Hotin</a> was taken over by the Ottomans and became part of a defensive system that Moldavian princes were required to maintain, as well as an area for Islamic <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a> community). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragmentation">Fragmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fragmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest (1812)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom1793-1812.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rom1793-1812.png/220px-Rom1793-1812.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rom1793-1812.png/330px-Rom1793-1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rom1793-1812.png/440px-Rom1793-1812.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>The Principality of Moldavia, 1793–1812, highlighted in orange</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1775, Moldavia lost to the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a> its northwestern part, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>. For Moldavia, it meant both an important territorial loss and a major blow to the cattle trade, as the region stood on the trade route to Central Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Treaty of Jassy</a> in 1792 forced the Ottoman Empire to cede <a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a> to the Russian Empire, which made Russian presence much more notable, given that the Empire acquired a common border with Moldavia. The first effect of this was the cession of the eastern half of Moldavia (renamed as <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>) to the Russian Empire in 1812. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_Statute,_1848_revolution"><span id="Organic_Statute.2C_1848_revolution"></span>Organic Statute, 1848 revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organic Statute, 1848 revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_awakening_of_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National awakening of Romania (page does not exist)">National awakening of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Regulamentul Organic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">Moldavian Revolution of 1848</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princely_Court_of_Jassy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Princely_Court_of_Jassy.jpg/220px-Princely_Court_of_Jassy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Princely_Court_of_Jassy.jpg/330px-Princely_Court_of_Jassy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Princely_Court_of_Jassy.jpg/440px-Princely_Court_of_Jassy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Iași, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_(Ia%C8%99i)" title="Palace of Culture (Iași)">Princely Palace</a> of Moldavia</figcaption></figure> <p>Phanariote rule was officially ended after the 1821 occupation of the country by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>; the subsequent Ottoman retaliation led to the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Sturdza" title="Ioan Sturdza">Ioan Sturdza</a>. He was considered the first of a new system, since the Ottomans and Russia had agreed in 1826 to allow for the election by locals of rulers over the two <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>, and convened on their mandating for seven-year terms. In practice, a new foundation to reigns in Moldavia was created by the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a>, beginning a period of Russian domination over the two countries which ended only in 1856. Begun as a military occupation under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kiselyov" title="Pavel Kiselyov">Pavel Kiselyov</a>, Russian domination gave Wallachia and Moldavia, which were not removed from nominal Ottoman control, the modernizing <i><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a></i> (the first document resembling a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, as well as the first to regard both principalities). After 1829, the country also became an important destination for <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a> and areas of Russia (<i>see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">History of the Jews in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudi%C8%9Bi" title="Sudiți">Sudiți</a></i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obeliscul_cu_lei_Iasi_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Obeliscul_cu_lei_Iasi_02.JPG/220px-Obeliscul_cu_lei_Iasi_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Obeliscul_cu_lei_Iasi_02.JPG/330px-Obeliscul_cu_lei_Iasi_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Obeliscul_cu_lei_Iasi_02.JPG/440px-Obeliscul_cu_lei_Iasi_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Iași, <a href="/wiki/Copou_Park" title="Copou Park">Obelisk of Lions</a> (1834), dedicated to the Organic Statute</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Moldavian rule established under the Statute, that of <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a>, was nonetheless ambivalent: eager to reduce abuse of office, Sturdza introduced reforms (the abolition of slavery, <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>, economic rebuilding), but he was widely seen as enforcing his own power over that of the newly instituted consultative Assembly. A supporter of the union of his country with Wallachia and of Romanian <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a>, he obtained the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> between the two countries (1847) and showed support for <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> projects favored by low boyars; nevertheless, he clamped down with noted violence the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Moldavian revolutionary attempt</a> in the last days of March 1848. <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Alexandru_Ghica" title="Grigore Alexandru Ghica">Grigore Alexandru Ghica</a> allowed the exiled revolutionaries to return to Moldavia c. 1853, which led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Romania)" title="National Party (Romania)">National Party</a> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Partida Națională</i></span>), a trans-boundary group of radical union supporters which campaigned for a single state under a foreign dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southern Bessarabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom1856-1859.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rom1856-1859.png/220px-Rom1856-1859.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rom1856-1859.png/330px-Rom1856-1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rom1856-1859.png/440px-Rom1856-1859.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Moldavia (in orange) after 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1856, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris</a>, the Russian Empire returned to Moldavia a significant territory in southern <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia</a> (including a part of <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a>), organised later as the <a href="/wiki/Bolgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolgrad">Bolgrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahul" title="Cahul">Cahul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Izmail" title="Izmail">Ismail</a> counties.<sup id="cite_ref-king23-hitch41_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king23-hitch41-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_with_Wallachia">Union with Wallachia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Union with Wallachia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a></div> <p>Russian domination ended abruptly after the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, when the Treaty of Paris also passed the two Romanian principalities under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great European Powers</a> (together with Russia and the Ottoman overlord, power-sharing included the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>). Due to Austrian and Ottoman opposition and British reserves, the union program as demanded by radical campaigners was debated intensely. </p><p>In September 1857, given that <i><a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Caimacam</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Vogoride" title="Nicolae Vogoride">Nicolae Vogoride</a> had perpetrated <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">fraud</a> in elections in Moldavia, the Powers allowed the two states to convene ad hoc <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divans</a>, which were to decide a new constitutional framework; the result showed overwhelming support for the union, as the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutral</a> state. After further meetings among leaders of tutor states, an agreement was reached (the <i>Paris Convention</i>), whereby a limited union was to be enforced – separate governments and thrones, with only two bodies in common (a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">Court of Cassation</a> and a Central Commission residing in <a href="/wiki/Foc%C8%99ani" title="Focșani">Focșani</a>); it also stipulated that an end to all privilege was to be passed into law, and awarded back to Moldavia the areas around <a href="/wiki/Bolhrad" title="Bolhrad">Bolhrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahul" title="Cahul">Cahul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Izmail" title="Izmail">Izmail</a>. </p><p>However, the Convention failed to note whether the two thrones could not be occupied by the same person, allowing <i>Partida Națională</i> to introduce the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a> in both countries. On January 17 (January 5, 1859, <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Old Style</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, he was elected prince of Moldavia by the respective electoral body. After street pressure over the much more <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> body in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Cuza was elected in Wallachia as well (February 5/January 24), this being considered as the day of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> by means of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. </p><p>In 1862, after diplomatic missions that helped remove opposition to the action, the <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a> (the basis of modern Romania) was formally created, and instituted Cuza as <i><a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">Domnitor</a></i> – thus officially ending the existence of the Principality of Moldavia. All other pending legal matters were clarified after the replacement of Cuza with <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> in April 1866, and the creation of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> in 1881. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Aristocracy</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Romanian_ranks_and_titles" title="Historical Romanian ranks and titles">Ranks and titles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Commoner</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ob%C8%99te" title="Obște">Obște</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Romanian_taxes" title="Historical Romanian taxes">Taxes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Law</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_law" title="Vlach law">Vlach law</a> (common law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a> (1831–1858)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania#Transylvania,_Bukovina_and_Bessarabia" title="Slavery in Romania">Slavery in Romania § Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia</a></div> <p>Slavery (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">robie</i>) was part of the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social order</a> from before the founding of the Principality of Moldavia, until it was <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a> in stages during the 1840s and 1850s. Most of the slaves were of <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Roma</a> (Gypsy) ethnicity. There were also slaves of <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> ethnicity, probably prisoners captured from the wars with the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>. The institution of slavery was first attested in a 1470 Moldavian document, through which Prince <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a> frees Oană, a Tatar slave who had fled to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellon dynasty">Jagiellon Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Achim_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achim-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact origins of slavery are not known, as it was a common <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">practice in medieval Europe</a>. As in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the Roma were held as slaves of the state, of the <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">boyars</a> or of the monasteries. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a> associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a> and considered their slavery as a vestige of that era; he believed that the Romanians took the Roma as slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and preserved their status to control their labor. Other historians consider that the Roma were enslaved while captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving prisoners may also have been taken from the Mongols. The ethnic identity of the "Tatar slaves" is unknown, they could have been captured Tatars of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman people">Cumans</a>, or the slaves of Tatars and Cumans.<sup id="cite_ref-Achim_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achim-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is possible that some Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the Mongols or Tatars, most of them came from south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, demonstrating that slavery was a widespread practice. The Tatar slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population.<sup id="cite_ref-Stefanescu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefanescu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, Roma slaves were divided into three categories. The smallest was owned by the <i>hospodars</i>, and went by the Romanian-language name of <i>țigani domnești</i> ("Gypsies belonging to the lord"). The two other categories comprised <i>țigani mănăstirești</i> ("Gypsies belonging to the monasteries"), who were the property of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> monasteries, and <i>țigani boierești</i> ("Gypsies belonging to the boyars"), who were enslaved by the category of landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-Djuvara_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djuvara-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guy_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abolition of slavery was carried out following a campaign by young revolutionaries who embraced the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. In 1844, Moldavian Prince <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a> proposed a law on the freeing of slaves owned by the church and state. By the 1850s, the movement gained support from almost the whole of Romanian society. In December 1855, following a proposal by Prince <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Alexandru_Ghica" title="Grigore Alexandru Ghica">Grigore Alexandru Ghica</a>, a bill drafted by <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petre_Mavrogheni" title="Petre Mavrogheni">Petre Mavrogheni</a> was adopted by the Divan; the law emancipated all slaves to the status of taxpayers (citizens).<sup id="cite_ref-Achim_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achim-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Djuvara_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djuvara-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the abolitionists was reflected in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Romanian literature</a> of the mid-19th century. The issue of the Roma slavery became a theme in the literary works of various <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> intellectuals, many of whom were active in the abolitionist camp. The Romanian abolitionist movement was also influenced by the much larger movement against <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Black slavery</a> in the United States through press reports and through a translation of <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>. Translated by Theodor Codrescu and first published in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> in 1853, under the name <i>Coliba lui Moșu Toma sau Viața negrilor în sudul Statelor Unite din America</i> (which translates back as "Uncle Toma's Cabin or the Life of Blacks in the Southern United States of America"), it was the first American novel to be published in Romanian. The foreword included a study on slavery by Mihail Kogălniceanu.<sup id="cite_ref-Achim_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achim-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_forces">Military forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_military_forces" title="Moldavian military forces">Moldavian military forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldavians_flag_in_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldavians_flag_in_battle.jpg/220px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldavians_flag_in_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldavians_flag_in_battle.jpg/330px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldavians_flag_in_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldavians_flag_in_battle.jpg/440px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldavians_flag_in_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Moldavian troops in battle, as illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Thurocz" title="Johannes de Thurocz">Johannes de Thurocz</a> (1488 edition); the <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia" title="Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia">Moldavian flag</a> is displayed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a>, all farmers and villagers had to bear arms. Stephen justified this by saying that "every man has a duty to defend his fatherland"; according to Polish chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a>, if someone was found without carrying a weapon, he was <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">sentenced to death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen reformed the army by promoting men from the landed free peasantry <i>răzeși</i> (i.e. something akin to <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freeholding</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeomen">yeomen</a>) to infantry (<i>voinici</i>) and light cavalry (<i>hânsari</i>), reducing his dependence on the <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">boyars</a>, and introduced guns. The Small Host (<i>Oastea Mică</i>) consisted of around 10,000 to 12,000 men. The Large Host (<i>Oastea Mare</i>), which could reach up to 40,000, was recruited from all the free peasantry older than 14 and strong enough to carry a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> or use a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a>. This seldom happened, for such a <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a> was devastating for both economy and population growth. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Battle of Vaslui</a>, Stephen had to summon the Large Host and also recruited <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> troops. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the Moldavians relied on light <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i_(cavalry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Călărași (cavalry) (page does not exist)">călărași</a></i>) which used <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run tactics</a> similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>; this gave them great mobility and also flexibility, in case they found it more suitable to dismount their horses and fight in hand-to-hand combat, as it happened in 1422, when 400 <a href="/wiki/Horse_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archer">horse archers</a> were sent to aid <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1385–1569)">Jagiellon Poland</a>, Moldavia's overlord against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>. When making eye-contact with the enemy, the horse archers would withdraw to a nearby forest and <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> themselves with leaves and branches; according to Jan Długosz, when the enemy entered the wood, they were "showered with arrows" and defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heavy cavalry consisted of the nobility, namely, the boyars, and their guards, the <i>viteji</i> (lit. "brave ones", small nobility) and the <i>curteni</i> (court cavalry). These were all nominally part of the Small Host. In times of war, boyars were compelled by the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system of allegiance</a> to supply the prince with troops in accordance with the extent of their <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial domain</a>. </p><p>Other troops consisted of professional foot soldiers (<i>lefegii</i>) which fulfilled the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry#Middle_Ages" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a> role, and the <i>plăieși</i>, free peasants whose role was that of border guards: they guarded the mountain passes and were prepared to <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> the enemy and to fight delaying actions. </p><p>In the absence of the prince, command was assigned to the <i>Mare Spătar</i> (Grand Sword-Bearer, a military office) or to the <i>Mare Vornic</i> (approx. Governor of the Country; a civilian office second only to the <i><a href="/wiki/Voievod#Moldavia_and_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voievod">Voievod</a></i>, which was filled by the prince himself). Supplying the troops was by tradition-later-made-into-law the duty of the inhabitants of those lands on which the soldiers were present at a given time. </p><p>The Moldavians' (as well as Wallachians') favourite military doctrine in (defensive) wars was a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy combined with harassment of the advancing enemy using <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run tactics</a> and disruption of communication and supply lines, followed by a large scale ambush: a weakened enemy would be lured in a place where it would find itself in a position hard or impossible to defend. A general attack would follow, often with devastating results. The shattered remains of what was once the enemy army would be pursued closely and harassed all the way to the border and sometimes beyond. A typical example of successful employments of this scenario is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Battle of Vaslui</a>. </p><p>Towards the end of the 15th century, especially after the success of <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>, mercenaries became a dominant force in the country's military. With the economic demands created by the <a href="/wiki/Stagnation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire">stagnation of the Ottoman Empire</a>, the force diminished and included only mercenaries such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Seimeni" title="Seimeni">seimeni</a></i>. </p><p>The 1829 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> allowed Moldavia to again maintain its own troops, no longer acting as an auxiliary under strict Ottoman supervision, and assigned red over blue <a href="/wiki/Flag_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag terminology">pennants</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia" title="Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia">Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia</a></i>). Their renewed existence under <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a> was a major symbol and rally point for the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">nationalist</a> cause, aiding in bringing about the <a href="/wiki/1848_Moldavian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Moldavian revolution">1848 Moldavian revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleet">Fleet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early mention of a Moldavian <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">naval fleet</a> is found in connection with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Aron_Tiranul" class="mw-redirect" title="Aron Tiranul">Aron Tiranul</a>, who used it to help <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Wallachian ruler</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a> establish his control over the <a href="/wiki/Chilia_branch" title="Chilia branch">Chilia branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>. </p><p>The Treaty of Adrianople provided for a Moldavian self-defense naval force, to be composed of <a href="/wiki/Caicque" class="mw-redirect" title="Caicque">caicque</a> vessels. <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooners</a> armed with <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> were first built in the 1840s. Along with patrolling the Danube, these made their way on its tributaries, the <a href="/wiki/Siret_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siret River">Siret</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prut_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Prut River">Prut River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Plateau" title="Moldavian Plateau">Moldavian Plateau</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhysicalAncientMoldavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PhysicalAncientMoldavia.jpg/220px-PhysicalAncientMoldavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PhysicalAncientMoldavia.jpg/330px-PhysicalAncientMoldavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/PhysicalAncientMoldavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Moldavia</figcaption></figure> <p>Geographically, Moldavia is limited by the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> to the West, the <a href="/wiki/Cheremosh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheremosh River">Cheremosh River</a> to the North, the <a href="/wiki/Dniester_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniester River">Dniester River</a> to the East and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the South. The <a href="/wiki/Prut_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Prut River">Prut River</a> flows approximately through its middle from north to south. </p><p>Of late 15th century Moldavia, with an area of 94,862 km<sup>2</sup> (36,626 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-histmold_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histmold-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the biggest part and the core of the former principality is located in Romania (45.6%), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a> (31.7%), and Ukraine (22.7%). This represents 88.2% of the Republic of Moldova's surface, 18% of Romania's surface, and 3.5% of Ukraine's surface. </p><p>The region is mostly hilly, with a range of mountains in the west, and plain areas in the southeast. Moldavia's highest altitude is <a href="/wiki/Ineu_Peak" title="Ineu Peak">Ineu peak</a> (2,279 m), which is also the westernmost point of the region. </p><p>The parts of Moldavia populated by <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángó</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3_Land" title="Csángó Land">Csángó Land</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moldavia" title="Administrative divisions of Moldavia">Administrative divisions of Moldavia</a></div> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania" title="Demographic history of Romania">Demographic history of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia#Population" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia § Population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina#Historical_population" title="Bukovina">Bukovina § Historical population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast#Population_and_demographics" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast § Population and demographics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Budjak#Ethnic_groups_and_demographics" title="Budjak">Budjak § Ethnic groups and demographics</a></div> <p>Contemporary historians estimate the population (historically referred to as Moldavians) of the Moldavian Principality in the 15th century, at between 250,000 and 600,000 people,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but an extensive census was first conducted in 1769–1774.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, the northwestern part, annexed in 1775 by the Habsburg Empire, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, had a population of 377,571; in 1856, the eastern half of Moldavia, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, had a population of 990,274, while the population of Moldavia proper (the western half), in 1859, was 1,463,927.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary population peaked in 1992, at 10.07 million inhabitants in all three historical divisions (<a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a>, Bessarabia and Bukovina). As of 2011, the population was 8.63 million people, of which 3.67 million were in Western Moldavia, 3.86 million in Bessarabia and 1.08 million in Bukovina.<sup id="cite_ref-histmold_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histmold-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest cities (as per last censuses) and <a href="/wiki/Functional_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Urban Area">metropolitan areas</a> in the Moldavia region are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Romania: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> – 290,422 (465,477 in metropolitan area) - capital of Moldavia between 1564 and 1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a> – 249,432 (323,563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bac%C4%83u" title="Bacău">Bacău</a> – 144,307 (223,239)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani" title="Botoșani">Botoșani</a> – 106,847 (144,617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> – 92,121 (144,100) – capital of Moldavia between 1388 and 1564</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piatra_Neam%C8%9B" title="Piatra Neamț">Piatra Neamț</a> – 85,055 (131,334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foc%C8%99ani" title="Focșani">Focșani</a> – 79,315 (125,699)</li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi (Cernăuți)</a> – 240,600</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmail" title="Izmail">Izmail (Ismail)</a> – 84,815</li></ul></li> <li>Moldova: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> – 532,513 (662,836 in metropolitan area)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a> – 97,930 (102,457)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Tighina (Bender)</a> – 91,882</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AcademiaMihaileana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/AcademiaMihaileana.jpg/220px-AcademiaMihaileana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/AcademiaMihaileana.jpg/330px-AcademiaMihaileana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/AcademiaMihaileana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Academia_Mih%C4%83ilean%C4%83" title="Academia Mihăileană">Academia Mihăileană</a> was the first modern institution of higher learning in Moldavia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1562, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Iacob_Heraclid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioan Iacob Heraclid">Schola Latina</a> (a Latin Academic College) was founded in <a href="/wiki/Cotnari" title="Cotnari">Cotnari</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, a school which marked the beginnings of the organized humanistic education institutions in Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first institute of higher learning that functioned on the territory of Romania was <a href="/wiki/Vasilian_College" title="Vasilian College">Academia Vasiliană</a> (1640),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded by Prince Vasile Lupu as a <i>Higher School for Latin and Slavonic Languages</i>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Princely_Academy,_Ia%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Academy, Iași">Princely Academy</a>, in 1707. The first high education structure in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> was established in the autumn of 1813, when <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Asachi" title="Gheorghe Asachi">Gheorghe Asachi</a> laid the foundations of a class of engineers, its activities taking place within the Greek Princely Academy. </p><p>After 1813, other moments marked the development of higher education in Romanian, regarding both <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and the technical science. <a href="/wiki/Academia_Mih%C4%83ilean%C4%83" title="Academia Mihăileană">Academia Mihăileană</a>, founded in 1835 by Prince Mihail Sturdza, is considered the first Romanian superior institute. In 1860, three faculties part of the Academia Mihăileană formed the nucleus for the newly established <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza University">University of Iași</a>, the first Romanian modern university.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdel_Badana_-_Teatrul_Na%C5%A3ional_din_Ia%C5%9Fi,_inaugurat_la_1_Decembrie_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abdel_Badana_-_Teatrul_Na%C5%A3ional_din_Ia%C5%9Fi%2C_inaugurat_la_1_Decembrie_1896.jpg/220px-Abdel_Badana_-_Teatrul_Na%C5%A3ional_din_Ia%C5%9Fi%2C_inaugurat_la_1_Decembrie_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abdel_Badana_-_Teatrul_Na%C5%A3ional_din_Ia%C5%9Fi%2C_inaugurat_la_1_Decembrie_1896.jpg/330px-Abdel_Badana_-_Teatrul_Na%C5%A3ional_din_Ia%C5%9Fi%2C_inaugurat_la_1_Decembrie_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abdel_Badana_-_Teatrul_Na%C5%A3ional_din_Ia%C5%9Fi%2C_inaugurat_la_1_Decembrie_1896.jpg/440px-Abdel_Badana_-_Teatrul_Na%C5%A3ional_din_Ia%C5%9Fi%2C_inaugurat_la_1_Decembrie_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_National_Theatre" title="Iași National Theatre">Great Theatre of Moldavia</a>, Iași, 1896</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albina_Romaneasca_-_Coperta_-_Nr._9_-_1_februarie_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Albina_Romaneasca_-_Coperta_-_Nr._9_-_1_februarie_1840.jpg/220px-Albina_Romaneasca_-_Coperta_-_Nr._9_-_1_februarie_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Albina_Romaneasca_-_Coperta_-_Nr._9_-_1_februarie_1840.jpg/330px-Albina_Romaneasca_-_Coperta_-_Nr._9_-_1_februarie_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Albina_Romaneasca_-_Coperta_-_Nr._9_-_1_februarie_1840.jpg/440px-Albina_Romaneasca_-_Coperta_-_Nr._9_-_1_februarie_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albina_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Albina Românească">Albina Românească (The Romanian Bee)</a> was, in 1829, the first Romanian-language journal published in Moldavia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cazania_lui_Varlaam" title="Cazania lui Varlaam">Cazania lui Varlaam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Descriptio_Moldaviae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descriptio Moldaviae (page does not exist)">Descriptio Moldaviae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Huru" title="Chronicle of Huru">Chronicle of Huru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Ureche" title="Grigore Ureche">Grigore Ureche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miron_Costin" title="Miron Costin">Miron Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Costin_(chronicler)" title="Nicolae Costin (chronicler)">Nicolae Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Neculce" title="Ion Neculce">Ion Neculce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Asachi" title="Gheorghe Asachi">Gheorghe Asachi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazines_and_newspapers">Magazines and newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Magazines and newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%83uta_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alăuta Românească (page does not exist)">Alăuta Românească</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albina_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Albina Românească">Albina Românească</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Literar%C4%83" title="Dacia Literară">Dacia Literară</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prop%C4%83%C8%99irea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propășirea (page does not exist)">Propășirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steaua_Dun%C4%83rii" title="Steaua Dunării">Steaua Dunării</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zimbrul_%C8%99i_Vulturul" title="Zimbrul și Vulturul">Zimbrul și Vulturul</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_National_Theatre" title="Iași National Theatre">The Great Theatre/National Theatre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_style" title="Moldavian style">Moldavian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Moldavia" title="Churches of Moldavia">Churches of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_of_Bukovinian_and_Dalmatian_Metropolitans" title="Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans">Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Geodetic_Point" title="Rudi Geodetic Point">Rudi Geodetic Point</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Struve_Geodetic_Arc" title="Struve Geodetic Arc">Struve Geodetic Arc</a>)</li> <li>Tentative list: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_Monastery" title="Neamț Monastery">Neamț Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery" title="Trei Ierarhi Monastery">Trei Ierarhi Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Orhei" title="Old Orhei">The Cultural Landscape Orheiul Vechi (Old Orhei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi_Steppe" title="Bălți Steppe">The Typical Crernozem Soils of the Balti Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stulpicani" title="Stulpicani">Slătioara Secular Forest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">History of the Republic of Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Romanian Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">List of rulers of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Military history of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan%E2%80%93Danubian_culture" title="Balkan–Danubian culture">Balkan–Danubian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lands_across_the_Danube" title="Bulgarian lands across the Danube">Bulgarian lands across the Danube</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As written chancellery language until it was replaced by Romanian starting with the 16th century. Used for liturgical purposes until the end of the 18th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As chancellery and cultural language, especially during the Phanariot period of time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilona_Czama%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilona Czamańska (page does not exist)">Ilona Czamańska</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Czama%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Ilona Czamańska">pl</a>]</span> states that this name is "undoubtedly associated with Bogdan I," the first voivode of Moldavia in the 1360s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-suzerainty-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suzerainty_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzerainty_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldavia">"Moldavia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-protectorate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-protectorate_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-protectorate_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/protectorate-international-relations">"Protectorate"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ștefan Pascu, <i>Documente străine despre români</i>, ed. Arhivelor statului, București 1992, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-95711-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-95711-2-3">973-95711-2-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Tout ce pays: la Wallachie, la Moldavie et la plus part de la Transylvanie, a esté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Trajan l'empereur... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain... "</i></span> "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", in: Paul Cernovodeanu, <i>Studii și materiale de istorie medievală</i>, IV, 1960, p. 444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaitescu1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panaitescu, Petre P. (1965). <i>Începuturile şi biruinţa scrisului în limba română</i> (in Romanian). Editura Academiei Bucureşti. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%8Enceputurile+%C5%9Fi+biruin%C5%A3a+scrisului+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Bucure%C5%9Fti&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Panaitescu&rft.aufirst=Petre+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352"><i>The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe</i></a>. Springer. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230583474" title="Special:BookSources/9780230583474"><bdi>9780230583474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230583474&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonPappasPappasPappas1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA550"><i>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 550. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313274978" title="Special:BookSources/9780313274978"><bdi>9780313274978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780313274978&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Lee+Brigance&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+Charles&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCquTz6ps5YgC%26pg%3DPA550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanowski,_MaciejConstantin,_IordachiTrencsenyi,_Balazs2005" class="citation journal cs1">Janowski, Maciej; Constantin, Iordachi; Trencsenyi, Balazs (2005). 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Pârvan, "Aspects of Moldavia’s coinage at the end of the fourteenth century", in <i>130 Years Since the Establishment of the Modern Romanian Monetary System</i>, Bucharest, 1997, p. 204–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ion Ciortan, Măriuca Radu, Octavian Ion Penda, Descriptio Romaniae (cartographie), National Museum of Maps & old books, Autonomous regie Monitorul oficial, Bucharest 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Octavian-Liviu Șovan, Zorile creștinismului în nord-estul Moldovei-repere arheologice, Revista Forum cultural, Anul V, nr.4, decembrie 2005 (19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bolokhovians&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%5CB%5CO%5CBolokhovians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060616225750/http://www.vikingart.com/VArt/PS_Sjonhem.htm">"Picture Stone - Sjonhem Stone"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vikingart.com/VArt/PS_Sjonhem.htm">the original</a> on 2006-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Picture+Stone+-+Sjonhem+Stone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikingart.com%2FVArt%2FPS_Sjonhem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2009">Jackson 2009</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005196-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005196_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSălăgean2005">Sălăgean 2005</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei1986131-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei1986131_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei1986">Spinei 1986</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2009">Jackson 2009</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVásáry200530-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVásáry200530_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVásáry2005">Vásáry 2005</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of Jan Długosz</i>, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379802/Michael">Michael the Brave</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2000-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2000_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_W._White2000" class="citation book cs1">George W. White (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC"><i>Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-9809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Territory%3A+Constructing+Group+Identity+in+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9809-7&rft.au=George+W.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7TgkO8utHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiparituriromanesti.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/document-emis-de-mihai-viteazul-la-iasi-in-1600/">"A document issued by Michael the Brave in 1600, in Iași"</a>. 28 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+document+issued+by+Michael+the+Brave+in+1600%2C+in+Ia%C8%99i&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftiparituriromanesti.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F06%2F28%2Fdocument-emis-de-mihai-viteazul-la-iasi-in-1600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king23-hitch41-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king23-hitch41_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p.22-23; Hitchins, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Achim-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Achim_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achim_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achim_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achim_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Viorel Achim, <i>The Roma in Romanian History</i>, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-84-9">963-9241-84-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefanescu-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stefanescu_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ștefan Ștefănescu, <i>Istoria medie a României</i>, Vol. I, Editura Universității din București, Bucharest, 1991 <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djuvara-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Djuvara_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Djuvara_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Neagu_Djuvara" title="Neagu Djuvara">Neagu Djuvara</a>, <i>Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne</i>, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-28-0523-4" title="Special:BookSources/973-28-0523-4">973-28-0523-4</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guy-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guy_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will Guy, <i>Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire_Press" title="University of Hertfordshire Press">University of Hertfordshire Press</a>, Hatfield, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902806-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-902806-07-7">1-902806-07-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of Jan Długosz</i>, p. 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Długosz, p. 438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histmold-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histmold_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histmold_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunteleSîrbuOstopovici2019" class="citation journal cs1">Muntele, Ionel; Sîrbu, Costel-Cosmin; Ostopovici, Ionuț-Vasile (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjgeo.ro/atasuri/revue%20roumaine_63_1/muntele%20et%20al..pdf">"Historical Moldavia – from Demographic Expansion to a Shrinking Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Romanian Journal of Geography</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2285-9675">2285-9675</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104232314/http://www.rjgeo.ro/atasuri/revue%20roumaine_63_1/muntele%20et%20al..pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanian+Journal+of+Geography&rft.atitle=Historical+Moldavia+%E2%80%93+from+Demographic+Expansion+to+a+Shrinking+Region&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2285-9675&rft.aulast=Muntele&rft.aufirst=Ionel&rft.au=S%C3%AErbu%2C+Costel-Cosmin&rft.au=Ostopovici%2C+Ionu%C8%9B-Vasile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rjgeo.ro%2Fatasuri%2Frevue%2520roumaine_63_1%2Fmuntele%2520et%2520al..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, Jean W. Sedlar, page 255, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavalerii Apocalipsului: Calamitatile Naturale Din Trecutul Romaniei (Pana La 1800), Paul Cernovodeanu, Paul Binder, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-95477-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/973-95477-3-7">973-95477-3-7</a>, Romanian Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensamantromania.ro/en/history/demographic-researches/">"First activities of population counting conducted on the Romanian territory of today"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+activities+of+population+counting+conducted+on+the+Romanian+territory+of+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamantromania.ro%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fdemographic-researches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evenimentul.ro/articol/moldovenii-8211-vreo-5.html">"Moldavians at the 2002 census"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldavians+at+the+2002+census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evenimentul.ro%2Farticol%2Fmoldovenii-8211-vreo-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210258/http://www.romanianweek.ro/educatie.html">"Schola Latina - The Foundation of the first School in which mathematics was taught in Roumania"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanianweek.ro/educatie.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schola+Latina+-+The+Foundation+of+the+first+School+in+which+mathematics+was+taught+in+Roumania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanianweek.ro%2Feducatie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611181940/http://www.study-in-romania.ro/historyofeducation.htm">"History of Education"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.study-in-romania.ro/historyofeducation.htm">the original</a> on 2015-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.study-in-romania.ro%2Fhistoryofeducation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaic.ro/en/university-2/university/">"History of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Alexandru+Ioan+Cuza+University+of+Ia%C8%99i&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaic.ro%2Fen%2Funiversity-2%2Funiversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_I._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Gheorghe I. Brătianu">Gheorghe I. Brătianu</a>, <i>Sfatul domnesc și Adunarea Stărilor în Principatele Române</i>, Bucharest, 1995</li> <li>Vlad Georgescu, <i>Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369-1878)</i>, Munich, 1987</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Ruysbroeck, Willem van (2009) [1990]. <i>The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253-1255</i>. Translated by Peter Jackson. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+of+Friar+William+of+Rubruck%3A+His+Journey+to+the+Court+of+the+Great+Khan+M%C3%B6ngke%2C+1253-1255&rft.place=Indianapolis%2FCambridge&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ruysbroeck&rft.aufirst=Willem+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSălăgean2005" class="citation book cs1">Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). <i>History of Romania: Compendium</i>. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4"><bdi>978-973-7784-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romanian+Society+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages+%289th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries+AD%29&rft.btitle=History+of+Romania%3A+Compendium&rft.pages=133-207&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute+%28Center+for+Transylvanian+Studies%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-973-7784-12-4&rft.aulast=S%C4%83l%C4%83gean&rft.aufirst=Tudor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinei1986" class="citation book cs1">Spinei, Victor (1986). <i>Moldavia in the 11th–14th Centuries</i>. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Româna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moldavia+in+the+11th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Republicii+Socialiste+Rom%C3%A2na&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ștefan Ștefănescu, <i>Istoria medie a României</i>, Bucharest, 1991</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVásáry2005" class="citation book cs1">Vásáry, István (2005). <i>Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83756-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83756-1"><bdi>0-521-83756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumans+and+Tatars%3A+Oriental+Military+in+the+Pre-Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1185%E2%80%931365&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-83756-1&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldavia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Principality_of_Moldavia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018031909/http://www.scribd.com/doc/27529/Dimitrie-Cantemir-Descrierea-Moldovei">Dimitrie Cantemir-Descrierea Moldovei</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050524060804/http://www.patzinakia.ro/wallachiamediaevalis/bacau-index.htm">The Princely Court in Bacău</a> – images, layouts (at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111120813/http://www.patzinakia.ro/">Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222082415/http://www.patzinakia.ro/documenta/index.htm">Original Documents</a> concerning both Moldavia and other Romania Principalities during the Middle Ages (at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111120813/http://www.patzinakia.ro/">Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centruldepelerinaj.ro/index.php?&lang=en">Pilgrimage and Cultural Heritage Tourism in Moldavia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421084717/http://romania-travelguide.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=48&Itemid=62">Painted Churches in Bukovina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monederomanesti.cimec.ro/">Medieval Coins of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian and English)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/36px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Banat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banat"><img alt="Banat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/15px-CoA_Banat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/23px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/30px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> (1918–)<sup>a</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Banat<sup>h</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_Dobrogei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dobruja"><img alt="Dobruja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/15px-Stema_Dobrogei.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/23px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/30px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (1878–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> (1913–16; 1919–40)<sup>d</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldavia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moldavia"><img alt="Moldavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> (1859–)<sup>b</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a><sup>e</sup> (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> (Southern Bukovina (1918–)<sup>f</sup>; Northern Bukovina (1918–40; 1941–44)<sup>f</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa</a> (1859–1940; 1941–44)<sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transylvania"><img alt="Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> (1918–)<sup>a</sup><sup>g</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a><sup>h</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a><sup>i</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a><sup>j</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia"><img alt="Wallachia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> (1859–)<sup>b</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>a</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1920</li> <li><sup>b</sup><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1862</li> <li><sup>c</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)"><i>De jure</i></a> ceded to Bulgaria and the Central Powers (except for the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>) between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li><sup>d</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)"><i>De jure</i></a> ceded to Bulgaria between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li><sup>e</sup><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a> in Romania (1859–78)</li> <li><sup>f</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1919</li> <li><sup>g</sup><a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> in Hungary (1940–44)</li> <li><sup>h</sup>Only the eastern part</li> <li><sup>i</sup>Only the southern part</li> <li><sup>j</sup>Transylvania proper</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="c._1365_–_1867_(eyalets)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span> – 1867 (<a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalets</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Eyalet" title="Aidin Eyalet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Eyalet" title="Ankara Eyalet">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet" title="Diyarbekir Eyalet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulkadir_Eyalet" title="Dulkadir Eyalet">Dulkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Eyalet" title="Hüdavendigâr Eyalet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Eyalet" title="Kars Eyalet">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Eyalet" title="Kastamonu Eyalet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Eyalet" title="Kurdistan Eyalet">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Adrianople" title="Eyalet of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Budin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Fri_Eyalet" title="Eğri Eyalet">Egir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Eyalet" title="Herzegovina Eyalet">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanije_Eyalet" title="Kanije Eyalet">Kanije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Eyalet" title="Niš Eyalet">Niš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Eyalet" title="Salonica Eyalet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet" title="Temeşvar Eyalet">Temeşvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyvar_Eyalet" title="Uyvar Eyalet">Uyvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdin_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Widdin Eyalet">Widdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Yanina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahsa_Eyalet" title="Lahsa Eyalet">Lahsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1867–1922_(vilayets_and_mutasarrıfates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1867–1922 (<a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıfates</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora</a> (Ankara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Vilayet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüdavendigâr Vilayet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastamonu Vilayet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Vilayet">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuret-ul-Aziz_vilayet" title="Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet">Mamuret-ul-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Vilayet">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond</a> (Trabzon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Vilayet">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a> (Edirne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Vilayet">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vassals_and_autonomies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassals</a> and autonomies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vassals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1672–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Syrmia_of_Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik">Duchy of Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Principality of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_emirates" title="Kurdish emirates">Kurdish emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fiefdoms_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Template:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fiefdoms_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fiefdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval district principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Seniorate Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Duchy of Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sandomierz" title="Duchy of Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wi%C5%9Blica" title="Duchy of Wiślica">Wiślica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Duchy of Poznań">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniezno" title="Duchy of Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kalisz" title="Duchy of Kalisz">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Duchy of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Czersk" title="Duchy of Czersk">Czersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_P%C5%82ock" title="Duchy of Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw_(Middle_Ages)" title="Duchy of Warsaw (Middle Ages)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rawa" title="Duchy of Rawa">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Belz" title="Duchy of Belz">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wizna" title="Duchy of Wizna">Wizna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kuyavia" title="Duchy of Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Duchy of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Duchy of Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bydgoszcz_and_Wyszogr%C3%B3d" title="Duchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród">Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniewkowo" title="Duchy of Gniewkowo">Gniewkowo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Dobrzy%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Dobrzyń (page does not exist)">Dobrzyń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_Land" title="Łęczyca Land">Łęczyca</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sieradz_Land" title="Sieradz Land">Sieradz Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Duchy of Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sieradz" title="Duchy of Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia" title="Duchy of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole" title="Duchy of Opole">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Duchy of Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Duchy of Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubusz" title="Duchy of Lubusz">Lubusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Legnica" title="Duchy of Legnica">Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Jawor" title="Duchy of Jawor">Jawor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Duchy of Żagań">Żagań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bytom" title="Duchy of Bytom">Bytom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lw%C3%B3wek" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lwówek">Lwówek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cieszyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brzeg" title="Duchy of Brzeg">Brzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Siewierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ole%C5%9Bnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Oleśnica">Oleśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Słupsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork_and_Byt%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lębork and Bytów">Lębork and Bytów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other medieval fiefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kopanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Kopanica">Kopanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldership_of_Spisz" title="Eldership of Spisz">Spisz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Che%C5%82m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Chełm (page does not exist)">Chełm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Volodymyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Volodymyr (page does not exist)">Volodymyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Podolia" title="Duchy of Podolia">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Caffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern fiefs of the <br /><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Duchy of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Duchy of Siewierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Duchy of Oświęcim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Duchy of Zator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Troppau" title="Duchy of Troppau">Duchy of Troppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork_and_Byt%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lębork and Bytów">Lębork and Bytów</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="With_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">With the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10957559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10957559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10957559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312799457">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8rJTTFbwJXfYW4DhWDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039965-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80132331">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Moldova (Rumunsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129982&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559614405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045123">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&oldid=1257732579">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&oldid=1257732579</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldavia" title="Category:Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Moldavia" title="Category:History of Moldavia">History of Moldavia</a></li><li><a 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