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Michael the Brave - Wikipedia

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<span>Wallachia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallachia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Moldavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_victory_and_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_victory_and_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Last victory and assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_victory_and_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Seal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ميشيل الشجاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميشيل الشجاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul" title="Mihai Viteazul – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mihai Viteazul" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Міхай Храбры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міхай Храбры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Михай Витязул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Михай Витязул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_el_Valent" title="Miquel el Valent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miquel el Valent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Chrabr%C3%BD" title="Michal Chrabrý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michal Chrabrý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_den_Tapre" title="Michael den Tapre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Michael den Tapre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul" title="Mihai Viteazul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mihai Viteazul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB_%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μιχαήλ ο Γενναίος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιχαήλ ο Γενναίος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_el_Valiente" title="Miguel el Valiente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miguel el Valiente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikaelo_de_Vala%C4%A5io" title="Mikaelo de Valaĥio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikaelo de Valaĥio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazu" title="Mihai Viteazu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mihai Viteazu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="میهای دلیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میهای دلیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ier_le_Brave" title="Michel Ier le Brave – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michel Ier le Brave" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_o_Valente" title="Miguel o Valente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Miguel o Valente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul" title="Mihai Viteazul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mihai Viteazul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_il_Coraggioso" title="Michele il Coraggioso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michele il Coraggioso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A5" title="מיכאי האמיץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיכאי האמיץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(palatinus_Valachiae)" title="Michael (palatinus Valachiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael (palatinus Valachiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajs_Drosm%C4%ABgais" title="Mihajs Drosmīgais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mihajs Drosmīgais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mih%C3%A1ly_havasalf%C3%B6ldi_fejedelem" title="II. Mihály havasalföldi fejedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Mihály havasalföldi fejedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ميشيل الشجاع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميشيل الشجاع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_de_Dappere" title="Michaël de Dappere – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michaël de Dappere" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Waleczny" title="Michał Waleczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michał Waleczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel,_o_Valente" title="Miguel, o Valente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Miguel, o Valente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul" title="Mihai Viteazul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mihai Viteazul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Михай Храбрый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Михай Храбрый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Michael the Brave" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Chrabr%C3%BD" title="Michal Chrabrý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michal Chrabrý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihael_Hrabri" title="Mihael Hrabri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mihael Hrabri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Михаило Храбри – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Михаило Храбри" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaj_Hrabri" title="Mihaj Hrabri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mihaj Hrabri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Rohkea" title="Mikael Rohkea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikael Rohkea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D" title="มีไฮผู้กล้าหาญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มีไฮผู้กล้าหาญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul" title="Mihai Viteazul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mihai Viteazul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Михайло Хоробрий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Михайло Хоробрий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazu" title="Mihai Viteazu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mihai Viteazu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%87%E6%95%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A" title="勇敢的米哈伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勇敢的米哈伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q118755#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Michael the Brave<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Mihai Viteazul</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes of Transylvania">Imperial governor of Transylvania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MihaiViteazul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MihaiViteazul.jpg/220px-MihaiViteazul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MihaiViteazul.jpg/330px-MihaiViteazul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MihaiViteazul.jpg/440px-MihaiViteazul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Sadeler_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegidius Sadeler II">Aegidius Sadeler II</a>, 1601</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1593 – August 1601</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_cel_R%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru cel Rău">Alexandru cel Rău</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Mihnea" title="Radu Mihnea">Radu Mihnea</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes of Transylvania">Prince of Transylvania</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1599 – September 1600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B%C3%A1thory" title="Andrew Báthory">Andrew Báthory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">May – September 1600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Mihai Pătrașcu<br />15 January 1558<br /><a href="/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_de_Floci" title="Orașul de Floci">Târgul de Floci</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Giurgeni" title="Giurgeni">Giurgeni</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1601 (aged&#160;42&#8211;43)<br />Torda, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Turda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">12 August 1601<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a> or <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i,_Cluj" title="Călărași, Cluj">Bogata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj County</a> (body)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Dealu_Monastery" title="Dealu Monastery">Dealu Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_County" title="Dâmbovița County">Dâmbovița County</a> (head)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doamna_Stanca" title="Doamna Stanca">Doamna Stanca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu" title="Nicolae Pătrașcu">Nicolae Pătrașcu</a><br /><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domni%C8%9Ba_Florica" class="extiw" title="ro:Domnița Florica">Domnița Florica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" title="House of Drăculești">Drăculești</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good" title="Pătrașcu the Good">Pătrașcu cel Bun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Teodora Cantacuzino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_the_Brave_signature,_June_9_(19),_1593.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Michael_the_Brave_signature%2C_June_9_%2819%29%2C_1593.svg/125px-Michael_the_Brave_signature%2C_June_9_%2819%29%2C_1593.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Michael_the_Brave_signature%2C_June_9_%2819%29%2C_1593.svg/188px-Michael_the_Brave_signature%2C_June_9_%2819%29%2C_1593.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Michael_the_Brave_signature%2C_June_9_%2819%29%2C_1593.svg/250px-Michael_the_Brave_signature%2C_June_9_%2819%29%2C_1593.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michael the Brave</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Mihai Viteazul</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">&#91;miˈhaj<span class="wrap"> </span>viˈte̯azul&#93;</a></span> or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Mihai Bravu</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">&#91;ˈbravu&#93;</a></span>; 1558 – 9 August 1601), born as <b>Mihai Pătrașcu</b>, was the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> (as <b>Michael II</b>, 1593–1601), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> (1600) and <i>de facto</i> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a> (1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded by <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalists</a> as a symbol of Romanian unity,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as his reign marked the first time in history all principalities inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014193_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014193-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>His rule over Wallachia began in the autumn of 1593. Two years later, <a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> began, a conflict in which the Prince fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni" title="Battle of Călugăreni">Battle of Călugăreni</a>, resulting in a victory against an army nearly three times the size of the army of Michael the Brave, considered one of the most important battles of his reign. Although the Wallachians emerged victorious from the battle, Michael was forced to retreat with his troops and wait for aid from his allies, Prince <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a> of Transylvania and Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>. The war continued until a peace finally emerged in January 1597, but this lasted for only a year and a half. Peace was again reached in late 1599, when Michael was unable to continue the war due to lack of support from his allies. In 1599, Michael won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C8%98elimb%C4%83r" title="Battle of Șelimbăr">Battle of Șelimbăr</a> against <a href="/wiki/Andrew_B%C3%A1thory" title="Andrew Báthory">Andrew Báthory</a> and soon entered <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Gyulafehérvár</a> (today Alba Iulia, Romania), becoming the imperial governor (i.e. <i>de facto</i> ruler) of Transylvania, under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> suzerainty. A few months later, Michael's troops invaded Moldavia and reached its capital, <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>. The Moldavian leader <a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a> fled to Poland and Michael was declared <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a>. During this period, Michael the Brave changed his seal to represent his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania. </p><p>The interests of the three neighbouring great powers – the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> – were damaged by Michael the Brave's achievements. Although he acknowledged the suzerainty of Rudolf II, Michael the Brave continued to negotiate his official position in Transylvania, pleading for direct rule instead of being imperial governor. Michael kept the control of all three provinces for less than a year before the Hungarian nobility of Transylvania rose against him in a series of revolts with the support of the Austrian army commanded by the Italian General <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Basta" title="Giorgio Basta">Giorgio Basta</a>, defeating Michael the Brave at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir%C4%83sl%C4%83u" title="Battle of Mirăslău">Battle of Mirăslău</a>, forcing the prince to leave Transylvania and retreat to <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> with his remaining troops, while the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth entered <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and defeated the forces loyal to Michael the Brave, restoring <a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a> on the throne. The Polish army led by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> also advanced in eastern Wallachia and established <a href="/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83" title="Simion Movilă">Simion Movilă</a> as ruler. Forces loyal to Michael remained only in <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walachia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Walachia.png/220px-Walachia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Walachia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Map of Wallachia (yellow) over modern-day Romania (blue and yellow).</figcaption></figure> <p>Michael the Brave then left for <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, seeking audience with Emperor Rudolf II; however, the emperor refused to allow him audience. But General <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Basta" title="Giorgio Basta">Giorgio Basta</a>'s governance of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> faced significant opposition from the Hungarian nobility, leading to the reinstallation of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a>, who turned his back on Emperor Rudolf II and declared submission to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> after receiving substantial military support. This led to Emperor Rudolf II accepting Michael the Brave's audience and providing him with 100,000 florins to rebuild his army. Meanwhile, forces loyal to Michael in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> led by his son, Nicolae Pătrașcu, drove <a href="/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83" title="Simion Movilă">Simion Movilă</a> out of Moldavia and prepared to reenter Transylvania. Michael the Brave, allied with Giorgio Basta, defeated the Hungarian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurusl%C4%83u" title="Battle of Guruslău">Battle of Guruslău</a>. A few days later Basta, who sought to control Transylvania himself, <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated">assassinated</a> Michael by order of the Habsburg Emperor Rudolf II. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Michael was born in 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He claimed to have been the illegitimate son of Wallachian <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good" title="Pătrașcu the Good">Pătrașcu cel Bun</a> (Pătrașcu the Good),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014185_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014185-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" title="House of Drăculești">Drăculești branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Basarab" title="House of Basarab">House of Basarab</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Septilici_family" title="Septilici family">Septilici family</a>; some historians believe he merely invented his descent in order to justify his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His real father was most likely a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His mother was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodora_Cantacuzino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodora Cantacuzino (page does not exist)">Theodora Kantakouzene</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_Cantacuzino" class="extiw" title="ro:Teodora Cantacuzino">ro</a>&#93;</span>, a member of the Greek noble family <a href="/wiki/Cantacuzino_family" title="Cantacuzino family">Kantakouzenoi</a>, present in Wallachia and Moldavia, and allegedly descended from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was born in the <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Greek region of Epirus</a> and she may have been the sister of the famous Greek magnate <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kantakouzenos_%C5%9Eeytano%C4%9Flu" title="Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu">Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu</a>, as well as the cousin of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iane_Cantacuzino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iane Cantacuzino (page does not exist)">Iane Cantacuzino</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iane_Cantacuzino" class="extiw" title="ro:Iane Cantacuzino">ro</a>&#93;</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Michael could probably speak <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> too, besides Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael's political rise was quite spectacular, as he became the <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">Ban</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mehedin%C8%9Bi_County" title="Mehedinți County">Mehedinți</a> in 1588, <i><a href="/wiki/Stolnic" title="Stolnic">stolnic</a></i> at the court of <a href="/wiki/Mihnea_Turcitul" title="Mihnea Turcitul">Mihnea Turcitul</a> by the end of 1588, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Banship_of_Craiova" title="Great Banship of Craiova">Ban of Craiova</a> in 1593 – during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_cel_R%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru cel Rău">Alexandru cel Rău</a>. The latter had him swear before 12 <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> that he was not of princely descent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Still, in May 1593 conflict did break out between Alexandru and Michael, who was forced to flee to Transylvania. He was accompanied by his half-brother Radu Florescu, <a href="/wiki/Radu_Buzescu" title="Radu Buzescu">Radu Buzescu</a> and several other supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After spending two weeks at the court of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a>, he left for <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, where with help from his cousin <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Kantakouzenos_(1553%E2%80%931601)" title="Andronikos Kantakouzenos (1553–1601)">Andronikos Kantakouzenos</a> (the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kantakouzenos_%C5%9Eeytano%C4%9Flu" title="Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu">Michael "Şeytanoğlu" Kantakouzenos</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Patriarch Jeremiah II</a> he negotiated <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> support for his accession to the Wallachian throne. He was supported by the English ambassador in the Ottoman capital, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barton_(diplomat)" title="Edward Barton (diplomat)">Edward Barton</a>, and aided by a loan of 200,000 florins.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Michael was invested Prince by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> in September 1593 and started his effective rule on 11 October.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wallachia">Wallachia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Wallachia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wallachia_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachia in the Middle Ages">Wallachia in the Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Wallachia">Early Modern Wallachia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai_Viteazul_woodcut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mihai_Viteazul_woodcut.jpg/170px-Mihai_Viteazul_woodcut.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mihai_Viteazul_woodcut.jpg/255px-Mihai_Viteazul_woodcut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mihai_Viteazul_woodcut.jpg/340px-Mihai_Viteazul_woodcut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2182" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Michael the Brave</figcaption></figure> <p>Not long after Michael became Prince of Wallachia, he turned against the Ottoman Empire. The next year he joined the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> alliance of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> powers formed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a> against the Turks, and signed treaties with his neighbours: <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a> of Transylvania, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_the_Tyrant" title="Aaron the Tyrant">Aaron the Tyrant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and the Holy Roman Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1594)" title="Holy League (1594)">Holy League of Pope Clement VIII</a>). He started a campaign against the Turks in the autumn of 1594, conquering several citadels near the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A2r%C8%99ova" title="Hârșova">Hârșova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>, while his Moldavian allies defeated the <a href="/wiki/Turk_(term_for_Muslims)" title="Turk (term for Muslims)">Turks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> and other parts of Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mihai continued his attacks deep within the Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a>, Ribnic, and <a href="/wiki/Kiliia" title="Kiliia">Chilia</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and even reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund_Bathory_in_full_regalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sigismund_Bathory_in_full_regalia.jpg/170px-Sigismund_Bathory_in_full_regalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sigismund_Bathory_in_full_regalia.jpg/255px-Sigismund_Bathory_in_full_regalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sigismund_Bathory_in_full_regalia.jpg/340px-Sigismund_Bathory_in_full_regalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Sigismund Báthory using the title <i>Prince of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia</i> in a 1595 engraving.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1595, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a> staged an elaborate plot and had Aaron the Tyrant, voivode of Moldavia, removed from power.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_J%C3%B3sika" title="István Jósika">István Jósika</a> (Báthory's chancellor and an ethnic Romanian)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> masterminded the operation. <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_R%C4%83zvan" title="Ștefan Răzvan">Ștefan Răzvan</a> arrested Aron on charges of treason on the night of 24 April (5 May) and sent him to the Transylvanian capital at Gyulafehérvár with his family and treasure. Aron would die poisoned by the end of May in the castle of <a href="/wiki/Unirea,_Alba" title="Unirea, Alba">Vinc</a>. Sigismund was forced to justify his actions before the European powers, since Aron had played an active role in the anti-Ottoman coalition. Later on, in the same city of Gyulafehérvár, Wallachian boyars signed a treaty with Sigismund on Michael's behalf. From the point of view of Wallachian internal politics, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Gyulafehérvár (page does not exist)">Treaty of Gyulafehérvár</a> officialized what could be called a <i>boyar regime</i>, reinforcing the already important political power of the noble elite. According to the treaty, a council of 12 great boyars was to take part alongside the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> in the executive rule of the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/170px-Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/255px-Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/340px-Misu_Popp_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Michael the Brave, early 20th-century mural painting</figcaption></figure> <p>Boyars could no longer be executed without the knowledge and approval of the Transylvanian Prince and, if convicted for treason, their fortunes could no longer be confiscated. Apparently Michael was displeased with the final form of the treaty negotiated by his envoys, but was forced to comply. Prince Michael said in a conversation with the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> envoy Lubieniecki: <i>...&#160;they did not proceed as stated in their instructions but as their own good required and obtained privileges for themselves.</i> He would try to avoid the obligations imposed on him for the rest of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_186_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_186-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his reign, Michael relied heavily on the loyalty and support of a group of Oltenian lords, the most important of whom were Buzescu Brothers (Romanian: <i>Frații Buzești</i>) and his own relatives on his mother's side, the Cantacuzinos.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He consequently protected their interests throughout his reign; for example, he passed a law binding serfs to lands owned by aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From the standpoint of religious jurisdiction, the Treaty of Gyulafehérvár had another important consequence: it placed all the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> bishops in Transylvania under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Seat of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_186_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_186-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Targoviste1595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Targoviste1595.jpg/220px-Targoviste1595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Targoviste1595.jpg/330px-Targoviste1595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Targoviste1595.jpg/440px-Targoviste1595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary illustration of Michael the Brave defeating the Turks at Târgovişte in October 1595</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks,_Giurgiu,_October_1595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg/220px-Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg/330px-Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg/440px-Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3336" /></a><figcaption>A depiction the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Giurgiu_(1595)" title="Battle of Giurgiu (1595)">Battle of Giurgiu</a> in October 1595, first published in 1596</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period, the Ottoman army, based in <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a>, was preparing to cross the Danube and undertake a major attack. Michael was quickly forced to retreat and the Ottoman forces started to cross the Danube on 4 August 1595. As his army was outnumbered, Michael avoided carrying the battle in open field, and decided to give battle on a marshy field located near the village of Călugăreni on the <a href="/wiki/Neajlov" title="Neajlov">Neajlov</a> river. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni" title="Battle of Călugăreni">Battle of Călugăreni</a> started on 13 August and Michael defeated the Ottoman army led by <a href="/wiki/Koca_Sinan_Pasha" title="Koca Sinan Pasha">Sinan Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_186_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_186-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Despite the victory, he retreated to his winter camp in <a href="/wiki/Frec%C4%83%C8%9Bei,_Br%C4%83ila" title="Frecăței, Brăila">Stoienești</a> because he had too few troops to mount a full-scale war against the remaining Ottoman forces. He subsequently joined forces with Sigismund Báthory's 40,000-man army (led by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai" title="Stephen Bocskai">Stephen Bocskai</a>) and counterattacked the Ottomans, freeing the towns of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> (8 October), <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (12 October) and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a>, temporarily removing Wallachia from Ottoman suzerainty. </p><p>The fight against the Ottomans continued in 1596 when Michael made several incursions south of the Danube at <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Pleven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Babadag" title="Babadag">Babadag</a>, where he was assisted by the local <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="First Tarnovo Uprising">First Tarnovo Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During late 1596, Michael was faced with an unexpected attack from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Tatars</a>, who had destroyed the towns of Bucharest and <a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a>. By the time Michael gathered his army to counterattack, the Tatars had speedily retreated and so no battle was fought. Michael was determined to continue the war against the Ottomans, but he was prevented because he lacked support from Sigismund Báthory and Rudolf II. On 7 January 1597 <a href="/wiki/Yemi%C5%9F%C3%A7i_Hasan_Pasha" title="Yemişçi Hasan Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a> declared the independence of Wallachia under Michael's rule,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but Michael knew that this was only an attempt to divert him from preparing for another future attack. Michael again requested Rudolf II's support and Rudolf finally agreed to send financial assistance to the Wallachian ruler. On 9 June 1598 a formal treaty was reached between Michael and Rudolf II. According to the treaty, the Austrian ruler would give Wallachia sufficient money to maintain a 5,000-man army, as well as armaments and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shortly after the treaty was signed, the war with the Ottomans resumed and Michael besieged <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a> on 10 September 1598 and took control of <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>. The war with the Ottomans continued until 26 June 1599, when Michael, lacking the resources and support to continue prosecuting the war, signed a peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_193_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_193-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transylvania">Transylvania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Transylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvania in the Middle Ages">Transylvania in the Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Transylvania">Early Modern Transylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldavia,_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_(1600).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/220px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/330px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/440px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>The three principalities under Michael's authority, May–September 1600</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul_si_capul_lui_Bathory.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul_si_capul_lui_Bathory.jpeg/220px-Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul_si_capul_lui_Bathory.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul_si_capul_lui_Bathory.jpeg/330px-Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul_si_capul_lui_Bathory.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul_si_capul_lui_Bathory.jpeg/440px-Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul_si_capul_lui_Bathory.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> bring the head of cardinal <a href="/wiki/Andrew_B%C3%A1thory" title="Andrew Báthory">Andrew Báthory</a> to Michael the Brave after the Battle of Șelimbăr</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1598, Sigismund resigned as <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Transylvania">Prince of Transylvania</a> in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> (who was also the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>); reversed his decision in October 1598; and then resigned again in favor of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_B%C3%A1thory" title="Andrew Báthory">Andrew Báthory</a>, his cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Báthory had strong ties to the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> chancellor and <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> and placed Transylvania under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a>. He was also a trusted ally of the new Moldavian Prince <a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a>, one of Michael's greatest enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_193_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_193-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Movilă had deposed Ștefan Răzvan with the help of Polish hetman Jan Zamoyski in August 1595.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_193_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_193-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Having to face this new threat, Michael asked Emperor Rudolf to become the sovereign of Wallachia. On 25 September (5 October) Báthory issued an ultimatum demanding that Michael abandon his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_194_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_194-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Michael decided to attack Andrew Cardinal Báthory immediately to prevent invasion. He would later describe the events: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I rose with my country, my children, taking my wife and everything I had and with my army <i>[marched into Transylvania]</i> so that the foe should not crush me here.</p></blockquote><p> He left Târgoviște on 2 October, and 9 by October he had reached <a href="/wiki/Prejmer" title="Prejmer">Prejmer</a> in southern Transylvania, where he met envoys from the city of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brassó</a> (today Brașov, Romania). Sparing the city, he moved on to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2r%C8%9Ba,_Sibiu" title="Cârța, Sibiu">Kerc</a> (today Cârța, Romania), where he joined forces with the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_194_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_194-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MihaiAlbaIulia-Lecca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MihaiAlbaIulia-Lecca.jpg/220px-MihaiAlbaIulia-Lecca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MihaiAlbaIulia-Lecca.jpg/330px-MihaiAlbaIulia-Lecca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MihaiAlbaIulia-Lecca.jpg/440px-MihaiAlbaIulia-Lecca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Michael the Brave entering Alba Iulia</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 October Michael won a decisive victory<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> against the army of prince-cardinal Andrew Báthory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C8%98elimb%C4%83r" title="Battle of Șelimbăr">Battle of Șelimbăr</a>, giving him control of Transylvania. As he retreated from the battle, Andrew Báthory was killed by anti-Báthory <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székely</a> on 3 November near <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2ndominic" title="Sândominic">Csíkszentdomokos</a> (today Sândominic, Romania) and Michael gave him a princely burial in the <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Alba_Iulia" title="St. Michael&#39;s Cathedral, Alba Iulia">Roman Catholic Cathedral of Gyulafehérvár</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With his enemy dead, Michael entered the Transylvanian capital at Gyulafehérvár and received the keys to the fortress from Bishop <a href="/wiki/Demeter_Napr%C3%A1gyi" title="Demeter Naprágyi">Demeter Naprágyi</a>, later depicted as a seminal event in Romanian <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Szamosk%C3%B6zy" title="István Szamosközy">István Szamosközy</a>, keeper of the Archives at the time, recorded the event in great detail. He also wrote that two days before the Diet met on 10 October, Transylvanian nobles <i>elected Michael the voivode as Prince of Transylvania</i>. As the Diet was assembled, Michael demanded that the estates swear loyalty to Emperor Rudolf, then to himself and thirdly to his son.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Even if he was recognized by the Transylvanian diet as only imperial governor<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, he was nonetheless ruler of Transylvania. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MViteazul_at_Alba_Iulia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MViteazul_at_Alba_Iulia.jpg/170px-MViteazul_at_Alba_Iulia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MViteazul_at_Alba_Iulia.jpg/255px-MViteazul_at_Alba_Iulia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MViteazul_at_Alba_Iulia.jpg/340px-MViteazul_at_Alba_Iulia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1915" /></a><figcaption>Michael the Brave at Alba Iulia, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99u_Popp" title="Mișu Popp">Mișu Popp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Transylvania Michael used the following signature on official documents: <i>Michael Valachiae Transalpinae Woivoda, Sacrae Caesareae Regiae Majestatis Consiliarius per Transylvaniam Locumtenens, cis transylvaniam partium eius super exercitu Generalis Capitaneus".</i> ("Michael, voivode of Wallachia, the councillor of His Majesty the Emperor and the King, his deputy in Transylvania and General Captain of his troops from Transylvania.") </p><p>When Michael entered Transylvania, he did not immediately free or grant rights to the Romanian inhabitants, who were primarily peasants but, nevertheless, constituted a significant proportion<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> of the population. Michael demonstrated his support by upholding the <a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">Union of the Three Nations</a>, which recognized only the traditional rights and privileges of the Hungarians, Székelys and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a>, but he did not recognize the rights of the Romanians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Indeed, while he brought some of his Wallachian aides to Transylvania, he also invited some Székelys and other Transylvanian Hungarians to assist in the administration of Wallachia, where he wished to transplant Transylvania's far more advanced feudal system. </p><p>Michael began negotiating with the Emperor over his official position in Transylvania. The latter wanted the principality under direct Imperial rule with Michael acting as governor. The Wallachian <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a>, on the other hand, wanted the title of Prince of Transylvania for himself and equally claimed the <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a> region. Michael was, nevertheless, willing to acknowledge <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> overlordship.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moldavia">Moldavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Moldavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai_Viteazul_wiki_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mihai_Viteazul_wiki_en.jpg/170px-Mihai_Viteazul_wiki_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mihai_Viteazul_wiki_en.jpg/255px-Mihai_Viteazul_wiki_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Mihai_Viteazul_wiki_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Michael the Brave and his daughter Florica at Rudolf's court (detail of a contemporary painting by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger" title="Frans Francken the Younger">Frans Francken the Younger</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Moldavian Prince <a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a> had been an old enemy of Michael, having incited Andrew Báthory to send Michael the ultimatum demanding his abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_198_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_198-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His brother, <a href="/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83" title="Simion Movilă">Simion Movilă</a>, claimed the Wallachian throne for himself and had used the title of Voivode since 1595. Aware of the threat the Movilăs represented, Michael had created the <i>Banate</i> of <a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u_County" title="Buzău County">Buzău</a> and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila_County" title="Brăila County">Brăila</a> in July 1598 and the new <i>ban</i> was charged of keeping an alert eye on Moldavian, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> moves, although Michael had been planning a Moldavian campaign for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_198_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_198-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Zamoyski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jan_Zamoyski.jpg/170px-Jan_Zamoyski.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jan_Zamoyski.jpg/255px-Jan_Zamoyski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jan_Zamoyski.jpg/340px-Jan_Zamoyski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 February 1600 Michael met with Polish envoys in Brassó. He was willing to recognise the Polish King as his sovereign in exchange for the crown of Moldavia and the recognition of his male heirs' hereditary right over the three principalities, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia. This did not significantly delay his attack, however; on 14 April 1600 Michael's troops entered Moldavia on multiple routes, the Prince himself leading the main thrust to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Trotu%C8%99" title="Târgu Trotuș">Trotuș</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman,_Romania" title="Roman, Romania">Roman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_199_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_199-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He reached the capital of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> on 6 May. The garrison surrendered the citadel the next day and Michael's forces caught up with the fleeing Ieremia Movilă, who was saved from being captured only by the sacrifice of his rear-guard. Movilă took refuge in the castle of <a href="/wiki/Khotyn" title="Khotyn">Hotin</a> together with his family, a handful of faithful boyars and the former Transylvanian Prince, Sigismund Báthory.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_198_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_198-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Moldavian soldiers in the castle deserted, leaving a small Polish contingent as sole defenders. Under the cover of dark, sometime before 11 June, Movilă managed to sneak out of the walls and across the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a>'s camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_199_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_199-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neighboring states were alarmed by this upsetting of the balance of power, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a> in Transylvania, who rose against Michael in rebellion. With the help of Basta, they defeated Michael at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir%C4%83sl%C4%83u" title="Battle of Mirăslău">Battle of Mirăslău</a>, forcing the prince to leave Transylvania together with his remaining loyal troops.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A Polish army led by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> drove the Wallachians from Moldavia and defeated Michael at <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83eni" title="Năeni">Năieni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceptura" title="Ceptura">Ceptura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucov" title="Battle of Bucov">Bucov</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Teleaj%C4%83n_River&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Teleajăn River (page does not exist)">Battle of the Teleajăn River</a>). The Polish army also entered eastern Wallachia and established Simion Movilă as ruler. Forces loyal to Michael remained only in <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_200_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_200-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_victory_and_assassination">Last victory and assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Last victory and assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guraslau1601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guraslau1601.jpg/220px-Guraslau1601.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guraslau1601.jpg/330px-Guraslau1601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guraslau1601.jpg/440px-Guraslau1601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Michael defeating the Hungarian nobility in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurusl%C4%83u" title="Battle of Guruslău">Battle of Guruslău</a>, 1601</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MihaiViteazulDeath-LeGrandTheatreHistorique1703.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MihaiViteazulDeath-LeGrandTheatreHistorique1703.jpg/220px-MihaiViteazulDeath-LeGrandTheatreHistorique1703.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MihaiViteazulDeath-LeGrandTheatreHistorique1703.jpg/330px-MihaiViteazulDeath-LeGrandTheatreHistorique1703.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MihaiViteazulDeath-LeGrandTheatreHistorique1703.jpg/440px-MihaiViteazulDeath-LeGrandTheatreHistorique1703.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> of Michael the Brave at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpia_Turzii" title="Câmpia Turzii">Câmpia Turzii</a>, 1601</figcaption></figure> <p>Michael asked again for assistance from <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> during a visit in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> between 23 February and 5 March 1601, which was granted when the emperor heard that General <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Basta" title="Giorgio Basta">Giorgio Basta</a> had lost control of Transylvania to the Hungarian nobility led by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a>, who accepted Ottoman protection. Meanwhile, forces loyal to Michael in Wallachia led by his son, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu" title="Nicolae Pătrașcu">Nicolae Pătrașcu</a>, drove <a href="/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83" title="Simion Movilă">Simion Movilă</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and prepared to reenter Transylvania. Michael, allied with Basta, defeated the Hungarian army in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurusl%C4%83u" title="Battle of Guruslău">Battle of Guruslău</a>. A few days later, Basta, who sought to control Transylvania himself, <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated">assassinated</a> Michael by order of the Habsburg Emperor; the killing took place near <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpia_Turzii" title="Câmpia Turzii">Câmpia Turzii</a> on 9 August 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Romanian historian <a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Giurescu" title="Constantin C. Giurescu">Constantin C. Giurescu</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu_200_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu_200-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Never in Romanian history was a moment of such highness and glory so closely followed by bitter failure.</p></blockquote> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rule of Michael the Brave, with its break with Ottoman rule, tense relations with other European powers and the leadership of the three states, was considered in later periods as the precursor of a modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, a thesis which was argued with noted intensity by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu" title="Nicolae Bălcescu">Nicolae Bălcescu</a>. This theory became a point of reference for <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">nationalists</a>, as well as a catalyst for various Romanian forces to achieve a single Romanian state.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To Romanian Romantic nationalists,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> he was regarded as one of Romania's greatest national heroes. He is known in Romanian historiography as <i>Mihai Viteazul</i> or, less commonly, <i>Mihai Bravu</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/170px-Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/255px-Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/340px-Theodor_Aman_-_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Aman" title="Theodor Aman">Theodor Aman</a> (1874)</figcaption></figure> <p>The prince began to be perceived as a <i>unifier</i> towards the middle of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Such an interpretation is completely lacking in the historiography of the 17th-century chroniclers, and even in that of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a> around 1800. What they emphasized, apart from the exceptional personality of Michael himself, were the idea of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and his close relations with Emperor Rudolf. The conqueror's ambition is likewise frequently cited as a motivation for his action, occupying in the interpretative schema the place that was later to be occupied by the <i>Romanian idea</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In the writings of the Moldavian chronicler <a href="/wiki/Miron_Costin" title="Miron Costin">Miron Costin</a>, Michael the Brave appears in the role of conqueror of Transylvania and Moldavia, "the cause of much spilling of blood among Christians", and not even highly appreciated by his own <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachians</a>: "The Wallachians became tired of the warful rule of Voivode Mihai".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perspective of the Wallachians themselves is to be found in <i>The History of the Princes of Wallachia</i>, attributed to the chronicler Radu Popescu (1655–1729), which bundles together all Michael's adversaries without distinction. Romanians and foreigners alike: "He subjected the Turks, the Moldavians, and the Hungarians to his rule, as if they were his asses." The picturesque flavor of the expression serves only to confirm the absence of any <i>Romanian idea</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Mihai_viteazul_la_Calugareni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Mihai_viteazul_la_Calugareni.jpg/220px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Mihai_viteazul_la_Calugareni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Mihai_viteazul_la_Calugareni.jpg/330px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Mihai_viteazul_la_Calugareni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Mihai_viteazul_la_Calugareni.jpg/440px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Mihai_viteazul_la_Calugareni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption>Michael the Brave and his troops, 19th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Grigorescu" title="Nicolae Grigorescu">Nicolae Grigorescu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Samuil Micu</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a> wrote in his work <i>Short Explanation of the History of the Romanians</i> (written in the 1790s): "In the year 1593, Michael, who is called the Brave, succeeded to the lordship of Wallachia. He was a great warrior, who fought the Turks and defeated the Transylvanians. And he took Transylvania and gave it to Emperor Rudolf".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Panaitescu" title="Petre P. Panaitescu">Petre P. Panaitescu</a> states that in Mihai's time, the concept of the Romanian nation and the desire for unification did not yet exist.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2012)">verification needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> A. D. Xenopol firmly states the absence of any national element in Michael's politics, holding that Michael's lack of desire to join the principalities' administrations proved his actions were not motivated by any such concept.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Romanian settlements named after him, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Viteazu,_Cluj" title="Mihai Viteazu, Cluj">Mihai Viteazu</a>, a commune in <a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Bravu,_Giurgiu" title="Mihai Bravu, Giurgiu">Mihai Bravu, Giurgiu</a>, a commune in <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu_County" title="Giurgiu County">Giurgiu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Bravu,_Tulcea" title="Mihai Bravu, Tulcea">Mihai Bravu, Tulcea</a>, a commune in <a href="/wiki/Tulcea_County" title="Tulcea County">Tulcea County</a></li> <li><i>Mihai Viteazu</i>, a village in the commune <a href="/wiki/Vlad_%C8%9Aepe%C8%99,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i" title="Vlad Țepeș, Călărași">Vlad Țepeș, Călărași</a></li> <li><i>Mihai Bravu</i>, a village in the commune <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Br%C4%83ila" title="Victoria, Brăila">Victoria, Brăila</a></li> <li><i>Mihai Bravu</i>, a village in the commune <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99iori,_Bihor" title="Roșiori, Bihor">Roșiori, Bihor</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100lei1991b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/100lei1991b.png/110px-100lei1991b.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/100lei1991b.png/165px-100lei1991b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/100lei1991b.png/220px-100lei1991b.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">100 lei</a> coin of Romania depicting Michael the Brave</figcaption></figure> <p>Michael is also commemorated by the monks of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Athonite</a> <a href="/wiki/Simonopetra" title="Simonopetra">Simonopetra Monastery</a> for his great contributions in the form of land and money to rebuilding the monastery that had been destroyed by a fire. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave_(film)" title="Michael the Brave (film)">Mihai Viteazul</a></i>, a film by <a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Nicolaescu" title="Sergiu Nicolaescu">Sergiu Nicolaescu</a>, a well-known Romanian film director, is a representation of the life of the <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> ruler and his will to unite the three Romanian <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a>) as one domain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a>, Romania's highest <a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">military decoration</a>, was named after Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mihai Viteazul's name and portrait appear on at least two Romanian coins: 5 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Lei</a> 1991 (only 3 pieces of this type were minted and the coin was not entered into circulation), and on 100 Lei, which circulated through the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least four major high schools in Romania bear his name: the <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul_National_College_(Bucharest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihai Viteazul National College (Bucharest)">Mihai Viteazul National College (Bucharest)</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Viteazul_National_College_(Ploie%C8%99ti)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihai Viteazul National College (Ploiești) (page does not exist)">Mihai Viteazul National College (Ploiești)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegiul_Na%C8%9Bional_%22Mihai_Viteazul%22_din_Ploie%C8%99ti" class="extiw" title="ro:Colegiul Național &quot;Mihai Viteazul&quot; din Ploiești">ro</a>&#93;</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul_National_College_(Slobozia)" title="Mihai Viteazul National College (Slobozia)">Mihai Viteazul National College (Slobozia)</a> and Mihai Viteazul National College (Galați) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seal">Seal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Seal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/170px-Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/255px-Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/340px-Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Michael the Brave during his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania</figcaption></figure> <p>The seal comprises the coats of arms of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania: in the middle, on a shield the Moldavian <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">urus</a>, above Wallachian <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a> between sun and moon holding cross in beak, below Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kantakouzenos" title="Kantakouzenos">Kantakouzenos</a> – Asen branch of <a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Asen dynasty</a>: two meeting, standing <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> supporting a sword, treading on seven mountains. The Moldavian shield is held by two crowned figures. </p><p>There are two inscriptions on the seal. First, circular, in Slavonic using <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a> "<i>IO MIHAILI UGROVLAHISCOI VOEVOD ARDEALSCOI MOLD ZEMLI</i>", meaning "<i><a href="/wiki/Io_(voievodal_title_particle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Io (voievodal title particle)">Io</a> Michael Wallachian Voivode of Transylvanian and Moldavian Lands</i>". Second, placed along a circular arc separating the Wallachian coat from the rest of the heraldic composition, "<i>I ML BJE MLRDIE</i>", could be translated "<i>Through The Very Grace of God</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Elements_of_Romanian_Heraldry_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elements_of_Romanian_Heraldry-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">~60% in 1600 according to George W. White and ~28.4% in 1595 according to Károly Kocsis &amp; Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adevarul.ro/locale/slobozia/targul-floci-locul-s-a-nascut-mihai-viteazul-fotogalerie-1_50acf9b27c42d5a6638cf03c/index.html">"Târgul de Floci, locul unde s-a născut Mihai Viteazul"</a>. <i>Adevărul</i> (in Romanian). 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&amp;rft.atitle=T%C3%A2rgul+de+Floci%2C+locul+unde+s-a+n%C4%83scut+Mihai+Viteazul&amp;rft.date=2011-07-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Fslobozia%2Ftargul-floci-locul-s-a-nascut-mihai-viteazul-fotogalerie-1_50acf9b27c42d5a6638cf03c%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2008" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Arthur (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_8ZVn0NEFYC&amp;q=%22still+a+national+hero%22&amp;pg=PA51"><i>Jihad: Islam's 1,300 Year War Against Western Civilisation</i></a>. Ostara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-0502-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-0502-9"><bdi>978-1-4092-0502-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+Islam%27s+1%2C300+Year+War+Against+Western+Civilisation&amp;rft.pub=Ostara&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4092-0502-9&amp;rft.aulast=Kemp&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_8ZVn0NEFYC%26q%3D%2522still%2Ba%2Bnational%2Bhero%2522%26pg%3DPA51&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-prince-of-Walachia">"Michael Prince of Walachia"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&amp;rft.atitle=Michael+Prince+of+Walachia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMichael-prince-of-Walachia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014193-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014193_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDjuvara2014">Djuvara 2014</a>, p.&#160;193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-prince-of-Walachia">"Michael | Ruler, Conqueror, Reformer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.atitle=Michael+%7C+Ruler%2C+Conqueror%2C+Reformer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMichael-prince-of-Walachia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainty2018" class="citation book cs1">Sainty, Guy Stair (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBjRDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=michael+born+under+P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu&amp;pg=PA564"><i>The Constantinian Order of Saint George: and the Angeli, Farnese and Bourbon families which governed it</i></a>. Boletín Oficial del Estado. p.&#160;564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2506-6"><bdi>978-84-340-2506-6</bdi></a>. <q>Michael (Pătraşcu) the Brave</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Constantinian+Order+of+Saint+George%3A+and+the+Angeli%2C+Farnese+and+Bourbon+families+which+governed+it&amp;rft.pages=564&amp;rft.pub=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-340-2506-6&amp;rft.aulast=Sainty&amp;rft.aufirst=Guy+Stair&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGBjRDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmichael%2Bborn%2Bunder%2BP%25C4%2583tra%25C8%2599cu%26pg%3DPA564&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 180.; Iorga.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014185-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjuvara2014185_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDjuvara2014">Djuvara 2014</a>, p.&#160;185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxim2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maxim, Mihai (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463233365-005/html">"New Turkish Documents Concerning Michael the Brave and His Time"</a>, <i>L'empire ottoman au nord du Danube et l'autonomie des principautés roumaines au XVIe siècle. études et document.</i> (in French and English), Gorgias Press, pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">129–</span>156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463233365-005">10.31826/9781463233365-005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3336-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3336-5"><bdi>978-1-4632-3336-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=L%27empire+ottoman+au+nord+du+Danube+et+l%27autonomie+des+principaut%C3%A9s+roumaines+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle.+%C3%A9tudes+et+document.&amp;rft.atitle=New+Turkish+Documents+Concerning+Michael+the+Brave+and+His+Time&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463233365-005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4632-3336-5&amp;rft.aulast=Maxim&amp;rft.aufirst=Mihai&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463233365-005%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dinu, Tudor (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/mnimon/article/view/7712">"Ο Ρουμάνος ηγεμόνας Μιχαήλ ο Γενναίος (1593–1601) και οι Έλληνες"</a> &#91;The Romanian noble Michael the Brave (1593–1601) and the Greeks&#93;. <i>Μνήμων</i>. <b>29</b>: 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fmnimon.4">10.12681/mnimon.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2241-7524">2241-7524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD&amp;rft.atitle=%CE%9F+%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB+%CE%BF+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82+%281593%E2%80%931601%29+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fmnimon.4&amp;rft.issn=2241-7524&amp;rft.aulast=Dinu&amp;rft.aufirst=Tudor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr%2Findex.php%2Fmnimon%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7712&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrăciun1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crăciun, Ioachim (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/153318"><i>Cronicarul Szamosközy şi însemnările lui privitoare la români&#160;: 1566–1608</i></a> (in Romanian). Cluj: Universitatea Regele Ferdinand I. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">20–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cronicarul+Szamosk%C3%B6zy+%C5%9Fi+%C3%AEnsemn%C4%83rile+lui+privitoare+la+rom%C3%A2ni+%3A+1566%E2%80%931608&amp;rft.place=Cluj&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&amp;rft.pub=Universitatea+Regele+Ferdinand+I&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.aulast=Cr%C4%83ciun&amp;rft.aufirst=Ioachim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.bcucluj.ro%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F153318&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownNeil2017" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Amelia Robertson; Neil, Bronwen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwEtDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=michael+P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu&amp;pg=PA231"><i>Byzantine Culture in Translation</i></a>. Brill. p.&#160;231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34907-0"><bdi>978-90-04-34907-0</bdi></a>. <q>Michael was the son of Pătrașcu cel Bun ('the Good'), voivode from 1553 to 1557, and that Michael's mother, Tudora, was a member of the powerful Kantakouzinos family. This would neatly explain the Kantakouzini's support for Michael.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Byzantine+Culture+in+Translation&amp;rft.pages=231&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-34907-0&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Amelia+Robertson&amp;rft.au=Neil%2C+Bronwen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwEtDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmichael%2BP%25C4%2583tra%25C8%2599cu%26pg%3DPA231&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIorga1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iorga, Nicolae (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwkKAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=(+Teodora+)+Cantacuzino+,+mama+lui+Mihai+Viteazul"><i>Istoria românilor: Vitejii</i></a> (in Romanian). Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. p.&#160;239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-45-0029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-45-0029-1"><bdi>978-973-45-0029-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Istoria+rom%C3%A2nilor%3A+Vitejii&amp;rft.pages=239&amp;rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+Enciclopedic%C4%83&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=978-973-45-0029-1&amp;rft.aulast=Iorga&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolae&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwkKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%28%2BTeodora%2B%29%2BCantacuzino%2B%2C%2Bmama%2Blui%2BMihai%2BViteazul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofronie2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sofronie, Mădălin (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/slobozia/mama-lui-mihai-viteazul-unul-dintre-cele-mai-1634375.html">"Mama lui Mihai Viteazul, unul dintre cele mai controversate personaje din istorie. Povestea de viaţă nespusă a doamnei Tudora"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a></i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&amp;rft.atitle=Mama+lui+Mihai+Viteazul%2C+unul+dintre+cele+mai+controversate+personaje+din+istorie.+Povestea+de+via%C5%A3%C4%83+nespus%C4%83+a+doamnei+Tudora&amp;rft.date=2015-06-30&amp;rft.aulast=Sofronie&amp;rft.aufirst=M%C4%83d%C4%83lin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Fstiri-locale%2Fslobozia%2Fmama-lui-mihai-viteazul-unul-dintre-cele-mai-1634375.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iorga, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 18th-century chronicle of Radu Popescu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rumania"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rumania">"Rumania"&#160;</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol.&#160;23 (11th&#160;ed.). 1911. p.&#160;832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Rumania&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.pages=832&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Fumée, Historia von den Empörungen, so sich im Königreich Vngarn, auch in Siebenbürgen, Moldaw, in der Bergische Walachey vnd andern örthern zugetragen haben, 1596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco Venier, correspondence with the Doge of Venice, 16 July 1595</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Rezachevici – "Legenda și substratul ei istoric"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diaconescu, Marius (2004) "Gândirea politică a lui Ștefan Jósika, cancelarul principelui Sigismund Báthory" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.semperfidelis.ro/e107_files/public/1263591828_2323_FT38854_stefan_josica.doc">https://www.semperfidelis.ro/e107_files/public/1263591828_2323_FT38854_stefan_josica.doc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu_186-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_186_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_186_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_186_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panaitescu; Bolovan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu_193-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_193_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_193_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_193_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu_194-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_194_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_194_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Matau_Powell" class="citation book cs1">Helen Matau Powell. <i>Matau Family History &amp; Related Lineages: With a Brief History of Romania</i>. University of Wisconsin – Madison, Gateway Press, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Matau+Family+History+%26+Related+Lineages%3A+With+a+Brief+History+of+Romania&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+Madison%2C+Gateway+Press%2C+2002&amp;rft.au=Helen+Matau+Powell&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/118.html">"History of Transylvania by Akadémiai Kiadó"</a>. Mek.oszk.hu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania+by+Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&amp;rft.pub=Mek.oszk.hu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F118.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">White, George W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC&amp;q=%22if+Michael+had+been+inspired+and+supported+by+a+feeling%22&amp;pg=PA133"><i>Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe</i></a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847698097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847698097"><bdi>978-0847698097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Territory%3A+Constructing+Group+Identity+in+Southeastern+Europe&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0847698097&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=George+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7TgkO8utHIC%26q%3D%2522if%2BMichael%2Bhad%2Bbeen%2Binspired%2Band%2Bsupported%2Bby%2Ba%2Bfeeling%2522%26pg%3DPA133&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocsis-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kocsis_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, <i>Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin</i>, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example in this sense is Michael's demands addressed to Emperor Rudolf II, in July 1600. The document is very suggestively titled: "Demands of Michael Voivode, Prince of Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia, to His Highness the Emperor of Rome. These are His Majesty's wishes". This Document entered Romanian historiography and under title: "Şi hotarul Ardealului (...) pohta ce-am pohtit (...) Moldova, Ţara Rumânească" [And the border of Transylvania... my requests...Moldova, the Romanian Country] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dacoromania-alba.ro/nr52/viteazu_testamentul_politic.htm">"Testamentul politic al lui Mihai Viteazul"</a>. <i>Dacoromania</i>. nstitutul de Lingvistică şi Istorie Literară „Sextil Puşcariu" din Cluj-Napoca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dacoromania&amp;rft.atitle=Testamentul+politic+al+lui+Mihai+Viteazul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dacoromania-alba.ro%2Fnr52%2Fviteazu_testamentul_politic.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzádeczki1893" class="citation book cs1">Szádeczki, Lajos (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/06500/06596/06596.pdf"><i>Erdély és Mihály Vaida</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">347–</span>352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Erd%C3%A9ly+%C3%A9s+Mih%C3%A1ly+Vaida&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&amp;rft.date=1893&amp;rft.aulast=Sz%C3%A1deczki&amp;rft.aufirst=Lajos&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F06500%2F06596%2F06596.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu_198-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_198_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_198_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_198_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu_199-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_199_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_199_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu_200-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_200_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_200_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp. 201–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp. 211–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">White, George W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC&amp;pg=PA132"><i>Nationalism and territory: constructing group identity in Southeastern Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman &amp; Littlefield">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>. p.&#160;132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-9809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+territory%3A+constructing+group+identity+in+Southeastern+Europe&amp;rft.pages=132&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9809-7&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=George+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7TgkO8utHIC%26pg%3DPA132&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/43781/Miron-Costin-Letopiseul-rii-Moldovei">Original text: "Să urîse muntenilor cu domniia lui Mihai-vodă, toții cu oști și războaie."</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoia2001" class="citation book cs1">Boia, Lucian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM6MRPWXxQYC&amp;q=History+and+myth+in+Romanian+consciousness++De+Lucian+Boia&amp;pg=PP1"><i>History and myth in Romanian consciousness</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639116979" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639116979"><bdi>978-9639116979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+and+myth+in+Romanian+consciousness&amp;rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-9639116979&amp;rft.aulast=Boia&amp;rft.aufirst=Lucian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRM6MRPWXxQYC%26q%3DHistory%2Band%2Bmyth%2Bin%2BRomanian%2Bconsciousness%2B%2BDe%2BLucian%2BBoia%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petre Panaitescu – Mihai Viteazul, București, 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boia 1997, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/awards/494">Ordinul Mihai Viteazul</a>, tracesofwar.com, Retrieved 10 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 100 Lei of 1992 and 1993 are listed as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giladzuckerman.webs.com/mercuguinness.html#ROMANIA">KM # 111</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005816/http://giladzuckerman.webs.com/mercuguinness.html#ROMANIA">Archived</a> 28 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Krause_Publications" title="Krause Publications">Krause Mishler</a> catalog</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elements_of_Romanian_Heraldry-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elements_of_Romanian_Heraldry_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homutescu.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolovanKurt_W._Treptow1997" class="citation book cs1">Bolovan, Ioan; Kurt W. Treptow (1997). <i>A History of Romania</i> (3rd&#160;ed.). Iași: Center for Romanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-98091-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-98091-0-8"><bdi>978-973-98091-0-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39225262">39225262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Romania&amp;rft.place=Ia%C8%99i&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Center+for+Romanian+Studies&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39225262&amp;rft.isbn=978-973-98091-0-8&amp;rft.aulast=Bolovan&amp;rft.aufirst=Ioan&amp;rft.au=Kurt+W.+Treptow&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjuvara2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neagu_Djuvara" title="Neagu Djuvara">Djuvara, Neagu</a> (2014). <i>A Brief Illustrated History of Romanians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(publishing_house)" title="Humanitas (publishing house)">Humanitas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-50-4334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-50-4334-6"><bdi>978-973-50-4334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+Illustrated+History+of+Romanians&amp;rft.pub=Humanitas&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-973-50-4334-6&amp;rft.aulast=Djuvara&amp;rft.aufirst=Neagu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiurescu2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Giurescu" title="Constantin C. Giurescu">Giurescu, Constantin C.</a> (2007) [1935]. <i>Istoria Românilor</i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura All.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Istoria+Rom%C3%A2nilor&amp;rft.place=Bucharest&amp;rft.pub=Editura+All&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Giurescu&amp;rft.aufirst=Constantin+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomutescu" class="citation web cs1">Homutescu, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323024419/http://www.geocities.com/romaniancoins/coatromania.html">"Elements of Romanian Heraldry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/romaniancoins/coatromania.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Elements+of+Romanian+Heraldry&amp;rft.aulast=Homutescu&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fromaniancoins%2Fcoatromania.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonașcu1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ionașcu, Ion (1962). "Mihai Viteazul și autorii tratatului de la Alba Iulia (1595)". <i>Anuarul Institutului de Istorie și Arheologie, Cluj-Napoca</i> (in Romanian). <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0253-1550">0253-1550</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20377434">20377434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Anuarul+Institutului+de+Istorie+%C8%99i+Arheologie%2C+Cluj-Napoca&amp;rft.atitle=Mihai+Viteazul+%C8%99i+autorii+tratatului+de+la+Alba+Iulia+%281595%29&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20377434&amp;rft.issn=0253-1550&amp;rft.aulast=Iona%C8%99cu&amp;rft.aufirst=Ion&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIorga1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga, Nicolae</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409140834/http://www.unibuc.ro/CLASSICA/Stefan_Mihai_Mitropolia/Stefan_Mihai_Mitropolia.pdf"><i>Ștefan-cel-mare și Mihai-Viteazul: ca întemeietorii bisericii Românilor din Ardeal</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Minerva. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18153903">18153903</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unibuc.ro/CLASSICA/Stefan_Mihai_Mitropolia/Stefan_Mihai_Mitropolia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C8%98tefan-cel-mare+%C8%99i+Mihai-Viteazul%3A+ca+%C3%AEntemeietorii+bisericii+Rom%C3%A2nilor+din+Ardeal&amp;rft.place=Bucharest&amp;rft.pub=Minerva&amp;rft.date=1904&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18153903&amp;rft.aulast=Iorga&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolae&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibuc.ro%2FCLASSICA%2FStefan_Mihai_Mitropolia%2FStefan_Mihai_Mitropolia.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIorga1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga, Nicolae</a> (1968). <i>Istoria lui Mihai Viteazul</i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: <a href="/wiki/Editura_Militar%C4%83" title="Editura Militară">Editura Militară</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1243864">1243864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Istoria+lui+Mihai+Viteazul&amp;rft.place=Bucharest&amp;rft.pub=Editura+Militar%C4%83&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1243864&amp;rft.aulast=Iorga&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolae&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch2007" class="citation book cs1">Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (2007). <i>Conflicted Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary Histories</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/493876549">493876549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Conflicted+Memories%3A+Europeanizing+Contemporary+Histories&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F493876549&amp;rft.aulast=Jarausch&amp;rft.aufirst=Konrad+Hugo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManea2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manea, Cristina Anton (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208210059/http://www.mnir.ro/ro/publicatii/teze-doctorat/cristina-anton-manea.html">"Structura și restructurarea marii boierimi din Țara Românească de la începutul secolului al XVI – LEA până la mijlocul"</a> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnir.ro/ro/publicatii/teze-doctorat/cristina-anton-manea.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PhD. Thesis)</span> on 8 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Structura+%C8%99i+restructurarea+marii+boierimi+din+%C8%9Aara+Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83+de+la+%C3%AEnceputul+secolului+al+XVI+%E2%80%93+LEA+p%C3%A2n%C4%83+la+mijlocul&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.aulast=Manea&amp;rft.aufirst=Cristina+Anton&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnir.ro%2Fro%2Fpublicatii%2Fteze-doctorat%2Fcristina-anton-manea.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaitescu1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panaitescu, Petre P. (1936). <i>Mihai Viteazul</i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Fundația Regală. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29925825">29925825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mihai+Viteazul&amp;rft.place=Bucharest&amp;rft.pub=Funda%C8%9Bia+Regal%C4%83&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29925825&amp;rft.aulast=Panaitescu&amp;rft.aufirst=Petre+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezachevici1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rezachevici, Constantin (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050401/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1999/mi11/mi5.htm">"Mihail Viteazul: Cele patru itinerarii transilvane"</a>. <i>Magazin Istoric</i> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0541-881X">0541-881X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2263749">2263749</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1999/mi11/mi5.htm">the original</a> on 10 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Magazin+Istoric&amp;rft.atitle=Mihail+Viteazul%3A+Cele+patru+itinerarii+transilvane&amp;rft.date=1999-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2263749&amp;rft.issn=0541-881X&amp;rft.aulast=Rezachevici&amp;rft.aufirst=Constantin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itcnet.ro%2Fhistory%2Farchive%2Fmi1999%2Fmi11%2Fmi5.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezachevici2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rezachevici, Constantin (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231040/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi5.htm">"Mihail Viteazul: Itinerariul moldovean"</a>. <i>Magazin Istoric</i> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0541-881X">0541-881X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2263749">2263749</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi5.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Magazin+Istoric&amp;rft.atitle=Mihail+Viteazul%3A+Itinerariul+moldovean&amp;rft.date=2000-05&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2263749&amp;rft.issn=0541-881X&amp;rft.aulast=Rezachevici&amp;rft.aufirst=Constantin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itcnet.ro%2Fhistory%2Farchive%2Fmi2000%2Fcurrent5%2Fmi5.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezachevici2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rezachevici, Constantin (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222124750/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current10/mi8.htm">"Legenda și substratul ei istoric. Mihail Viteazul <i>Restituror Daciae</i>?"</a>. <i>Magazin Istoric</i> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0541-881X">0541-881X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2263749">2263749</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current10/mi8.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Magazin+Istoric&amp;rft.atitle=Legenda+%C8%99i+substratul+ei+istoric.+Mihail+Viteazul+Restituror+Daciae%3F&amp;rft.date=2000-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2263749&amp;rft.issn=0541-881X&amp;rft.aulast=Rezachevici&amp;rft.aufirst=Constantin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itcnet.ro%2Fhistory%2Farchive%2Fmi2000%2Fcurrent10%2Fmi8.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+the+Brave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Szádeczky Kardoss, Lajos: Erdély és Mihály vajda története. [History of Transylvania in the time of vovoide Mihail with added documents]. Temesvár 1893. Második, bővitett kiadás. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/erdlysmihl00szuoft#page/266/mode/1up">Erdély és Mihály vajda története, 1595–1601. oklevéltárral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Brave&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul" class="extiw" title="commons:Mihai Viteazul"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mihai Viteazul</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_the_Brave" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Michael the Brave">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Mihai I of Wallachia</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Basarab" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab">House of Basarab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Drăculești">Drăculești branch</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em">&#160;<b>Died:</b> 1601 9 August</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_cel_R%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru cel Rău">Alexandru cel Rău</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wallachian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wallachian rulers">Prince of Wallachia</a> </b><br />1593–1600 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83" title="Simion Movilă">Simion Movilă</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moldavian rulers">Prince of Moldavia</a> </b><br />1600 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83" title="Ieremia Movilă">Ieremia Movilă</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellone-loire.net/obsidian/regindex.html">Regnal Chronologies</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>38 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ccczq","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.963","walltime":"1.213","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6946,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":115604,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10865,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":125209,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1062.819 1 -total"," 21.25% 225.839 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.90% 158.401 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-06T17:53:07Z","dateModified":"2025-02-02T19:04:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/MihaiViteazul.jpg","headline":"Romanian prince and voivode of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia (1558\u20131601)"}</script> </body> </html>

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