CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Drought - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ff14e14b-c3e1-4197-8fac-d43adee75fd2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Drought","wgTitle":"Drought","wgCurRevisionId":1259356283,"wgRevisionId":1259356283,"wgArticleId":37335,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2016","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with excerpts", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Droughts","Meteorological phenomena","Civil defense","Climate variability and change","Hydrology","Water and the environment","Weather hazards","Natural disasters"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Drought","wgRelevantArticleId":37335,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43059","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg/1200px-Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg/800px-Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg/640px-Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Drought - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Drought rootpage-Drought skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Drought" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Drought" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Drought" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Drought" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indices_and_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indices_and_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indices and monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indices_and_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_precipitation_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_precipitation_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General precipitation deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_precipitation_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dry_season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Dry season</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation_(ENSO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation_(ENSO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation_(ENSO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erosion_and_human_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosion_and_human_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Erosion and human activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosion_and_human_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_economic_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_economic_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Environmental and economic impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_economic_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Agricultural impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_health_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_health_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Social and health impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_health_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_fertile_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_fertile_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Loss of fertile soils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_fertile_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_particularly_affected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_particularly_affected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regions particularly affected</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions_particularly_affected-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions particularly affected subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions_particularly_affected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amazon_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazon_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Amazon basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazon_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Himalayan_river_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himalayan_river_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Himalayan river basins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himalayan_river_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country_or_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country_or_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>By country or region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country_or_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection,_mitigation_and_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection,_mitigation_and_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Protection, mitigation and relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection,_mitigation_and_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drought</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83" title="Уэгъу – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Уэгъу" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droogte" title="Droogte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Droogte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%B7" title="قحط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قحط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%C8%9Bit%C3%A2" title="Seațitâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Seațitâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seca" title="Seca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Seca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyve%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Kyve'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kyve'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awti_pacha" title="Awti pacha – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Awti pacha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraql%C4%B1q" title="Quraqlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quraqlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="قوراقلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوراقلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="খরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B2ng-h%C4%81n" title="Khòng-hān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khòng-hān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1" title="Ҡоролоҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоролоҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Засуха – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Засуха" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сухмень – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сухмень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="सूखा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सूखा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag-alang" title="Tag-alang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tag-alang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Засушаване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Засушаване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1a" title="Suša – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Suša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequera" title="Sequera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sequera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83" title="Хăрă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăрă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulaw" title="Hulaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hulaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucho" title="Sucho – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sucho" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangwa" title="Shangwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shangwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8rke" title="Tørke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tørke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrre" title="Dürre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dürre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5ud" title="Põud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ξηρασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξηρασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequ%C3%ADa" title="Sequía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sequía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trosekeco" title="Trosekeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trosekeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehorte" title="Lehorte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehorte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="خشکسالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خشکسالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cheresse" title="Sécheresse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sécheresse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%BBchte" title="Drûchte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Drûchte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triomach" title="Triomach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Triomach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seca" title="Seca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Seca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E6%97%B1" title="乾旱 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="乾旱" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3" title="દુકાળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દુકાળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%AD%84" title="가뭄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가뭄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF" title="Երաշտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երաշտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="सूखा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूखा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1a" title="Suša – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekeringan" title="Kekeringan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekeringan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siccitate" title="Siccitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Siccitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eurrkar" title="Þurrkar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þurrkar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siccit%C3%A0" title="Siccità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Siccità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="בצורת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בצורת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawi" title="Lawi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lawi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="გვალვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვალვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Қуаңшылық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қуаңшылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukame" title="Ukame – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukame" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechr%C3%A8s" title="Sechrès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sechrès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кургакчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кургакчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9E%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87" title="ໄພແຫ້ງແລ້ງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄພແຫ້ງແລ້ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siccitas" title="Siccitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Siccitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausums" title="Sausums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sausums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausra" title="Sausra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sausra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asz%C3%A1ly" title="Aszály – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aszály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Суша – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суша" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haintany" title="Haintany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haintany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="വരൾച്ച – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വരൾച്ച" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3" title="दुष्काळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुष्काळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="გოლოფა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გოლოფა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemarau" title="Kemarau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemarau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seca" title="Seca – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Seca" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droogte" title="Droogte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Droogte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="खडेरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खडेरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%B1%E9%AD%83" title="旱魃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="旱魃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8rke" title="Tørke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tørke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8rke" title="Tørke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tørke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secada" title="Secada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Secada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurg%CA%BBoqchilik" title="Qurgʻoqchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qurgʻoqchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੋਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAMAGAAN" title="KAMAGAAN – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="KAMAGAAN" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="وچکالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وچکالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susza" title="Susza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Susza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seca" title="Seca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secet%C4%83" title="Secetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27akiy" title="Ch'akiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'akiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Засуха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Засуха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кураан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кураан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kakelalan" title="kakelalan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kakelalan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%C3%ABsira" title="Thatësira – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thatësira" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9F%E0%B6%BA" title="නියඟය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නියඟය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought" title="Drought – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drought" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1a" title="Suša – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suša" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaar" title="Abaar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Abaar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Суша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1a" title="Suša – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Suša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuivuuskausi" title="Kuivuuskausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuivuuskausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torka" title="Torka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagtuyot" title="Tagtuyot – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tagtuyot" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="வறட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வறட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%C9%A3ur" title="Anaɣur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anaɣur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/mtkzyay" title="mtkzyay – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="mtkzyay" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="అనావృష్టి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అనావృష్టి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="ภัยแล้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภัยแล้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurakl%C4%B1k" title="Kuraklık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuraklık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Посуха – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Посуха" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="خشک سالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خشک سالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1n_h%C3%A1n" title="Hạn hán – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạn hán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5ud" title="Põud – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põud" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1" title="干旱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="干旱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="טרוקעניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טרוקעניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E6%97%B1" title="乾旱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乾旱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1" title="干旱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="干旱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Drought" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Drought"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drought&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drought&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Drought"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drought&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drought&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Drought" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Drought" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drought&oldid=1259356283" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drought&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Drought&id=1259356283&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDrought"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDrought"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Drought&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drought&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drought" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43059" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period with less precipitation than normal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Drought_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Drought (disambiguation)">Drought (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="xxx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg/167px-Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg/251px-Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg/334px-Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="xxx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought016.jpg/167px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought016.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought016.jpg/251px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought016.jpg/334px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_shows_the_affect_of_drought.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="xxx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Corn_shows_the_affect_of_drought.jpg/177px-Corn_shows_the_affect_of_drought.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Corn_shows_the_affect_of_drought.jpg/266px-Corn_shows_the_affect_of_drought.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Corn_shows_the_affect_of_drought.jpg/354px-Corn_shows_the_affect_of_drought.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orroral_Valley_Fire_viewed_from_Tuggeranong_January_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="xxx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Orroral_Valley_Fire_viewed_from_Tuggeranong_January_2020.jpg/157px-Orroral_Valley_Fire_viewed_from_Tuggeranong_January_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Orroral_Valley_Fire_viewed_from_Tuggeranong_January_2020.jpg/236px-Orroral_Valley_Fire_viewed_from_Tuggeranong_January_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Orroral_Valley_Fire_viewed_from_Tuggeranong_January_2020.jpg/314px-Orroral_Valley_Fire_viewed_from_Tuggeranong_January_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="2790" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Droughts cause a range of impacts and are often worsened by the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">effects of climate change on the water cycle</a>: a dry riverbed in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; sandstorm in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> due to drought; droughts negatively <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">impact agriculture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; drought and high temperatures worsened the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season#Climate_change" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2020 bushfires in Australia</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>drought</b> is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> of affected regions, and causes harm to the local <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual dry seasons in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> risks.<sup id="cite_ref-Brando_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brando-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat waves</a> can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merzdorf_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merzdorf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dries out forests and other vegetation, and increases the amount of fuel for wildfires.<sup id="cite_ref-Brando_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brando-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world, becoming more extreme and less predictable due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronological" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrochronological">dendrochronological</a> studies date back to 1900. There are three kinds of drought effects, environmental, economic and social. Environmental effects include the drying of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, more and larger wildfires, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a>. </p><p>Economic impacts of drought result due to negative disruptions to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and livestock farming (causing <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food insecurity</a>), forestry, public <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supplies</a>, maritime navigation (due to e.g.: lower water levels), electric power supply (by affecting <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> systems) and impacts on human health.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social and health costs include the negative effect on the health of people directly exposed to this phenomenon (excessive heat waves), high food costs, stress caused by failed harvests, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, etc. Drought can also lead to increased air pollution due to increased dust concentrations and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged droughts have caused <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migrations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanke_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples for regions with increased drought risks are the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. For example, in 2005, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> experienced the worst drought in 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long Australian <a href="/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought" title="2000s Australian drought">Millennial drought</a> broke in 2010. The <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa_drought_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horn of Africa drought (2020–present)">2020–2022 Horn of Africa drought</a> has surpassed the horrific drought in 2010–2011 in both duration and severity.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 150 districts in India are drought vulnerable, mostly concentrated in the state of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and its adjoining Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, northern Karnataka and adjoining Maharashtra of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout history, humans have usually viewed droughts as <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a> due to the impact on food availability and the rest of society. People have viewed drought as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> or as something influenced by <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human activity</a>, or as a result of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> forces. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fields_outside_benambra.jpg/350px-Fields_outside_benambra.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fields_outside_benambra.jpg/525px-Fields_outside_benambra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fields_outside_benambra.jpg/700px-Fields_outside_benambra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Fields outside <a href="/wiki/Benambra,_Victoria" title="Benambra, Victoria">Benambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> suffering from drought in 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> defines a drought simply as "drier than normal conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> This means that a drought is "a moisture deficit relative to the average water availability at a given location and season".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/National_Integrated_Drought_Information_System" title="National Integrated Drought Information System">National Integrated Drought Information System</a>, a multi-agency partnership, drought is generally defined as "a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season or more), resulting in a water shortage". The National Weather Service office of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> defines drought as "a deficiency of moisture that results in adverse impacts on people, animals, or vegetation over a sizeable area".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drought is a complex phenomenon − relating to the absence of water − which is difficult to monitor and define.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1980s, over 150 definitions of "drought" had already been published.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of definitions reflects differences in regions, needs, and disciplinary approaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2></div> <p>There are three major categories of drought based on where in the water cycle the moisture deficit occurs: meteorological drought, hydrological drought, and agricultural or ecological drought.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> A meteorological drought occurs due to lack of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. A hydrological drought is related to low runoff, streamflow, and reservoir and groundwater storage.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agricultural or ecological drought is causing plant stress from a combination of evaporation and low <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> Some organizations add another category: socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall in water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The socioeconomic drought is a similar concept to <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>. </p><p>The different categories of droughts have different causes but similar effects: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorological</a> drought occurs when there is a prolonged time with less than average precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-IGARSS2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGARSS2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteorological drought usually precedes the other kinds of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAsurprise_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAsurprise-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and its impact on the local population gradually increases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrological</a> drought happens when water reserves available in sources such as <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> fall below average or a <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">locally significant</a> threshold. Hydrological drought tends to present more slowly because it involves stored water that is used but not replenished. Due to the close interaction with water use, this type of drought is can be heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a>. Both positive and negative human influences have been discovered and strategic water management strategies seem key to mitigate drought impact.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like agricultural droughts, hydrological droughts can be triggered by more than just a loss of rainfall. For instance, around 2007 <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> was awarded a large amount of money by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> to restore water that had been diverted to other nations from the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar circumstances also place their largest lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Balkhash</a>, at risk of completely drying out.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agricultural</a> or ecological droughts affect crop production or <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> in general. This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when either increased <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the crops.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indices_and_monitoring">Indices and monitoring</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unl_drought_monitor_D2_2000-2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Unl_drought_monitor_D2_2000-2024.png/220px-Unl_drought_monitor_D2_2000-2024.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Unl_drought_monitor_D2_2000-2024.png/330px-Unl_drought_monitor_D2_2000-2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Unl_drought_monitor_D2_2000-2024.png/440px-Unl_drought_monitor_D2_2000-2024.png 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Percent of U.S. experiencing drought intensity of at least level D2 (severe drought), during the weeks of 2000 to 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several indices have been defined to quantify and monitor drought at different spatial and temporal scales. A key property of drought indices is their spatial comparability, and they must be statistically robust.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drought indices include:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_drought_index" title="Palmer drought index">Palmer drought index</a> (sometimes called the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)): a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events and studying areal extent and severity of drought episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The index uses precipitation and temperature data to study moisture supply and demand using a simple water balance model.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetch-Byram_Drought_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Keetch-Byram Drought Index">Keetch-Byram Drought Index</a>: an index that is calculated based on rainfall, air temperature, and other <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> factors.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Standardized precipitation index (SPI): It is computed based on precipitation, which makes it a simple and easy-to-apply indicator for monitoring and prediction of droughts in different parts of the world. The <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> recommends this index for identifying and monitoring meteorological droughts in different climates and time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardised_Precipitation_Evapotranspiration_Index" title="Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index">Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index</a> (SPEI): a multiscalar drought index based on climatic data. The SPEI accounts also for the role of the increased atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration" title="Potential evapotranspiration">evaporative demand</a> on drought severity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaporative demand is particularly dominant during periods of precipitation deficit. The SPEI calculation requires long-term and high-quality precipitation and atmospheric evaporative demand datasets. These can be obtained from ground stations or gridded data based on reanalysis as well as satellite and multi-source datasets.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indices related to vegetation: root-zone soil moisture, vegetation condition index (VDI) and vegetation health index (VHI). The VCI and VHI are computed based on vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and temperature datasets.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Deciles index</li> <li>Standardized runoff index</li></ul> <p>High-resolution drought information helps to better assess the spatial and temporal changes and variability in drought duration, severity, and magnitude at a much finer scale. This supports the development of site-specific adaptation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The application of multiple indices using different datasets helps to better manage and monitor droughts than using a single dataset, This is particularly the case in regions of the world where not enough data is available such as Africa and South America. Using a single dataset can be limiting, as it may not capture the full spectrum of drought characteristics and impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Careful monitoring of moisture levels can also help predict increased risk for wildfires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drought.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drought.jpg/170px-Drought.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drought.jpg/255px-Drought.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drought.jpg/340px-Drought.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Contraction and desiccation cracks in the dry earth of the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>, northwestern Mexico</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_precipitation_deficiency">General precipitation deficiency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div> <p>Mechanisms of producing precipitation include <a href="/wiki/Convective" class="mw-redirect" title="Convective">convective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratus_cloud" title="Stratus cloud">stratiform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic</a> rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convective processes involve strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation,<sup id="cite_ref-convection_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convection-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation over a longer duration.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice. </p><p>Droughts occur mainly in areas where normal levels of rainfall are, in themselves, low. If these factors do not support precipitation volumes sufficiently to reach the surface over a sufficient time, the result is a drought. Drought can be triggered by a high level of reflected sunlight and above average prevalence of high <a href="/wiki/Pressure_system" title="Pressure system">pressure systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a> carrying continental, rather than oceanic air masses, and ridges of <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_area" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure area">high pressure areas</a> aloft can prevent or restrict the developing of thunderstorm activity or rainfall over one certain region. Once a region is within drought, feedback mechanisms such as local arid air,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hot conditions which can promote warm core ridging,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and minimal evapotranspiration can worsen drought conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dry_season">Dry season</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a></div> <p>Within the tropics, distinct, <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and dry <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a> emerge due to the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">Monsoon trough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dry season greatly increases drought occurrence,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is characterized by its low humidity, with watering holes and rivers drying up. Because of the lack of these watering holes, many grazing animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water in search of more fertile lands. Examples of such animals are <a href="/wiki/Zebras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebras">zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a>. Because of the lack of water in the plants, bushfires are common.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since water vapor becomes more energetic with increasing temperature, more water vapor is required to increase relative humidity values to 100% at higher temperatures (or to get the temperature to fall to the dew point).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periods of warmth quicken the pace of fruit and vegetable production,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increase evaporation and transpiration from plants,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worsen drought conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation_(ENSO)"><span id="El_Ni.C3.B1o.E2.80.93Southern_Oscillation_.28ENSO.29"></span>El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a> (ENSO) phenomenon can sometimes play a significant role in drought. ENSO comprises two patterns of temperature anomalies in the central <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>. La Niña events are generally associated with drier and hotter conditions and further exacerbation of drought in <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_California" title="Droughts in California">California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>, and to some extent the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">U.S. Southeast</a>. Meteorological scientists have observed that La Niñas have become more frequent over time.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, during El Niño events, drier and hotter weather occurs in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> Basin, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Winters during the El Niño are warmer and drier than average conditions in the Northwest, northern Midwest, and northern Mideast United States, so those regions experience reduced snowfalls. Conditions are also drier than normal from December to February in south-central Africa, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>. Direct effects of El Niño resulting in drier conditions occur in parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Bush_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush fire">bush fires</a>, worsening <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a>, and decreasing air quality dramatically. Drier-than-normal conditions are also in general observed in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, inland <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, inland <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> from June to August. As warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the east Pacific, it causes extensive drought in the western Pacific. Singapore experienced the driest February in 2014 since records began in 1869, with only 6.3 mm of rain falling in the month and temperatures hitting as high as 35 °C on 26 February. The years 1968 and 2005 had the next driest Februaries, when 8.4 mm of rain fell.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change<span class="anchor" id="Climatic_changes"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_warming_and_extreme_weather.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Global_warming_and_extreme_weather.svg/300px-Global_warming_and_extreme_weather.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Global_warming_and_extreme_weather.svg/450px-Global_warming_and_extreme_weather.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Global_warming_and_extreme_weather.svg/600px-Global_warming_and_extreme_weather.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption> There will likely be multiplicative increases in the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events compared to the pre-industrial era for <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, droughts and heavy precipitation events, for various climate change scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Globally, the occurrence of droughts has increased as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">increase in temperature</a> and atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration" title="Potential evapotranspiration">evaporative demand</a>. In addition, increased <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate variability</a> has increased the frequency and severity of drought events. Moreover, the occurrence and impact of droughts are aggravated by anthropogenic activities such as land use change and water management and demand.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> also pointed out that "Warming over land drives an increase in atmospheric evaporative demand and in the severity of drought events"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1057">: 1057 </span></sup> and "Increased atmospheric evaporative demand increases plant water stress, leading to agricultural and ecological drought".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 578">: 578 </span></sup> </p><p>There is a rise of compound warm-season droughts in Europe that are concurrent with an increase in potential <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change#Droughts" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change § Droughts</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change&action=edit#Droughts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg/300px-California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg/450px-California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg/600px-California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>A dry lakebed in <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_California" title="Droughts in California">California</a>. In 2022, the state was experiencing its most serious drought in 1,200 years, worsened by climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>Climate change affects many factors associated with droughts. These include how much rain falls and how fast the rain <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporates</a> again. Warming over land increases the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1057">: 1057 </span></sup> In some tropical and subtropical regions of the world, there will probably be less rain due to global warming. This will make them more prone to drought. Droughts are set to worsen in many regions of the world. These include Central America, the Amazon and south-western South America. They also include West and Southern Africa. The Mediterranean and south-western Australia are also some of these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> <p>Higher temperatures increase evaporation. This dries the soil and increases <a href="/wiki/Plant_stress_measurement" title="Plant stress measurement">plant stress</a>. Agriculture suffers as a result. This means even regions where overall rainfall is expected to remain relatively stable will experience these impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> These regions include central and northern Europe. Without climate change mitigation, around one third of land areas are likely to experience moderate or more severe drought by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1157">: 1157 </span></sup> Due to global warming droughts are more frequent and intense than in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Several impacts make their impacts worse. These are increased water demand, population growth and urban expansion in many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Land_restoration" title="Land restoration">Land restoration</a> can help reduce the impact of droughts. One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_Tsegai-2022_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Tsegai-2022-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erosion_and_human_activities">Erosion and human activities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian processes</a></div> <p>Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating factors such as over-farming, excessive <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Galilee_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galilee-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold water.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Erosion_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erosion-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind. The wind can cause small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region (deflation). Suspended particles within the wind may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_(5457316295).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457316295%29.jpg/220px-Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457316295%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457316295%29.jpg/330px-Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457316295%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457316295%29.jpg/440px-Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457316295%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>Global drought total economic loss risk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DroughtinNamibia.jpg/220px-DroughtinNamibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DroughtinNamibia.jpg/330px-DroughtinNamibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DroughtinNamibia.jpg/440px-DroughtinNamibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Pair of dead oryx in Namibia during the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Southern_Africa_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 Southern Africa drought">2018–19 Southern Africa drought</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ruins_at_Farina.JPG/220px-Ruins_at_Farina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ruins_at_Farina.JPG/330px-Ruins_at_Farina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ruins_at_Farina.JPG/440px-Ruins_at_Farina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>After years of drought and dust storms the town of <a href="/wiki/Farina,_South_Australia" title="Farina, South Australia">Farina</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> was abandoned.</figcaption></figure> <p>Drought is one of the most complex and major <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazards">natural hazards</a>, and it has devastating impacts on the environment, economy, water resources, agriculture, and society worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One can divide the impacts of droughts and water shortages into three groups: environmental, economic and social (including health). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_and_economic_impacts">Environmental and economic impacts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_Douglas-fir_-_Western_Redcedar_forest,_with_some_Western_Redcedar_dying_from_drought;_Arlington,_Washington,_2018_(29721380337).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mixed_Douglas-fir_-_Western_Redcedar_forest%2C_with_some_Western_Redcedar_dying_from_drought%3B_Arlington%2C_Washington%2C_2018_%2829721380337%29.jpg/220px-Mixed_Douglas-fir_-_Western_Redcedar_forest%2C_with_some_Western_Redcedar_dying_from_drought%3B_Arlington%2C_Washington%2C_2018_%2829721380337%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mixed_Douglas-fir_-_Western_Redcedar_forest%2C_with_some_Western_Redcedar_dying_from_drought%3B_Arlington%2C_Washington%2C_2018_%2829721380337%29.jpg/330px-Mixed_Douglas-fir_-_Western_Redcedar_forest%2C_with_some_Western_Redcedar_dying_from_drought%3B_Arlington%2C_Washington%2C_2018_%2829721380337%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mixed_Douglas-fir_-_Western_Redcedar_forest%2C_with_some_Western_Redcedar_dying_from_drought%3B_Arlington%2C_Washington%2C_2018_%2829721380337%29.jpg/440px-Mixed_Douglas-fir_-_Western_Redcedar_forest%2C_with_some_Western_Redcedar_dying_from_drought%3B_Arlington%2C_Washington%2C_2018_%2829721380337%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption> Western red cedar dying from drought, USA, 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Environmental effects of droughts include: lower surface and subterranean water-levels, lower flow-levels (with a decrease below the minimum leading to direct danger for amphibian life), increased <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollution of surface water</a>, the drying out of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, more and larger <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, higher deflation intensity, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a>, worse health of trees and the appearance of pests and dendroid diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drought-induced mortality of trees lacks in most <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">climate models</a> in their representation of forests as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">land carbon sink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic losses as a result of droughts include lower agricultural, forests, game and fishing output, higher food-production costs, lower energy-production levels in hydro plants, losses caused by depleted water tourism and transport revenue, problems with water supply for the <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy sector</a> and for technological processes in metallurgy, mining, the chemical, paper, wood, foodstuff industries etc., disruption of <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supplies</a> for municipal economies. </p><p>Further examples of common environmental and economic consequences of drought include: </p> <ul><li>Alteration of <a href="/wiki/Functional_diversity_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional diversity (ecology)">diversity of plant communities</a>, which can have an impact on net <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires">Wildfires</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Australian_bushfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian bushfires">Australian bushfires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">wildfires in the United States</a>, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowls</a>, themselves a sign of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, which further erode the <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storms" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust storms">Dust storms</a>, when drought hits an area suffering from desertification and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> damage, affecting both <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic</a> wildlife<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Snake</a> migration, which results in snake-bites<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduced <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity production</a> due to reduced water-flow through <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric energy">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shortages of water for <a href="/wiki/Private_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">industrial</a> users<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_impacts">Agricultural impacts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/300px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/450px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/600px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Impacts of climate change</a> on soil moisture at 2 °C of global warming. A reduction of one <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> means that average soil moisture will approximate the ninth driest year between 1850 and 1900.</figcaption></figure><p>Droughts can cause land degradation and loss of soil moisture, resulting in the destruction of cropland productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can result in diminished <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop growth or yield productions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Drought in combination with high levels of grazing pressure can function as the tipping point for an ecosystem, causing <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody encroachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water stress affects plant development and quality in a variety of ways: firstly drought can cause poor germination and impaired seedling development.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time plant growth relies on cellular division, cell enlargement, and differentiation. Drought stress impairs <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and cell elongation via loss of <a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">turgor pressure</a> which results in poor growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of leaves is also dependent upon turgor pressure, concentration of nutrients, and carbon assimilates<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> all of which are reduced by drought conditions, thus drought stress lead to a decrease in leaf size and number.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant height, biomass, leaf size and stem girth has been shown to decrease in maize under water limiting conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crop yield is also negatively effected by drought stress, the reduction in crop yield results from a decrease in photosynthetic rate, changes in leaf development, and altered allocation of resources all due to drought stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crop plants exposed to drought stress suffer from reductions in leaf water potential and transpiration rate. <a href="/wiki/Water-use_efficiency" title="Water-use efficiency">Water-use efficiency</a> increases in crops such as wheat while decreasing in others, such as potatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants need water for the uptake of nutrients from the soil, and for the transport of nutrients throughout the plant: drought conditions limit these functions leading to stunted growth. Drought stress also causes a decrease in photosynthetic activity in plants due to the reduction of photosynthetic tissues, stomatal closure, and reduced performance of photosynthetic machinery. This reduction in photosynthetic activity contributes to the reduction in plant growth and yields.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor influencing reduced plant growth and yields include the allocation of resources; following drought stress plants will allocate more resources to roots to aid in water uptake increasing root growth and reducing the growth of other plant parts while decreasing yields.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_health_impacts">Social and health impacts</h3></div> <p>The most negative impacts of drought for humans include <a href="/wiki/Crop_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop failure">crop failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crisis">food crisis</a>, famine, malnutrition, and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, which lead to loss of life and <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migration</a> of people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are negative effects on the health of people who are directly exposed to this phenomenon (excessive <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>). Droughts can also cause limitations of water supplies, increased water pollution levels, high food-costs, stress caused by failed harvests, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, etc. Reduced water quality can occur because lower water-flows reduce dilution of pollutants and increase <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> of remaining water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This explains why droughts and water scarcity operate as a factor which increases the gap between <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effects vary according to vulnerability. For example, subsistence farmers are more likely to migrate during drought because they do not have alternative food-sources. Areas with populations that depend on water sources as a major food-source are more vulnerable to famine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queuing_for_registration_in_the_heat_of_the_sun_(5977577531).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Queuing_for_registration_in_the_heat_of_the_sun_%285977577531%29.jpg/220px-Queuing_for_registration_in_the_heat_of_the_sun_%285977577531%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Queuing_for_registration_in_the_heat_of_the_sun_%285977577531%29.jpg/330px-Queuing_for_registration_in_the_heat_of_the_sun_%285977577531%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Queuing_for_registration_in_the_heat_of_the_sun_%285977577531%29.jpg/440px-Queuing_for_registration_in_the_heat_of_the_sun_%285977577531%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>People displaced by a drought in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> arriving at a camp in <a href="/wiki/Dolo_Odo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolo Odo">Dolo Ado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Further examples of social and health consequences include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">crop failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a> – drought provides too little water to support food crops; <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and related diseases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">Mass migration</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internal displacement</a> and international <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a></li> <li>Social <a href="/wiki/Unrest" title="Unrest">unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> over natural resources, including water and food</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a> accumulation within food chains and water supply (some of which are among the most potent toxins known to science) can cause cancer with low exposure over the long term.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High levels of <a href="/wiki/Microcystin" title="Microcystin">microcystin</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> salt-water shellfish and fresh-water supplies throughout the state of California in 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_fertile_soils">Loss of fertile soils</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian processes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Wind erosion</a> is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a> is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous, <a href="/wiki/Friable" class="mw-redirect" title="Friable">friable</a>, slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silty</a>, pale yellow or buff, windblown (<a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.<sup id="cite_ref-Erosion_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erosion-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions_particularly_affected">Regions particularly affected</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_droughts" title="List of droughts">List of droughts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazon_basin">Amazon basin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest#Impact_of_early_21st_century_Amazon_droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest § Impact of early 21st century Amazon droughts</a></div> <p>In 2005, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> experienced the worst drought in 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 article reported results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists at the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Amazonian_Research" title="National Institute of Amazonian Research">National Institute of Amazonian Research</a> argue in the article that this drought response, coupled with the effects of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest towards a "<a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(climatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipping point (climatology)">tipping point</a>" where it would irreversibly start to die. It concludes that the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> is on the brink of being turned into <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> or <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the combination of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">climate change and deforestation</a> increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">Drought in Australia</a></div> <p>The 1997–2009 <a href="/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought" title="2000s Australian drought">Millennium Drought</a> in Australia led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the first time (<a href="/wiki/List_of_desalination_plants_in_Australia" title="List of desalination plants in Australia">see list</a>). </p><p>By far the largest part of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> is <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">desert</a> or semi-arid lands commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a>. A 2005 study by Australian and American researchers investigated the desertification of the interior, and suggested that one explanation was related to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> settlers who arrived about 50,000 years ago. Regular burning by these settlers could have prevented <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a> from reaching interior Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long term, maybe irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole <a href="/wiki/Murray-Darling_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray-Darling basin">Murray-Darling basin</a> if it did not receive sufficient water by October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a>, predicted that unless it made drastic changes, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> could become the world's first <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost metropolis</a>, an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long Australian <a href="/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought" title="2000s Australian drought">Millennial drought</a> broke in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, including for example Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, has a diverse climate, ranging from hot, dry regions to cooler, wetter highland regions. The region has considerable variability in seasonal rainfall and a very complex topography. In the northern parts of the region within the Nile basin (Ethiopia, Sudan), the rainfall is characterized by an unimodal cycle with a wet season from July to September. The rest of the region has a bimodal annual cycle, featuring long rains from March to May and the short rains from October to December. The frequent occurrence of hydrological extremes, like droughts and <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, harms the already vulnerable population suffering from severe poverty and economic turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Droughts prompted food shortages for example in <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%9385_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1983–85 famine in Ethiopia">1984–85</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Horn_of_Africa_food_crisis" title="2006 Horn of Africa food crisis">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">2011</a>. </p><p>The Eastern African region experiences the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts of climate change</a> in different forms. For instance, below-average rainfall occurred for six consecutive rainy seasons in the Horn of Africa during the period 2020–2023 leading to the third longest and most widespread drought on record with dire implications for food security (see <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa_drought_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horn of Africa drought (2020–present)">Horn of Africa drought (2020–present)</a>). Conversely, other parts experienced extreme floods, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/2020_East_Africa_floods" title="2020 East Africa floods">2020 East Africa floods</a> in Ethiopia, Rwanda, Kenya, Burundi, and Uganda, and the 2022 floods in South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key feature in the region is the heterogeneous distribution of hydrologic extremes in space and time. For instance, <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a> can cause droughts in one part of the region and floods in the other. This is also a common situation within a country, e.g., in Ethiopia. The recent years with consecutive droughts followed by floods are a testament to the need to better forecast these kinds of events and their impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Himalayan_river_basins">Himalayan river basins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka,_India,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Drought-affected area in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 2012.</figcaption></figure><p>Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Himalayan rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades. More than 150 districts in India are drought vulnerable, mostly concentrated in the state of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and its adjoining Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, northern Karnataka and adjoining Maharashtra of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_India" title="Drought in India">Drought in India</a> affecting the Ganges is of particular concern, as it provides <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> and agricultural <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> for more than 500 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <p>The west coast of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, which gets much of its water from <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> in mountain ranges such as the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>, also would be affected.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country_or_region">By country or region</h2></div> <p>Droughts in particular countries: </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drought_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible show navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drought_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drought by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Afghanistan" title="Drought in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Canada" title="Drought in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Chile" title="Drought in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_India" title="Drought in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Nigeria" title="Drought in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Pakistan" title="Drought in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Spain" title="Drought in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Turkey" title="Drought in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drought in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>See also: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and USSR">Droughts and famines in Russia and USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_California" title="Droughts in California">Droughts in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_the_Sahel" title="Droughts in the Sahel">Droughts in the Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Madagascar_food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Madagascar food crisis">2021 Madagascar food crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_China_drought_and_dust_storms" title="2010 China drought and dust storms">2010 China drought and dust storms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_water_crisis" title="Cape Town water crisis">Cape Town water crisis</a> in 2015–2018</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection,_mitigation_and_relief"><span id="Protection.2C_mitigation_and_relief"></span>Protection, mitigation and relief</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_917_-_Photograph_by_Angel_Santiago_taken_on_04-03-1998_in_Marshall_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FEMA_-_917_-_Photograph_by_Angel_Santiago_taken_on_04-03-1998_in_Marshall_Islands.jpg/170px-FEMA_-_917_-_Photograph_by_Angel_Santiago_taken_on_04-03-1998_in_Marshall_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FEMA_-_917_-_Photograph_by_Angel_Santiago_taken_on_04-03-1998_in_Marshall_Islands.jpg/255px-FEMA_-_917_-_Photograph_by_Angel_Santiago_taken_on_04-03-1998_in_Marshall_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/FEMA_-_917_-_Photograph_by_Angel_Santiago_taken_on_04-03-1998_in_Marshall_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Water distribution on <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> during <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculturally, people can effectively mitigate much of the impact of drought through irrigation and <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>. Failure to develop adequate drought mitigation strategies carries a grave human cost in the modern era, exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">ever-increasing</a> population densities. </p><p>Strategies for drought protection or mitigation include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a> – many dams and their associated reservoirs supply additional water in times of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">Cloud seeding</a> – a form of intentional weather modification to induce rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remains a hotly debated topic, as the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">United States National Research Council</a> released a report in 2004 stating that to date, there is still no convincing scientific proof of the efficacy of intentional weather modification.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Land use – Carefully planned <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> can help to minimize <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and allow farmers to plant less water-dependent crops in drier years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvasement" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvasement">Transvasement</a> – Building canals or redirecting rivers as massive attempts at <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> in drought-prone areas.</li></ul> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water is scarce</a> due to droughts, there are a range of options for people to access other sources of water, such as <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">wastewater reuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_harvesting" title="Stormwater harvesting">stormwater recovery</a>, or seawater <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_droughts" title="List of droughts">List of droughts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/220px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/330px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/440px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A South Dakota farm during the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout history, humans have usually viewed droughts as <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a> due to the impact on food availability and the rest of society. Drought is among the earliest documented climatic events, present in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> and tied to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> story of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (Hebrew Bible)">Joseph</a>'s arrival in and the later <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunter-gatherer migrations in 9,500 BC Chile have been linked to the phenomenon,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as has the exodus of early humans <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">out of Africa</a> and into the rest of the world around 135,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Droughts can be scientifically explained in terms of physical mechanisms, which underlie <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">natural disasters</a> and are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savelli_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savelli-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliefs about drought are further shaped by cultural factors including local knowledge, perceptions, values, beliefs and religion. In some places and times, droughts have been interpreted as the work of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Salite_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salite-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, people in many societies have been more likely to explain natural events like drought, famine and disease in terms of the supernatural than they are to explain social phenomena like war, murder, and theft.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrethman_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrethman-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Ritual#Rites_of_affliction" title="Ritual">rituals</a> have been used in an attempt to prevent or avert drought. <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking rituals</a> have ranged from dances to <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoating</a> to <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifices</a>. Many ancient practices are now a matter of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> while others may still be practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-Spring_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spring-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas where people have limited understanding of the scientific basis of drought, beliefs about drought continue to reflect indigenous beliefs in the power of spirits and Christian philosophies that see drought as a divine punishment. Such beliefs can influence people's thinking and affect their resilience and ability to adapt to stress and respond to crises.<sup id="cite_ref-Salite_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salite-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a>, curricula sometimes give religious explanations of natural phenomena rather than scientific ones. Teaching explicitly denies <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, that human agency is affecting climate, and that climate change is occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-Scaramanga_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scaramanga-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historical droughts include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event" title="4.2-kiloyear event">4.2-kiloyear event</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">megadrought</a> that took place in Africa and Asia between 5,000 and 4,000 years ago, has been linked with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a> in the lower <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a> area, and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The longest drought in <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> started 400 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and still continues.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Drought might have been a contributing factor to <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse#Drought_theory" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a> between the 7th and 9th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1540_European_drought" title="1540 European drought">1540 Central Europe</a>, said to be the "worst drought of the millennium" with eleven months without rain and temperatures of 5–7 °C above the average of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1900 India <a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1899%E2%80%931900" title="Indian famine of 1899–1900">killing between 250,000 and 3.25 million</a>.</li> <li>1921–22 Soviet Union in which over <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">5 million perished from starvation</a> due to the combined effects of severe drought and war.</li> <li>1928–1930 Northwest China resulting in over <a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1928%E2%80%931930" title="Chinese famine of 1928–1930">3 million deaths by famine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridity_index" title="Aridity index">Aridity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_refuge" title="Drought refuge">Drought refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_drought" title="Flash drought">Flash drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_Sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf Sensor">Leaf Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_droughts" title="List of droughts">List of droughts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">List of famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_wilting_point" title="Permanent wilting point">Permanent wilting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D.  Jiang, A.  Khan, W.  Pokam Mba, D.  Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O.  Zolina, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf">Water Cycle Changes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084018/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml">Living With Drought</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html">Australian Drought and Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved June 7th 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brando-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brando_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brando_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrandoPaolucciUmmenhoferOrdway2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010235">"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 555–581. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AREPS..47..555B">2019AREPS..47..555B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010235">10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6597">0084-6597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Droughts%2C+Wildfires%2C+and+Forest+Carbon+Cycling%3A+A+Pantropical+Synthesis&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=555-581&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft.issn=0084-6597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010235&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AREPS..47..555B&rft.aulast=Brando&rft.aufirst=Paulo+M.&rft.au=Paolucci%2C+Lucas&rft.au=Ummenhofer%2C+Caroline+C.&rft.au=Ordway%2C+Elsa+M.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Cattau%2C+Megan+E.&rft.au=Rattis%2C+Ludmila&rft.au=Medjibe%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Coe%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=Balch%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-earth-082517-010235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merzdorf-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merzdorf_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerzdorf2019" class="citation news cs1">Merzdorf, Jessica (July 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2891/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/">"A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires"</a>. <i>Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet</i>. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change%3A+Vital+Signs+of+the+Planet&rft.atitle=A+Drier+Future+Sets+the+Stage+for+More+Wildfires&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft.aulast=Merzdorf&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2F2891%2Fa-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartmann-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannBastosDasEsquivel-Muelbert2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-102820-012804">"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 673–702. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ARPB...73..673H">2022ARPB...73..673H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-102820-012804">10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5008">1543-5008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35231182">35231182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Risks+to+Global+Forest+Health%3A+Emergence+of+Unexpected+Events+of+Elevated+Tree+Mortality+Worldwide&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=673-702&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-102820-012804&rft.issn=1543-5008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35231182&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ARPB...73..673H&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.au=Bastos%2C+Ana&rft.au=Das%2C+Adrian+J.&rft.au=Esquivel-Muelbert%2C+Adriane&rft.au=Hammond%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Vilalta%2C+Jordi&rft.au=McDowell%2C+Nate+G.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Jennifer+S.&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Thomas+A.M.&rft.au=Ruthrof%2C+Katinka+X.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Craig+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-arplant-102820-012804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming-MuñozWhittenBonnett2023" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming-Muñoz, David A.; Whitten, Stuart; Bonnett, Graham D. (28 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8489.12527">"The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs"</a>. <i>Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 501–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8489.12527">10.1111/1467-8489.12527</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-985X">1364-985X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Resource+Economics&rft.atitle=The+economics+of+drought%3A+A+review+of+impacts+and+costs&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-523&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8489.12527&rft.issn=1364-985X&rft.aulast=Fleming-Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Whitten%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Bonnett%2C+Graham+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8489.12527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankeKeracPrudhommeMedlock2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stanke, Carla; Kerac, Marko; Prudhomme, Christel; Medlock, Jolyon; Murray, Virginia (2013-06-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682759">"Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence"</a>. <i>PLOS Currents</i>. <b>5</b>: ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004">10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-3999">2157-3999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682759">3682759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23787891">23787891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Currents&rft.atitle=Health+Effects+of+Drought%3A+a+Systematic+Review+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2157-3999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23787891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004&rft.aulast=Stanke&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft.au=Kerac%2C+Marko&rft.au=Prudhomme%2C+Christel&rft.au=Medlock%2C+Jolyon&rft.au=Murray%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanke-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanke_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankeKeracPrudhommeMedlock2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stanke, C; Kerac, M; Prudhomme, C; Medlock, J; Murray, V (5 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682759">"Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence"</a>. <i>PLOS Currents</i>. <b>5</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004">10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682759">3682759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23787891">23787891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Currents&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+drought%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+evidence.&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23787891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004&rft.aulast=Stanke&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Kerac%2C+M&rft.au=Prudhomme%2C+C&rft.au=Medlock%2C+J&rft.au=Murray%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellizziLaneElhakimNabeth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bellizzi, Saverio; Lane, Chris; Elhakim, Mohamed; Nabeth, Pierre (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7659048">"Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions"</a>. <i>Environmental Health</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EnvHe..19..114B">2020EnvHe..19..114B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12940-020-00665-z">10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-069X">1476-069X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7659048">7659048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33183302">33183302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Health+consequences+of+drought+in+the+WHO+Eastern+Mediterranean+Region%3A+hotspot+areas+and+needed+actions&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7659048%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EnvHe..19..114B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33183302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12940-020-00665-z&rft.issn=1476-069X&rft.aulast=Bellizzi&rft.aufirst=Saverio&rft.au=Lane%2C+Chris&rft.au=Elhakim%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=Nabeth%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7659048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp">"Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years"</a>. <i>ens-newswire.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp">the original</a> on 2019-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ens-newswire.com&rft.atitle=Amazon+Drought+Worst+in+100+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens-newswire.com%2Fens%2Foct2005%2F2005-10-24-05.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm">Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm">Archived</a> May 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707">Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707">Archived</a> 2021-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2022" class="citation web cs1">Dunne, Daisy (2022-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/">"Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change"</a>. <i>Carbon Brief</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Africa%27s+unreported+extreme+weather+in+2022+and+climate+change&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fanalysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022">"Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action"</a>. ReliefWeb. 2022-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horn+of+Africa+Drought%3A+Regional+Humanitarian+Overview+%26+Call+to+Action&rft.pub=ReliefWeb&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fethiopia%2Fhorn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nandy, S.N. (2021) Analysis of drought vulnerability indices of Indian districts using Fuzzy logic approach. International Water Resources Association Journal (IWRA – India), 10(2): 11-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:iwra&volume=10&issue=2&article=002">https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:iwra&volume=10&issue=2&article=002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics">"Drought Basics"</a>. <i>Drought.gov</i>. NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drought.gov&rft.atitle=Drought+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drought.gov%2Fwhat-is-drought%2Fdrought-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/dyk/drought-definition">"Definition of Drought"</a>. National Centers for Environmental Information<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Drought&rft.pub=National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fmonitoring%2Fdyk%2Fdrought-definition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drought.unl.edu/Education/DroughtIn-depth/TypesofDrought.aspx">"Types of Drought"</a>. <i>drought.unl.edu</i>. National Drought Mitigation Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drought.unl.edu&rft.atitle=Types+of+Drought&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrought.unl.edu%2FEducation%2FDroughtIn-depth%2FTypesofDrought.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Loon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Van Loon, Anne F. (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wat2.1085">"Hydrological drought explained"</a>. <i>WIREs Water</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 359–392. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WIRWa...2..359V">2015WIRWa...2..359V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwat2.1085">10.1002/wat2.1085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2049-1948">2049-1948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIREs+Water&rft.atitle=Hydrological+drought+explained&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-392&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.issn=2049-1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwat2.1085&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015WIRWa...2..359V&rft.aulast=Van+Loon&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fwat2.1085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGARSS2017-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGARSS2017_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain2017" class="citation book cs1">Swain, S; et al. (2017). "Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India". <i>2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)</i>. Vol. 2017. pp. 5505–5507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIGARSS.2017.8128250">10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-4951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-4951-6"><bdi>978-1-5090-4951-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26920225">26920225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Application+of+SPI%2C+EDI+and+PNPI+using+MSWEP+precipitation+data+over+Marathwada%2C+India&rft.btitle=2017+IEEE+International+Geoscience+and+Remote+Sensing+Symposium+%28IGARSS%29&rft.pages=5505-5507&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26920225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIGARSS.2017.8128250&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAAsurprise-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAAsurprise_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf">"What is a Drought?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Drought%3F&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nws.noaa.gov%2Fom%2Fbrochures%2Fclimate%2FDrought.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_LoonStahlDi_BaldassarreClark2016" class="citation journal cs1">Van Loon, Anne F.; Stahl, Kerstin; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano; Clark, Julian; Rangecroft, Sally; Wanders, Niko; Gleeson, Tom; Van Dijk, Albert I. J. M.; Tallaksen, Lena M.; Hannaford, Jamie; Uijlenhoet, Remko; Teuling, Adriaan J.; Hannah, David M.; Sheffield, Justin; Svoboda, Mark (2016-09-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/">"Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches"</a>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>. <b>20</b> (9): 3631–3650. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016HESS...20.3631V">2016HESS...20.3631V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-20-3631-2016">10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=Drought+in+a+human-modified+world%3A+reframing+drought+definitions%2C+understanding%2C+and+analysis+approaches&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3631-3650&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-20-3631-2016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016HESS...20.3631V&rft.aulast=Van+Loon&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft.au=Stahl%2C+Kerstin&rft.au=Di+Baldassarre%2C+Giuliano&rft.au=Clark%2C+Julian&rft.au=Rangecroft%2C+Sally&rft.au=Wanders%2C+Niko&rft.au=Gleeson%2C+Tom&rft.au=Van+Dijk%2C+Albert+I.+J.+M.&rft.au=Tallaksen%2C+Lena+M.&rft.au=Hannaford%2C+Jamie&rft.au=Uijlenhoet%2C+Remko&rft.au=Teuling%2C+Adriaan+J.&rft.au=Hannah%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Sheffield%2C+Justin&rft.au=Svoboda%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F20%2F3631%2F2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendtVan_LoonBloomfieldHannah2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wendt, Doris E.; Van Loon, Anne F.; Bloomfield, John P.; Hannah, David M. (2020-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/">"Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts"</a>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>. <b>24</b> (10): 4853–4868. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020HESS...24.4853W">2020HESS...24.4853W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-24-4853-2020">10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=Asymmetric+impact+of+groundwater+use+on+groundwater+droughts&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4853-4868&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-24-4853-2020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020HESS...24.4853W&rft.aulast=Wendt&rft.aufirst=Doris+E.&rft.au=Van+Loon%2C+Anne+F.&rft.au=Bloomfield%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Hannah%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F24%2F4853%2F2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm">"Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea"</a>. BBC News. 2007-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+%E2%80%93+Dam+project+aims+to+save+Aral+Sea&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6538219.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm">"Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 2004-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+%E2%80%93+Kazakh+lake+%27could+dry+up%27&rft.date=2004-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F3397077.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebrechorkosPengDyerMiralles2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gebrechorkos, Solomon H.; Peng, Jian; Dyer, Ellen; Miralles, Diego G.; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Funk, Chris; Beck, Hylke E.; Asfaw, Dagmawi T.; Singer, Michael B.; Dadson, Simon J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/">"Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022"</a>. <i>Earth System Science Data</i>. <b>15</b> (12): 5449–5466. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ESSD...15.5449G">2023ESSD...15.5449G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-15-5449-2023">10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10754%2F693396">10754/693396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-3516">1866-3516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+System+Science+Data&rft.atitle=Global+high-resolution+drought+indices+for+1981%E2%80%932022&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=5449-5466&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10754%2F693396&rft.issn=1866-3516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fessd-15-5449-2023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ESSD...15.5449G&rft.aulast=Gebrechorkos&rft.aufirst=Solomon+H.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Jian&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Miralles%2C+Diego+G.&rft.au=Vicente-Serrano%2C+Sergio+M.&rft.au=Funk%2C+Chris&rft.au=Beck%2C+Hylke+E.&rft.au=Asfaw%2C+Dagmawi+T.&rft.au=Singer%2C+Michael+B.&rft.au=Dadson%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fessd.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F15%2F5449%2F2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraSingh2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Ashok K.; Singh, Vijay P. (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169410004257">"A review of drought concepts"</a>. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. <b>391</b> (1–2): 202–216. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JHyd..391..202M">2010JHyd..391..202M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2010.07.012">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+drought+concepts&rft.volume=391&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=202-216&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2010.07.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JHyd..391..202M&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Ashok+K.&rft.au=Singh%2C+Vijay+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0022169410004257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Loon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Van Loon, Anne F. (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwat2.1085">"Hydrological drought explained: Hydrological drought explained"</a>. <i>Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 359–392. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WIRWa...2..359V">2015WIRWa...2..359V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwat2.1085">10.1002/wat2.1085</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews%3A+Water&rft.atitle=Hydrological+drought+explained%3A+Hydrological+drought+explained&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-392&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwat2.1085&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015WIRWa...2..359V&rft.aulast=Van+Loon&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fwat2.1085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuRenMaYang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Yi; Ren, Liliang; Ma, Mingwei; Yang, Xiaoli; Yuan, Fei; Jiang, Shanhu (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4">"An insight into the Palmer drought mechanism based indices: comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations"</a>. <i>Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 119–136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SERRA..30..119L">2016SERRA..30..119L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00477-015-1042-4">10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1436-3240">1436-3240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stochastic+Environmental+Research+and+Risk+Assessment&rft.atitle=An+insight+into+the+Palmer+drought+mechanism+based+indices%3A+comprehensive+comparison+of+their+strengths+and+limitations&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-136&rft.date=2016-01&rft.issn=1436-3240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00477-015-1042-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016SERRA..30..119L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Yi&rft.au=Ren%2C+Liliang&rft.au=Ma%2C+Mingwei&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xiaoli&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Fei&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Shanhu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00477-015-1042-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeetch,_John_J.Byram,_George_M.1968" class="citation journal cs1">Keetch, John J.; Byram, George M. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=40">"A Drought Index for Forest Fire Control"</a>. <i>Res. Pap. Se-38. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 35 P</i>. <b>038</b>. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2016</span>. <q>(Date: 1968) Res. Paper SE-38. 32 pp. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Res.+Pap.+Se-38.+Asheville%2C+Nc%3A+U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service%2C+Southeastern+Forest+Experiment+Station.+35+P&rft.atitle=A+Drought+Index+for+Forest+Fire+Control&rft.volume=038&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Keetch%2C+John+J.&rft.au=Byram%2C+George+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srs.fs.usda.gov%2Fpubs%2Fviewpub.jsp%3Findex%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmanouil_N._Anagnostou2004" class="citation journal cs1">Emmanouil N. Anagnostou (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1350482704001409">"A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Applications" title="Meteorological Applications">Meteorological Applications</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 291–300. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MeApp..11..291A">2004MeApp..11..291A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1350482704001409">10.1017/S1350482704001409</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorological+Applications&rft.atitle=A+convective%2Fstratiform+precipitation+classification+algorithm+for+volume+scanning+weather+radar+observations&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-300&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1350482704001409&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MeApp..11..291A&rft.au=Emmanouil+N.+Anagnostou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1350482704001409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.J._DoreM._Mousavi-BaygiR.I._SmithJ._Hall2006" class="citation journal cs1">A.J. Dore; M. Mousavi-Baygi; R.I. Smith; J. Hall; D. Fowler; T.W. Choularton (June 2006). "A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia". <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>40</b> (18): 3316–3326. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AtmEn..40.3316D">2006AtmEn..40.3316D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2006.01.043">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=A+model+of+annual+orographic+precipitation+and+acid+deposition+and+its+application+to+Snowdonia&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=3316-3326&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2006.01.043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AtmEn..40.3316D&rft.au=A.J.+Dore&rft.au=M.+Mousavi-Baygi&rft.au=R.I.+Smith&rft.au=J.+Hall&rft.au=D.+Fowler&rft.au=T.W.+Choularton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-convection-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-convection_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Penrose_Pearce2002" class="citation book cs1">Robert Penrose Pearce (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66"><i>Meteorology at the Millennium</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548035-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548035-2"><bdi>978-0-12-548035-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorology+at+the+Millennium&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-12-548035-2&rft.au=Robert+Penrose+Pearce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQECy_UBdyrcC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouze1993" class="citation book cs1">Houze, Robert A. Jr. (1993). <i>Cloud dynamics</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080502106" title="Special:BookSources/9780080502106"><bdi>9780080502106</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/427392836">427392836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cloud+dynamics&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F427392836&rft.isbn=9780080502106&rft.aulast=Houze&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland_PaepeRhodes_Whitmore_FairbridgeSaskia_Jelgersma1990" class="citation book cs1">Roland Paepe; Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge; Saskia Jelgersma (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22"><i>Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0792310174" title="Special:BookSources/978-0792310174"><bdi>978-0792310174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+Effect%2C+Sea+Level+and+Drought&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0792310174&rft.au=Roland+Paepe&rft.au=Rhodes+Whitmore+Fairbridge&rft.au=Saskia+Jelgersma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lbixDAw5DwC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_S._D'AleoPamela_G._Grube2002" class="citation book cs1">Joseph S. D'Aleo; Pamela G. Grube (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48"><i>The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573563789" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573563789"><bdi>978-1573563789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oryx+Resource+Guide+to+El+Ni%C3%B1o+and+La+Ni%C3%B1a&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1573563789&rft.au=Joseph+S.+D%27Aleo&rft.au=Pamela+G.+Grube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvJyVtw53Y4C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBin_Wang2006" class="citation book cs1">Bin Wang (2006-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206"><i>The Asian Monsoon</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540406105" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540406105"><bdi>978-3540406105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Monsoon&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006-01-13&rft.isbn=978-3540406105&rft.au=Bin+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRT57TENzT8C%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijendra_K._BokenArthur_P._CracknellRonald_L._Heathcote2005" class="citation book cs1">Vijendra K. Boken; Arthur P. Cracknell; Ronald L. Heathcote (2005-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349"><i>Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought : A Global Study: A Global Study</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198036784" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198036784"><bdi>978-0198036784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monitoring+and+Predicting+Agricultural+Drought+%3A+A+Global+Study%3A+A+Global+Study&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0198036784&rft.au=Vijendra+K.+Boken&rft.au=Arthur+P.+Cracknell&rft.au=Ronald+L.+Heathcote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy6r9jUTzJiYC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html">"Wet & Dry Seasons"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wet+%26+Dry+Seasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburarra.questacon.edu.au%2Fpages%2Fseasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlistair_B._Fraser1994" class="citation web cs1">Alistair B. Fraser (1994-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316122724/http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadClouds.html">"Bad Meteorology: The reason clouds form when air cools is because cold air cannot hold as much water vapor as warm air"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadClouds.html">the original</a> on 2015-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bad+Meteorology%3A+The+reason+clouds+form+when+air+cools+is+because+cold+air+cannot+hold+as+much+water+vapor+as+warm+air&rft.date=1994-11-27&rft.au=Alistair+B.+Fraser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems.psu.edu%2F~fraser%2FBad%2FBadClouds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperative_Extension_Service2014" class="citation book cs1">Cooperative Extension Service (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf"><i>Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a>. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Vegetable+Gardening+in+Kentucky&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2014-01&rft.au=Cooperative+Extension+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ca.uky.edu%2Fagc%2Fpubs%2Fid%2Fid128%2Fid128.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_Carolina_State_University2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> (2013-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo">"Evapotranspiration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo">the original</a> on 2015-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evapotranspiration&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.au=North+Carolina+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nc-climate.ncsu.edu%2Fedu%2Fk12%2F.evapo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration2002" class="citation web cs1">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2002-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm">"Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm">the original</a> on Feb 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warm+Temperatures+and+Severe+Drought+Continued+in+April+Throughout+Parts+of+the+United+States%3B+Global+Temperature+For+April+Second+Warmest+on+Record&rft.date=2002-05-16&rft.au=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noaanews.noaa.gov%2Fstories%2Fs909.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth_Borenstein2022" class="citation web cs1">Seth Borenstein (May 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b">"Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up"</a>. 9news.com.au.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231206185338/https://www.9news.com/amp/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather%27s+unwanted+guest%3A+Nasty+La+Ni%C3%B1a+keeps+popping+up&rft.pub=9news.com.au.com&rft.date=2022-05-28&rft.au=Seth+Borenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fla-nina-west-coast-climate%2F507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2010" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Joanne (3 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303222328/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1040778/1/.html">"February 2010 is driest month for S'pore since records began in 1869"</a>. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1040778/1/.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2010+is+driest+month+for+S%27pore+since+records+began+in+1869&rft.pub=Channel+NewsAsia&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fstories%2Fsingaporelocalnews%2Fview%2F1040778%2F1%2F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf">"Climate Change 2021 / The Physical Science Basis / Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104175351/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2021+%2F+The+Physical+Science+Basis+%2F+Working+Group+I+contribution+to+the+WGI+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change+%2F+Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.pages=SPM-23&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span> Fig. SPM.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D.  Jiang, A.  Khan, W.  Pokam Mba, D.  Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O.  Zolina, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf">Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf">Chapter 4: Water</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkonisKumarHanelRakovec2021" class="citation journal cs1">Markonis, Yannis; Kumar, Rohini; Hanel, Martin; Rakovec, Oldrich; Máca, Petr; AghaKouchak, Amir (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7857689">"The rise of compound warm-season droughts in Europe"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (6): eabb9668. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.9668M">2021SciA....7.9668M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb9668">10.1126/sciadv.abb9668</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7857689">7857689</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33536204">33536204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+compound+warm-season+droughts+in+Europe&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=eabb9668&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7857689%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.9668M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33536204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb9668&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Markonis&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Rohini&rft.au=Hanel%2C+Martin&rft.au=Rakovec%2C+Oldrich&rft.au=M%C3%A1ca%2C+Petr&rft.au=AghaKouchak%2C+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7857689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrina_Ivanova2022" class="citation web cs1">Irina Ivanova (2 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/water-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought/">"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+is+rationing+water+amid+its+worst+drought+in+1%2C200+years&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft.au=Irina+Ivanova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Famp%2Fnews%2Fwater-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookMankinAnchukaitis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Benjamin I.; Mankin, Justin S.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J. (2018-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2">"Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future"</a>. <i>Current Climate Change Reports</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 164–179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CCCR....4..164C">2018CCCR....4..164C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40641-018-0093-2">10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2198-6061">2198-6061</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53624756">53624756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Climate+Change+Reports&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+and+Drought%3A+From+Past+to+Future&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-179&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40641-018-0093-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53624756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2198-6061&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CCCR....4..164C&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+I.&rft.au=Mankin%2C+Justin+S.&rft.au=Anchukaitis%2C+Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs40641-018-0093-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_WG_1_chapter_8_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf">Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.010">10.1017/9781009157896.010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/scientists-confirm-global-floods-and-droughts-worsened-by-climate-change">"Scientists confirm global floods and droughts worsened by climate change"</a>. <i>PBS NewsHour</i>. 2023-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Scientists+confirm+global+floods+and+droughts+worsened+by+climate+change&rft.date=2023-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fscience%2Fscientists-confirm-global-floods-and-droughts-worsened-by-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraSingh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, A. K.; Singh, V. P. (2011). "Drought modeling – A review". <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. <b>403</b> (1–2): 157–175. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHyd..403..157M">2011JHyd..403..157M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2011.03.049">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Drought+modeling+%E2%80%93+A+review&rft.volume=403&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=157-175&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2011.03.049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JHyd..403..157M&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Singh%2C+V.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Tsegai-2022-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_Tsegai-2022_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Tsegai, Miriam Medel, Patrick Augenstein, Zhuojing Huang (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unccd.int/resources/publications/drought-numbers">Drought in Numbers 2022 - restoration for readiness and resilience</a>, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galilee-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galilee_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/a-biblical-tragedy-as-sea-of-galilee-faces-drought-13956116.html">"A biblical tragedy as Sea of Galilee faces drought"</a>. <i>Belfast Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+biblical+tragedy+as+Sea+of+Galilee+faces+drought&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fa-biblical-tragedy-as-sea-of-galilee-faces-drought-13956116.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024422/http://forests.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=63511&keybold=climate%20drought%20water%20catchment">"Kenya: Deforestation exacerbates droughts, floods"</a>. <i>forests.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forests.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=63511&keybold=climate%20drought%20water%20catchment">the original</a> on 2011-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forests.org&rft.atitle=Kenya%3A+Deforestation+exacerbates+droughts%2C+floods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforests.org%2Fshared%2Freader%2Fwelcome.aspx%3Flinkid%3D63511%26keybold%3Dclimate%2520drought%2520water%2520catchment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erosion-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erosion_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erosion_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVern_HofmanDave_Franzen1997" class="citation web cs1">Vern Hofman; Dave Franzen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417232250/http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/disaster/drought/emergencytillagetocontrolerosion.html">"Emergency Tillage to Control Wind Erosion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University" title="North Dakota State University">North Dakota State University</a> Extension Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/disaster/drought/emergencytillagetocontrolerosion.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergency+Tillage+to+Control+Wind+Erosion&rft.pub=North+Dakota+State+University+Extension+Service&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Vern+Hofman&rft.au=Dave+Franzen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ag.ndsu.edu%2Fdisaster%2Fdrought%2Femergencytillagetocontrolerosion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427204448/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/coast/dunes/index.html">"Dunes – Getting Started"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/coast/dunes/index.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunes+%E2%80%93+Getting+Started&rft.date=2004&rft.au=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeomaps.wr.usgs.gov%2Fparks%2Fcoast%2Fdunes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmer-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmer, Katarina (17 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists">"Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists"</a>. <i>Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-081723-2">10.1146/knowable-081723-2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowable+Magazine+%7C+Annual+Reviews&rft.atitle=Dead+trees+around+the+world+are+shocking+scientists&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fknowable-081723-2&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowablemagazine.org%2Farticle%2Ffood-environment%2F2023%2Fdead-trees-shocking-scientists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2024" class="citation news cs1">Greenfield, Patrick (2024-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/14/nature-carbon-sink-collapse-global-heating-models-emissions-targets-evidence-aoe">"Trees and land absorbed almost no CO2 last year. Is nature's carbon sink failing?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trees+and+land+absorbed+almost+no+CO2+last+year.+Is+nature%E2%80%99s+carbon+sink+failing%3F&rft.date=2024-10-14&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2024%2Foct%2F14%2Fnature-carbon-sink-collapse-global-heating-models-emissions-targets-evidence-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin-NolanBlumenthalCollinsFarkas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin-Nolan, Robert J.; Blumenthal, Dana M.; Collins, Scott L.; Farkas, Timothy E.; Hoffman, Ava M.; Mueller, Kevin E.; Ocheltree, Troy W.; <a href="/wiki/Melinda_D._Smith" title="Melinda D. Smith">Smith, Melinda D.</a>; Whitney, Kenneth D.; Knapp, Alan K. (September 2019). Jones, Holly (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2745.13252">"Shifts in plant functional composition following long-term drought in grasslands"</a>. <i>Journal of Ecology</i>. <b>107</b> (5): 2133–2148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JEcol.107.2133G">2019JEcol.107.2133G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2745.13252">10.1111/1365-2745.13252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0477">0022-0477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+plant+functional+composition+following+long-term+drought+in+grasslands&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2133-2148&rft.date=2019-09&rft.issn=0022-0477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2745.13252&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JEcol.107.2133G&rft.aulast=Griffin-Nolan&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Blumenthal%2C+Dana+M.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Scott+L.&rft.au=Farkas%2C+Timothy+E.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Ava+M.&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Ocheltree%2C+Troy+W.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Melinda+D.&rft.au=Whitney%2C+Kenneth+D.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Alan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1365-2745.13252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030711082443/http://txforestservice.tamu.edu/shared/article.asp?DocumentID=406&mc=fire">"TFS Article"</a>. <i>tamu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://txforestservice.tamu.edu/shared/article.asp?DocumentID=406&mc=fire">the original</a> on 11 July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tamu.edu&rft.atitle=TFS+Article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftxforestservice.tamu.edu%2Fshared%2Farticle.asp%3FDocumentID%3D406%26mc%3Dfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.Michael Hogan. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461"><i>Abiotic factor</i>. Ed. Emily Monosson. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608071757/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461">Archived</a> June 8, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6282075.stm">"Asia-Pacific – Australians face snake invasion"</a>. BBC News. 2007-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+%E2%80%93+Australians+face+snake+invasion&rft.date=2007-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6282075.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyestimate.com/article.asp?idcategory=35&idSub=175&idArticle=12286">Drought affecting US hydroelectric production | Daily Estimate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002124428/http://www.dailyestimate.com/article.asp?idcategory=35&idSub=175&idArticle=12286">Archived</a> October 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/03/06/MNGE2BL7161.DTL">"Parched village sues to shut tap at Coke / Drought-hit Indians say plant draining groundwater"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. 2005-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Parched+village+sues+to+shut+tap+at+Coke+%2F+Drought-hit+Indians+say+plant+draining+groundwater&rft.date=2005-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F03%2F06%2FMNGE2BL7161.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110184749/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/sweden-nuclear-closure-040806">"Sweden closes nuclear plants over safety fears"</a>. Greenpeace International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/sweden-nuclear-closure-040806">the original</a> on 2009-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden+closes+nuclear+plants+over+safety+fears&rft.pub=Greenpeace+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Finternational%2Fnews%2Fsweden-nuclear-closure-040806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekaZhangProdhanAyele2022" class="citation journal cs1">Seka, Ayalkibet Mekonnen; Zhang, Jiahua; Prodhan, Foyez Ahmed; Ayele, Gebiaw Teshome; Finsa, Mekuanenet Mulunhie; Sharma, Til Prasad Pangali; Melesse, Assefa Mekonnen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0">"Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review"</a>. <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>. <b>29</b> (53): 80237–80256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESPR...2980237S">2022ESPR...2980237S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-022-23313-0">10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1344">0944-1344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36197619">36197619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252713722">252713722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Hydrological+drought+impacts+on+water+storage+variations%3A+a+focus+on+the+role+of+vegetation+changes+in+the+East+Africa+region.+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=80237-80256&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252713722%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESPR...2980237S&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-23313-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36197619&rft.aulast=Seka&rft.aufirst=Ayalkibet+Mekonnen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jiahua&rft.au=Prodhan%2C+Foyez+Ahmed&rft.au=Ayele%2C+Gebiaw+Teshome&rft.au=Finsa%2C+Mekuanenet+Mulunhie&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Til+Prasad+Pangali&rft.au=Melesse%2C+Assefa+Mekonnen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-23313-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochTietjenTielbörgerAllhoff2022" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Franziska; Tietjen, Britta; Tielbörger, Katja; Allhoff, Korinna T. (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Foik.09462">"Livestock management promotes bush encroachment in savanna systems by altering plant–herbivore feedback"</a>. <i>Oikos</i>. <b>2023</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Foik.09462">10.1111/oik.09462</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-1299">0030-1299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253299539">253299539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.atitle=Livestock+management+promotes+bush+encroachment+in+savanna+systems+by+altering+plant%E2%80%93herbivore+feedback&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253299539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-1299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Foik.09462&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Franziska&rft.au=Tietjen%2C+Britta&rft.au=Tielb%C3%B6rger%2C+Katja&rft.au=Allhoff%2C+Korinna+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Foik.09462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqWahidKobayashiFujita2009" class="citation journal cs1">Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, Basra SM (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agronomy-journal.org/articles/agro/abs/2009/01/a7175/a7175.html">"Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management"</a>. <i>Agronomy for Sustainable Development</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 185–212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AgSD...29..185F">2009AgSD...29..185F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fagro%3A2008021">10.1051/agro:2008021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12066792">12066792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Plant+drought+stress%3A+effects%2C+mechanisms+and+management&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-212&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12066792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fagro%3A2008021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009AgSD...29..185F&rft.aulast=Farooq&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Wahid%2C+A&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+N&rft.au=Fujita%2C+D&rft.au=Basra%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agronomy-journal.org%2Farticles%2Fagro%2Fabs%2F2009%2F01%2Fa7175%2Fa7175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahadBajwaNazirAnjum2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A, et al. (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489704">"Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>8</b>: 1147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.01147">10.3389/fpls.2017.01147</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489704">5489704</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28706531">28706531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Crop+Production+under+Drought+and+Heat+Stress%3A+Plant+Responses+and+Management+Options&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1147&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5489704%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28706531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.01147&rft.aulast=Fahad&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bajwa%2C+AA&rft.au=Nazir%2C+U&rft.au=Anjum%2C+SA&rft.au=Farooq%2C+A&rft.au=Zohaib%2C+A&rft.au=Sadia%2C+S&rft.au=Nasim%2C+W&rft.au=Adkins%2C+S&rft.au=Saud%2C+S&rft.au=Ihsan%2C+MZ&rft.au=Alharby%2C+H&rft.au=Wu%2C+C&rft.au=Wang%2C+D&rft.au=Huang%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5489704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahiluotoKasevaBalekOlesen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kahiluoto H, Kaseva J, Balek J, Olesen JE, Ruiz-Ramos M, Gobin A, et al. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320549">"Decline in climate resilience of European wheat"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>116</b> (1): 123–128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116..123K">2019PNAS..116..123K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1804387115">10.1073/pnas.1804387115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320549">6320549</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30584094">30584094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Decline+in+climate+resilience+of+European+wheat&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-128&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6320549%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30584094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1804387115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116..123K&rft.aulast=Kahiluoto&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Kaseva%2C+J&rft.au=Balek%2C+J&rft.au=Olesen%2C+JE&rft.au=Ruiz-Ramos%2C+M&rft.au=Gobin%2C+A&rft.au=Kersebaum%2C+KC&rft.au=Tak%C3%A1%C4%8D%2C+J&rft.au=Ruget%2C+F&rft.au=Ferrise%2C+R&rft.au=Bezak%2C+P&rft.au=Capellades%2C+G&rft.au=Dibari%2C+C&rft.au=M%C3%A4kinen%2C+H&rft.au=Nendel%2C+C&rft.au=Ventrella%2C+D&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+A&rft.au=Bindi%2C+M&rft.au=Trnka%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6320549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbateDardanelliCantareroMaturano2004" class="citation journal cs1">Abbate PE, Dardanelli JL, Cantarero MG, Maturano M, Melchiori RJ, Suero EE (2004). "Climatic and Water Availability Effects on Water-Use Efficiency in Wheat". <i>Crop Science</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 474–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2135%2Fcropsci2004.4740">10.2135/cropsci2004.4740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crop+Science&rft.atitle=Climatic+and+Water+Availability+Effects+on+Water-Use+Efficiency+in+Wheat&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=474-483&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2135%2Fcropsci2004.4740&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Dardanelli%2C+JL&rft.au=Cantarero%2C+MG&rft.au=Maturano%2C+M&rft.au=Melchiori%2C+RJ&rft.au=Suero%2C+EE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviewss. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2014.11.010">10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">10. Mosley LM, Zammit B, Leyden E, Heneker TM, Hipsey MR, Skinner D, and Aldridge KT (2012). The Impact of Extreme Low Flows on the Water Quality of the Lower Murray River and Lakes (South Australia). Water Resources Management 26: 3923–3946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkurat2015" class="citation journal cs1">Prokurat, Sergiusz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf">"Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Modern Science</i>. <b>26</b> (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Science&rft.atitle=Drought+and+water+shortages+in+Asia+as+a+threat+and+economic+problem&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Prokurat&rft.aufirst=Sergiusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyadda.icm.edu.pl%2Fyadda%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0%2Fc%2F235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcíaEscudero1981" class="citation book cs1">García, R. V.; Escudero, J. C. (1981). <i>The constant catastrophe : malnutrition, famines, and drought</i> (1st ed.). Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483189666" title="Special:BookSources/9781483189666"><bdi>9781483189666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constant+catastrophe+%3A+malnutrition%2C+famines%2C+and+drought&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9781483189666&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rft.au=Escudero%2C+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ucsc.edu/2016/10/microcystin-toxin.html">"Toxins from freshwater algae found in San Francisco Bay shellfish"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxins+from+freshwater+algae+found+in+San+Francisco+Bay+shellfish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ucsc.edu%2F2016%2F10%2Fmicrocystin-toxin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggs,_Giles_F.S.2011" class="citation book cs1">Wiggs, Giles F.S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588">"Geomorphological hazards in drylands"</a>. In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.). <i>Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71076-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71076-0"><bdi>978-0-470-71076-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geomorphological+hazards+in+drylands&rft.btitle=Arid+Zone+Geomorphology%3A+Process%2C+Form+and+Change+in+Drylands&rft.pages=588&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-71076-0&rft.au=Wiggs%2C+Giles+F.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dswz4rh4KaLYC%26pg%3DPA588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._von_Richthofen1882" class="citation journal cs1">F. von Richthofen (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1880729">"On the mode of origin of the loess"</a>. <i>Geological Magazine (Decade II)</i>. <b>9</b> (7): 293–305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1882GeoM....9..293R">1882GeoM....9..293R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001675680017164X">10.1017/S001675680017164X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131245730">131245730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Magazine+%28Decade+II%29&rft.atitle=On+the+mode+of+origin+of+the+loess&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=293-305&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131245730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001675680017164X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1882GeoM....9..293R&rft.au=F.+von+Richthofen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1880729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.E.K._NeuendorfJ.P._Mehl,_Jr.J.A._Jackson2005" class="citation book cs1">K.E.K. Neuendorf; J.P. Mehl, Jr.; J.A. Jackson (2005). <i>Glossary of Geology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>, New York. p. 779. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-27951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-27951-8"><bdi>978-3-540-27951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Geology&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag%2C+New+York&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-540-27951-8&rft.au=K.E.K.+Neuendorf&rft.au=J.P.+Mehl%2C+Jr.&rft.au=J.A.+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_GetisJudith_Getis_and_Jerome_D._Fellmann2000" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Getis; Judith Getis and Jerome D. Fellmann (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoge00geti/page/99"><i>Introduction to Geography, Seventh Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoge00geti/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-38506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-38506-2"><bdi>978-0-697-38506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Geography%2C+Seventh+Edition&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-697-38506-2&rft.au=Arthur+Getis&rft.au=Judith+Getis+and+Jerome+D.+Fellmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoge00geti%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html"><i>Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert' </i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html"><i>Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220"><i>Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, March 9, 2996. Retrieved September 28, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm">Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation: Implications for human impact on continental moisture balance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Geological Society of America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm">Australian rivers 'face disaster'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm">Archived</a> 2021-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm">Metropolis strives to meet its thirst</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm">Archived</a> 2021-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayeDyer2024" class="citation journal cs1">Taye, Meron Teferi; Dyer, Ellen (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40641-024-00193-9">"Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa"</a>. <i>Current Climate Change Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40641-024-00193-9">10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2198-6061">2198-6061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Climate+Change+Reports&rft.atitle=Hydrologic+Extremes+in+a+Changing+Climate%3A+a+Review+of+Extremes+in+East+Africa&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40641-024-00193-9&rft.issn=2198-6061&rft.aulast=Taye&rft.aufirst=Meron+Teferi&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs40641-024-00193-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024">"People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un"</a>. <i>peopleandplanet.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024">the original</a> on 19 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peopleandplanet.net&rft.atitle=People+%26+the+Planet+%3E+climate+change+%3E+newsfile+%3E+big+melt+threatens+millions%2C+says+un&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peopleandplanet.net%2Fpdoc.php%3Fid%3D3024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm">"Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists"</a>. Rediff.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ganges%2C+Indus+may+not+survive%3A+climatologists&rft.pub=Rediff.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjul%2F24indus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html">"People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed"</a>. <i>People's Daily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=People%27s+Daily+Online+%E2%80%93+Glaciers+melting+at+alarming+speed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90781%2F90879%2F6222327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm">"Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed"</a>. BBC News. 2004-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Science%2FNature+%E2%80%93+Himalaya+glaciers+melt+unnoticed&rft.date=2004-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3998967.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317154235.htm">"Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Glaciers+Are+Melting+Faster+Than+Expected%2C+UN+Reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F03%2F080317154235.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-02-me-snowpack2-story.html">Water shortage worst in decades, official says</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_WeiserJeremy_B._White2014" class="citation news cs1">Matt Weiser; Jeremy B. White (2014-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320040153/http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html">"Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?"</a>. <i>Fresno Bee</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html">the original</a> on 2015-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fresno+Bee&rft.atitle=Should+California+build+dams%2C+reservoirs+to+help+with+future+droughts%3F&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft.au=Matt+Weiser&rft.au=Jeremy+B.+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fresnobee.com%2F2014%2F06%2F01%2F3956458%2Fshould-calif-add-new-dams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/24/content_351196.htm">"Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Cloud+seeding+helps+alleviate+drought&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fdoc%2F2004-07%2F24%2Fcontent_351196.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRC2003" class="citation book cs1">NRC (2003). <i>Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10829">10.17226/10829</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09053-7"><bdi>978-0-309-09053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Issues+in+Weather+Modification+Research&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10829&rft.isbn=978-0-309-09053-7&rft.au=NRC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040110002457/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml">"Weather Centre – Features – History and Religion – Weather in the Bible – Drought and Famine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml">the original</a> on 10 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+Centre+%E2%80%93+Features+%E2%80%93+History+and+Religion+%E2%80%93+Weather+in+the+Bible+%E2%80%93+Drought+and+Famine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Ffeatures%2Fbible_drought.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021028200916/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html">"Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Ancient+Chile+Migration+Mystery+Tied+to+Drought&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F10%2F1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azstarnet.com/all-headlines/205715m/">Drought pushed ancient African immigration </a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savelli-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Savelli_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavelliRuscaClokeDi_Baldassarre2022" class="citation journal cs1">Savelli, Elisa; Rusca, Maria; Cloke, Hannah; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286479">"Drought and society: Scientific progress, blind spots, and future prospects"</a>. <i>WIREs Climate Change</i>. <b>13</b> (3): e761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022WIRCC..13E.761S">2022WIRCC..13E.761S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwcc.761">10.1002/wcc.761</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-7780">1757-7780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286479">9286479</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35864922">35864922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIREs+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Drought+and+society%3A+Scientific+progress%2C+blind+spots%2C+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e761&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9286479%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022WIRCC..13E.761S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35864922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwcc.761&rft.issn=1757-7780&rft.aulast=Savelli&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft.au=Rusca%2C+Maria&rft.au=Cloke%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Di+Baldassarre%2C+Giuliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9286479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salite-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salite_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salite_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalite2019" class="citation journal cs1">Salite, Daniela (1 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10460-019-09928-z">"Explaining the uncertainty: understanding small-scale farmers' cultural beliefs and reasoning of drought causes in Gaza Province, Southern Mozambique"</a>. <i>Agriculture and Human Values</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 427–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10460-019-09928-z">10.1007/s10460-019-09928-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8366">1572-8366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Human+Values&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+uncertainty%3A+understanding+small-scale+farmers%27+cultural+beliefs+and+reasoning+of+drought+causes+in+Gaza+Province%2C+Southern+Mozambique&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-441&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10460-019-09928-z&rft.issn=1572-8366&rft.aulast=Salite&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10460-019-09928-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wrethman-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wrethman_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrethman2023" class="citation news cs1">Wrethman, Emily (4 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdhs.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/how-societies-use-supernatural-forces-to-explain-earthly-events">"How societies use supernatural forces to explain earthly events"</a>. <i>Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+Medicine%2C+Dentistry+and+Health+Sciences&rft.atitle=How+societies+use+supernatural+forces+to+explain+earthly+events&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.aulast=Wrethman&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdhs.unimelb.edu.au%2Fnews-and-events%2Fhow-societies-use-supernatural-forces-to-explain-earthly-events&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonDillionBastianWatts2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Joshua Conrad; Dillion, Danica; Bastian, Brock; Watts, Joseph; Buckner, William; DiMaggio, Nicholas; Gray, Kurt (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-023-01558-0">"Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena"</a>. <i>Nature Human Behaviour</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 707–717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-023-01558-0">10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-3374">2397-3374</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37012368">37012368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Human+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Supernatural+explanations+across+114+societies+are+more+common+for+natural+than+social+phenomena&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=707-717&rft.date=2023-05&rft.issn=2397-3374&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37012368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41562-023-01558-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Conrad&rft.au=Dillion%2C+Danica&rft.au=Bastian%2C+Brock&rft.au=Watts%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Buckner%2C+William&rft.au=DiMaggio%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Gray%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41562-023-01558-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spring-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spring_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringBrauch2021" class="citation book cs1">Spring, Úrsula Oswald; Brauch, Hans Günter (25 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qioXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA394"><i>Decolonising Conflicts, Security, Peace, Gender, Environment and Development in the Anthropocene</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. 385–410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62316-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62316-6"><bdi>978-3-030-62316-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonising+Conflicts%2C+Security%2C+Peace%2C+Gender%2C+Environment+and+Development+in+the+Anthropocene&rft.pages=385-410&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.isbn=978-3-030-62316-6&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Arsula+Oswald&rft.au=Brauch%2C+Hans+G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqioXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scaramanga-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scaramanga_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaramangaReiss2023" class="citation journal cs1">Scaramanga, Jenna; Reiss, Michael J. (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10191816">"Evolutionary stasis: creationism, evolution and climate change in the Accelerated Christian Education curriculum"</a>. <i>Cultural Studies of Science Education</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 809–827. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023CSSE...18..809S">2023CSSE...18..809S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11422-023-10187-y">10.1007/s11422-023-10187-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-1510">1871-1510</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10191816">10191816</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37360053">37360053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies+of+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+stasis%3A+creationism%2C+evolution+and+climate+change+in+the+Accelerated+Christian+Education+curriculum&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=809-827&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10191816%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023CSSE...18..809S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37360053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11422-023-10187-y&rft.issn=1871-1510&rft.aulast=Scaramanga&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft.au=Reiss%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10191816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00157-9">"Did a mega drought topple empires 4,200 years ago?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Did+a+mega+drought+topple+empires+4%2C200+years+ago%3F&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-022-00157-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremescience.com/driest.htm">"Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile"</a>. Extreme Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driest+Place%3A+Atacama+Desert%2C+Chile&rft.pub=Extreme+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremescience.com%2Fdriest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/mayan-empire-collapse-mystery">"What really caused the collapse of the Maya civilization?"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=What+really+caused+the+collapse+of+the+Maya+civilization%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fpremium%2Farticle%2Fmayan-empire-collapse-mystery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Wetter et al: <i>The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Climatic_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatic Change">Climatic Change</a></i>, June 2014, <a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2">doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Frey2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andreas Frey (2018-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzzas.nzz.ch/wissen/elf-monate-ohne-regen-angst-vor-megaduerre-jahres-1540-geht-um-ld.1408708">"Elf Monate ohne Regen: Die Angst vor der Megadürre des Jahres 1540 geht um"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Elf+Monate+ohne+Regen%3A+Die+Angst+vor+der+Megad%C3%BCrre+des+Jahres+1540+geht+um&rft.date=2018-08-04&rft.au=Andreas+Frey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzzas.nzz.ch%2Fwissen%2Felf-monate-ohne-regen-angst-vor-megaduerre-jahres-1540-geht-um-ld.1408708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrought" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drought" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Drought">Drought</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drought" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:drought"><i>drought</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Drought" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Drought">Drought</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drought.eng.uci.edu/">GIDMaPS</a> Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System, University of California, Irvine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_disasters" title="Template talk:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disasters</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">list by death toll</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_hazard" title="Geological hazard">Geological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">Mass wasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">Mudflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">Seismic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Natural erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_floods" title="List of floods">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43059#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013248-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85039663">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sécheresse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937411x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sécheresse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937411x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564866">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sucha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph173816&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562714305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640804">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drought&oldid=1259356283">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drought&oldid=1259356283</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Droughts" title="Category:Droughts">Droughts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorological_phenomena" title="Category:Meteorological phenomena">Meteorological phenomena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_defense" title="Category:Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_variability_and_change" title="Category:Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydrology" title="Category:Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_and_the_environment" title="Category:Water and the environment">Water and the environment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weather_hazards" title="Category:Weather hazards">Weather hazards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters" title="Category:Natural disasters">Natural disasters</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016">Articles with dead external links from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 18:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drought&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-88l8n","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.830","walltime":"2.253","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10062,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":310526,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3706,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":225,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":412228,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1921.522 1 -total"," 41.71% 801.473 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.28% 351.303 34 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.04% 288.967 1 Template:World_topic"," 7.93% 152.393 32 Template:Cite_web"," 7.33% 140.858 1 Template:Excerpt"," 5.76% 110.760 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.61% 88.630 11 Template:Rp"," 4.14% 79.573 11 Template:R/superscript"," 4.13% 79.453 14 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.176","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8764109,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","14.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","80","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.8"],["(for generator)","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.2"],["[others]","280","22.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-jdpjx","timestamp":"20241124185726","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Drought","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drought","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43059","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43059","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T18:57:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0b\/Lac_de_l%27Entonnoir_-_img_49473.jpg","headline":"extended period when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply"}</script> </body> </html>