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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires - NASA Science</title> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://science.nasa.gov/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="preload" href="https://science.nasa.gov/font-face.css" as="style"> <link rel="preload" href="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/client-mu-plugins/uswds-framework/uswds/fonts/public-sans/PublicSans-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/client-mu-plugins/uswds-framework/uswds/fonts-split/inter/UcC73FwrK3iLTeHuS_fvQtMwCp50KnMa1ZL7.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/client-mu-plugins/uswds-framework/uswds/fonts-split/db-mono/aFTU7PB1QTsUX8KYthqQBA.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <meta property="og:title" content="A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires - NASA Science"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/natural-disasters/wildfires/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/"> <meta name="description" content="As Earth's climate gets hotter, wet areas are likely to become wetter and dry areas drier. 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carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">9 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2 margin-top-0">A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires</h1></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="grid-container grid-row grid-container-block padding-x-3 desktop:padding-0"><aside class="desktop:grid-col-3 desktop:padding-left-4 desktop:padding-bottom-15"><div class="SideboxAuthor article-meta-item grid-row flex-align-center border-bottom padding-bottom-2 subtitle padding-top-0"><div class="circle-6 maxw-6 thumbnail margin-right-2"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NASA_logo.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NASA_logo.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, 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C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"></path></g></g></svg><span>Article</span></span></div><div class="padding-y-2"><ul class="social-icons social-icons-round"><li class="social-icon social-icon-x"><a href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?via=NASA&text=A%20Drier%20Future%20Sets%20the%20Stage%20for%20More%20Wildfires&url=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fnatural-disasters%2Fwildfires%2Fa-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires%2F" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false" aria-label="Share on X"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="icon" style="" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-v-f0820886><path fill="currentColor" d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2L487 464H345L233.7 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data-section-id="hds-sidebar-nav-1">Climate Change: Not Just Wet</a></li><li class="border-left-1px"><a class="padding-left-3 padding-right-1 margin-right-2 color-carbon-80" href="#hds-sidebar-nav-2" data-section-id="hds-sidebar-nav-2">Staying Ahead of the Fire</a></li><li class="border-left-1px"><a class="padding-left-3 padding-right-1 margin-right-2 color-carbon-80" href="#hds-sidebar-nav-3" data-section-id="hds-sidebar-nav-3">A Tale of Fire and Snow</a></li><li class="border-left-1px"><a class="padding-left-3 padding-right-1 margin-right-2 color-carbon-80" href="#hds-sidebar-nav-4" data-section-id="hds-sidebar-nav-4">Modeling a Safer Future</a></li></ul></div></div></aside><div class="desktop:grid-col-9 desktop:padding-left-9 usa-article-content desktop:padding-right-3"><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-media wp-block-image CoreImageBlock"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="1280" height="853" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The Camp Fire from space. The Camp Fire became the most destructive fire in California’s history, scorching approximately 240 square miles (622 square kilometers), destroying nearly 14,000 buildings, causing billions of dollars in damage and killing 88 people.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0"><b>By Jessica Merzdorf,<br>NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center</b></p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0"><em>This article is part of a series that explores NASA research into Earth's fresh water and surveys how those advances help people solve real world problems. <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2880/nasa-explores-our-changing-freshwater-world/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Learn more.</a></em></p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">November 8, 2018 was a dry day in Butte County, California. The state was in its sixth consecutive year of drought, and the county had not had a rainfall event producing more than a half inch of rain for seven months. The dry summer had parched the spring vegetation, and the strong northeasterly winds of autumn were gusting at 35 miles per hour (56 kilometers per hour) and rising, creating red flag conditions: Any planned or unplanned fires could quickly get out of control.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Sure enough, just before daybreak, strong winds whipped a stray spark from a power line into an inferno. The Camp Fire became the most destructive fire in California’s history, scorching approximately 240 square miles (622 square kilometers), destroying nearly 14,000 buildings, causing billions of dollars in damage and killing 88 people. Later the same day, the Woolsey Fire broke out in Los Angeles County, burning 150 square miles (about 390 square kilometers) and killing three.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Droughts can create ideal conditions for wildfires. Lack of rain and low humidity dry out trees and vegetation, providing fuel. In these conditions, a spark from lightning, electrical failures, human error or planned fires can quickly get out of control.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0"><a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/">Global climate change</a> is predicted to change precipitation and evaporation patterns around the world, leading to wetter climate in some areas and drier in others. Areas that face increasingly severe droughts will also be at risk for more and larger fires. Several NASA missions collect valuable data to help scientists and emergency responders monitor droughts and fires. Some instruments monitor water in and below the soil, helping to assess whether areas are moving toward dangerous droughts. Others watch for heat and smoke from fires, supporting both research and active disaster recovery.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Understanding how fires behave in dry conditions can help firefighters, first responders and others prepare for a hotter, drier future.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div id="hds-sidebar-nav-1" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>Climate Change: Not Just Wet</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Earth’s warming climate is forecasted to make global precipitation patterns more <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11281" target="_blank" rel="noopener">extreme</a>: Wet areas will become wetter, and dry areas will become drier. Areas such as the American Southwest could see both reduced rainfall and increased soil moisture evaporation due to more intense heat, and in some cases, the resulting droughts could be more intense than any drought of the past millennium.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0"><a href="https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/bc9z" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ben Cook</a> of NASA’s <a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> (GISS) in New York City researches “<a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2238/carbon-emissions-could-dramatically-increase-risk-of-us-megadroughts/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">megadroughts</a>” — droughts lasting more than three decades. Megadroughts have occurred in the past, like the decades-long North American droughts between 1100 and 1300, and the team used tree ring records to compare these droughts with future projections. He and his team examined soil moisture data sets and drought severity indices from 17 different future climate models, and they all predicted that if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase at their present rate, the risk of a megadrought in the American Southwest could hit 80 percent by the end of the century. Additionally, these droughts will likely be even more severe than those seen in the last millennium.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Such severe droughts will affect the amount and dryness of fuel such as trees and grass, Cook said.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module CoreEmbedBlock hds-media margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-providerNameSlug-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler"><div class="flex-container"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"><iframe title="A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/axPTBCHSjG4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div class="caption-wrapper"><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Droughts can create ideal conditions for wildfires. Dry trees and vegetation provide fuel. Low soil and air moisture make it easier for fires to spread quickly. In these conditions, a spark from lightning, electrical failures, human error or planned fires can quickly get out of control. As Earth’s climate warms and precipitation patterns change, increasingly severe droughts will leave some areas of the world vulnerable to increasingly severe fires.<br><strong>NASA/ LK Ward. <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13253" target="_blank" rel="noopener">This video can be downloaded for free at NASA's Scientific VIsualization Studio.</a></strong></div></figcaption></div></div></figure></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">“Fire depends on two things: having enough fuel and drying that fuel out so it can catch fire. So in the short term, more droughts probably mean more fire as the vegetation dries out,” said Cook. “If those droughts continue for a long period, like a megadrought, however, it can actually mean less fire, because the vegetation will not grow back as vigorously, and you may run out of fuel to burn. It’s definitely complicated.”</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Current and future NASA measurements of soil moisture and precipitation will help to evaluate climate models’ predictions, making them even more accurate and useful for understanding Earth’s changing climate.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Cook and his GISS colleague Kate Marvel were the first to provide <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2872/nasa-study-human-influence-on-global-droughts-goes-back-100-years/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">evidence</a> that human-generated greenhouse gas emissions were influencing observed drought patterns as long ago as the early 1900’s. By showing that human activities have already affected drought in the past, their research provides evidence that climate change from human-generated greenhouse gas emissions will likely influence drought in the future.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div id="hds-sidebar-nav-2" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>Staying Ahead of the Fire</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">If the future does hold megadroughts for the southwestern United States, what might this mean for its fire seasons?</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">“Once we change the climatology and get drier and drier fuels, we should expect more intense fires and higher fire severity,” said Adam Kochanski, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Utah, referring to the size and impact of the fires. If fuels are moist, the fire is more likely to stay close to the ground and be less destructive, he said. Dry trees and plants make it more likely that flames will reach the forest canopy, making the fire more destructive and harder to control.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Kochanski and <a href="https://clas.ucdenver.edu/mathematical-and-statistical-sciences/jan-mandel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jan Mandel</a> of the University of Colorado Denver used data from NASA and other sources to simulate the interactions between wildfires, soil moisture and local weather. They built on previous work by the <a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Center for Atmospheric Research</a> (NCAR) and others to develop the SFIRE module for the widely used <a href="https://www.mmm.ucar.edu/weather-research-and-forecasting-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Weather Research and Forecasting model</a> (WRF).</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">This module uses data from NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (<a href="https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/modis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MODIS</a>) aboard its Aqua and Terra satellites, and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-noaa-celebrate-five-year-anniversary-of-suomi-npp-launch/">Suomi NPP</a>) spacecraft.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Weather influences fires, but fires also influence local weather by producing heat, water vapor and smoke, Kochanski said. The winds from large fires can alter local weather patterns, and in extreme conditions, generate firestorms and fire tornadoes.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">“It’s not uncommon for people involved in wildland fires to report that although the wind is not very strong, the fires propagate very fast,” Kochanski said. “If it isn’t that windy, but your fire is intense and releases a lot of heat, it has the potential to generate its own winds. Even if the ambient winds are weak, this fire will start moving as if it were really windy.”</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Better modeling of these interactions not only helps firefighters better predict where and how a wildfire might spread, but also helps forest managers know whether a planned burn is safe.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div id="hds-sidebar-nav-3" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>A Tale of Fire and Snow</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Fires’ effects persist long after they are extinguished, and the availability or lack of fresh water plays an important role in vegetation regrowth and recovery. Dry conditions may prevent new seeds from germinating in the burned areas. Vegetation loss can lead to erosion and sediment blocking waterways, and firefighting chemicals may contaminate water sources.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Forest fires can have impacts on future winter snowpacks as well, said Kelly Gleason, a snow hydrologist and assistant professor at Portland State University. “Snowpack” refers to the snow that accumulates over an entire winter, rather than a single snowfall.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Here too, NASA data are key to understanding the processes involved. Gleason and her team used 16 years of data from NASA’s MODIS instrument to investigate wildfires’ effects on snow melt in forests in the American West. They discovered that soot and debris from fire makes snow darker and less reflective for up to 15 years after a fire.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">“It’s like wearing a black T-shirt on a sunny day,” Gleason said. “It primes the snowpack to absorb more sunlight energy. And there’s more energy anyway, because the forest canopy was burned, so more sun comes through.”</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Their survey of roughly 850 fires between 2000 and 2016 showed that snow in burned forests melted, on average, five days earlier than snow in unburned forests. In some areas the snow melted weeks or months earlier than normal, Gleason said.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">“Every year we experience earlier snow melt, there are strong relationships with big, hot, long-lasting fires the following summer,” she said. “It creates this vicious cycle where snow melts earlier due to climate change, which extends the summer drought period where the soil dries out, and when the fuels dry out, you get these big fires. This further accelerates snowmelt, further extending the summer drought period and fire potential.”</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div id="hds-sidebar-nav-4" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>Modeling a Safer Future</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Mandel and Kochanski’s fire-atmosphere model is already in operational use in Israel and Greece. While the software requires computing expertise to use, <a href="https://wiki.openwfm.org/wiki/How_to_get_WRF-SFIRE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">it is available for free</a>, consistent with NASA's mission to freely provide its data and other products to the public.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0"><a href="https://staff.ucar.edu/users/branko" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Branko Kosović</a>, program manager for Renewable Energy for the Research Applications Laboratory and director of the Weather Systems and Assessment Program at NCAR, also used WRF to develop the fire prediction system for the state of Colorado’s Division of Fire Prevention and Control. This model uses a related module called FIRE and produces a fire, weather and smoke forecast useful for both wildfires and planned fires.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Kosović is also using the WRF system for his research, which uses NASA remote sensing data and machine learning to estimate fuel moisture daily over the contiguous Unites States.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">“Measuring live fuel moisture [currently] has to be done manually,” Kosović said. “People have to go out, take the live fuel, and essentially cure it in ovens to see how much moisture there is. It’s very labor intensive. And you can imagine that, because of that, the data is sparse, both in space and in frequency and time.”</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Kosović, Mandel and Kochanski hope to build systems that will give forest managers better information to plan controlled fires and help improve resource allocation during wildfires, leading to better risk assessment and recovery.</p></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost entry-content margin-y-3"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">NASA scientists monitor both <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-investigates-our-changing-water-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fresh water</a> and fires constantly, from space, the air and the ground, collecting short- and long-term data as Earth’s climate continues to change. Programs such as the <a href="https://disasters.nasa.gov/fires" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA Earth Science Disasters Program</a> use satellite data to track active fires, monitor their effects on air quality and perform research that helps communities be more prepared before disasters strike. And looking to the future, <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2890/managing-fresh-water-across-the-united-states/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">modeling</a> plays a key role in preparing for changing drought and fire seasons around the world.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="maxw-full width-full"><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details NasaBlocksCreditsAndDetailsBlock"><section class="padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9"><div class="grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0"><div class="padding-right-4 grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14 margin-0">Share</h2></div><div class="padding-bottom-2"><ul class="social-icons social-icons-round"><li class="social-icon social-icon-x"><a href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?via=NASA&text=A%20Drier%20Future%20Sets%20the%20Stage%20for%20More%20Wildfires&url=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fnatural-disasters%2Fwildfires%2Fa-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires%2F" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false" aria-label="Share on X"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="icon" style="" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-v-f0820886><path fill="currentColor" d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2L487 464H345L233.7 318.6L106.5 464H35.8l164.9-188.5L26.8 48h145.6l100.5 132.9zm-24.8 373.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42z"/></svg></a></li><li class="social-icon social-icon-facebook"><a 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19t-.587 1.413T5 21m12 0q0-2.925-1.1-5.462t-3-4.438t-4.437-3T3 7V4q3.55 0 6.625 1.325t5.4 3.65t3.65 5.4T20 21zm-6 0q0-1.675-.625-3.113T8.65 15.35t-2.537-1.725T3 13v-3q2.3 0 4.288.863t3.487 2.362t2.363 3.488T14 21z"/></svg></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="padding-right-4 grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14 margin-0">Details</h2></div><div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Last Updated</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Oct 22, 2024</div></div><div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Editor</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">NASA Science Editorial Team </div></div></div></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14 margin-0">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="/category/earth/natural-disasters/droughts/" class="link-external-false"><span>Droughts</span></a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="/category/earth/natural-disasters/wildfires/" class="link-external-false"><span>Wildfires</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></section></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutPost margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles NasaBlocksRelatedArticlesBlock"><section class="hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9"><div class="w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left"><div class="margin-bottom-4"><h2 style="max-width:100%;" class="width-full w-full maxw-full margin-0">Explore More</h2></div></div><div class="grid-row 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https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div><div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10"><div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">5 min read</div><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title margin-0">The 1998 Florida Firestorm and NASA’s Kennedy Space Center</h3></div><p class="p-md color-carbon-60">East central Florida’s natural environment and climate have shaped, and delayed, Kennedy Space Center launch operations since the 1960s. Torrential pop-up thunderstorms, Atlantic hurricanes, roasting heat, and other climatic phenomena, including lightning and fire, repeatedly hampered mission timelines and created dangerous conditions for astronauts and workers. Lightning Crashes Kennedy Space Center personnel understood the dangers […]</p><div class="label display-flex flex-align-center heading-12 text-uppercase margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60"><span class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto"><svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"></path></g></g></svg><span>Article</span></span><span class="margin-left-2">5 months ago </span></div></div></a></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3"><a href="/science-research/science-enabling-technology/nasa-wildfire-digital-twin-pioneers-new-ai-models-and-streaming-data-techniques-for-forecasting-fire-and-smoke/" class="link-external-false color-carbon-black"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="300" height="172" alt="A square grid containing arrows pointing in the direction of the aerosol flow, which is mainly toward the top righthand side of the grid." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div><div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10"><div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">5 min read</div><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title margin-0">NASA “Wildfire Digital Twin” Pioneers New AI Models and Streaming Data Techniques for Forecasting Fire and Smoke</h3></div><p class="p-md color-carbon-60">NASA’s “Wildfire Digital Twin” project will equip firefighters and wildfire managers with a superior tool for monitoring wildfires and predicting harmful air pollution events and help researchers observe global wildfire trends more precisely.</p><div class="label display-flex flex-align-center heading-12 text-uppercase margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60"><span class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto"><svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"></path></g></g></svg><span>Article</span></span><span class="margin-left-2">6 months ago </span></div></div></a></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/earth/nasa-flights-link-methane-plumes-to-tundra-fires-in-western-alaska/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false color-carbon-black"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div><div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10"><div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">5 min read</div><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title margin-0">NASA Flights Link Methane Plumes to Tundra Fires in Western Alaska</h3></div><p class="p-md color-carbon-60">Methane ‘hot spots’ in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta are more likely to be found where recent wildfires burned into the tundra, altering carbon emissions from the land. In Alaska’s largest river delta, tundra that has been scorched by wildfire is emitting more methane than the rest of the landscape long after the flames died, scientists have […]</p><div class="label display-flex flex-align-center heading-12 text-uppercase margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60"><span class="display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto"><svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"></path><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 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data-ssr="true">[["Reactive",1],{"data":2,"state":772,"once":788,"_errors":789,"serverRendered":93,"path":790,"pinia":791},{"wAnWh7vXyJ":3,"AWUXVp57yf":334},{"type":4,"value":5},"post",{"id":6,"post_type":4,"title":7,"authors":8,"categories":29,"classes":41,"color_mode":50,"date":51,"date_gmt":52,"modified_date_gmt":53,"manualExcerpt":54,"preview":27,"permalink":55,"purge":56,"readTime":59,"seo":60,"template":72,"timeAgo":73,"blocks":74},277697,"A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires",[9],{"id":10,"first-name":11,"last-name":11,"display-name":12,"email":11,"biography":11,"images":13,"location":23,"phone":24,"job-title":11,"country":25,"read-more":26,"on-contract":27,"social-links":28},5760,"","NASA Science Editorial Team",{"medium":14,"full":15,"metadata":16},"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NASA_logo.png?w=300","https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NASA_logo.png",{"id":17,"image":11,"title":18,"caption":11,"description":11,"alt-text":11,"mime-type":19,"dimensions":20,"credits":11,"original-date":11,"nasa-id":11,"center":11,"image-article":22},25441,"NASA_logo","image/png",{"width":21,"height":21},900,[],[],[],"US",null,false,[],[30,36],{"term_id":31,"taxonomy":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"link":35},2155,"category","Droughts","droughts","https://science.nasa.gov/category/earth/natural-disasters/droughts/",{"term_id":37,"taxonomy":32,"name":38,"slug":39,"link":40},2162,"Wildfires","wildfires","https://science.nasa.gov/category/earth/natural-disasters/wildfires/",[42,4,43,44,45,46,47,48,49],"post-277697","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-droughts","category-wildfires","light","2019-07-09 07:00:00","2019-07-09 11:00:00","2024-10-22 09:18:54","As Earth's climate gets hotter, wet areas are likely to become wetter and dry areas drier. Dry areas, like the American West, are increasingly susceptible to more frequent, and longer-burning fires.","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/natural-disasters/wildfires/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/",[57,58],"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-json/smd/v1/router/earth/natural-disasters/wildfires/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires","https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-json/smd/v1/router/earth/natural-disasters/wildfires/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/",9,{"canonical":55,"meta":61,"opengraph":62,"title":71},{"description":11},{"description":63,"image":64,"title":7,"type":70},"As Earth's climate gets hotter, wet areas are likely to become wetter and dry areas drier. Dry areas, like the American West, are increasingly susceptible to more frequent, and longer-burning fires.",{"alt":11,"size":65,"type":68,"url":69},{"width":66,"height":67},1280,853,"image","https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/climate/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg?w=1280&h=853&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","article","A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires - NASA Science","default","5 years",[75,80,95,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,122,125,128,131,139,142,145,148,151,154,157,160,163,166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,214,229,274],{"name":76,"attributes":77},"nasa-blocks/article-intro",{"align":78,"anchor":11,"hero_heading":79,"read_time":59,"title":7},"full","Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)",{"name":81,"attributes":82},"core/image",{"alt":11,"background":83,"image_align":92,"migrated":93,"url":94},{"id":84,"url":69,"alt":11,"caption":85,"credits":86,"fit":87,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":89,"parallax":91,"detail_link":26,"contentType":68,"width":66,"height":67},277695,"The Camp Fire from space. The Camp Fire became the most destructive fire in California’s history, scorching approximately 240 square miles (622 square kilometers), destroying nearly 14,000 buildings, causing billions of dollars in damage and killing 88 people.","NASA","fit",0,{"x":90,"y":90},".50","no","wide",true,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Camp_Fire_oli_2018312_Landsat.jpg",{"name":96,"attributes":97},"core/paragraph",{"anchor":11,"content":98,"dropCap":27},"\u003Cb>By Jessica Merzdorf,\u003Cbr>NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center\u003C/b>",{"name":96,"attributes":100},{"anchor":11,"content":101,"dropCap":27},"\u003Cem>This article is part of a series that explores NASA research into Earth's fresh water and surveys how those advances help people solve real world problems. \u003Ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2880/nasa-explores-our-changing-freshwater-world/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more.\u003C/a>\u003C/em>",{"name":96,"attributes":103},{"anchor":11,"content":104,"dropCap":27},"November 8, 2018 was a dry day in Butte County, California. The state was in its sixth consecutive year of drought, and the county had not had a rainfall event producing more than a half inch of rain for seven months. The dry summer had parched the spring vegetation, and the strong northeasterly winds of autumn were gusting at 35 miles per hour (56 kilometers per hour) and rising, creating red flag conditions: Any planned or unplanned fires could quickly get out of control.",{"name":96,"attributes":106},{"anchor":11,"content":107,"dropCap":27},"Sure enough, just before daybreak, strong winds whipped a stray spark from a power line into an inferno. The Camp Fire became the most destructive fire in California’s history, scorching approximately 240 square miles (622 square kilometers), destroying nearly 14,000 buildings, causing billions of dollars in damage and killing 88 people. Later the same day, the Woolsey Fire broke out in Los Angeles County, burning 150 square miles (about 390 square kilometers) and killing three.",{"name":96,"attributes":109},{"anchor":11,"content":110,"dropCap":27},"Droughts can create ideal conditions for wildfires. Lack of rain and low humidity dry out trees and vegetation, providing fuel. In these conditions, a spark from lightning, electrical failures, human error or planned fires can quickly get out of control.",{"name":96,"attributes":112},{"anchor":11,"content":113,"dropCap":27},"\u003Ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/\">Global climate change\u003C/a> is predicted to change precipitation and evaporation patterns around the world, leading to wetter climate in some areas and drier in others. Areas that face increasingly severe droughts will also be at risk for more and larger fires. Several NASA missions collect valuable data to help scientists and emergency responders monitor droughts and fires. Some instruments monitor water in and below the soil, helping to assess whether areas are moving toward dangerous droughts. Others watch for heat and smoke from fires, supporting both research and active disaster recovery.",{"name":96,"attributes":115},{"anchor":11,"content":116,"dropCap":27},"Understanding how fires behave in dry conditions can help firefighters, first responders and others prepare for a hotter, drier future.",{"name":118,"attributes":119},"core/heading",{"anchor":11,"content":120,"level":121,"stripped_content":120},"Climate Change: Not Just Wet",2,{"name":96,"attributes":123},{"anchor":11,"content":124,"dropCap":27},"Earth’s warming climate is forecasted to make global precipitation patterns more \u003Ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extreme\u003C/a>: Wet areas will become wetter, and dry areas will become drier. Areas such as the American Southwest could see both reduced rainfall and increased soil moisture evaporation due to more intense heat, and in some cases, the resulting droughts could be more intense than any drought of the past millennium.",{"name":96,"attributes":126},{"anchor":11,"content":127,"dropCap":27},"\u003Ca href=\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/bc9z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ben Cook\u003C/a> of NASA’s \u003Ca href=\"https://www.giss.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goddard Institute for Space Studies\u003C/a> (GISS) in New York City researches “\u003Ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2238/carbon-emissions-could-dramatically-increase-risk-of-us-megadroughts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">megadroughts\u003C/a>” — droughts lasting more than three decades. Megadroughts have occurred in the past, like the decades-long North American droughts between 1100 and 1300, and the team used tree ring records to compare these droughts with future projections. He and his team examined soil moisture data sets and drought severity indices from 17 different future climate models, and they all predicted that if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase at their present rate, the risk of a megadrought in the American Southwest could hit 80 percent by the end of the century. Additionally, these droughts will likely be even more severe than those seen in the last millennium.",{"name":96,"attributes":129},{"anchor":11,"content":130,"dropCap":27},"Such severe droughts will affect the amount and dryness of fuel such as trees and grass, Cook said.",{"name":132,"attributes":133},"core/embed",{"allowResponsive":93,"anchor":11,"caption":134,"previewable":93,"providerNameSlug":135,"responsive":93,"type":136,"url":137,"embed_handler":138},"Droughts can create ideal conditions for wildfires. Dry trees and vegetation provide fuel. Low soil and air moisture make it easier for fires to spread quickly. In these conditions, a spark from lightning, electrical failures, human error or planned fires can quickly get out of control. As Earth’s climate warms and precipitation patterns change, increasingly severe droughts will leave some areas of the world vulnerable to increasingly severe fires.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>NASA/ LK Ward. \u003Ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13253\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This video can be downloaded for free at NASA's Scientific VIsualization Studio.\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>","embed-handler","rich","https://www.youtube.com/embed/axPTBCHSjG4","\u003Ciframe title=\"A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/axPTBCHSjG4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"name":96,"attributes":140},{"anchor":11,"content":141,"dropCap":27},"“Fire depends on two things: having enough fuel and drying that fuel out so it can catch fire. So in the short term, more droughts probably mean more fire as the vegetation dries out,” said Cook. “If those droughts continue for a long period, like a megadrought, however, it can actually mean less fire, because the vegetation will not grow back as vigorously, and you may run out of fuel to burn. It’s definitely complicated.”",{"name":96,"attributes":143},{"anchor":11,"content":144,"dropCap":27},"Current and future NASA measurements of soil moisture and precipitation will help to evaluate climate models’ predictions, making them even more accurate and useful for understanding Earth’s changing climate.",{"name":96,"attributes":146},{"anchor":11,"content":147,"dropCap":27},"Cook and his GISS colleague Kate Marvel were the first to provide \u003Ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2872/nasa-study-human-influence-on-global-droughts-goes-back-100-years/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003C/a> that human-generated greenhouse gas emissions were influencing observed drought patterns as long ago as the early 1900’s. By showing that human activities have already affected drought in the past, their research provides evidence that climate change from human-generated greenhouse gas emissions will likely influence drought in the future.",{"name":118,"attributes":149},{"anchor":11,"content":150,"level":121,"stripped_content":150},"Staying Ahead of the Fire",{"name":96,"attributes":152},{"anchor":11,"content":153,"dropCap":27},"If the future does hold megadroughts for the southwestern United States, what might this mean for its fire seasons?",{"name":96,"attributes":155},{"anchor":11,"content":156,"dropCap":27},"“Once we change the climatology and get drier and drier fuels, we should expect more intense fires and higher fire severity,” said Adam Kochanski, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Utah, referring to the size and impact of the fires. If fuels are moist, the fire is more likely to stay close to the ground and be less destructive, he said. Dry trees and plants make it more likely that flames will reach the forest canopy, making the fire more destructive and harder to control.",{"name":96,"attributes":158},{"anchor":11,"content":159,"dropCap":27},"Kochanski and \u003Ca href=\"https://clas.ucdenver.edu/mathematical-and-statistical-sciences/jan-mandel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jan Mandel\u003C/a> of the University of Colorado Denver used data from NASA and other sources to simulate the interactions between wildfires, soil moisture and local weather. They built on previous work by the \u003Ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003C/a> (NCAR) and others to develop the SFIRE module for the widely used \u003Ca href=\"https://www.mmm.ucar.edu/weather-research-and-forecasting-model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Weather Research and Forecasting model\u003C/a> (WRF).",{"name":96,"attributes":161},{"anchor":11,"content":162,"dropCap":27},"This module uses data from NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (\u003Ca href=\"https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/modis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MODIS\u003C/a>) aboard its Aqua and Terra satellites, and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (\u003Ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-noaa-celebrate-five-year-anniversary-of-suomi-npp-launch/\">Suomi NPP\u003C/a>) spacecraft.",{"name":96,"attributes":164},{"anchor":11,"content":165,"dropCap":27},"Weather influences fires, but fires also influence local weather by producing heat, water vapor and smoke, Kochanski said. The winds from large fires can alter local weather patterns, and in extreme conditions, generate firestorms and fire tornadoes.",{"name":96,"attributes":167},{"anchor":11,"content":168,"dropCap":27},"“It’s not uncommon for people involved in wildland fires to report that although the wind is not very strong, the fires propagate very fast,” Kochanski said. “If it isn’t that windy, but your fire is intense and releases a lot of heat, it has the potential to generate its own winds. Even if the ambient winds are weak, this fire will start moving as if it were really windy.”",{"name":96,"attributes":170},{"anchor":11,"content":171,"dropCap":27},"Better modeling of these interactions not only helps firefighters better predict where and how a wildfire might spread, but also helps forest managers know whether a planned burn is safe.",{"name":118,"attributes":173},{"anchor":11,"content":174,"level":121,"stripped_content":174},"A Tale of Fire and Snow",{"name":96,"attributes":176},{"anchor":11,"content":177,"dropCap":27},"Fires’ effects persist long after they are extinguished, and the availability or lack of fresh water plays an important role in vegetation regrowth and recovery. Dry conditions may prevent new seeds from germinating in the burned areas. Vegetation loss can lead to erosion and sediment blocking waterways, and firefighting chemicals may contaminate water sources.",{"name":96,"attributes":179},{"anchor":11,"content":180,"dropCap":27},"Forest fires can have impacts on future winter snowpacks as well, said Kelly Gleason, a snow hydrologist and assistant professor at Portland State University. “Snowpack” refers to the snow that accumulates over an entire winter, rather than a single snowfall.",{"name":96,"attributes":182},{"anchor":11,"content":183,"dropCap":27},"Here too, NASA data are key to understanding the processes involved. Gleason and her team used 16 years of data from NASA’s MODIS instrument to investigate wildfires’ effects on snow melt in forests in the American West. They discovered that soot and debris from fire makes snow darker and less reflective for up to 15 years after a fire.",{"name":96,"attributes":185},{"anchor":11,"content":186,"dropCap":27},"“It’s like wearing a black T-shirt on a sunny day,” Gleason said. “It primes the snowpack to absorb more sunlight energy. And there’s more energy anyway, because the forest canopy was burned, so more sun comes through.”",{"name":96,"attributes":188},{"anchor":11,"content":189,"dropCap":27},"Their survey of roughly 850 fires between 2000 and 2016 showed that snow in burned forests melted, on average, five days earlier than snow in unburned forests. In some areas the snow melted weeks or months earlier than normal, Gleason said.",{"name":96,"attributes":191},{"anchor":11,"content":192,"dropCap":27},"“Every year we experience earlier snow melt, there are strong relationships with big, hot, long-lasting fires the following summer,” she said. “It creates this vicious cycle where snow melts earlier due to climate change, which extends the summer drought period where the soil dries out, and when the fuels dry out, you get these big fires. This further accelerates snowmelt, further extending the summer drought period and fire potential.”",{"name":118,"attributes":194},{"anchor":11,"content":195,"level":121,"stripped_content":195},"Modeling a Safer Future",{"name":96,"attributes":197},{"anchor":11,"content":198,"dropCap":27},"Mandel and Kochanski’s fire-atmosphere model is already in operational use in Israel and Greece. While the software requires computing expertise to use, \u003Ca href=\"https://wiki.openwfm.org/wiki/How_to_get_WRF-SFIRE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">it is available for free\u003C/a>, consistent with NASA's mission to freely provide its data and other products to the public.",{"name":96,"attributes":200},{"anchor":11,"content":201,"dropCap":27},"\u003Ca href=\"https://staff.ucar.edu/users/branko\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Branko Kosović\u003C/a>, program manager for Renewable Energy for the Research Applications Laboratory and director of the Weather Systems and Assessment Program at NCAR, also used WRF to develop the fire prediction system for the state of Colorado’s Division of Fire Prevention and Control. This model uses a related module called FIRE and produces a fire, weather and smoke forecast useful for both wildfires and planned fires.",{"name":96,"attributes":203},{"anchor":11,"content":204,"dropCap":27},"Kosović is also using the WRF system for his research, which uses NASA remote sensing data and machine learning to estimate fuel moisture daily over the contiguous Unites States.",{"name":96,"attributes":206},{"anchor":11,"content":207,"dropCap":27},"“Measuring live fuel moisture [currently] has to be done manually,” Kosović said. “People have to go out, take the live fuel, and essentially cure it in ovens to see how much moisture there is. It’s very labor intensive. And you can imagine that, because of that, the data is sparse, both in space and in frequency and time.”",{"name":96,"attributes":209},{"anchor":11,"content":210,"dropCap":27},"Kosović, Mandel and Kochanski hope to build systems that will give forest managers better information to plan controlled fires and help improve resource allocation during wildfires, leading to better risk assessment and recovery.",{"name":96,"attributes":212},{"anchor":11,"content":213,"dropCap":27},"NASA scientists monitor both \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-investigates-our-changing-water-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fresh water\u003C/a> and fires constantly, from space, the air and the ground, collecting short- and long-term data as Earth’s climate continues to change. Programs such as the \u003Ca href=\"https://disasters.nasa.gov/fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA Earth Science Disasters Program\u003C/a> use satellite data to track active fires, monitor their effects on air quality and perform research that helps communities be more prepared before disasters strike. And looking to the future, \u003Ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2890/managing-fresh-water-across-the-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modeling\u003C/a> plays a key role in preparing for changing drought and fire seasons around the world.",{"name":215,"attributes":216},"nasa-blocks/credits-and-details",{"align":78,"anchor":11,"articleType":217,"article_categories":218,"article_contacts":221,"article_editor":222,"article_location":26,"flagship_redirect":26,"modified_date":223,"social_links":224},"nasa_template_article_a",[219,220],{"term_id":31,"taxonomy":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"link":35},{"term_id":37,"taxonomy":32,"name":38,"slug":39,"link":40},[],{"first_name":12,"last_name":11},"Oct 22, 2024",{"x":225,"facebook":226,"linkedin":227,"rss":228},"https://x.com/intent/tweet?via=NASA&text=A%20Drier%20Future%20Sets%20the%20Stage%20for%20More%20Wildfires&url=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fnatural-disasters%2Fwildfires%2Fa-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires%2F","https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fnatural-disasters%2Fwildfires%2Fa-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires%2F","https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fnatural-disasters%2Fwildfires%2Fa-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires%2F","https://www.nasa.gov/feed/",{"name":230,"attributes":231},"nasa-blocks/related-articles",{"align":78,"anchor":11,"countdown":232,"linkId":233,"more_link":236,"related_articles":237},"true",{"id":234,"title":26,"kind":26,"type":26,"url":26,"external":93,"target":235},773,"_self","All Crewed Missions",[238,250,265],{"id":239,"excerpt":240,"featuredImg":241,"link":246,"title":247,"read_time":248,"time_ago":249},403719,"East central Florida’s natural environment and climate have shaped, and delayed, Kennedy Space Center launch operations since the 1960s. Torrential pop-up thunderstorms, Atlantic hurricanes, roasting heat, and other climatic phenomena, including lightning and fire, repeatedly hampered mission timelines and created dangerous conditions for astronauts and workers. Lightning Crashes Kennedy Space Center personnel understood the dangers […]",{"id":26,"url":242,"alt":11,"caption":11,"credits":11,"fit":243,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":244,"parallax":91,"detail_link":26},"https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ksc-98pc778orig.jpg","cover",{"x":245,"y":245},0.5,"https://www.nasa.gov/history/the-1998-florida-firestorm-and-nasas-kennedy-space-center/","The 1998 Florida Firestorm and NASA’s Kennedy Space Center",5,"5 months",{"id":251,"excerpt":252,"featuredImg":253,"link":262,"title":263,"read_time":248,"time_ago":264},397224,"NASA’s “Wildfire Digital Twin” project will equip firefighters and wildfire managers with a superior tool for monitoring wildfires and predicting harmful air pollution events and help researchers observe global wildfire trends more precisely.",{"id":254,"url":255,"alt":256,"caption":257,"credits":258,"fit":243,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":259,"parallax":91,"detail_link":26,"contentType":68,"width":260,"height":261},397231,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/halem-video.jpg?w=300","A square grid containing arrows pointing in the direction of the aerosol flow, which is mainly toward the top righthand side of the grid.","A wildfire simulation describing the spread of PM 2.5 aerosols during a recent controlled burn, generated using the WRF-SFIRE model. “Wildfire Digital Twin” will build on this and other models to simulate active burns with unprecedented resolution.","Kathleen Clough / San Jose State University",{"x":245,"y":245},300,172,"https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/science-enabling-technology/nasa-wildfire-digital-twin-pioneers-new-ai-models-and-streaming-data-techniques-for-forecasting-fire-and-smoke/","NASA “Wildfire Digital Twin” Pioneers New AI Models and Streaming Data Techniques for Forecasting Fire and Smoke","6 months",{"id":266,"excerpt":267,"featuredImg":268,"link":271,"title":272,"read_time":248,"time_ago":273},253870,"Methane ‘hot spots’ in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta are more likely to be found where recent wildfires burned into the tundra, altering carbon emissions from the land. In Alaska’s largest river delta, tundra that has been scorched by wildfire is emitting more methane than the rest of the landscape long after the flames died, scientists have […]",{"id":26,"url":269,"alt":11,"caption":11,"credits":11,"fit":243,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":270,"parallax":91,"detail_link":26},"https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1-yukondelta-usfws.webp",{"x":245,"y":245},"https://www.nasa.gov/earth/nasa-flights-link-methane-plumes-to-tundra-fires-in-western-alaska/","NASA Flights Link Methane Plumes to Tundra Fires in Western Alaska","1 year",{"name":275,"attributes":276},"nasa-blocks/topic-cards",{"align":78,"anchor":11,"heading":277,"label":278,"cards":279},"Discover More Topics From NASA","Keep Exploring",[280,291,305,320],{"id":281,"excerpt":26,"featuredImg":282,"link":289,"title":290,"read_time":121,"time_ago":273},"56846",{"id":283,"url":284,"alt":11,"caption":285,"credits":11,"fit":243,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":286,"parallax":91,"detail_link":287,"contentType":68,"width":288,"height":288},61624,"https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202212160009/NHQ202212160009~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) spacecraft onboard, Friday, Dec. 16, 2022, from Space Launch Complex 4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. Jointly developed by NASA and Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), with contributions from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and United Kingdom Space Agency, SWOT is the first satellite mission that will observe nearly all water on Earth’s surface, measuring the height of water in the planet’s lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and the ocean. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)",{"x":245,"y":245},"https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-nhq202212160009/",1920,"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/","Explore Earth Science",{"id":292,"excerpt":293,"featuredImg":294,"link":303,"title":304,"read_time":121,"time_ago":273},"56859","NASA's unique vantage point helps us inform solutions to enhance decision-making, improve livelihoods, and protect our planet.",{"id":295,"url":296,"alt":297,"caption":298,"credits":299,"fit":243,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":300,"parallax":91,"detail_link":26,"contentType":68,"width":301,"height":302},198052,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/banner-home-2500x500-v1.jpg?w=1024","Earth Action","Satellites in space give NASA a unique vantage point to tackle the world’s toughest problems. In working collaboratively with individuals and institutions across the globe, we inform solutions to enhance decision-making, improve livelihoods, and protect our planet. From supporting food security to tracking diseases, NASA’s projects advance what’s possible here on Earth.","NASA Applied Sciences Program",{"x":245,"y":245},1024,205,"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/","Earth Science in Action",{"id":306,"excerpt":26,"featuredImg":307,"link":316,"title":317,"read_time":318,"time_ago":319},"20670",{"id":308,"url":309,"alt":310,"caption":311,"credits":312,"fit":243,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":313,"parallax":91,"detail_link":314,"contentType":68,"width":301,"height":315},231009,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?w=1024","The sum of Earth's plants, on land and in the ocean, changes slightly from year to year as weather patterns shift.","The sum of Earth's plants, on land and in the ocean, changes slightly from year to year as weather patterns shift. \u003Ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/biosphere.php\">Read the full story\u003C/a>","NASA Earth Observatory/Rob Simmon and Jesse Allen",{"x":245,"y":245},"https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg/",512,"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/data/","Earth Science Data",1,"17 years",{"id":321,"excerpt":26,"featuredImg":322,"link":330,"title":331,"read_time":332,"time_ago":333},"48583",{"id":323,"url":324,"alt":11,"caption":325,"credits":326,"fit":243,"zoom":88,"focalPoint":327,"parallax":91,"detail_link":328,"contentType":68,"width":329,"height":329},48689,"https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e002131/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e002131~large.jpg?w=1919&h=1919&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","A day’s clouds. The shape and texture of the land. The living ocean. City lights as a beacon of human presence across the globe. This amazingly beautiful view of Earth from space is a fusion of science and art, a showcase for the remote-sensing technology that makes such views possible, and a testament to the passion and creativity of the scientists who devote their careers to understanding how land, ocean, and atmosphere—even life itself—interact to generate Earth’s unique (as far as we know!) life-sustaining environment. Drawing on data from multiple satellite missions (not all collected at the same time), a team of NASA scientists and graphic artists created layers of global data for everything from the land surface, to polar sea ice, to the light reflected by the chlorophyll in the billions of microscopic plants that grow in the ocean. They wrapped these layers around a globe, set it against a black background, and simulated the hazy edge of the Earth’s atmosphere (the limb) that appears in astronaut photography of the Earth. The land surface layer is based on photo-like surface reflectance observations (reflected sunlight) measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite in July 2004. The sea ice layer near the poles comes from Terra MODIS observations of daytime sea ice observed between August 28 and September 6, 2001. The ocean layer is a composite. In shallow water areas, the layer shows surface reflectances observed by Terra MODIS in July 2004. In the open ocean, the photo-like layer is overlaid with observations of the average ocean chlorophyll content for 2004. NASA’s Aqua MODIS collected the chlorophyll data. The cloud layer shows a single-day snapshot of clouds observed by Terra MODIS across the planet on July 29, 2001. City lights on Earth’s night side are visualized from data collected by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program mission between 1994–1995. The topography layer is based on radar data collected by the Space Shuttle Endeavour during an 11-day mission in February of 2000. Topography over Antarctica comes from the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project, version 2. Most of the data layers in this visualization are available as monthly composites as part of NASA’s Blue Marble Next Generation image collection. The images in the collection appear in cylindrical projection (rectangular maps), and they are available at 500-meter resolution. The large images provided above are the full-size versions of these globes. In their hope that these images will inspire people to appreciate the beauty of our home planet and to learn about the Earth system, the developers of these images encourage readers to re-use and re-publish the images freely. NASA images by Reto Stöckli, based on data from NASA and NOAA. To learn the history of the Blue Marble go here: \u003Ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/BlueMarble_history.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/BlueMarble_...\u003C/a> To learn more about the Blue Marble go here: \u003Ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8108\" rel=\"nofollow\">earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8108\u003C/a> ","NASA/Reto Stöckli",{"x":245,"y":245},"https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-gsfc_20171208_archive_e002131/",1919,"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/","Facts About Earth",8,"2 years",{"type":335,"value":336},"global-nav",[337,388,416,444,495,529,563,597,631,701,727],{"id":338,"title":339,"slug":340,"location":341,"menu_items":342},3850,"Missions","missions","global-nav-missions",[343,347,351,356,361,365,370,375,379,383],{"id":344,"title":345,"url":346,"order":318},131284,"Search All NASA 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