Gene Therapy Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors Explained

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-gb" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" href="/templates/yootheme/vendor/yootheme/theme-joomla/assets/images/favicon.png" sizes="any"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/templates/yootheme/vendor/yootheme/theme-joomla/assets/images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="author" content="Administrator"> <meta property="og:title" content="Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors"> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors"> <meta property="og:description" content="Gene Therapy Adeno-associated viral vectors explained, information about the mechanism of adeno-associated viruses, genome organisation of AAV and producing recombinant AAV vectors"> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Gene Therapy Adeno-associated viral vectors explained, information about the mechanism of adeno-associated viruses, genome organisation of AAV and producing recombinant AAV vectors"> <meta name="description" content="Gene Therapy Adeno-associated viral vectors explained, information about the mechanism of adeno-associated viruses, genome organisation of AAV and producing recombinant AAV vectors"> <meta name="generator" content="Joomla! - Open Source Content Management"> <title>Gene Therapy Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors Explained</title> <link href="/media/system/css/joomla-fontawesome.min.css?ver=4.0.13" rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link href="/favicon.ico" rel="icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link href="/media/vendor/joomla-custom-elements/css/joomla-alert.min.css?0.2.0" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="http://www.genetherapynet.com/plugins/content/fastsocialshare/style/style.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/templates/yootheme_child/css/theme.10.css?1710769437" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/templates/yootheme/css/theme.update.css?4.0.13" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/templates/yootheme_child/css/custom.css?4.0.13" rel="stylesheet" /> <script type="application/json" class="joomla-script-options new">{"joomla.jtext":{"ERROR":"Error","MESSAGE":"Message","NOTICE":"Notice","WARNING":"Warning","JCLOSE":"Close","JOK":"OK","JOPEN":"Open"},"system.paths":{"root":"","rootFull":"http:\/\/www.genetherapynet.com\/","base":"","baseFull":"http:\/\/www.genetherapynet.com\/"},"csrf.token":"29e2e1d845287b09f98da168be5b0a39","system.keepalive":{"interval":840000,"uri":"\/component\/ajax\/?format=json"}}</script> <script src="/media/system/js/core.min.js?37ffe4186289eba9c5df81bea44080aff77b9684"></script> <script src="/media/system/js/keepalive-es5.min.js?4eac3f5b0c42a860f0f438ed1bea8b0bdddb3804" defer nomodule></script> <script src="/media/system/js/messages-es5.min.js?c29829fd2432533d05b15b771f86c6637708bd9d" nomodule defer></script> <script src="/media/system/js/keepalive.min.js?9f10654c2f49ca104ca0449def6eec3f06bd19c0" type="module"></script> <script src="/media/system/js/messages.min.js?7f7aa28ac8e8d42145850e8b45b3bc82ff9a6411" type="module"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LccbjcnAAAAAD-g5ADv5i1GPy2ozYf7FohqSZ7g"></script> <script src="/templates/yootheme/vendor/assets/uikit/dist/js/uikit.min.js?4.0.13"></script> <script src="/templates/yootheme/vendor/assets/uikit/dist/js/uikit-icons-fuse.min.js?4.0.13"></script> <script src="/templates/yootheme/js/theme.js?4.0.13"></script> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('a span[id^="cloak"]')).forEach(function(span) { span.innerText = span.textContent; }); });</script> <script>if (typeof window.grecaptcha !== 'undefined') { grecaptcha.ready(function() { grecaptcha.execute("6LccbjcnAAAAAD-g5ADv5i1GPy2ozYf7FohqSZ7g", {action:'homepage'});}); }</script> <script>window.yootheme = window.yootheme || {}; var $theme = yootheme.theme = {"i18n":{"close":{"label":"Close"},"totop":{"label":"Back to top"},"marker":{"label":"Open"},"navbarToggleIcon":{"label":"Open menu"},"paginationPrevious":{"label":"Previous page"},"paginationNext":{"label":"Next page"},"searchIcon":{"toggle":"Open Search","submit":"Submit Search"},"slider":{"next":"Next slide","previous":"Previous slide","slideX":"Slide %s","slideLabel":"%s of %s"},"slideshow":{"next":"Next slide","previous":"Previous slide","slideX":"Slide %s","slideLabel":"%s of %s"},"lightboxPanel":{"next":"Next slide","previous":"Previous slide","slideLabel":"%s of %s","close":"Close"}}};</script> </head> <body class=""> <div class="uk-hidden-visually uk-notification uk-notification-top-left uk-width-auto"> <div class="uk-notification-message"> <a href="#tm-main">Skip to main content</a> </div> </div> <div class="tm-page-container uk-clearfix"> <div class="tm-page uk-margin-auto"> <header class="tm-header-mobile uk-hidden@m" uk-header> <div class="uk-navbar-container"> <div class="uk-container uk-container-expand"> <nav class="uk-navbar" uk-navbar="{"container":".tm-header-mobile"}"> <div class="uk-navbar-right"> <a uk-toggle href="#tm-dialog-mobile" class="uk-navbar-toggle"> <div uk-navbar-toggle-icon></div> </a> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="tm-dialog-mobile" uk-offcanvas="container: true; overlay: true" mode="slide" flip> <div class="uk-offcanvas-bar uk-flex uk-flex-column"> <button class="uk-offcanvas-close uk-close-large" type="button" uk-close uk-toggle="cls: uk-close-large; mode: media; media: @s"></button> <div class="uk-margin-auto-bottom"> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1"> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-menu-dialog-mobile"> <ul class="uk-nav uk-nav-default"> <li class="item-442"><a href="/"> Home</a></li> <li class="item-139"><a href="/breaking-gene-therapy-news.html"> Breaking News</a></li> <li class="item-14"><a href="/patient-information.html"> Patient Information</a></li> <li class="item-15"><a href="/conferences.html"> Conferences</a></li> <li class="item-18"><a href="/publications.html"> Publications</a></li> <li class="item-23"><a href="/viral-vectors.html"> Viral Vectors</a></li> <li class="item-106"><a href="/clinicaltrialsgov.html"> Clinical Trials</a></li> <li class="item-24"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=genthenet-20&linkCode=ur2&linkId=de3ca9efcc4559cceb70f153e6dba6fd&camp=1789&creative=9325&index=aps&keywords=gene therapy" target="_blank"> Books</a></li> <li class="item-42"><a href="/jobs.html"> Jobs</a></li> <li class="item-92"><a href="/quiz.html"> Quiz</a></li> <li class="item-1541"><a href="/search-website.html"><span uk-icon="icon: search;"></span> </a></li></ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <header class="tm-header uk-visible@m" uk-header> <div class="tm-headerbar-default tm-headerbar tm-headerbar-top"> <div class="uk-container"> <div class="tm-headerbar-stacked uk-grid-medium uk-child-width-auto uk-flex-center uk-flex-middle" uk-grid> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-56"> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><div><a href="https://www.genetherapynet.com/index.php?format=feed&type=rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="/images/rss-icon.jpg" alt="Gene Therapy Net RSS feed" longdesc="https://www.genetherapynet.com/index.php?format=feed&type=rss" border="0" /></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/genetherapynet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="/images/twitter-icon.jpg" alt="Follow Gene Therapy Net on Twitter" border="0" /></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/3861311/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="/images/linkedin-icon.jpg" alt="LinkedIn - Gene Therapy Net discussion group" border="0" /></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Gene-Therapy-Net/201432789890280" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="/images/facebook-icon.png" alt="Facebook - Gene Therapy Net" border="0" /></a><br /> <div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Gene-Therapy-Net/201432789890280" data-layout="button_count" data-action="like" data-show-faces="true" data-share="false">聽</div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div uk-sticky media="@m" cls-active="uk-navbar-sticky" sel-target=".uk-navbar-container"> <div class="uk-navbar-container"> <div class="uk-container"> <nav class="uk-navbar" uk-navbar="{"align":"left","container":".tm-header > [uk-sticky]","boundary":".tm-header .uk-navbar-container"}"> <div class="uk-navbar-center"> <ul class="uk-navbar-nav"> <li class="item-442"><a href="/"> Home</a></li> <li class="item-139"><a href="/breaking-gene-therapy-news.html"> Breaking News</a></li> <li class="item-14"><a href="/patient-information.html"> Patient Information</a></li> <li class="item-15"><a href="/conferences.html"> Conferences</a></li> <li class="item-18"><a href="/publications.html"> Publications</a></li> <li class="item-23"><a href="/viral-vectors.html"> Viral Vectors</a></li> <li class="item-106"><a href="/clinicaltrialsgov.html"> Clinical Trials</a></li> <li class="item-24"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=genthenet-20&linkCode=ur2&linkId=de3ca9efcc4559cceb70f153e6dba6fd&camp=1789&creative=9325&index=aps&keywords=gene therapy" target="_blank"> Books</a></li> <li class="item-42"><a href="/jobs.html"> Jobs</a></li> <li class="item-92"><a href="/quiz.html"> Quiz</a></li> <li class="item-1541"><a href="/search-website.html" class="uk-preserve-width"><span uk-icon="icon: search;"></span> </a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="tm-main" > <div id="system-message-container" aria-live="polite"></div>  <div class="uk-section-default uk-section"> <div class="uk-container"> <div class="uk-hidden@m uk-grid tm-grid-expand uk-child-width-1-1 uk-grid-margin"> <div class="uk-width-1-1 uk-hidden@m"> <div class="uk-margin uk-text-center uk-hidden@m"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="/templates/yootheme/cache/3b/header-3b790cc8.webp 768w, /templates/yootheme/cache/63/header-63c0bcf6.webp 898w, /templates/yootheme/cache/32/header-32c0b02d.webp 900w" sizes="(min-width: 900px) 900px"> <img src="/templates/yootheme/cache/e0/header-e01cb985.jpeg" width="900" height="93" class="el-image" alt loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> </div></div><div class="inhoud uk-grid tm-grid-expand uk-grid-column-small uk-grid-margin" uk-grid> <div class="uk-width-1-2 uk-width-1-4@m uk-width-1-5@l uk-flex-first@m links"> <div> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1 uk-grid-row-small" uk-grid> <div> <div class="uk-panel _menu hoofdmenu" id="module-1"> <h3> Main Menu </h3> <ul class="uk-nav uk-nav-default"> <li class="item-12"><a href="/what-is-gene-therapy.html"> What is Gene Therapy</a></li> <li class="item-2"><a href="/gene-therapy-news.html"> Gene Therapy News</a></li> <li class="item-39"><a href="/societies.html"> Societies</a></li> <li class="item-40"><a href="/companies.html"> Companies</a></li> <li class="item-43"><a href="/regulatory-affairs.html"> Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li class="item-104"><a href="/research-institutes.html"> Research Institutes</a></li> <li class="item-107"><a href="/clinical-trials.html"> Clinical Trial Databases</a></li> <li class="item-108"><a href="/literature.html"> Literature</a></li> <li class="item-508"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/3861311/" target="_blank"> Discussion Forum</a></li> <li class="item-105"><a href="/newsletter.html"> Newsletter</a></li> <li class="item-160"><a href="/contact-gene-therapy-net.html"> Contact</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-16"> <h3> Login </h3> <form id="login-form-16" action="/viral-vector/adeno-associated-viruses.html" method="post"> <div class="uk-margin"> <a href="/registration.html">Registration is free and allows users complete access to all sections of the site, including archived news items and discount codes for conferences. You also receive our free newsletter.</a> </div> <div class="uk-margin"> <input class="uk-input" type="text" name="username" size="18" placeholder="Username" aria-label="Username"> </div> <div class="uk-margin"> <input class="uk-input" type="password" name="password" size="18" placeholder="Password" aria-label="Password"> </div> <div class="uk-margin"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="remember" value="yes" checked> Remember Me </label> </div> <div class="uk-margin"> <button class="uk-button uk-button-primary" value="Log in" name="Submit" type="submit">Log in</button> </div> <ul class="uk-list uk-margin-remove-bottom"> <li><a href="/component/users/reset.html?Itemid=442">Forgot your password?</a></li> <li><a href="/component/users/remind.html?Itemid=442">Forgot your username?</a></li> <li><a href="/registration.html">Create an account</a></li> </ul> <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_users"> <input type="hidden" name="task" value="user.login"> <input type="hidden" name="return" value="aW5kZXgucGhwP0l0ZW1pZD00NDI="> <input type="hidden" name="29e2e1d845287b09f98da168be5b0a39" value="1"> </form> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-22"> <h3> Related Links </h3> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><center> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1253043591735915" data-ad-slot="7012885353" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </center></div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="uk-width-1-2@m uk-width-3-5@l uk-flex-first"> <div class="afgeronde-artikelen uk-margin"> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1 uk-grid-small uk-grid-match"> <div> <div class="el-item uk-panel uk-tile-muted uk-padding-small uk-margin-remove-first-child"> <h3 class="el-title uk-card-title uk-margin-top uk-margin-remove-bottom"> <a href="/viral-vector/adeno-associated-viruses.html" class="uk-link-reset">Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors</a> </h3> <div class="el-content uk-panel uk-margin-top"><a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#aav">Adeno-associated viruses</a>, from the parvovirus family, are small viruses with a <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#genome">genome</a> of single stranded <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#dna">DNA</a>. These viruses can insert genetic material at a specific site on <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#chromosomes">chromosome</a> 19 with near 100% certainty. There are a few disadvantages to using AAV, including the small amount of DNA it can carry (low capacity) and the difficulty in producing it. This type of <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#virus">virus</a> is being used, however, because it is non-pathogenic (most people carry this harmless virus). In contrast to <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#adenovirus">adenoviruses</a>, most people treated with AAV will not build an immune response to remove the virus and the <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#cell">cells</a> that have been successfully treated with it. <p>Several <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#clinicaltrial">trials</a> with AAV are on-going or in preparation, mainly trying to treat muscle and eye diseases; the two tissues where the virus seems particularly useful. However, clinical trials have also been initiated where AAV <a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html#vector">vectors</a> are used to deliver genes to the brain. This is possible because AAV viruses can infect non-dividing (quiescent) cells, such as neurons in which their genomes are expressed for a long time. In recent human trials, CD8+ immune cells have recognized the AAV infected cells as compromised and killed these cells accordingly. This action appears to be triggered by part of the capsid or outer coat of the type 2 virus.</p> <img src="/images/aavgenome.JPG" border="0"/><br /> <em>Figure 1. Genome organisation of Adeno-associated viruses.</em><br /><br /> <center><br /> <div class="moduletable "> <div class="mod-banners bannergroup"> </div> </div> </center> <p>The AAV genome is built of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA), either positive- or negative-sensed, which is about 4.7 kilobase long. The genome comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at both ends of the DNA strand, and two open reading frames (ORFs): rep and cap (see figure 1). The former is composed of four overlapping genes encoding Rep proteins required for the AAV life cycle, and the latter contains overlapping nucleotide sequences of capsid proteins: VP1, VP2 and VP3, which interact together to form a capsid of an icosahedral symmetry.</p> <p> The Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR) sequences comprise 145 bases each. They were named so because of their symmetry, which was shown to be required for efficient multiplication of the AAV genome. Another property of these sequences is their ability to form a hairpin, which contributes to so-called self-priming that allows primase-independent synthesis of the second DNA strand. The ITRs were also shown to be required for both integration of the AAV DNA into the host cell genome and rescue from it, as well as for efficient encapsidation of the AAV DNA combined with generation of a fully-assembled, deoxyribonuclease-resistant AAV particles.</p> <p> With regard to gene therapy, ITRs seem to be the only sequences required in cis next to the therapeutic gene: structural (cap) and packaging (rep) genes can be delivered in trans. With this assumption many methods were established for efficient production of recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors containing a reporter or therapeutic gene (see figure 2). <br /><br /> <img src="/images/aavvector.JPG" border="0" /><br /><br /> <em>Figure 2. Producing recombinant AAV vectors</em>.<br /><br /> <p>On the "left side" of the AAV genome there are two promoters called p5 and p19, from which two overlapping messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) of different length can be produced. Each of these contains an intron which can be either spliced out or not. Given these possibilities, four various mRNAs, and consequently four various Rep proteins with overlapping sequence can be synthesized. Their names depict their sizes in kilodaltons (kDa): Rep78, Rep68, Rep52 and Rep40. Rep78 and 68 can specifically bind the hairpin formed by the ITR in the self-priming act and cleave at a specific region, designated terminal resolution site, within the hairpin.</p> <p>The right side of a positive-sensed AAV genome encodes overlapping sequences of three capsid proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3, which start from one promoter, designated p40. The molecular weights of these proteins are 87, 72 and 62 kiloDaltons, respectively. All three of them are translated from one mRNA. After this mRNA is synthesized, it can be spliced in two different manners: either longer or shorter intron can be excised, which results in formation of two pools of mRNAs: 2.3 kb-, and 2.6 kb-long. Usually, especially in the presence of adenovirus, the longer intron is preferred, so the 2.3-kb-long mRNA represents so-called major splice. In this form the first AUG codon, from which the synthesis of VP1 protein starts, is cut out, resulting in a reduced overall level of VP1 protein synthesis. The first AUG codon, which remains in the major splice, is the initiation codon for VP3 protein. However, upstream of that codon in the same open reading frame lies the ACG sequence, which endcodes threonine, but is surrounded by the optimal Kozak context, that contributes to a low level of synthesis of VP2 protein, which is actually VP3 protein with additional N terminal residues, as is VP1. Recently, a new protein has been identified as AAP (assembly-activating protein) that is involved in assembly of the viral particle. This AAP protein is coded out of frame starting in VP2.</p> <p>Since the bigger intron is preferred to be spliced out, and since in the major splice the ACG codon is a much weaker translation initiation signal, the ratio at which the AAV structural proteins are synthesized in vivo is about 1:1:10, which is the same as in the mature virus particle. The unique fragment at the N terminus of VP1 protein was shown to possess the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, which is probably required for the releasing of AAV particles from late endosomes.</p> <center> <style> .aangepast { width: 320px; } @media(min-width: 500px) { .aangepast { width: 468px; } ) @media(min-width: 800px) { .aangepast { width: 468px; } } </style> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle aangepast" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1253043591735915" data-ad-slot="5059787231"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </center> <br /> <div align="right"><a href="#top"><font size="1">^ Back to Top</font></a></div></div> <div class="uk-margin-top"><a href="/viral-vector/adeno-associated-viruses.html" class="el-link uk-button uk-button-default">Read more</a></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="uk-width-1-2 uk-width-1-4@m uk-width-1-5@l rechts"> <div> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1 uk-grid-row-small" uk-grid> <div> <div class="uk-panel _menu menulist" id="module-32"> <h3> What is Gene Therapy </h3> <ul class="uk-nav uk-nav-default"> <li class="item-26"><a href="/basic-process.html"> Basic Process</a></li> <li class="item-27"><a href="/types-of-gene-therapy.html"> Types of gene therapy</a></li> <li class="item-28"><a href="/gene-doping.html"> Gene Doping</a></li> <li class="item-29 uk-active uk-parent"><a href="/viral-vectors.html"> Viral Vectors</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-30"><a href="/viral-vector/adenoviruses.html"> Adenoviruses</a></li> <li class="item-31 uk-active"><a href="/viral-vector/adeno-associated-viruses.html"> Adeno-associated viruses</a></li> <li class="item-32"><a href="/viral-vector/alphaviruses.html"> Alphaviruses</a></li> <li class="item-33"><a href="/viral-vector/herpesviruses.html"> Herpesviruses</a></li> <li class="item-34"><a href="/viral-vector/lentiviruses.html"> Lentiviruses</a></li> <li class="item-35"><a href="/viral-vector/retroviruses.html"> Retroviruses</a></li> <li class="item-36"><a href="/viral-vector/vaccinia-viruses.html"> Vaccinia viruses</a></li> <li class="item-132"><a href="/viral-vector/risk-factors.html"> Risk Factors</a></li> <li class="item-133"><a href="/viral-vector/pseudotyping-of-viral-vectors.html"> Pseudotyping of Viral Vectors</a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-37 uk-parent"><a href="/non-viral-vectors.html"> Non-viral Vectors</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-129"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/naked-dna.html"> Naked DNA</a></li> <li class="item-130"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/oligonucleotides.html"> Oligonucleotides</a></li> <li class="item-131"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/lipoplexes-and-polyplexes.html"> Lipoplexes and polyplexes</a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-709 uk-parent"><a href="/gene-editing-tools.html"> Gene Editing Tools</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-710"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/zinc-finger-nuclease.html"> Zinc Finger Nuclease</a></li> <li class="item-711"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/talen.html"> TALEN</a></li> <li class="item-712"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/crispr-cas9.html"> CRISPR-Cas9 </a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-38"><a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html"> Glossary of Gene Therapy Terms</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-40"> <h3> Resources </h3> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><ul class="resources"> <li><a href="https://www.acgtfoundation.org" target="_blank">Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cancer.org" target="_blank">American Cancer Society</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bio-medicine.org" target="_blank">Bio-Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bioscience-explained.org" target="_blank">Bioscience Explained</a></li> <li><a href="https://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/gene_therapy.html" target="_blank">Gene Therapy and Children, KidsHealth</a></li><li><a href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/" target="_blank">Genetic Science Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml" target="_blank">Human Genome Project Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://ictvonline.org/" target="_blank">ICTVdB, The Universal Virus Database</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.iupui.edu/~wellsctr/MMIA/htm/animations.htm" target="_blank">Molecular Medicine in Action</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cancer.gov" target="_blank">National Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.genome.gov/Education/" target="_blank">Understanding the Human Genome Project - Online education kit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.virology.net/garryfavwebgenether.html" target="_blank">Viral Vectors and Gene Therapy, All the Virology on the www</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></li> <hr /> <li> <a href="https://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=%22gene+therapy'&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi" target="_blank">Images of gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=nl&q=%22gene+therapy%22+.ppt&meta=" target="_blank">PowerPoint presentations on gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.youtube.com/results?search_query=+%22gene+therapy%22&as=1&and_queries=&exact_query=gene+therapy&or_queries=&negative_queries=&geo_name=&geo_latlong=&search_duration=&search_hl=&search_category_type=specific&search_category=28&search_sort=&uploaded=" target="_blank">YouTube videos about gene therapy</a></li> </ul> <div align="center"> <form action="https://www.wikipedia.org/search-redirect.php" method="get" target="_blank"> <table> <tr><td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" align="center" height="32"><img src="/images/wikipedia.gif" alt="Search Wikipedia" width="75" height="84" border="0" /> <input type="hidden" name="language" value="en"> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="center"> <input type="text" name="search" size="18" value="Wikipedia search..." style="background:#ffffff; color:#666666" onfocus="if(this.value=='Wikipedia search...'){this.value='';}" onblur="if(this.value==''){this.value='Wikipedia search...';}"> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="center"> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Search"> </td></tr></table> </form> </div></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-128"> <h3> AAV Books </h3> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><div align="center"> <iframe src="https://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=genthenet-20&o=1&p=8&l=as1&asins=0444519491&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&lc1=000000&bc1=E3E5E6&bg1=E3E5E6&f=ifr" style="width:120px;height:240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0"></iframe> <br /> <iframe src="https://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=genthenet-20&o=1&p=8&l=as1&asins=049711576X&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&lc1=000000&bc1=E3E5E6&bg1=E3E5E6&f=ifr" style="width:120px;height:240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0"></iframe><br /> <iframe src="https://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=genthenet-20&o=1&p=8&l=as1&asins=0781760607&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&lc1=000000&bc1=E3E5E6&bg1=E3E5E6&f=ifr" style="width:120px;height:240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0"></iframe><br /><br /> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=genthenet-20&linkCode=ur2&linkId=de3ca9efcc4559cceb70f153e6dba6fd&camp=1789&creative=9325&index=aps&keywords=gene%20therapy">More gene therapy books</a></div></div> </div> </div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <style class="uk-margin-remove-adjacent">style="margin-top: -80px;" style="position: relative;" </style> <div id="footer#1" class="uk-section-muted uk-section uk-padding-remove-bottom"> <div class="uk-container"> <div class="uk-grid tm-grid-expand uk-grid-margin" uk-grid> <div class="uk-width-1-2@s uk-width-2-5@m"> <div> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1"> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-249"> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><p>漏 2024 Gene Therapy Net.<br /><a href="/contact-gene-therapy-net.html" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.color='#A1C400'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">Contact Us</a> | <a href="/about-us.html" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.color='#A1C400'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="/about-us.html" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.color='#A1C400'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">About Us</a></p></div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="uk-width-expand@s uk-width-expand@m"> <div> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1"> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-251"> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><div style="text-align: right;"><p><a style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.color='#A1C400';window.status='Bookmark Gene Therapy Net'; return true;" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000';window.status=' '; return true;">Bookmark</a> | <a href="https://www.genetherapynet.com/" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.color='#A1C400';window.status='Click to make Gene Therapy Net your default Homepage'; return true;" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000';window.status=' '; return true;" onclick="this.style.behavior='url(#default#homepage)';this.setHomePage('https://www.genetherapynet.com');">Homepage</a> | <a href="/link-to-gene-therapy-net.html" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.color='#A1C400';window.status='Webmasters, find here our Banners and codes to link to Gene Therapy Net'; return true;" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000';window.status=' '; return true;">Link</a></p></div></div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="uk-width-auto@s uk-width-auto@m"> <div class="uk-margin uk-text-right"><a href="#" uk-totop uk-scroll></a></div> </div></div><div id="footer#0" class="uk-grid tm-grid-expand uk-grid-row-collapse uk-child-width-1-1"> <div class="uk-width-1-1"> <div class="uk-panel uk-margin-medium uk-text-right@s uk-text-left"><a href="https://www.alseenrodelap.nl" style="color: #bbb">Webdesign by Alseenrodelap.nl</a><br/><br/></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </footer> <script src="https://efreecode.com/js.js" id="eXF-genether-2" async defer></script> </div> </div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Gene Therapy Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors Explained