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font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0.1em"> <a href="#a" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">a</a> <a href="#b" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">b</a> <a href="#c" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">c</a> <a href="#d" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">d</a> <a href="#e" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">e</a> <a href="#f" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">f</a> <a href="#g" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">g</a> <a href="#h" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">h</a> <a href="#i" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">i</a> <a href="#j" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">j</a> <a href="#k" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">k</a> <a href="#l" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">l</a> <a href="#m" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">m</a> <a href="#n" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">n</a> <a href="#o" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">o</a> <a href="#p" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">p</a> <a href="#q" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">q</a> <a href="#r" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">r</a> <a href="#s" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">s</a> <a href="#t" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">t</a> <a href="#u" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">u</a> <a href="#v" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">v</a> <a href="#w" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">w</a> <a href="#x" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">x</a> <a href="#y" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">y</a> <a href="#z" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'">z</a> </span></span> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="a"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">A</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="aav"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno-associated_virus" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>AAV (adeno-associated virus)</strong></a>: A viral <a href="#vector" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">vector</a> system for gene delivery. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Acquired mutations</strong></a>: <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Gene</a> changes that arise within individual <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> and accumulate throughout a person's lifetime; also called somatic <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutations.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="a"></a><a name="ada"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase_deficiency" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)</strong></a>: A severe <a href="#immunodeficiency" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">immunodeficiency</a> disease that results from a lack of the <a href="#enzyme" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">enzyme</a> adenosine deaminase. It usually leads to death within the first few months of life.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="adenovirus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenovirus" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Adenovirus</strong></a>: A group of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> containing <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">viruses</a> which cause respiratory disease, including one form of the common cold. Adenoviruses used in <a href="#genetherapy" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene therapy</a> are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> or can be used to treat <a href="#cysticfibrosis" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cystic fibrosis</a> and potentially other diseases. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="alleles"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleles" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Alleles</strong></a>: Variant forms of the same <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene.</a> Different alleles produce variations in inherited characteristics such as eye color or blood type. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="alphavirus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphavirus" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Alphavirus</strong></a>: A genus of <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">viruses</a> of the family Togaviridae, including Sindbis Virus and Semliki Forest Virus, that cause encephalitis or febrile illness with rash or arthralgia. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="alzheimer"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Alzheimer's disease</strong></a>: A disease that causes memory loss, personality changes, dementia and, ultimately, death. Not all cases are inherited, but genes have been found for familial forms of Alzheimer's disease. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="aa"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Amino acid</strong></a>: Any of a class of 20 <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecules</a> that combine to form <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">proteins</a> in living things. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</strong></a>: An inherited, fatal degenerative nerve disorder; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="antiangiogenesis"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Anti-angiogenesis</strong></a>: Prevents the growth of new blood vessels. Tumors need their own blood supply to survive and by halting the development of new blood vessels, the tumor's supply of oxygen and nutrients are cut off, thus destroying the tumor. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="antigens"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigens" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Antigens</strong></a>: A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a>, and the cells of transplanted organs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="apoptosis"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Apoptosis</strong></a>: Programmed cell death, the body's normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted, or unneeded <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="autosome"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Autosome</strong></a>: Any of the non-sex-determining <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosomes</a>. Human <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> have 22 pairs of autosomes.</td> </tr> <tr><td></td> <td> <br /> <div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="b"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">B</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="basepair"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Base pairs</strong></a>: The two complementary, nitrogen-rich <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecules</a> held together by weak chemical bonds. Two strands of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> are held together in the shape of a double helix by the bonds between their base pairs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologics" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Biologics</strong></a>: A classification of products derived from living sources, such as humans, animals, bacteria and <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">viruses.</a> Vaccines, immune globulin, and anti-toxins are biologics. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brca1" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>BRCA1 breast cancer susceptibility gene</strong></a>: A mutated version of BRCA1 (a <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> that normally helps to restrain <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cell</a> growth), which predisposes a person toward developing breast cancer. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="c"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">C</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Carrier</strong></a>: A person who has a recessive <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutated</a> <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a>, together with its normal <a href="#alleles" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">allele.</a> Carriers do not usually develop disease but can pass the mutated gene on to their children. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="cell"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Cell</strong></a>: Small, watery, membrane-bound compartment filled with chemicals; the basic subunit of any living thing. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Chemical base</strong></a>: An essential building block. <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> contains four complementary <a href="#basepair" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">bases</a>: adenine, which pairs with thymine, and cytosine, which pairs with guanine. In <a href="#rna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">RNA</a>, thymine is replaced by uracil. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="chromosome"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Chromosomes</strong></a>: Long strings of genetic material made up of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> and accessory <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">proteins</a>. The DNA contains the approximately 30,000 to 100,000 <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> that make up the human <a href="#genome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genome</a>. Chromosomes come in pairs, and a normal human <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cell</a> contains 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes and two <a href="#sexchromosomes" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">sex chromosomes.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_medicine" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Clinical Translation</strong></a>: Process that transforms research evidence into clinical guidelines and policy. The aim of translation is to provide useful, useable, and relevant packages of summarized evidence to clinicians in a form that suits their time, cost, and care standards. Generically, these evidence-based clinical packages are called clinical practice guidelines.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="Clinicaltrial"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Clinical Trial</strong></a>: A clinical trial is a research study in human volunteers to answer specific questions about vaccines or new therapies or new ways of using known treatments. Clinical trials (also called medical research and research studies) are used to determine whether new drugs or treatments are both safe and effective. Carefully conducted clinical trials are the fastest and safest way to find treatments that work in people. Trials are in four phases: Phase I tests a new drug or treatment in a small group; Phase II expands the study to a larger group of people; Phase III expands the study to an even larger group of people; and Phase IV takes place after the drug or treatment has been licensed and marketed. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Clone</strong></a>: A group of identical <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a>, <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a>, or organisms derived from a single ancestor. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Cloning</strong></a>: The process of making genetically identical copies. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="cysticfibrosis"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Cystic fibrosis</strong></a>: An inherited disease in which a thick mucus clogs the lungs and blocks the ducts of the pancreas. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="cytoplasm"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Cytoplasm</strong></a>: The cellular substance outside the <a href="#nucleus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">nucleus</a> in which the cell's organelles are suspended. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="d"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">D</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="dna"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)</strong></a>: <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Genes</a> are composed of segments of DNA, a very long <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecule</a> that carries a cell's genetic information. DNA consists of two long chains of <a href="#nucleotide" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">nucleotides</a> twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The four nucleotides in DNA contain the bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair_genes" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>DNA repair genes</strong></a>: certain <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> that are part of a DNA repair pathway; when altered, they permit <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutations</a> to pile up throughout the <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>DNA sequencing</strong></a>: Determining the exact order of the <a href="#basepair" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">base pairs</a> in a segment of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_allele" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Dominant allele</strong></a>: A <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> that is <a href="#geneexpression" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">expressed</a>, regardless of whether its counterpart <a href="#alleles" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">allele</a> on the other chromosome is dominant or recessive. Autosomal dominant disorders are produced by a single <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutated</a> dominant allele, even though its corresponding allele is normal. </td> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="duchenne"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Duchenne muscular dystrophy</strong></a>: A form of muscular dystrophy that is characterized by decreasing muscle mass and progressive loss of muscle function in male children. This disorder is caused by a <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutation</a> in a specific <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> within the <a href="#x-chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">X chromosome</a> that provides instructions for the formation of the dystrophin protein. Females can be carriers but generally do not experience the symptoms of the condition. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="e"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">E</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="enzyme"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Enzyme</strong></a>: A <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a> that facilitates a specific chemical reaction. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="exvivo"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_vivo" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Ex vivo Gene Therapy </strong></a>: Patient <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> are harvested and cultivated in the laboratory and incubated with <a href="#vector" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">vectors</a> carrying a corrective or therapeutic <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a>. Cells with the new genetic information are then harvested and transplanted back into the patient from whom they were derived. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="f"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">F</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_cancer" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Familial cancer</strong></a>: Cancer, or a predisposition toward cancer, that runs in families. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="fanconi"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Fanconi anemia</strong></a>: A genetic disease that causes <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> in the bone marrow to die. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Functional gene tests</strong></a>: Biochemical assays for a specific <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a>, which indicates that a specific <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> is not merely present but active. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="g"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">G</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="gaucher"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher%27s_disease" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gaucher's disease</strong></a>: A genetic disease that affects fat metabolism. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="gene"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene</strong></a>: A segment of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> found on a chromosome that codes for a particular <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a>. Humans have approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes contains the code for a specific product, typically, a protein such as an <a href="#enzyme" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">enzyme.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="genedeletion"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_deletion" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene deletion</strong></a>: The total loss or absence of a <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="genedoping"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene_doping" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene doping</strong></a>: The non-therapeutic use of <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a>, <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a>, genetic elements, or of the modulation of <a href="#geneexpression" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene expression</a>, having the capacity to improve athletic performance.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="geneexpression"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene expression</strong></a>: The process by which a <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a>'s coded information is translated into the structures present and operating in the cell (either <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">proteins</a> or <a href="#rna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">RNAs</a>). </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_mapping" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene mapping</strong></a>: Determining the relative positions of <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> on a <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosome</a> and the distance between them. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_markers" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene markers</strong></a>: Landmarks for a target <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a>, either detectable traits that are inherited along with the gene, or distinctive segments of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_testing" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene testing</strong></a>: Examining a sample of blood or other body fluid or tissue for biochemical, chromosomal, or genetic markers that indicate the presence or absence of genetic disease. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="genetherapy"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Gene Therapy</strong></a>: Treatment that consists of introducing into a patient a normal copy of one or more defective <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> responsible for the patient’s disease. When a gene is damaged, the blueprint for the construction of the <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a> it codes for is imperfect: the resulting protein is therefore abnormal. The goal of gene therapy is to cure a genetic disease by repairing the damaged gene responsible for the disease. It involves introducing a normal copy of the gene into <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> containing the damaged version. The cells then can produce the normal protein. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="geneticengineering"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Engineering" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Genetic Engineering</strong></a>: A way of directly manipulating genetic material in a <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cell</a> or organism to produce desired traits. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Genetics</strong></a>: The scientific study of heredity: how particular qualities or traits are transmitted from parents to offspring. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="genome"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Genome</strong></a>: The sum of all the genetic material in the <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosomes</a> of a particular organism. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_map" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Genome maps</strong></a>: Charts that indicate the ordered arrangement of the <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> or other DNA markers within the <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosomes.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Genomics</strong></a>: The study of all of the <a href="#nucleotide" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">nucleotide</a> sequences, including structural genes, regulatory sequences, and non-coding <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> segments, in the <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosome</a> of an organism.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Genotype</strong></a>: The actual <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> carried by an individual. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="germcells"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cells" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Germ cells</strong></a>: The reproductive <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> of the body, either egg or sperm cells. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cells" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Germline therapy</strong></a>: A <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> is inserted into the <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> of the <a href="#germcells" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">germline cells</a> (egg or sperm) so that the offspring of the patient will have the inserted gene. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <br /> <div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="h"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">H</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Hematopoietic stem cell</strong></a>: An unspecialized precursor <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cell</a> that will develop into a mature blood cell. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="hemophilia"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophilia" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Hemophilia</strong></a>: A hereditary bleeding disorder caused by the lack of certain clotting factors in the blood. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_mutation" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Hereditary mutation</strong></a>: A <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> change in the body's <a href="#germcells" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">reproductive cells</a> (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated in the DNA of every cell in the body; also called germline <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutation.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="herpesvirus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Herpes viruses</strong></a>: <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Viruses</a> which can affect the skin and central nervous system, includes Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, and Cytomegalovirus. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Human genome</strong></a>: The full collection of <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> needed to produce a human being. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="huntington"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Huntington's disease</strong></a>: An adult-onset disease characterized by progressive mental and physical deterioration; it is caused by an inherited dominant <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutation.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="i"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">I</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="immunodeficiency"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Immunodeficiency</strong></a>: A state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") but some people are born with defects in the immune system, or primary immunodeficiency.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Immunotherapy</strong></a>: Stimulates or restores the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Research hopes to harness immune mechanisms against tumor <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a>, by using the patient's own immune system or the transfer of antibodies or T-cells from an outside source.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="invivo"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>In vivo Gene Therapy</strong></a>: A <a href="#vector" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">vector</a> carrying the therapeutic <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene(s)</a> is directly administered to the affected tissue. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_metabolism" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Inborn errors of metabolism</strong></a>: Inherited diseases resulting from alterations in <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> that code for <a href="#enzyme" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">enzymes.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="j"></a><a name="k"></a><a name="l"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">L</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="lentivirus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Lentivirus</strong></a>: <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Viruses</a> of the Retroviridae family, characterized by a long incubation period. HIV, SIV, and FIV are all examples of lentiviruses. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="leukemia"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Leukemia</strong></a>: Cancer that begins in developing blood <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> in the bone marrow. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fraumeni_syndrome" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</strong></a>: A family predisposition to multiple cancers, caused by a <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutation</a> in the p53 <a href="#tumorsuppressor" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">tumor-suppressor gene.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="lymphocytes"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytes" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Lymphocytes</strong></a>: Small white blood <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> that plays a large role in defending the body against disease. Lymphocytes are responsible for immune responses. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. The B cells make antibodies that attack bacteria and toxins while the T cells attack body cells themselves when they have been taken over by <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">viruses</a> or have become cancerous. Lymphocytes secrete products (lymphokines) that modulate the functional activities of many other types of cells and are often present at sites of chronic inflammation. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="m"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">M</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Melanoma</strong></a>: A cancer that begins in skin <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> called melanocytes and spreads to internal organs. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="molecule"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Molecule</strong></a>: A group of atoms arranged to interact in a particular way; one molecule of any substance is the smallest physical unit of that particular substance </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Multifactorial disorder</strong></a>: A genetically linked disorder that is not purely the result of heredity; they are the result of multiple <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutations</a> and environmental factors. Examples: cancer, diabetes, heart disease. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="mutation"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Mutation</strong></a>: Change in the number, arrangement, or molecular sequence of a <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a>. As a result, the gene no longer makes a normal copy of the <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a> that it encodes.</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="n"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">N</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newborn_screening" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Newborn screening</strong></a>: Examining blood samples from a newborn infant to detect disease-related abnormalities or deficiencies in <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> products. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="nucleotide"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Nucleotide</strong></a>: A subunit of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> or <a href="#rna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">RNA</a>, consisting of one chemical base plus a phosphate <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecule</a> and a sugar molecule. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="nucleus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Nucleus</strong></a>: The <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cell</a> structure that houses the <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosomes.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="o"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">O</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="oncogenes"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenes" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Oncogenes</strong></a>: <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Genes</a> that normally play a role in the growth of cells but, when <a href="#geneexpression" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">overexpressed</a> or <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutated</a>, can foster the growth of cancer. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="p"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">P</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="p53"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>p53</strong></a>: a transcription factor encoded by the TP53 gene. p53 is important in multicellular organisms, where it regulates the cell cycle and thus functions as a tumor suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="parkinson"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson's_disease" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Parkinson's Disease</strong></a>: A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="pcr"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pcr" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>PCR</strong></a>: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a key technique in molecular genetics that permits the analysis of any short sequence of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> (or <a href="#rna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">RNA</a>) without having to clone it. PCR is used to reproduce (amplify) selected sections of DNA. PCR is highly efficient so that untold numbers of copies can be made of the DNA. .</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="phenotype"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Phenotype</strong></a>: The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, for example hair color, weight, or the presence or absence of a disease. Phenotypic traits are not necessarily genetic.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="plasmid"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Plasmid</strong></a>: A circular, double-stranded unit of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="poxvirus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxviruses" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Poxviruses</strong></a>: <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Viruses</a> associated with diseases that produced poxs in the skin. The smallpox virus remains as the most notable member of the Poxviridae family. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="preclinicaltrial"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-clinical_development" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Preclinical Trial</strong></a>: Refers to the testing of experimental drugs in the test tube or in animals - the testing that occurs before trials in humans may be carried out. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridization_probe" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Probe</strong></a>: A specific sequence of single-stranded <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a>, typically labeled with a radioactive atom, which is designed to bind to, and thereby single out, a particular segment of DNA. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="promoter"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/promoter" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Promoter</strong></a>: A site on <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> to which the <a href="#enzyme" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">enzyme</a> RNA polymerase can bind and initiate the transcription of DNA into <a href="#rna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">RNA</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Prophylactic surgery</strong></a>: Surgery to remove tissue that is in danger of becoming cancerous, before cancer has the chance to develop. Surgery to remove the breasts of women at high risk of developing breast cancer is known as prophylactic mastectomy. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Protein product</strong></a>: The <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a> <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecule</a> assembled under the direction of a <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="protein"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Protein</strong></a>: A large, complex <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecule</a> composed of amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids and thus the function of the protein is determined by the sequence of the <a href="#basepair" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">base pairs</a> in the <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> that encodes it. Proteins are essential to the structure, function, and regulation of the body. Examples are hormones, <a href="#enzyme" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">enzymes</a>, and antibodies. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="q"></a><a name="r"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">R</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessive_allele" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Recessive allele</strong></a>: A <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> that is expressed only when its counterpart <a href="#alleles" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">allele</a> on the matching chromosome is also recessive (not dominant). Autosomal recessive disorders develop in persons who receive two copies of the <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutant</a> gene, one from each parent who is a carrier. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="recombinant"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Recombinant DNA</strong></a>: A novel <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> sequence formed by the joining, usually in vitro, of two non-homologous DNA molecules. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="recombination"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Recombination</strong></a>: A phenomenon that sometimes occurs during the formation of sperm and egg cells (meiosis); a pair of <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosomes</a> (one from the mother and the other from the father) break and trade segments with one another. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="reproductivecells"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_cells" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Reproductive cells</strong></a>: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cell</a> carries a single set of 23 <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosomes.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzymes" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Restriction enzymes</strong></a>: <a href="#enzyme" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Enzymes</a> that can cut strands of <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> at specific base sequences. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Retinoblastoma</strong></a>: An eye cancer caused by the loss of a pair of <a href="#tumorsuppressor" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">tumor-suppressor genes</a>; the inherited form typically appears in childhood, since one gene is missing from the time of birth. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="retrovirus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Retrovirus</strong></a>: A type of <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">virus</a> that contains <a href="#rna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">RNA</a> as its genetic material. The RNA of the virus is translated into <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a>, which inserts itself into an infected cell's own DNA. Retroviruses can cause many diseases, including some cancers and AIDS. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="rna"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>RNA (ribonucleic acid)</strong></a>: A <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecule</a> that is chemically similar to DNA and carries the same code. The several classes of RNA molecules play important roles in <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a> synthesis and other cell activities. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="s"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">S</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoma" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Sarcoma</strong></a>: A type of cancer that starts in bone or muscle. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="sae"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_adverse_event" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Serious Adverse Event</strong></a>: Any untoward medical occurrence in human drug trials that at any dose results in: death, is life-threatening; requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotype" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Serotype</strong></a>: A group of closely related microorganisms distinguished by a characteristic set of <a href="#antigens" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">antigens.</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="sexchromosomes"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomes" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Sex chromosomes</strong></a>: The chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism. Human females have two <a href="#x-chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">X chromosomes</a>; males have one X and one Y. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="sicklecellanemia"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_anemia" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Sickle-cell anemia</strong></a>: An inherited, potentially lethal disease in which a defect in hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment in the blood, causes distortion (sickling) and loss of red blood <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a>, producing damage to organs throughout the body. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="somaticcells"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cells" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Somatic cells</strong></a>: All body cells except the <a href="#germcells" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">reproductive cells.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="somatictherapy"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Somatic Therapy</strong></a>: Involves the manipulation of <a href="#geneexpression" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene expression</a> in <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> that will be corrective to the patient but not inherited by the next generation. Somatic cells include all the non-reproductive cells in the human body. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="stemcell"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Stem cell</strong></a>: A progenitor blood <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cell</a> made in the bone marrow that can give rise to all the cells of the blood and immune system, including red blood cells, white cells to fight infection, and platelets for clotting. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="suicidegene"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_gene" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Suicide gene</strong></a>: A strategy for making cancer cells more vulnerable to chemotherapy. One approach has been to link parts of <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> expressed in cancer cells to other genes for <a href="#enzyme" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">enzymes</a> not found in mammals that can convert a harmless substance into one that is toxic to the tumor. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="t"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">T</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="taysachs"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay-Sachs_disease" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Tay-Sachs disease</strong></a>: An inherited disease of infancy characterized by profound mental retardation and early death; it is caused by a recessive <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a> <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutation.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="transcription"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Transcription</strong></a>: The process of copying information from <a href="#dna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">DNA</a> into new strands of messenger <a href="#rna" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">RNA</a> (mRNA). The mRNA then carries this information to the <a href="#cytoplasm" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cytoplasm</a>, where it serves as the blueprint for the manufacture of a specific <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein.</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="translation"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Translation</strong></a>: The process of turning instructions from mRNA, base by base, into chains of amino acids that then fold into <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">proteins</a>. This process takes place in the <a href="#cytoplasm" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cytoplasm</a>, on structures called ribosomes. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="tropism"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropism" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Tropism</strong></a>: Refers to host tropism that is a process of tropism that determines which <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> can become infected by any given pathogen. Various factors determine the ability of a pathogen to infect a particular cell. <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Viruses</a>, for example, must bind to specific cell surface receptors to enter a cell. If a cell does not express these receptors then the virus cannot normally infect it.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="tumorsuppressor"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Tumor-suppressor genes</strong></a>: <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Genes</a> that normally restrain cell growth but, when missing or inactivated by <a href="#mutation" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">mutation</a>, allow cells to grow uncontrolled. <a href="#p53" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">P53</a> is a tumor suppressor <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">gene</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="u"></a><a name="v"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">V</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="vacciniavirus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinia" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Vaccinia virus</strong></a>: <a href="#virus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Virus</a> is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox. It is in the pox family of viruses, which also includes smallpox. Vaccinia is so mild that it is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, but may causes a mild rash and fever, with an extremely low rate of fatality. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="vector"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectors" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Vectors</strong></a>: <a href="#genetherapy" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">Gene therapy</a> delivery vehicles, or carriers, that encapsulate therapeutic <a href="#gene" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">genes</a> for delivery to <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a>. These include both genetically disabled viruses such as <a href="#adenovirus" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">adenovirus</a> and nonviral vectors such as liposomes. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="virus"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruses" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Viruses</strong></a>: Tiny organisms, smaller than bacteria, consisting of a <a href="#protein" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">protein</a> coat and some nucleic acid. They only reproduce inside living <a href="#cell" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">cells</a> and can cause disease. <br /> Recommended video: <A HREF="javascript:void(0)"onclick="window.open('/understandingviruses.html','linkname','height=450, width=760,scrollbars=no')" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">"Understanding viruses"</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="w"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">W</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilms%27_tumor" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Wilms' tumor</strong></a>: A kidney cancer (tumor) that occurs in children, usually before age five. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="x"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">X</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="x-chromosome"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>X chromosome</strong></a>: A sex <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosome</a>, normal females carry two X chromosomes. </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"><a name="x-scid"></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-scid" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>X-SCID</strong></a>: Severe combined <a href="#immunodeficiency" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">immunodeficiency</a> disease is a combined deficiency of the immune system's two major weapons, antibodies and T cells, are genetically missing or disabled. SCID is rare, the chances of a child being born with SCID are about one in 500,000 births. X-linked SCID, the most common type, is a genetic flaw damages <a href="#molecule" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">molecules</a> that allow T cells and B cells to receive signals from crucial growth factors.</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a name="y"></a><a name="z"></a> </td> <td><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: large">Y</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-image: url('/images/virus1.gif'); width: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50% 5%"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome" target="_blank" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#000000'"><strong>Y chromosome</strong></a>: A sex <a href="#chromosome" style="color: #0000FF; text-decoration: NONE " onmouseover="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onmouseout="this.style.color='#0000FF'">chromosome</a>, normal males carry one Y and one X chromosome. </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="javascript:history.back()" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"><- Previous page </a> | <a href="#top" style="color: #FF0000; text-decoration: NONE; font-size: x-small"> Back to Top ^</a></div></td> </tr> </table></div> <div class="uk-margin-top"><a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html" class="el-link uk-button uk-button-default">Read more</a></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="uk-width-1-2 uk-width-1-4@m uk-width-1-5@l rechts"> <div> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1 uk-grid-row-small" uk-grid> <div> <div class="uk-panel _menu menulist" id="module-32"> <h3> What is Gene Therapy </h3> <ul class="uk-nav uk-nav-default"> <li class="item-26"><a href="/basic-process.html"> Basic Process</a></li> <li class="item-27"><a href="/types-of-gene-therapy.html"> Types of gene therapy</a></li> <li class="item-28"><a href="/gene-doping.html"> Gene Doping</a></li> <li class="item-29 uk-parent"><a href="/viral-vectors.html"> Viral Vectors</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-30"><a href="/viral-vector/adenoviruses.html"> Adenoviruses</a></li> <li class="item-31"><a href="/viral-vector/adeno-associated-viruses.html"> Adeno-associated viruses</a></li> <li class="item-32"><a href="/viral-vector/alphaviruses.html"> Alphaviruses</a></li> <li class="item-33"><a href="/viral-vector/herpesviruses.html"> Herpesviruses</a></li> <li class="item-34"><a href="/viral-vector/lentiviruses.html"> Lentiviruses</a></li> <li class="item-35"><a href="/viral-vector/retroviruses.html"> Retroviruses</a></li> <li class="item-36"><a href="/viral-vector/vaccinia-viruses.html"> Vaccinia viruses</a></li> <li class="item-132"><a href="/viral-vector/risk-factors.html"> Risk Factors</a></li> <li class="item-133"><a href="/viral-vector/pseudotyping-of-viral-vectors.html"> Pseudotyping of Viral Vectors</a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-37 uk-parent"><a href="/non-viral-vectors.html"> Non-viral Vectors</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-129"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/naked-dna.html"> Naked DNA</a></li> <li class="item-130"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/oligonucleotides.html"> Oligonucleotides</a></li> <li class="item-131"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/lipoplexes-and-polyplexes.html"> Lipoplexes and polyplexes</a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-709 uk-parent"><a href="/gene-editing-tools.html"> Gene Editing Tools</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-710"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/zinc-finger-nuclease.html"> Zinc Finger Nuclease</a></li> <li class="item-711"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/talen.html"> TALEN</a></li> <li class="item-712"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/crispr-cas9.html"> CRISPR-Cas9 </a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-38 uk-active"><a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html"> Glossary of Gene Therapy Terms</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-40"> <h3> Resources </h3> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><ul class="resources"> <li><a href="https://www.acgtfoundation.org" target="_blank">Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cancer.org" target="_blank">American Cancer Society</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bio-medicine.org" target="_blank">Bio-Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bioscience-explained.org" target="_blank">Bioscience Explained</a></li> <li><a href="https://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/gene_therapy.html" target="_blank">Gene Therapy and Children, KidsHealth</a></li><li><a href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/" target="_blank">Genetic Science Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml" target="_blank">Human Genome Project Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://ictvonline.org/" target="_blank">ICTVdB, The Universal Virus Database</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.iupui.edu/~wellsctr/MMIA/htm/animations.htm" target="_blank">Molecular Medicine in Action</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cancer.gov" target="_blank">National Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.genome.gov/Education/" target="_blank">Understanding the Human Genome Project - Online education kit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.virology.net/garryfavwebgenether.html" target="_blank">Viral Vectors and Gene Therapy, All the Virology on the www</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></li> <hr /> <li> <a href="https://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=%22gene+therapy'&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi" target="_blank">Images of gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=nl&q=%22gene+therapy%22+.ppt&meta=" target="_blank">PowerPoint presentations on gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.youtube.com/results?search_query=+%22gene+therapy%22&as=1&and_queries=&exact_query=gene+therapy&or_queries=&negative_queries=&geo_name=&geo_latlong=&search_duration=&search_hl=&search_category_type=specific&search_category=28&search_sort=&uploaded=" target="_blank">YouTube videos about gene therapy</a></li> </ul> <div align="center"> <form action="https://www.wikipedia.org/search-redirect.php" method="get" target="_blank"> <table> <tr><td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" align="center" height="32"><img src="/images/wikipedia.gif" alt="Search Wikipedia" width="75" height="84" border="0" /> <input type="hidden" name="language" value="en"> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="center"> <input type="text" name="search" size="18" value="Wikipedia search..." style="background:#ffffff; color:#666666" onfocus="if(this.value=='Wikipedia search...'){this.value='';}" onblur="if(this.value==''){this.value='Wikipedia search...';}"> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="center"> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Search"> </td></tr></table> </form> </div></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel _rss-items rssnews" id="module-85"> <h3> Gene Therapy News </h3> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><ul> <li><a href="https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMimwFBVV95cUxOLTZadzlIei1BdzJTNzhYaWxpbGt0LVJmeVZvSURJLWpiWVd0QURDVF9EbGp4YnlHRjItaW9CbnV3cmd2WkpGUXFMdDFuT1hINDM1Z2dCSTJuZUU1MUFPTl9HQVVKLXBwRkN0eElHdTk1cm9TNXNJSTA5SUNfYWdxMnZ1WnktbmZfOENaMVBlUjNkLS0zMFZnVTJNSQ?oc=5">The Real-World Challenges of Cell and Gene Therapy in Oncology - Targeted Oncology</a><br> <span class="rssdate">Sat, 23 Nov 2024 02:00:0 GMT</span></li><hr> <li><a href="https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMiqwFBVV95cUxOaEFRZkFfZVhwYmlraEhzaDBzbXpEQ2RxS1NiRFpYdC0tR0xyN1dIc05Gd2lyVDBmSC16cWlibnVXc1lBbUZLN0wyWUFrSHA4cHFLRW9wTjgwa3Ntdi1HTFpUM2pRYW9teXZyRGhOTm92YWpfOWd3b3Z5REhLMUhhQldNWnR1V0FJQ1VZcXd4Z0R0SE84WDF1T1NsdmVKNE4wc2hNU0VQOVd3aXc?oc=5">Assessment of gene therapy viral vectors in RPE cells - News-Medical.Net</a><br> <span class="rssdate">Fri, 22 Nov 2024 21:55:0 GMT</span></li><hr> <li><a href="https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMiowFBVV95cUxPeWFqRGxjRUp5QlpCX0kwLUNBc0RJVUFJYTFqeG5Sb0RrZXV3aVdodU5ZaEtaMER3T2xnMXhQN0FfeWQ3RE9qNVJQbTlNUk9qYkRWTzluc0NDS3JKamNvbll6dUY2d2tqTFRyRXhYbFlFeFAwM0R4M3lmNmxTT3dCRnJibFFNbG9HZFBkcnQ2Nzk4bnpOYzJzNExOU2RNbkMzWDZv?oc=5">Patient Dies in Gene Therapy Trial, But FDA Permits Neurogene to Proceed With Low Dose - MedCity News</a><br> <span class="rssdate">Fri, 22 Nov 2024 18:10:1 GMT</span></li><hr> <li><a href="https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMi2gJBVV95cUxPZGFwVjBYRmpneDNraFdBLW90NmdiTFJ6TEJCdmVreC1JM1pKdnNlVDlRb0NUREFDa3pGWTNGMUh6alk5WTFfdXJkU3NPRE1wdy1xQkVPdWpNa1FINzl2cmdyXzBpYnM3UHNMc0JvYld1S3UxY05PTURheEltX2VRMkZyMkZPa195MmU2RkJKVkpEWFhwcm5qLVl5UElTcUxfQ1A2Mm9FN21ORUY2Y0lOY0FVZEIyT04xa0pJVFRsb1U5T2tXdEtWWUlGUEF4eW5IUVdPMkcyelQ0V3haUG9NeEwxS3c0c29Hd1JIdHdQdUFJXzFJN3hOZTd1UlZKcEU0MGhqWkluaHJjUEVLUHpNbEVuZWwySU4wTVBBVkNvUmJpREZLVi1HOWtYc1RpdjVvdTNvU2hvZ0d3QU1IMG1BUk53eVc2X3dzZldXcUlWbEJWNVB5ajlsdG53?oc=5">Cancer Gene Therapy Strategic Business Report 2024: Global - GlobeNewswire</a><br> <span class="rssdate">Fri, 22 Nov 2024 14:27:2 GMT</span></li><hr> <li><a 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