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<span>Compositions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compositions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alkali_feldspars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkali_feldspars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alkali feldspars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkali_feldspars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammonium_feldspar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammonium_feldspar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ammonium feldspar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammonium_feldspar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barium_feldspars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barium_feldspars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Barium feldspars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barium_feldspars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plagioclase_feldspars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plagioclase_feldspars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Plagioclase feldspars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plagioclase_feldspars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weathering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weathering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Weathering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weathering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Commercial grades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Extraterrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Feldspar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veldspaat" title="Veldspaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veldspaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فلسبار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسبار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespato" title="Feldespato – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Feldespato" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespatu" title="Feldespatu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Feldespatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6l_%C5%9Fpatlar%C4%B1" title="Çöl şpatları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çöl şpatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফেল্ডস্পার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফেল্ডস্পার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Tn̂g-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tn̂g-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ҡыр шпаты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыр шпаты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="फेल्सपार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फेल्सपार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фелдшпат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фелдшпат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespat" title="Feldespat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Feldespat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivce" title="Živce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Živce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffelsbar" title="Ffelsbar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffelsbar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4evakivi" title="Päevakivi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päevakivi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Άστριοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άστριοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespato" title="Feldespato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feldespato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspato" title="Feldspato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Feldspato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespato" title="Feldespato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Feldespato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلدسپات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلدسپات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspath" title="Feldspath – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feldspath" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iathchloch" title="Iathchloch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iathchloch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespato" title="Feldespato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Feldespato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%9D" title="장석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դաշտային սպաթներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դաշտային սպաթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="फेल्सपार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फेल्सपार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felspar" title="Felspar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Felspar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspato" title="Feldspato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Feldspato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%94" title="פצלת השדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פצלת השדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მინდვრის შპატები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინდვრის შპატები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дала шпаттары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дала шпаттары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathum" title="Spathum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spathum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauk%C5%A1pats" title="Laukšpats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laukšpats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauko_%C5%A1patas" title="Lauko špatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lauko špatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veldsjpaat" title="Veldsjpaat – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veldsjpaat" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldp%C3%A1tok" title="Földpátok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földpátok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspata" title="Feldspata – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Feldspata" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Feldspar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကြွေကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြွေကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veldspaat" title="Veldspaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veldspaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" title="長石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspaat" title="Feldspaat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Feldspaat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltspat" title="Feltspat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Feltspat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltspat" title="Feltspat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Feltspat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dala_shpatlari" title="Dala shpatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dala shpatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%90%D9%84%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فېلډسپار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فېلډسپار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalenie" title="Skalenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skalenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspato" title="Feldspato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Feldspato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Полевые шпаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полевые шпаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feldspar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_%C5%BEivca" title="Skupina živca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skupina živca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinenec" title="Glinenec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glinenec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фелдспат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фелдспат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maas%C3%A4lp%C3%A4" title="Maasälpä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maasälpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4ltspat" title="Fältspat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fältspat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பெல்ட்ஸ்பார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெல்ட்ஸ்பார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เฟลด์สปาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟลด์สปาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Feldspat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Польові шпати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польові шпати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felspat" title="Felspat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Felspat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="长石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" title="長石 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="長石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Feldspar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Feldspar (disambiguation)">Feldspar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #eae6de">Feldspar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldspar_diversity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Feldspar_diversity.png/350px-Feldspar_diversity.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Feldspar_diversity.png/525px-Feldspar_diversity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Feldspar_diversity.png/700px-Feldspar_diversity.png 2x" data-file-width="4296" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Feldspar minerals. Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">Orthoclase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">Albite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microcline" title="Microcline">Microcline</a>, and an indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #eae6de">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tectosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectosilicate">Tectosilicate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span> – <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>AlSi<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span> – <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>Si<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fsp<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Triclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclinic">Triclinic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #eae6de">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">pink, white, gray, brown, blue</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">two or three</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">along cleavage planes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">6.0–6.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.55–2.76</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.56</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.518–1.526</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">first order</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">none</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">exsolution lamellae common</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p><b>Feldspar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FEL(D)</span>-spar</i></a>; sometimes spelled <b>felspar</b>) is a group of rock-forming <a href="/wiki/Aluminosilicate" title="Aluminosilicate">aluminium tectosilicate minerals</a>, also containing other <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium.<sup id="cite_ref-Glossary2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossary2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common members of the feldspar group are the <i>plagioclase</i> (sodium-calcium) feldspars and the <i>alkali</i> (potassium-sodium) feldspars.<sup id="cite_ref-DeerHowieZussman2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeerHowieZussman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldspars make up about 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a><sup id="cite_ref-Glossary2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossary2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 41% of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudnick2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudnick2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feldspars <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystallize</a> from <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> as both <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrusive">extrusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> rocks<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are also present in many types of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock formed almost entirely of calcic <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> feldspar is known as <a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">anorthosite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldspars are also found in many types of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>feldspar</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Feldspat</i></span>, a compound of the words <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Feld</i></span></i> ("field") and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Spat</i></span> ("flake"). <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Spat</i></span> had long been used as the word for "a <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> easily cleaved into flakes"; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Feldspat</i></span> was introduced in the 18th century as a more specific term, referring perhaps to its common occurrence in rocks found in fields (Urban Brückmann, 1783) or to its occurrence as "fields" within granite and other minerals (René-Just Haüy, 1804).<sup id="cite_ref-Lüschen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lüschen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Spat</i></span> to <i>-spar</i> was influenced by the English word <a href="/wiki/Spar_(mineralogy)" title="Spar (mineralogy)"><i>spar</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning a non-opaque mineral with good cleavage.<sup id="cite_ref-OED1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Feldspathic</i> refers to materials that contain feldspar. The alternate spelling, <i>felspar</i>, has fallen out of use. The term 'felsic', meaning light coloured minerals such as quartz and feldspars, is an acronymic word derived from <i>fel</i>dspar and <i>si</i>lica, unrelated to the obsolete spelling 'felspar'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions">Compositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldspar_group.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Feldspar_group.svg/280px-Feldspar_group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Feldspar_group.svg/420px-Feldspar_group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Feldspar_group.svg/560px-Feldspar_group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Compositional phase diagram of the different minerals that constitute the feldspar solid solution</figcaption></figure> <p>The feldspar group of minerals consists of <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">tectosilicates</a>, silicate minerals in which silicon ions are linked by shared oxygen ions to form a three-dimensional network. Compositions of major elements in common feldspars can be expressed in terms of three <a href="/wiki/Endmember_(mineralogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endmember (mineralogy)">endmembers</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">potassium feldspar (K-spar)</a> endmember <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><sub>3</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>8</sub><sup id="cite_ref-feldspar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldspar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a> endmember <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub><sup id="cite_ref-feldspar_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldspar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">anorthite</a> endmember <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub><sup id="cite_ref-feldspar_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldspar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">Solid solutions</a> between K-feldspar and albite are called alkali feldspar.<sup id="cite_ref-feldspar_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldspar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid solutions between albite and anorthite are called <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-feldspar_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldspar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, more properly, plagioclase feldspar. Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other solid solutions, <a href="/wiki/Immiscibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Immiscibility">immiscibility</a> occurs at temperatures common in the crust of the Earth. Albite is considered both a plagioclase and alkali feldspar. </p><p>The ratio of alkali feldspar to plagioclase feldspar, together with the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, is the basis for the <a href="/wiki/QAPF_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="QAPF classification">QAPF classification</a> of igneous rock.<sup id="cite_ref-iugs-1991_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iugs-1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGS-1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcium-rich plagioclase is the first feldspar to crystallize from cooling magma, then the plagioclase becomes increasingly sodium-rich as crystallization continues. This defines the continuous <a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_reaction_series" title="Bowen's reaction series">Bowen's reaction series</a>. K-feldspar is the final feldspar to crystallize from the magma.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkali_feldspars">Alkali feldspars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alkali feldspars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alkali feldspars are grouped into two types: those containing potassium in combination with sodium, aluminium, or silicon; and those where potassium is replaced by barium. The first of these include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">orthoclase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-orthoclase_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoclase-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">KAlSi<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanidine" title="Sanidine">sanidine</a> (monoclinic)<sup id="cite_ref-sanidine_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanidine-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(K,Na)AlSi<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcline" title="Microcline">microcline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclinic">triclinic</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-microcline_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcline-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">KAlSi<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthoclase" title="Anorthoclase">anorthoclase</a> (triclinic) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(Na,K)AlSi<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li></ul> <p>Potassium and sodium feldspars are not perfectly <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">miscible</a> in the melt at low temperatures, therefore intermediate compositions of the alkali feldspars occur only in higher temperature environments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993532–536_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993532–536-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanidine is stable at the highest temperatures, and microcline at the lowest.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoclase_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoclase-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanidine_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanidine-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perthite" title="Perthite">Perthite</a> is a typical texture in alkali feldspar, due to <a href="/wiki/Exsolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Exsolution">exsolution</a> of contrasting alkali feldspar compositions during cooling of an intermediate composition. The perthitic textures in the alkali feldspars of many <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> can be seen with the naked eye.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microperthitic textures in crystals are visible using a light microscope, whereas cryptoperthitic textures can be seen only with an electron microscope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammonium_feldspar">Ammonium feldspar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ammonium feldspar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddingtonite" title="Buddingtonite">Buddingtonite</a> is an ammonium feldspar with the chemical formula: NH<sub>4</sub>AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a mineral associated with hydrothermal alteration of the primary feldspar minerals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barium_feldspars">Barium feldspars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Barium feldspars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barium feldspars form as the result of the substitution of barium for potassium in the mineral structure. Barium feldspars are sometimes classified as a separate group of feldspars,<sup id="cite_ref-DeerHowieZussman2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeerHowieZussman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes they are classified as a sub-group of alkali feldspars.<sup id="cite_ref-MindatGroup_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindatGroup-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The barium feldspars are monoclinic and include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celsian" title="Celsian">celsian</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">BaAl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyalophane" title="Hyalophane">hyalophane</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(K,Ba)(Al,Si)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plagioclase_feldspars">Plagioclase feldspars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plagioclase feldspars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plagioclase feldspars are <a href="/wiki/Triclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclinic">triclinic</a>. The plagioclase series follows (with percent <a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">anorthite</a> in parentheses): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a> (0 to 10) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaAlSi<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoclase" title="Oligoclase">oligoclase</a> (10 to 30) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(Na,Ca)(Al,Si)AlSi<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesine" title="Andesine">andesine</a> (30 to 50) <span class="chemf nowrap">NaAlSi<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span> – CaAl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>Si<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">labradorite</a> (50 to 70) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytownite" title="Bytownite">bytownite</a> (70 to 90) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NaSi,CaAl)AlSi<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">anorthite</a> (90 to 100) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaAl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></li></ul> <p>Intermediate compositions of exsolve to two feldspars of contrasting composition during cooling, but diffusion is much slower than in alkali feldspar, and the resulting two-feldspar intergrowths typically are too fine-grained to be visible with optical microscopes. The immiscibility gaps in the plagioclase solid solutions are complex compared to the gap in the alkali feldspars. The play of colours visible in some feldspar of <a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">labradorite</a> composition is due to very fine-grained exsolution <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_structure" title="Lamellar structure">lamellae</a> known as Bøggild intergrowth. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> in the plagioclase series increases from <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a> (2.62) to anorthite (2.72–2.75). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of a feldspar crystal is based on aluminosilicate tetrahedra. Each tetrahedron consists of an aluminium or silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions. Each oxygen ion, in turn, is shared by a neighbouring tetrahedron to form a three-dimensional network. The structure can be visualized as long chains of aluminosilicate tetrahedra, sometimes described as crankshaft chains because their shape is kinked. Each crankshaft chain links to neighbouring crankshaft chains to form a three-dimensional network of fused four-member rings. The structure is open enough for cations (typically sodium, potassium, or calcium) to fit into the structure and provide charge balance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993533–534_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993533–534-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anorthite_crankshaft.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram showing part of a crankshaft chain of feldspar"><img alt="Diagram showing part of a crankshaft chain of feldspar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Anorthite_crankshaft.png/120px-Anorthite_crankshaft.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Anorthite_crankshaft.png/180px-Anorthite_crankshaft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Anorthite_crankshaft.png/240px-Anorthite_crankshaft.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram showing part of a crankshaft chain of feldspar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anorthite_c.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the c axis"><img alt="Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the c axis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Anorthite_c.png/120px-Anorthite_c.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Anorthite_c.png/180px-Anorthite_c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Anorthite_c.png/240px-Anorthite_c.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the c axis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anorthite_a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the a axis"><img alt="Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the a axis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anorthite_a.png/120px-Anorthite_a.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anorthite_a.png/180px-Anorthite_a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anorthite_a.png/240px-Anorthite_a.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the a axis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anorthite_b.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the b axis"><img alt="Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the b axis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anorthite_b.png/120px-Anorthite_b.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anorthite_b.png/180px-Anorthite_b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anorthite_b.png/240px-Anorthite_b.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the b axis</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weathering">Weathering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weathering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Chemical weathering</a> of feldspars happens by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> and produces <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay minerals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>. Hydrolysis of feldspars begins with the feldspar dissolving in water, which happens best in acidic or basic solutions and less well in neutral ones.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speed at which feldspars are weathered is controlled by how quickly they are dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissolved feldspar reacts with H<sup>+</sup> or OH<sup>−</sup> ions and precipitates clays. The reaction also produces new <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> in solution, with the variety of ions controlled by the type of feldspar reacting. </p><p>The abundance of feldspars in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> means that clays are very abundant weathering products.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 40% of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> are clays and clays are the dominant minerals in the most common sedimentary rocks, <a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also an important component of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldspar that has been replaced by clay looks chalky compared to more crystalline and glassy unweathered feldspar grains.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feldspars, especially plagioclase feldspars, are not very stable at the Earth's surface due to their high formation temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lack of stability is why feldspars are easily weathered to clays. Because of this tendency to weather easily, feldspars are usually not prevalent in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks that contain large amounts of feldspar indicate that the sediment did not undergo much chemical weathering before being buried. This means it was probably <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">transported</a> a short distance in cold and/or dry conditions that did not promote weathering, and that it was quickly buried by other sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandstones with large amounts of feldspar are called <a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">arkoses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feldspar is a common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to some extent as filler and an extender in paint, plastics, and rubber. In the US, about 66% of feldspar is consumed in glassmaking, including glass containers and glass fibre. Ceramics (including electrical insulators, sanitaryware, tableware and tile) and other uses, such as fillers, accounted for the remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Glass</b>: Feldspar provides both K<sub>2</sub>O and Na<sub>2</sub>O for fluxing, and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CaO as stabilizers. As an important source of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for glassmaking, feldspar is valued for its low iron and refractory mineral content, a low cost per unit of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, no volatiles and no waste.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Ceramics</b>: Feldspars are used in the ceramic industry as a <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_flux" title="Ceramic flux">flux</a> to form a glassy phase in bodies during firing, and thus promote vitrification. They also are used as a source of alkalies and alumina in glazes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition of feldspar used in different ceramic formulations varies depending on various factors, including the properties of the individual grade, the other raw materials and the requirements of the finished products. However, typical additions include: tableware, 15% to 30% feldspar; high-tension electrical porcelains, 25% to 35%; sanitaryware, 25%; wall tile, 0% to 10%; and dental porcelain up to 80% feldspar.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Earth sciences</b>: In earth sciences and archaeology, feldspars are used for <a href="/wiki/Potassium-argon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium-argon dating">potassium-argon dating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon-argon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon-argon dating">argon-argon dating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">luminescence dating</a>. </p><p><b>Minor use</b>: Some household cleaners (such as <a href="/wiki/Bar_Keepers_Friend" title="Bar Keepers Friend">Bar Keepers Friend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bon_Ami" title="Bon Ami">Bon Ami</a>) use feldspar to give a mild abrasive action.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> estimated global production of feldspar in 2020 to be 26 million tonnes, with the top four producing countries being: China 2 million tonnes; India 5 million tonnes; Italy 4 million; Turkey 7.6 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_grades">Commercial grades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commercial grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical mineralogical and chemical analyses of three commercial grades used in ceramics are:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th width="80">Product name</th> <th>Norfloat K</th> <th>Forshammar</th> <th>FFF K6 </th></tr> <tr> <th width="80">Country </th> <td>Norway</td> <td>Sweden</td> <td>Finland </td></tr> <tr> <th width="80">Producing company </th> <td>North Cape</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibelco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibelco (page does not exist)">Sibelco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibelco" class="extiw" title="nl:Sibelco">nl</a>]</span></td> <td>Sibelco </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Albite, % </th> <td>23</td> <td>40</td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Microcline, % </th> <td>71</td> <td>23</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Anorthite, % </th> <td>3</td> <td>-</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Quartz , % </th> <td>3</td> <td>33</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>SiO<sub>2</sub>, % </th> <td>65.9</td> <td>75.7</td> <td>67.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, % </th> <td>18.6</td> <td>14.1</td> <td>18.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, % </th> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>TiO<sub>2</sub>, % </th> <td>-</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th>CaO, % </th> <td>0.40</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.70 </td></tr> <tr> <th>MgO, % </th> <td>-</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th>K<sub>2</sub>O, % </th> <td>11.8</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Na<sub>2</sub>O, % </th> <td>2.9</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>LOI, % </th> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial">Extraterrestrial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> found high feldspar content in a Mars rock.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Specimen of rare plumbian (lead-rich) feldspar"><img alt="Specimen of rare plumbian (lead-rich) feldspar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg/130px-Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg/195px-Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg/260px-Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Specimen of rare plumbian (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-rich) feldspar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crystallized white feldspar, with an upright 4 cm aquamarine crystal perched on it"><img alt="Crystallized white feldspar, with an upright 4 cm aquamarine crystal perched on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg/130px-Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg/195px-Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg/260px-Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crystallized white feldspar, with an upright 4 cm <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gemstone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarine (gemstone)">aquamarine</a> crystal perched on it</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feldspar and moonstone, from Sonora, Mexico"><img alt="Feldspar and moonstone, from Sonora, Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg/130px-Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg/195px-Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg/260px-Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feldspar and moonstone, from Sonora, Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cluster of euhedral feldspar crystals with a schorl crystal"><img alt="A cluster of euhedral feldspar crystals with a schorl crystal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg/130px-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg/195px-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg/260px-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cluster of <a href="/wiki/Euhedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Euhedral">euhedral</a> feldspar crystals with a schorl crystal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First X-ray view of Martian soil—feldspar, pyroxenes, olivine revealed (Curiosity rover at "Rocknest", October 17, 2012)[42]"><img alt="First X-ray view of Martian soil—feldspar, pyroxenes, olivine revealed (Curiosity rover at "Rocknest", October 17, 2012)[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/126px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/189px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/252px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Mineralogy_and_metallurgy" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray view</a> of <a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a>—feldspar, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroxenes">pyroxenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> revealed (<a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover">Curiosity rover</a> at "<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>", October 17, 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20121030_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20121030-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_(60025).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lunar ferrous anorthosite #60025 (plagioclase feldspar). Collected by Apollo 16 from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater. This sample is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Lunar ferrous anorthosite #60025 (plagioclase feldspar). Collected by Apollo 16 from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater. This sample is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_%2860025%29.jpg/97px-Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_%2860025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_%2860025%29.jpg/146px-Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_%2860025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_%2860025%29.jpg/195px-Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_%2860025%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> ferrous <a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">anorthosite</a> #60025 (<a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> feldspar). Collected by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon#Highlands" title="Geology of the Moon">Lunar Highlands</a> near <a href="/wiki/Descartes_(crater)" title="Descartes (crater)">Descartes Crater</a>. This sample is currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a> – List of minerals with Wikipedia articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_feldspar_production" title="List of countries by feldspar production">List of countries by feldspar production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_lattice_sunstone" title="Rainbow lattice sunstone">Rainbow lattice sunstone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits">public domain material</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/feldspar/myb1-2008-felds.pdf"><i>Feldspar and nepheline syenite</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feldspar+and+nepheline+syenite&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Ffeldspar%2Fmyb1-2008-felds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemologyonline.com/feldspar.html">"Feldspar"</a>. <i>Gemology Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gemology+Online&rft.atitle=Feldspar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemologyonline.com%2Ffeldspar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glossary2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuendorfMehlJackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Neuendorf, K.K.E.; Mehl, J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005). <i>Glossary of Geology</i> (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0922152896" title="Special:BookSources/978-0922152896"><bdi>978-0922152896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Geology&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0922152896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeerHowieZussman2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeerHowieZussman2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeerHowieZussman2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeerHowieZussman2001" class="citation book cs1">Deer, W.A; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (2001). <i>Rock-forming Minerals (2nd edition) Volume 4A</i>. London: Geological Society of London. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86239-081-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86239-081-9"><bdi>1-86239-081-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock-forming+Minerals+%282nd+edition%29+Volume+4A&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86239-081-9&rft.aulast=Deer&rft.aufirst=W.A&rft.au=Howie%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Zussman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonAnderson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Robert S.; Anderson, Suzanne P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDt5A2-km_wC&q=Geomorphology%3A+The+Mechanics+and+Chemistry+of+Landscapes"><i>Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139788700" title="Special:BookSources/9781139788700"><bdi>9781139788700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomorphology%3A+The+Mechanics+and+Chemistry+of+Landscapes&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139788700&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Suzanne+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDt5A2-km_wC%26q%3DGeomorphology%253A%2BThe%2BMechanics%2Band%2BChemistry%2Bof%2BLandscapes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudnick2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudnick2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudnickGao2003" class="citation book cs1">Rudnick, R. L.; Gao, S. (2003). "Composition of the Continental Crust". In Holland, H. D.; Turekian, K. K. (eds.). <i>Treatise on Geochemistry</i>. Vol. 3. New York: Elsevier Science. pp. 1–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003TrGeo...3....1R">2003TrGeo...3....1R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043751-6%2F03016-4">10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03016-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043751-4"><bdi>978-0-08-043751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Composition+of+the+Continental+Crust&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Geochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-64&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-043751-6%2F03016-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003TrGeo...3....1R&rft.isbn=978-0-08-043751-4&rft.aulast=Rudnick&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Gao%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTROLL2002" class="citation journal cs1">TROLL, V. R. (2002-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2F43.2.243">"Magma Mixing and Crustal Recycling Recorded in Ternary Feldspar from Compositionally Zoned Peralkaline Ignimbrite A', Gran Canaria, Canary Islands"</a>. <i>Journal of Petrology</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 243–270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JPet...43..243T">2002JPet...43..243T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2F43.2.243">10.1093/petrology/43.2.243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2415">1460-2415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Petrology&rft.atitle=Magma+Mixing+and+Crustal+Recycling+Recorded+in+Ternary+Feldspar+from+Compositionally+Zoned+Peralkaline+Ignimbrite+A%27%2C+Gran+Canaria%2C+Canary+Islands&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-270&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.issn=1460-2415&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpetrology%2F43.2.243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JPet...43..243T&rft.aulast=TROLL&rft.aufirst=V.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpetrology%252F43.2.243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Metamorphic Rocks." <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/bperry/ROCKS.htm">Metamorphic Rocks Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701111134/http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/bperry/ROCKS.htm">Archived</a> 2007-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>. Retrieved on July 18, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatt, Harvey and Tracy, Robert J. (1996) <i>Petrology,</i> Freeman, 2nd ed., pp. 206–210 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3">0-7167-2438-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks." <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html">Geology.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170212/http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> Retrieved on July 18, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lüschen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lüschen_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Lüschen1979" class="citation cs2">Hans Lüschen (1979), <i>Die Namen der Steine. Das Mineralreich im Spiegel der Sprache</i> (2nd ed.), Thun: Ott Verlag, p. 215, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7225-6265-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7225-6265-1"><bdi>3-7225-6265-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Namen+der+Steine.+Das+Mineralreich+im+Spiegel+der+Sprache&rft.place=Thun&rft.pages=215&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ott+Verlag&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=3-7225-6265-1&rft.au=Hans+L%C3%BCschen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=feldspar">"feldspar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=feldspar&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dfeldspar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926020824/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/spar#spar_Noun_300">"spar"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/spar#spar_Noun_300">the original</a> on September 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=spar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fspar%23spar_Noun_300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feldspar-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feldspar_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feldspar_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feldspar_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feldspar_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feldspar_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldspar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ima-na.org/?page=what_is_feldspar">What is Feldspar?</a> Industrial Minerals Association. Retrieved on July 18, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iugs-1991-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iugs-1991_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_BasStreckeisen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i>. <b>148</b> (5): 825–833. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JGSoc.148..825L">1991JGSoc.148..825L</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.4446">10.1.1.692.4446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.148.5.0825">10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28548230">28548230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=The+IUGS+systematics+of+igneous+rocks&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=825-833&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.4446%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28548230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fgsjgs.148.5.0825&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JGSoc.148..825L&rft.aulast=Le+Bas&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Streckeisen%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS-1999-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BGS-1999_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3223/1/RR99006.pdf">"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme</i>. <b>1</b>: 1–52. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3223/1/RR99006.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Geological+Survey%3A+Rock+Classification+Scheme&rft.atitle=Rock+Classification+Scheme+-+Vol+1+-+Igneous&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-52&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F3223%2F1%2FRR99006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). 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Ceramic Review, Issue 207, May/June 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19923118">Nasa's Curiosity rover finds 'unusual rock'</a>. (12 October 2012) <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20121030-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20121030_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Dwayne (October 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603091908/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html">"NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html">the original</a> on June 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Rover%27s+First+Soil+Studies+Help+Fingerprint+Martian+Minerals&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2012%2Foct%2FHQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonewitz, Ronald Louis (2005). <i>Rock and Gem</i>. New York: DK Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3342-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3342-4">978-0-7566-3342-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldspar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Feldspar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Feldspar">Feldspar</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Felspar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Felspar">"Felspar" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Felspar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=245&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldspar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gemstones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_gem" title="Cardinal gem">1st order</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Blue_sapphire" title="Sapphire">Blue Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite" title="Chrysoberyl">Alexandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Natural_pearls" title="Pearl">Natural marine pearls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Pink_sapphires" title="Sapphire">Pink sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demantoid" title="Demantoid">Demantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">Tsavorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Precious_opal" title="Opal">Precious Black Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>3rd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Sapphires_of_other_colors" title="Sapphire">Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gem)" title="Aquamarine (gem)">Aquamarine</a></li> <li>Orange <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> (Imperial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbaite" title="Elbaite">Elbaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Other_varieties_of_opal" title="Opal">Precious White and Fire Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>4th order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a> – Verdelite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicolite">Indicolite</a>, polychromous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">Heliodor</a>, pink, yellow-green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> yellow, blue, pink</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a> (malaya), <a href="/wiki/Rhodolite" title="Rhodolite">Rhodolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">Citrine</a></li> <li>Blue <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewelry-Industrial<br />stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>1st order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazurite" title="Lazurite">Lazurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">Jadeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">Nephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">Chrysoprase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoite" title="Charoite">Charoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodonite" title="Rhodonite">Rhodonite</a></li> <li>Colorless, <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Smoky_quartz" title="Quartz">smoky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">pink</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a></li> <li>Common <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a></li> <li>Opaque iridescent <a class="mw-selflink selflink">feldspars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">Graphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacholong" title="Cacholong">Cacholong</a> (Porouse <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>)</li> <li>Marble <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listwanite" title="Listwanite">Listwanite</a> (green mica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">Ophicalcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagodite" title="Pagodite">Pagodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones" title="List of individual gemstones">List of individual gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emeralds_by_size" title="List of emeralds by size">List of emeralds by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size" title="List of sapphires by size">List of sapphires by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species" title="List of gemstones by species">List of gemstones by species</a> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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