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</li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metallic_sodium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallic_sodium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Metallic sodium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallic_sodium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salts_and_oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salts_and_oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Salts and oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salts_and_oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aqueous_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aqueous_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Aqueous solutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aqueous_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrides_and_sodides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrides_and_sodides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Electrides and sodides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrides_and_sodides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organosodium_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organosodium_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Organosodium compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organosodium_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermetallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermetallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Intermetallic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermetallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomical_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Astronomical observations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Commercial production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Heat transfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_role_in_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role_in_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Biological role in humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role_in_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_sodium_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_sodium_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 High sodium consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_sodium_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_blood_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_blood_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2.1 High blood pressure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_blood_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Physiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role_in_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role_in_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Biological role in plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role_in_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Safety and precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sodium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 173 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" > 173 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሶዲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="صوديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Նաթրիոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նաթրիոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriu" title="Natriu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Natriu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sodiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="سودیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سودیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সোডিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Натрый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Натрый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Натар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Натар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodyo" title="Sodyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sodyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བུལ་རྫས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བུལ་རྫས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrij" title="Natrij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Natrij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiom" title="Sodiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sodiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodi" title="Sodi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sodi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C3%ADk" title="Sodík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sodík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sodiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiwm" title="Sodiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sodiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="صوديوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صوديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AF%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ސޯޑިއަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސޯޑިއަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soodin" title="Soodin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Soodin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naatrium" title="Naatrium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naatrium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Νάτριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νάτριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrio" title="Natrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Natrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sodiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="سدیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سدیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sodium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sodium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodi" title="Sodi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sodi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3idiam" title="Sóidiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sóidiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodjum" title="Sodjum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sodjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2idium" title="Sòidium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sòidium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%89" title="鈉 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鈉" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Sodium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="સોડિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોડિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CC%8Dp" title="Na̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Na̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Натрион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Натрион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="나트륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나트륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiuma" title="Sodiuma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Sodiuma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Նատրիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նատրիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrij" title="Natrij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Natrij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natro" title="Natro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Natro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sodium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natr%C3%ADn" title="Natrín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Natrín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="נתרן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נתרן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriyum" title="Natriyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Natriyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%94d%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Sɔdɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɔdɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೋಡಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೋಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნატრიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნატრიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiom" title="Sodiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sodiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natiri" title="Natiri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Natiri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sody%C3%B2m" title="Sodyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sodyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriy%C3%BBm" title="Natriyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Natriyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂຊດຽມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຊດຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81trijs" title="Nātrijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nātrijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natris" title="Natris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Natris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodu" title="Sodu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sodu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrii" title="Natrii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Natrii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodna" title="sodna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sodna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sodio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1trium" title="Nátrium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nátrium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Натриум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Натриум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4di%C3%B4ma" title="Sôdiôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôdiôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സോഡിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konutai" title="Konutai – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konutai" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="صوديوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صوديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯁꯣꯗꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯣꯗꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83k" title="Năk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Năk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Натри – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Натри" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Натри – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Натри" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဆိုဒီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ナトリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナトリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naatrium" title="Naatrium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Naatrium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4dgium" title="Sôdgium – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sôdgium" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2di" title="Sòdi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sòdi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ସୋଡ଼ିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୋଡ଼ିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiyeemii" title="Sodiyeemii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sodiyeemii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriy" title="Natriy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Natriy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸੋਡੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="سوڈیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوڈیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="သိုဒီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သိုဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="سوډيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوډيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2dio" title="Sòdio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sòdio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3d" title="Sód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Νάτριον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Νάτριον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3dio" title="Sódio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sódio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%D0%B0triy" title="Nаtriy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nаtriy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sodiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriyu" title="Natriyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Natriyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सोडियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सोडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="سوڈیم – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سوڈیم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2diu" title="Sòdiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sòdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sodium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumi" title="Natriumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Natriumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sodiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="සෝඩියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෝඩියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sodium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%85" title="سوڊيئم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سوڊيئم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C3%ADk" title="Sodík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sodík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrij" title="Natrij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Natrij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodhiyaam" title="Sodhiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sodhiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="سۆدیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆدیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Натријум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Натријум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrij" title="Natrij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Natrij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Natrium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodyo" title="Sodyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sodyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சோடியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సోడియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โซเดียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โซเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Натрий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodyum" title="Sodyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sodyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the nutrient commonly called sodium, see <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>. For the use of sodium as a medication, see <a href="/wiki/Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">Saline (medicine)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sodium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sodium (disambiguation)">sodium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Natrium" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Natrium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Natrium (disambiguation)">Natrium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 11 (Na)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sodium, 11Na</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_(Sodium).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/220px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/330px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/440px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Sodium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Na)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>22.98976928±0.00000002<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>22.990±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Sodium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> ↑ Na ↓ <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> ← sodium → <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">group 1: hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">period 3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">370.944 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (97.794 °C, 208.029 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1156.090 K (882.940 °C, 1621.292 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.9688 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.927 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2573 K, 35 MPa (extrapolated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.60 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">97.42 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28.230 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>554 </td> <td>617 </td> <td>697 </td> <td>802 </td> <td>946 </td> <td>1153 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +1 −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> 0<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 0.93 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 495.8 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 4562 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 6910.3 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#sodium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 186 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">166±9 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">227 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sodium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Sodium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sodium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Sodium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sodium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Sodium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of sodium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for sodium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 428.74 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">69.91×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">142 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47.7 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+16.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.3 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.3 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3200 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.69 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-23-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1807)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Na": from <a href="/wiki/New_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="New Latin">New Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natrium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:natrium">natrium</a>, coined from German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Natron" class="extiw" title="wikt:Natron">Natron</a>, '<a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>'</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sodium" title="Isotopes of sodium">Isotopes of sodium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_sodium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox sodium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_sodium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox sodium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">22Na </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.6019 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Neon-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon-22">22Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">23Na </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">24Na </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.9560 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium-24">24Mg</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sodium" title="Category:Sodium">Category: Sodium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_sodium" title="Template:Infobox sodium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_sodium" title="Template talk:Infobox sodium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_sodium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox sodium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sodium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Na (from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> natrium) and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>. Sodium is an <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a>, being in <a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element">group 1</a> of the periodic table. Its only stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> is 23Na. The free metal does not occur in nature and must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust</a> and exists in numerous <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">sodalite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leached</a> by the action of water from the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> over eons, and thus sodium and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> are the most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans. Sodium was first isolated by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> in 1807 by the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>. Among many other useful sodium compounds, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">lye</a>) is used in <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap manufacture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">edible salt</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/De-ice" class="mw-redirect" title="De-ice">de-icing</a> agent and a nutrient for animals including humans. Sodium is an <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">essential element</a> for all animals and some plants. Sodium ions are the major cation in the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> (ECF) and as such are the major contributor to the ECF <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciba-9">[9]</a> Animal cells actively pump sodium ions out of the cells by means of the <a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93potassium_pump" title="Sodium–potassium pump">sodium–potassium pump</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> complex embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>, in order to maintain a roughly ten-times higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell than inside.<a href="#cite_note-Gagnon_2021-10">[10]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">nerve cells</a>, the sudden flow of sodium ions into the cell through <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channels</a> enables transmission of a nerve impulse in a process called the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg/220px-Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg/330px-Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg/440px-Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">Emission spectrum</a> for sodium, showing the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines" title="Fraunhofer lines">D line</a></figcaption></figure> Sodium at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a> is a soft silvery metal that combines with oxygen in the air, forming <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">sodium oxides</a>. Bulk sodium is usually stored in oil or an inert gas. Sodium metal can be easily cut with a knife. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat. Due to having low atomic mass and large atomic radius, sodium is third-least dense of all elemental metals and is one of only three metals that can float on water, the other two being lithium and potassium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199775-11">[11]</a> The melting (98 °C) and boiling (883 °C) points of sodium are lower than those of lithium but higher than those of the heavier alkali metals potassium, rubidium, and caesium, following periodic trends down the group.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> These properties change dramatically at elevated pressures: at 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">Mbar</a>, the color changes from silvery metallic to black; at 1.9 Mbar the material becomes transparent with a red color; and at 3 Mbar, sodium is a clear and transparent solid. All of these high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a> are insulators and <a href="/wiki/Electride" title="Electride">electrides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flametest--Na.swn.jpg/170px-Flametest--Na.swn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flametest--Na.swn.jpg/255px-Flametest--Na.swn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flametest--Na.swn.jpg/340px-Flametest--Na.swn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A positive <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">flame test</a> for sodium has a bright yellow color.</figcaption></figure> In a <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">flame test</a>, sodium and its compounds glow yellow<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> because the excited <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">3s</a> electrons of sodium emit a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> when they fall from 3p to 3s; the wavelength of this photon corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/D2_line" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 line">D line</a> at about 589.3 nm. <a href="/wiki/Spin-orbit_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-orbit interaction">Spin-orbit interactions</a> involving the electron in the 3p orbital split the D line into two, at 589.0 and 589.6 nm; <a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine structures</a> involving both orbitals cause many more lines.<a href="#cite_note-Citron-PRL-1977-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sodium" title="Isotopes of sodium">Isotopes of sodium</a></div> Twenty isotopes of sodium are known, but only 23Na is stable. 23Na is created in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">carbon-burning process</a> in stars by fusing two <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms together; this requires temperatures above 600 megakelvins and a star of at least three solar masses.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenic">cosmogenic</a> isotopes are the byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation" title="Cosmic ray spallation">cosmic ray spallation</a>: 22Na has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 2.6 years and 24Na, a half-life of 15 hours; all other isotopes have a half-life of less than one minute.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> have been discovered, the longer-lived one being 24mNa with a half-life of around 20.2 milliseconds. Acute neutron radiation, as from a nuclear <a href="/wiki/Criticality_accident" title="Criticality accident">criticality accident</a>, converts some of the stable 23Na in human blood to 24Na; the neutron radiation dosage of a victim can be calculated by measuring the concentration of 24Na relative to 23Na.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_compounds" title="Sodium compounds">Sodium compounds</a></div> Sodium atoms have 11 electrons, one more than the stable configuration of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>. The first and second <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization energies">ionization energies</a> are 495.8 kJ/mol and 4562 kJ/mol, respectively. As a result, sodium usually forms <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a> involving the Na+ cation.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallic_sodium">Metallic sodium</h3></div> Metallic sodium is generally less reactive than <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and more reactive than <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the <a href="/wiki/Standard_reduction_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard reduction potential">standard reduction potential</a> for the Na+/Na couple being −2.71 volts,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> though potassium and lithium have even more negative potentials.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salts_and_oxides">Salts and oxides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Sodium_compounds" title="Category:Sodium compounds">Category:Sodium compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaCl_polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png/220px-NaCl_polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png/330px-NaCl_polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png/440px-NaCl_polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>The structure of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, showing octahedral coordination around Na+ and Cl− centres. This framework disintegrates when dissolved in water and reassembles when the water evaporates.</figcaption></figure> Sodium compounds are of immense commercial importance, being particularly central to industries producing <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199789-23">[23]</a> The most important sodium compounds are <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">table salt</a> (Na<a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl</a>), <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a> (Na2<a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">CO3</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a> (Na<a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">HCO3</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">caustic soda</a> (NaOH), <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> (Na<a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">NO3</a>), di- and tri-<a href="/wiki/Sodium_phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium phosphates">sodium phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">sodium thiosulfate</a> (Na2<a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">S2O3</a>·5H2O), and <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a> (Na2<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>4O7·10H2O).<a href="#cite_note-Holl-24">[24]</a> In compounds, sodium is usually <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionically bonded</a> to water and anions and is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/HSAB" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAB">hard</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_stearate_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sodium_stearate_v2.svg/310px-Sodium_stearate_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sodium_stearate_v2.svg/465px-Sodium_stearate_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sodium_stearate_v2.svg/620px-Sodium_stearate_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearate" title="Sodium stearate">sodium stearate</a>, a typical soap</figcaption></figure> Most <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a> are sodium salts of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>. Sodium soaps have a higher melting temperature (and seem "harder") than potassium soaps.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-24">[24]</a> Like all the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>, sodium reacts <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermically</a> with water. The reaction produces caustic soda (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>) and flammable <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas. When burned in air, it forms primarily <a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">sodium peroxide</a> with some <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">sodium oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199784-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aqueous_solutions">Aqueous solutions</h3></div> Sodium tends to form water-soluble compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Halides" class="mw-redirect" title="Halides">halides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrates">nitrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboxylates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxylates">carboxylates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>. The main aqueous species are the aquo complexes [Na(H2O)n]+, where n = 4–8; with n = 6 indicated from X-ray diffraction data and computer simulations.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-27">[27]</a> Direct precipitation of sodium salts from aqueous solutions is rare because sodium salts typically have a high affinity for water. An exception is <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate" title="Sodium bismuthate">sodium bismuthate</a> (NaBiO3),<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> which is insoluble in cold water and decomposes in hot water.<a href="#cite_note-me-29">[29]</a> Because of the high solubility of its compounds, sodium salts are usually isolated as solids by evaporation or by precipitation with an organic antisolvent, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>; for example, only 0.35 g/L of sodium chloride will dissolve in ethanol.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Crown_ether" title="Crown ether">crown ether</a> such as <a href="/wiki/15-crown-5" class="mw-redirect" title="15-crown-5">15-crown-5</a> may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Phase-transfer_catalyst" title="Phase-transfer catalyst">phase-transfer catalyst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Sodium content of samples is determined by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectrophotometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic absorption spectrophotometry">atomic absorption spectrophotometry</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Potentiometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentiometry">potentiometry</a> using ion-selective electrodes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrides_and_sodides">Electrides and sodides</h3></div> Like the other alkali metals, sodium dissolves in ammonia and some amines to give deeply colored solutions; evaporation of these solutions leaves a shiny film of metallic sodium. The solutions contain the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complex</a> [Na(NH3)6]+, with the positive charge counterbalanced by <a href="/wiki/Electride" title="Electride">electrons as anions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cryptand" title="Cryptand">cryptands</a> permit the isolation of these complexes as crystalline solids. Sodium forms complexes with crown ethers, cryptands and other ligands.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/15-crown-5" class="mw-redirect" title="15-crown-5">15-crown-5</a> has a high affinity for sodium because the cavity size of 15-crown-5 is 1.7–2.2 Å, which is enough to fit the sodium ion (1.9 Å).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Cryptands, like crown ethers and other <a href="/wiki/Ionophore" title="Ionophore">ionophores</a>, also have a high affinity for the sodium ion; derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/Alkalide" title="Alkalide">alkalide</a> Na− are obtainable<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> by the addition of cryptands to solutions of sodium in ammonia via <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organosodium_compounds">Organosodium compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organosodium_chemistry" title="Organosodium chemistry">Organosodium chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monensin2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Monensin2.png/220px-Monensin2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Monensin2.png/330px-Monensin2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Monensin2.png/440px-Monensin2.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>The structure of the complex of sodium (Na+, shown in yellow) and the antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Monensin" title="Monensin">monensin</a>-A</figcaption></figure> Many organosodium compounds have been prepared. Because of the high polarity of the C-Na bonds, they behave like sources of <a href="/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion">carbanions</a> (salts with organic <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>). Some well-known derivatives include <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclopentadienide" title="Sodium cyclopentadienide">sodium cyclopentadienide</a> (NaC5H5) and <a href="/wiki/Trityl" class="mw-redirect" title="Trityl">trityl</a> sodium ((C6H5)3CNa).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_naphthalene" title="Sodium naphthalene">Sodium naphthalene</a>, Na+[C10H8•]−, a strong reducing agent, forms upon mixing Na and naphthalene in ethereal solutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermetallic_compounds">Intermetallic compounds</h3></div> Sodium forms alloys with many metals, such as potassium, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_12_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 12 elements">12</a> elements. Sodium and potassium form KNa2 and <a href="/wiki/NaK" class="mw-redirect" title="NaK">NaK</a>. NaK is 40–90% potassium and it is liquid at <a href="/wiki/Ambient_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient temperature">ambient temperature</a>. It is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor. Sodium-calcium alloys are by-products of the electrolytic production of sodium from a binary salt mixture of NaCl-CaCl2 and ternary mixture NaCl-CaCl2-BaCl2. Calcium is only partially <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">miscible</a> with sodium, and the 1–2% of it dissolved in the sodium obtained from said mixtures can be precipitated by cooling to 120 °C and filtering.<a href="#cite_note-pearson1991-40">[40]</a> In a liquid state, sodium is completely miscible with lead. There are several methods to make sodium-lead alloys. One is to melt them together and another is to deposit sodium electrolytically on molten lead cathodes. NaPb3, NaPb, Na9Pb4, Na5Pb2, and Na15Pb4 are some of the known sodium-lead alloys. Sodium also forms alloys with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (NaAu2) and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (NaAg2). Group 12 metals (<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>) are known to make alloys with sodium. NaZn13 and NaCd2 are alloys of zinc and cadmium. Sodium and mercury form NaHg, NaHg4, NaHg2, Na3Hg2, and Na3Hg.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> Because of its importance in human health, salt has long been an important commodity. In medieval Europe, a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> or soda were well known in early times.<a href="#cite_note-newton-42">[42]</a> Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognized in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Sir Humphry Davy</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davy1807-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-weeks-44">[44]</a> In 1809, the German physicist and chemist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wilhelm_Gilbert" title="Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert">Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert</a> proposed the names Natronium for Humphry Davy's "sodium" and Kalium for Davy's "potassium".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> in his system of atomic symbols,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and is an abbreviation of the element's <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-newton-42">[42]</a> a natural mineral salt mainly consisting of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames. As early as 1860, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Bunsen</a> noted the high sensitivity of a sodium <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">flame test</a>, and stated in <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>:<a href="#cite_note-bunsen1-49">[49]</a> <blockquote>In a corner of our 60 m3 room farthest away from the apparatus, we exploded 3 mg of sodium chlorate with milk sugar while observing the nonluminous flame before the slit. After a while, it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only after 10 minutes. From the weight of the sodium salt and the volume of air in the room, we easily calculate that one part by weight of air could not contain more than 1/20 millionth weight of sodium.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> The Earth's crust contains 2.27% sodium, making it the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">sixth most abundant element</a> on Earth and the fourth most abundant metal, behind <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and ahead of potassium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199769-50">[50]</a>Sodium's estimated oceanic abundance is 10.8 grams per liter.<a href="#cite_note-abundancecrc-51">[51]</a> Because of its high reactivity, it is never found as a pure element. It is found in many minerals, some very soluble, such as <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>, others much less soluble, such as <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a>. The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> arises from their polymeric anions, which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate. In the universe, sodium is the 15th most abundant element with a 20,000 parts-per-billion abundance,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> making sodium 0.002% of the total atoms in the universe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical_observations">Astronomical observations</h3></div> Atomic sodium has a very strong <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral line</a> in the yellow-orange part of the spectrum (the same line as is used in <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium-vapour street lights</a>). This appears as an <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption line</a> in many types of stars, including the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. The line was first studied in 1814 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> during his investigation of the lines in the solar spectrum, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines" title="Fraunhofer lines">Fraunhofer lines</a>. Fraunhofer named it the "D" line, although it is now known to actually be a group of closely spaced lines split by a <a href="/wiki/Fine_structure" title="Fine structure">fine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The strength of the D line allows its detection in many other astronomical environments. In stars, it is seen in any whose surfaces are cool enough for sodium to exist in atomic form (rather than ionised). This corresponds to stars of roughly <a href="/wiki/F-type_main_sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="F-type main sequence star">F-type</a> and cooler. Many other stars appear to have a sodium absorption line, but this is actually caused by gas in the foreground <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>. The two can be distinguished via high-resolution spectroscopy, because interstellar lines are much narrower than those broadened by <a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">stellar rotation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Sodium has also been detected in numerous <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> environments, including the <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exospheres</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and numerous other bodies. Some <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">sodium tail</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> which was first detected in observations of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Comet Hale–Bopp</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Cremonese1997-58">[58]</a> Sodium has even been detected in the atmospheres of some <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a> via <a href="/wiki/Transit_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit spectroscopy">transit spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_production">Commercial production</h2></div> Employed in rather specialized applications, about 100,000 tonnes of metallic sodium are produced annually.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-60">[60]</a> Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in the late nineteenth century<a href="#cite_note-pearson1991-40">[40]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carbothermal_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbothermal reduction">carbothermal reduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> at 1100 °C, as the first step of the <a href="/wiki/Deville_process" title="Deville process">Deville process</a> for the production of aluminium:<a href="#cite_note-kirk-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <dl><dd>Na2CO3 + 2 C → 2 Na + 3 CO</dd></dl> The high demand for aluminium created the need for the production of sodium. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a> for the production of aluminium by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysing</a> a molten salt bath ended the need for large quantities of sodium. A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-61">[61]</a> Sodium is now produced commercially through the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of molten <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (common salt), based on a process patented in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-pauling-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-losal-65">[65]</a> This is done in a <a href="/wiki/Downs_cell" title="Downs cell">Downs cell</a> in which the NaCl is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a> to lower the <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> below 700 °C.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> is less <a href="/wiki/Electropositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositive">electropositive</a> than sodium, no calcium will be deposited at the cathode.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This method is less expensive than the previous <a href="/wiki/Castner_process" title="Castner process">Castner process</a> (the electrolysis of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> If sodium of high purity is required, it can be <a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">distilled</a> once or several times. The market for sodium is volatile due to the difficulty in its storage and shipping; it must be stored under a dry <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gas</a> atmosphere or <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> to prevent the formation of a surface layer of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">sodium oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">sodium superoxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium supplements">Sodium supplements</a></div> Though metallic sodium has some important uses, the major applications for sodium use compounds; millions of tons of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">hydroxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">carbonate</a> are produced annually. Sodium chloride is extensively used for <a href="/wiki/Anti-icing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-icing">anti-icing</a> and <a href="/wiki/De-icing" class="mw-redirect" title="De-icing">de-icing</a> and as a preservative; examples of the uses of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> include baking, as a <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">raising agent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodablasting" title="Sodablasting">sodablasting</a>. Along with potassium, many important medicines have sodium added to improve their <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a>; though potassium is the better ion in most cases, sodium is chosen for its lower price and atomic weight.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">Sodium hydride</a> is used as a base for various reactions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Aldol_reaction" title="Aldol reaction">aldol reaction</a>) in organic chemistry. Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">sodium borohydride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">sodium azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine" title="Triphenylphosphine">triphenylphosphine</a>. A once-common use was the making of <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">tetraethyllead</a> and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods, the production of sodium declined after 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-60">[60]</a> Sodium is also used as an alloying metal, an <a href="/wiki/Anti-scaling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-scaling agent">anti-scaling agent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective. Note the free element is not used as a scaling agent, ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_vapor_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium vapor lamp">Sodium plasma ("vapor") lamps</a> are often used for street lighting in cities, shedding light that ranges from yellow-orange to peach as the pressure increases.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> By itself or <a href="/wiki/NaK" class="mw-redirect" title="NaK">with potassium</a>, sodium is a <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a>; it gives an intense blue coloration with <a href="/wiki/Benzophenone" title="Benzophenone">benzophenone</a> when the desiccate is dry.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, sodium is used in various reactions such as the <a href="/wiki/Birch_reduction" title="Birch reduction">Birch reduction</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fusion_test" title="Sodium fusion test">sodium fusion test</a> is conducted to qualitatively analyse compounds.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Sodium reacts with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a> and gives <a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxides</a>, and when sodium is dissolved in ammonia solution, it can be used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a> to trans-<a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Lasers emitting light at the sodium D line are used to create artificial <a href="/wiki/Laser_guide_star" title="Laser guide star">laser guide stars</a> that <a href="/wiki/FASOR_(laser_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="FASOR (laser physics)">assist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optics</a> for land-based visible-light telescopes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_transfer">Heat transfer</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg/400px-Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg/600px-Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg/800px-Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>NaK <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a>, showing the melting point of sodium as a function of potassium concentration. NaK with 77% potassium is <a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">eutectic</a> and has the lowest melting point of the NaK alloys at −12.6 °C.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> Liquid sodium is used as a <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">heat transfer fluid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">sodium-cooled fast reactors</a><a href="#cite_note-sodiumcoolant-79">[79]</a> because it has the high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a> required to achieve a high neutron flux in the reactor.<a href="#cite_note-nrc-80">[80]</a> The high boiling point of sodium allows the reactor to operate at ambient (normal) pressure,<a href="#cite_note-nrc-80">[80]</a> but drawbacks include its opacity, which hinders visual maintenance, and its strongly reducing properties. Sodium will explode in contact with water, although it will only burn gently in air.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Radioactive <a href="/wiki/Sodium-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-24">sodium-24</a> may be produced by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron bombardment</a> during operation, posing a slight radiation hazard; the radioactivity stops within a few days after removal from the reactor.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> If a reactor needs to be shut down frequently, <a href="/wiki/NaK" class="mw-redirect" title="NaK">NaK</a> is used. Because NaK is a liquid at room temperature, the coolant does not solidify in the pipes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In this case, the <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoricity</a> of potassium requires extra precautions to prevent and detect leaks.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Another heat transfer application is <a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">poppet valves</a> in high-performance internal combustion engines; the valve stems are partially filled with sodium and work as a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">heat pipe</a> to cool the valves.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium in biology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_role_in_humans">Biological role in humans</h3></div> In humans, sodium is an essential mineral that regulates <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> volume, blood pressure, <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmotic</a> equilibrium and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is estimated to range from about 120 milligrams per day in newborns to 500 milligrams per day over the age of 10.<a href="#cite_note-r31-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet">Diet</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a>, also known as edible salt or table salt<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> (chemical formula <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>NaCl), is the principal source of sodium (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na) in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative in such commodities as <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickled preserves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerky_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerky (food)">jerky</a>; for Americans, most sodium chloride comes from <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">processed foods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Other sources of sodium are its natural occurrence in food and such food additives as <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">monosodium glutamate</a> (MSG), <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">sodium nitrite</a>, sodium saccharin, <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a> (sodium bicarbonate), and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">sodium benzoate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medline-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Institute of Medicine">U.S. Institute of Medicine</a> set its <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">tolerable upper intake level</a> for sodium at 2.3 grams per day,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but the average person in the United States consumes 3.4 grams per day.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> recommends no more than 1.5 g of sodium per day.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, which is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, has determined that there isn't enough evidence from research studies to establish Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values for sodium. As a result, the committee has established Adequate Intake (AI) levels instead, as follows. The sodium AI for infants of 0–6 months is established at 110 mg/day, 7–12 months: 370 mg/day; for children 1–3 years: 800 mg/day, 4–8 years: 1,000 mg/day; for adolescents: 9–13 years – 1,200 mg/day, 14–18 years 1,500 mg/day; for adults regardless of their age or sex: 1,500 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Sodium chloride (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NaCl) contains approximately 39.34% of elemental sodium (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na) the total mass. This means that 1 gram of sodium chloride contains approximately 393.4 mg of elemental sodium.<a href="#cite_note-elemental-94">[94]</a> For example, to find out how much sodium chloride contains 1500 mg of elemental sodium (the value of 1500 mg sodium is the adequate intake (AI) for an adult), we can use the proportion: <dl><dd>393.4 mg Na : 1000 mg NaCl = 1500 mg Na : x mg NaCl</dd></dl> Solving for x gives us the amount of sodium chloride that contains 1500 mg of elemental sodium: <dl><dd>x = (1500 mg Na × 1000 mg NaCl) / 393.4 mg Na = 3812.91 mg</dd></dl> This mean that 3812.91 mg of sodium chloride contain 1500 mg of elemental sodium.<a href="#cite_note-elemental-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_sodium_consumption">High sodium consumption</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">Health effects of salt</a></div> High sodium consumption is unhealthy, and can lead to alteration in the mechanical performance of the heart.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-2020-95">[95]</a> High sodium consumption is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-2020-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="High_blood_pressure">High blood pressure</h5></div> There is a strong correlation between higher sodium intake and higher blood pressure.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Studies have found that lowering sodium intake by 2 g per day tends to lower <a href="/wiki/Systolic_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Systolic blood pressure">systolic blood pressure</a> by about two to four mm Hg.<a href="#cite_note-Impact-97">[97]</a> It has been estimated that such a decrease in sodium intake would lead to 9–17% fewer cases of <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Impact-97">[97]</a> Hypertension causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide each year.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Since edible salt contains about 39.3% sodium<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>—the rest being chlorine and trace chemicals; thus, 2.3 g sodium is about 5.9 g, or 5.3 ml, of salt—about one <a href="/wiki/US_teaspoon" class="mw-redirect" title="US teaspoon">US teaspoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-fda-101">[101]</a> One scientific review found that people with or without hypertension who excreted less than 3 grams of sodium per day in their urine (and therefore were taking in less than 3 g/d) had a higher risk of death, stroke, or heart attack than those excreting 4 to 5 grams per day.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Mente-2016-102">[102]</a> Levels of 7 g per day or more in people with hypertension were associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events, but this was not found to be true for people without <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Mente-2016-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">US FDA</a> states that adults with hypertension and prehypertension should reduce daily sodium intake to 1.5 g.<a href="#cite_note-fda-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physiology">Physiology</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> regulates the amount of fluid and sodium concentration in the body. Reduction of blood pressure and sodium concentration in the kidney result in the production of <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a>, which in turn produces <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">angiotensin</a>, which stimulates the reabsorption of sodium back into the bloodstream. When the concentration of sodium increases, the production of renin decreases, and the sodium concentration returns to normal.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The sodium ion (Na+) is an important electrolyte in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a> function, and in osmoregulation between cells and the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a>. This is accomplished in all animals by <a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na+/K+-ATPase</a>, an active transporter pumping ions against the gradient, and sodium/potassium channels.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The difference in extracellular and intracellular ion concentration, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, produce electrical signals in the form of <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> that supports cardiac muscle contraction and promote long distance communication between neurons.<a href="#cite_note-Gagnon_2021-10">[10]</a> Sodium is the most prevalent metallic ion in extracellular fluid.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In humans, unusually low or high sodium levels in the blood is recognized in medicine as <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypernatremia" title="Hypernatremia">hypernatremia</a>. These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, ageing, or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_role_in_plants">Biological role in plants</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/C4_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 plants">C4 plants</a>, sodium is a <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrient</a> that aids metabolism, specifically in regeneration of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvic_acid" title="Phosphoenolpyruvic acid">phosphoenolpyruvate</a> and synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In others, it substitutes for <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> in several roles, such as maintaining <a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">turgor pressure</a> and aiding in the opening and closing of <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Excess sodium in the soil can limit the uptake of water by decreasing the <a href="/wiki/Water_potential" title="Water potential">water potential</a>, which may result in plant wilting; excess concentrations in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In response, some plants have developed mechanisms to limit sodium uptake in the roots, to store it in cell <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a>, and restrict salt transport from roots to leaves.<a href="#cite_note-halo-110">[110]</a> Excess sodium may also be stored in old plant tissue, limiting the damage to new growth. <a href="/wiki/Halophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytes">Halophytes</a> have adapted to be able to flourish in sodium rich environments.<a href="#cite_note-halo-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_precautions">Safety and precautions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Sodium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H260: In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously">H260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P223: Do not allow contact with water.">P223</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P231+P232: Handle and store contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture">P231+P232</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P370+P378: In case of fire: Use ... to extinguish.">P370+P378</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P422: Store contents under ...">P422</abbr><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_99bd0c0a2f5efa62" /><map name="ImageMap_99bd0c0a2f5efa62"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" title="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">W</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Sodium forms flammable hydrogen and caustic <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> on contact with water;<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> ingestion and contact with moisture on skin, eyes or <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> can cause severe burns.<a href="#cite_note-:0-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-prudent-115">[115]</a> Sodium spontaneously explodes in the presence of water due to the formation of hydrogen (highly explosive) and sodium hydroxide (which dissolves in the water, liberating more surface). However, sodium exposed to air and ignited or reaching autoignition (reported to occur when a molten pool of sodium reaches about 290 °C, 554 °F)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> displays a relatively mild fire. In the case of massive (non-molten) pieces of sodium, the reaction with oxygen eventually becomes slow due to formation of a protective layer.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguishers</a> based on water accelerate sodium fires. Those based on carbon dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Bromochlorodifluoromethane" title="Bromochlorodifluoromethane">bromochlorodifluoromethane</a> should not be used on sodium fire.<a href="#cite_note-prudent-115">[115]</a> Metal fires are <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Class D</a>, but not all Class D extinguishers are effective when used to extinguish sodium fires. An effective extinguishing agent for sodium fires is Met-L-X.<a href="#cite_note-prudent-115">[115]</a> Other effective agents include Lith-X, which has <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> powder and an <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardant</a>, and dry sand.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Sodium fires are prevented in nuclear reactors by isolating sodium from oxygen with surrounding pipes containing inert gas.<a href="#cite_note-fission-119">[119]</a> Pool-type sodium fires are prevented using diverse design measures called catch pan systems. They collect leaking sodium into a leak-recovery tank where it is isolated from oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-fission-119">[119]</a> Liquid sodium fires are more dangerous to handle than solid sodium fires, particularly if there is insufficient experience with the safe handling of molten sodium. In a technical report for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fire_Administration" title="United States Fire Administration">United States Fire Administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-114">[114]</a> R. J. Gordon writes (emphasis in original) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Molten sodium is extremely dangerous because it is much more reactive than a solid mass. In the liquid form, every sodium atom is free and mobile to instantaneously combine with any available oxygen atom or other oxidizer, and any gaseous by-product will be created as a rapidly expanding gas bubble within the molten mass. Even a minute amount of water can create this type of reaction. Any amount of water introduced into a pool of molten sodium is likely to cause a violent explosion inside the liquid mass, releasing the hydrogen as a rapidly expanding gas and causing the molten sodium to erupt from the container. When molten sodium is involved in a fire, the combustion occurs at the surface of the liquid. An inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, can be used to form an inert layer over the pool of burning liquid sodium, but the gas must be applied very gently and contained over the surface. Except for soda ash, most of the powdered agents that are used to extinguish small fires in solid pieces or shallow pools will sink to the bottom of a molten mass of burning sodium – the sodium will float to the top and continue to burn. If the burning sodium is in a container, it may be feasible to extinguish the fire by placing a lid on the container to exclude oxygen.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Sodium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sodium" class="extiw" title="wikt:sodium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sodium" class="extiw" title="c:Sodium">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sodium" class="extiw" title="q:Sodium">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Sodium" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:The Elements/Sodium">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Sodium_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Sodium atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/sodium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Sodium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Sodium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fsodium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-4"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The compound <a href="/wiki/NaCl" class="mw-redirect" title="NaCl">NaCl</a> has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometries</a> under high pressure, including Na3Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangOganovGoncharovZhu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, W.; Oganov, A. R.; Goncharov, A. F.; Zhu, Q.; Boulfelfel, S. E.; Lyakhov, A. O.; Stavrou, E.; Somayazulu, M.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Konôpková, Z. (2013). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7674">1310.7674</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342.1502Z">2013Sci...342.1502Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1244989">10.1126/science.1244989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24357316">24357316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15298372">15298372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Unexpected+Stable+Stoichiometries+of+Sodium+Chlorides&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6165&rft.pages=1502-1505&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15298372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342.1502Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.7674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24357316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1244989&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Oganov%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Goncharov%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Q.&rft.au=Boulfelfel%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Lyakhov%2C+A.+O.&rft.au=Stavrou%2C+E.&rft.au=Somayazulu%2C+M.&rft.au=Prakapenka%2C+V.+B.&rft.au=Kon%C3%B4pkov%C3%A1%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</a>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. 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"Blood – Inorganic substances". in: Scientific Tables (Seventh ed.). Basle, Switzerland: CIBA-GEIGY Ltd. pp. 561–568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood+%E2%80%93+Inorganic+substances&rft.btitle=in%3A+Scientific+Tables&rft.place=Basle%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=561-568&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=CIBA-GEIGY+Ltd.&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Diem&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Lentner%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagnon_2021-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gagnon_2021_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagnon_2021_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnonDelpire2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gagnon, Kenneth B.; Delpire, Eric (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947867">"Sodium Transporters in Human Health and Disease"</a>. 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Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. p. 515. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043748-6%2F01055-0">10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/01055-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043748-4"><bdi>978-0-08-043748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metal+Aqua+Ions&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Coordination+Chemistry+II&rft.pages=515&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-043748-6%2F01055-0&rft.isbn=978-0-08-043748-4&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=S.+F.&rft.au=Richens%2C+D.+T.&rft.au=Sykes%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanLange1998" class="citation book cs1">Dean, John Aurie; Lange, Norbert Adolph (1998). 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B. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clinchem.org/content/27/8/1435">"Determination of Sodium with Ion-Selective Electrodes"</a>. Clinical Chemistry. 27 (8): 1435–1438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F27.8.1435">10.1093/clinchem/27.8.1435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7273405">7273405</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205222850/http://www.clinchem.org/content/27/8/1435">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Sodium+with+Ion-Selective+Electrodes&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1435-1438&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F27.8.1435&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7273405&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clinchem.org%2Fcontent%2F27%2F8%2F1435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvor_L._Simmons2012" class="citation book cs1">Ivor L. Simmons, ed. (6 December 2012). Applications of the Newer Techniques of Analysis. 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U·X·L. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-2847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-2847-5"><bdi>978-0-7876-2847-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39778687">39778687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Elements&rft.pub=U%C2%B7X%C2%B7L&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39778687&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-2847-5&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalelements00newt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy1807-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Davy1807_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1808" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57">"On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, particularly the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 98: 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0001">10.1098/rstl.1808.0001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312220213/https://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+some+new+phenomena+of+chemical+changes+produced+by+electricity%2C+particularly+the+decomposition+of+the+fixed+alkalies%2C+and+the+exhibition+of+the+new+substances+which+constitute+their+bases%3B+and+on+the+general+nature+of+alkaline+bodies&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0001&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpwEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weeks-44"><a href="#cite_ref-weeks_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements. IX. Three alkali metals: Potassium, sodium, and lithium". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (6): 1035. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9.1035W">1932JChEd...9.1035W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p1035">10.1021/ed009p1035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+IX.+Three+alkali+metals%3A+Potassium%2C+sodium%2C+and+lithium&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1035&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p1035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9.1035W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Humphry Davy (1809) "Ueber einige neue Erscheinungen chemischer Veränderungen, welche durch die Electricität bewirkt werden; insbesondere über die Zersetzung der feuerbeständigen Alkalien, die Darstellung der neuen Körper, welche ihre Basen ausmachen, und die Natur der Alkalien überhaupt" (On some new phenomena of chemical changes that are achieved by electricity; particularly the decomposition of flame-resistant alkalis [i.e., alkalies that cannot be reduced to their base metals by flames], the preparation of new substances that constitute their [metallic] bases, and the nature of alkalies generally), Annalen der Physik, 31 (2) : 113–175; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyswAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157">see footnote p. 157.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207085127/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyswAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157">Archived</a> 7 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From p. 157: "In unserer deutschen Nomenclatur würde ich die Namen Kalium und Natronium vorschlagen, wenn man nicht lieber bei den von Herrn Erman gebrauchten und von mehreren angenommenen Benennungen Kali-Metalloid and Natron-Metalloid, bis zur völligen Aufklärung der chemischen Natur dieser räthzelhaften Körper bleiben will. Oder vielleicht findet man es noch zweckmässiger fürs Erste zwei Klassen zu machen, Metalle und Metalloide, und in die letztere Kalium und Natronium zu setzen. — Gilbert." (In our German nomenclature, I would suggest the names Kalium and Natronium, if one would not rather continue with the appellations Kali-metalloid and Natron-metalloid which are used by Mr. Erman and accepted by several [people], until the complete clarification of the chemical nature of these puzzling substances. Or perhaps one finds it yet more advisable for the present to create two classes, metals and metalloids, and to place Kalium and Natronium in the latter – Gilbert.) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> J. Jacob Berzelius, Försök, att, genom användandet af den electrokemiska theorien och de kemiska proportionerna, grundlägga ett rent vettenskapligt system för mineralogien [Attempt, by the use of electrochemical theory and chemical proportions, to found a pure scientific system for mineralogy] (Stockholm, Sweden: A. Gadelius, 1814), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Uw0-AAAAcAAJ#page/n91/mode/2up">p. 87.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Krogt" class="citation web cs1">van der Krogt, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Na">"Elementymology & Elements Multidict"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123001459/http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Na">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&rft.aulast=van+der+Krogt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DNa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortland,_AndrewSchachner,_LukasFreestone,_IanTite,_Michael2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shortland, Andrew; Schachner, Lukas; Freestone, Ian; Tite, Michael (2006). "Natron as a flux in the early vitreous materials industry: sources, beginnings and reasons for decline". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (4): 521–530. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JArSc..33..521S">2006JArSc..33..521S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.09.011">10.1016/j.jas.2005.09.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Natron+as+a+flux+in+the+early+vitreous+materials+industry%3A+sources%2C+beginnings+and+reasons+for+decline&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=521-530&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.09.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JArSc..33..521S&rft.au=Shortland%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Schachner%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Freestone%2C+Ian&rft.au=Tite%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bunsen1-49"><a href="#cite_ref-bunsen1_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchhoffBunsen1860" class="citation journal cs1">Kirchhoff, G.; Bunsen, R. (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/15657/1/spektral.pdf">"Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen"</a> (PDF). Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 186 (6): 161–189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1860AnP...186..161K">1860AnP...186..161K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18601860602">10.1002/andp.18601860602</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044080591324">2027/hvd.32044080591324</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302113524/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/15657/1/spektral.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2016. 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CRC Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1312-6"><bdi>978-1-4398-1312-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669160695">669160695</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512120327/https://books.google.com/books?id=VqosZeMjNjEC&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small-Scale+Synthesis+of+Laboratory+Reagents+with+Reaction+Modeling&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669160695&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-1312-6&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqosZeMjNjEC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethi2006" class="citation book cs1">Sethi, Arun (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x77djyQHX8UC&pg=PA32">Systematic Laboratory Experiments in Organic Chemistry</a>. New Age International. pp. 32–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1491-2"><bdi>978-81-224-1491-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86068991">86068991</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429193047/https://books.google.com/books?id=x77djyQHX8UC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016. 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John Wiley & Sons, 2006. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1050-4"><bdi>978-81-265-1050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+2006&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-265-1050-4&rft.au=Solomons&rft.au=Fryhle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.139-mar10/messenger-no139-12-19.pdf">"Laser Development for Sodium Laser Guide Stars at ESO"</a> (PDF). Domenico Bonaccini Calia, Yan Feng, Wolfgang Hackenberg, Ronald Holzlöhner, Luke Taylor, Steffan Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313021228/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.139-mar10/messenger-no139-12-19.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Domenico+Bonaccini+Calia%2C+Yan+Feng%2C+Wolfgang+Hackenberg%2C+Ronald+Holzl%C3%B6hner%2C+Luke+Taylor%2C+Steffan+Lewis&rft.atitle=Laser+Development+for+Sodium+Laser+Guide+Stars+at+ESO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fsci%2Fpublications%2Fmessenger%2Farchive%2Fno.139-mar10%2Fmessenger-no139-12-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossenvan_Bleiswijk1912" class="citation journal cs1">van Rossen, G. L. C. M.; van Bleiswijk, H. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428126">"Über das Zustandsdiagramm der Kalium-Natriumlegierungen"</a>. Zeitschrift für Anorganische Chemie. 74: 152–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19120740115">10.1002/zaac.19120740115</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311005640/https://zenodo.org/record/1428126">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+Chemie&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+das+Zustandsdiagramm+der+Kalium-Natriumlegierungen&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=152-156&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19120740115&rft.aulast=van+Rossen&rft.aufirst=G.+L.+C.+M.&rft.au=van+Bleiswijk%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sodiumcoolant-79"><a href="#cite_ref-sodiumcoolant_79-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/SodiumCoolant_NRCpresentation.pdf">Sodium as a Fast Reactor Coolant</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113134710/http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/SodiumCoolant_NRCpresentation.pdf">Archived</a> 13 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> presented by Thomas H. Fanning. Nuclear Engineering Division. U.S. Department of Energy. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Topical Seminar Series on Sodium Fast Reactors. 3 May 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrc_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1504/ML15043A307.pdf">"Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)"</a> (PDF). Office of Nuclear Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. 18 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133124/https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1504/ML15043A307.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2019. 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Behaviour in the Atmosphere of the Aerosol from a Sodium Fire (Report). U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4039364">4039364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Behaviour+in+the+Atmosphere+of+the+Aerosol+from+a+Sodium+Fire&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy+Office+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Information&rft.date=1970-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F4039364%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft.aulast=Clough&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rft.au=Garland%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadwig1991" class="citation book cs1">Ladwig, Thomas H. (1991). Industrial fire prevention and protection. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-23678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-23678-6"><bdi>978-0-442-23678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+fire+prevention+and+protection&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold%2C+1991&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-442-23678-6&rft.aulast=Ladwig&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fission-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fission_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fission_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGünter_Kessler2012" class="citation book cs1">Günter Kessler (8 May 2012). Sustainable and Safe Nuclear Fission Energy: Technology and Safety of Fast and Thermal Nuclear Reactors (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11990-3"><bdi>978-3-642-11990-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+and+Safe+Nuclear+Fission+Energy%3A+Technology+and+Safety+of+Fast+and+Thermal+Nuclear+Reactors&rft.pages=446&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media%2C+2012&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.isbn=978-3-642-11990-3&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter+Kessler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="q:Special:Search/Sodium">Sodium</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/011.htm">Sodium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balashon.com/2008/07/neter-and-nitrogen.html">Etymology of "natrium" – source of symbol Na</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/011/index.html">The Wooden Periodic Table Table's Entry on Sodium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712011829/http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Na_iso.htm">Sodium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sodium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sodium_compounds" title="Template:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sodium_compounds" title="Template talk:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sodium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sodium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_compounds" title="Sodium compounds">Sodium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inorganic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">NaF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bifluoride" title="Sodium bifluoride">NaHF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">NaBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">NaI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_astatide" title="Sodium astatide">NaAt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ozonide" title="Sodium ozonide">NaO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">NaOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_deuteroxide" title="Sodium deuteroxide">NaOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">Na2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydrosulfide" title="Sodium hydrosulfide">NaSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenide" title="Sodium selenide">Na2Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroselenide" title="Sodium hydroselenide">NaSeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_telluride" title="Sodium telluride">Na2Te</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydrogen_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium hydrogen telluride (page does not exist)">NaHTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_polonide" title="Sodium polonide">Na2Po</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitride" title="Sodium nitride">Na3N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">NaN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_amide" title="Sodium amide">NaNH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_phosphide" title="Sodium phosphide">Na3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na3As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxyhalides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">NaClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorite" title="Sodium chlorite">NaClO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorate" title="Sodium chlorate">NaClO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perchlorate" title="Sodium perchlorate">NaClO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypobromite" title="Sodium hypobromite">NaBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromite" title="Sodium bromite">NaBrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromate" title="Sodium bromate">NaBrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perbromate" title="Sodium perbromate">NaBrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodate" title="Sodium iodate">NaIO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_periodate" title="Sodium periodate">NaIO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxychalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfite" title="Sodium sulfite">Na2SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">Na2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfite" title="Sodium bisulfite">NaHSO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfate" title="Sodium bisulfate">NaHSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">Na2S2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionite" title="Sodium dithionite">Na2S2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metabisulfite" title="Sodium metabisulfite">Na2S2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionate" title="Sodium dithionate">Na2S2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pyrosulfate" title="Sodium pyrosulfate">Na2S2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_persulfate" title="Sodium persulfate">Na2S2O8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">Na2SeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenate" title="Sodium selenate">Na2SeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_biselenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium biselenite">NaHSeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tellurite" title="Sodium tellurite">Na2TeO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxypnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">NaNO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">NaNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hyponitrite" title="Sodium hyponitrite">Na2N2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">NaH2PO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypophosphite" title="Sodium hypophosphite">NaPO2H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_phosphite" title="Disodium hydrogen phosphite">Na2HPO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium fluorophosphate">Na2PO3F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithiophosphate" title="Sodium dithiophosphate">Na3PS2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisodium_phosphate" title="Trisodium phosphate">Na3PO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate" title="Sodium triphosphate">Na5P3O10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasodium_pyrophosphate" title="Tetrasodium pyrophosphate">Na4P2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_pyrophosphate" title="Disodium pyrophosphate">Na2H2P2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenite" title="Sodium arsenite">Na3AsO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenate" title="Sodium arsenate">Na3AsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Disodium hydrogen arsenate">Na2HAsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dihydrogen_arsenate" title="Sodium dihydrogen arsenate">NaH2AsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_antimonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium antimonate">NaSbO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium aluminium hydride">NaAlH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">NaAlO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroaluminate" title="Sodium hexafluoroaluminate">Na3AlF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_alum" title="Sodium alum">NaAl(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloroaurate" title="Sodium tetrachloroaurate">NaAuCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroantimonate" title="Sodium hexafluoroantimonate">NaSbF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroarsenate" title="Sodium hexafluoroarsenate">NaAsF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Sodium hexafluorotitanate">Na2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">NaBH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanoborohydride" title="Sodium cyanoborohydride">NaBH3(CN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metaborate" title="Sodium metaborate">NaBO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Na2B4O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_enneaborate" title="Disodium enneaborate">Na2B2O9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_octaborate" title="Disodium octaborate">Na2B8O13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate" title="Sodium bismuthate">NaBiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">NaCN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_fulminate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium fulminate (page does not exist)">NaCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobalt_oxide" title="Sodium cobalt oxide">NaCoO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_perxenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium perxenate (page does not exist)">Na4XeO6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_xenate" title="Monosodium xenate">NaHXeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_permanganate" title="Sodium permanganate">NaMnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanate" title="Sodium cyanate">NaOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perrhenate" title="Sodium perrhenate">NaReO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiocyanate" title="Sodium thiocyanate">NaSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatechnetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium metatechnetate">NaTcO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pertechnetate" title="Sodium pertechnetate">NaTcO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metavanadate" title="Sodium metavanadate">NaVO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Na2CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxalate" title="Sodium oxalate">Na2C2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate" title="Sodium 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate">Na2C3S5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chromate" title="Sodium chromate">Na2CrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dichromate" title="Sodium dichromate">Na2Cr2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_trichromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium trichromate (page does not exist)">Na2Cr3O10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_germanate" title="Sodium germanate">Na2GeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_helide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium helide">Na2He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate" title="Disodium tetracarbonylferrate">Na2[Fe(CO)4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_manganate" title="Sodium manganate">Na2MnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_molybdate" title="Sodium molybdate">Na2MoO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroiridate(III)" title="Sodium hexachloroiridate(III)">Na3IrCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Sodium hexachloroplatinate">Na2PtCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_uranate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium uranate">Na2O(UO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrathionate" title="Sodium tetrathionate">Na2S4O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">Na2SiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatitanate" title="Sodium metatitanate">Na2TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_diuranate" title="Sodium diuranate">Na2U2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungstate" title="Sodium tungstate">Na2WO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_zincate" title="Sodium zincate">Na2Zn(OH)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthovanadate" title="Sodium orthovanadate">Na3VO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_decavanadate" title="Sodium decavanadate">Na6V10O28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrocyanide" title="Sodium ferrocyanide">Na4Fe(CN)6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_ferricyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium ferricyanide (page does not exist)">Na3Fe(CN)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrioxalate" title="Sodium ferrioxalate">Na3Fe(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthosilicate" title="Sodium orthosilicate">Na4SiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorosilicate" title="Sodium fluorosilicate">Na2SiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexanitritocobaltate(III)" title="Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)">Na3[Co(NO2)6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(trimethylsilyl)amide" title="Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide">NaNSi2(CH3)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloropalladate" title="Sodium tetrachloropalladate">Na2PdCl4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organosodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosodium">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_methoxide" title="Sodium methoxide">CH3ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ethoxide" title="Sodium ethoxide">C2H5ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_formate" title="Sodium formate">HCOONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_propionate" title="Sodium propionate">C2H5COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_butyrate" title="Sodium butyrate">C3H7COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tartrate" title="Sodium tartrate">Na2C4H4O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bitartrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium bitartrate">C4H5NaO6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_acetate" title="Sodium acetate">NaCH3COO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">NaC6H5CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">NaC6H4(OH)CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_laurate" title="Sodium laurate">NaC12H23O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_naphthalene" title="Sodium naphthalene">NaC10H8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitroprusside" title="Sodium nitroprusside">Na2[Fe[CN5]NO]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride">C6H16AlNaO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_erythorbate" title="Sodium erythorbate">NaC6H7O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosodium Glutamate">C5H8NO4Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsodium" title="Phenylsodium">C6H5Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Butylsodium" title="N-Butylsodium">C4H9Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclopentadienide" title="Sodium cyclopentadienide">NaC5H5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Palmitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Palmitate (page does not exist)">C15H31COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Oleate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Oleate (page does not exist)">C17H33COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearate" title="Sodium stearate">C18H35O2Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">C164H256O68S2Na2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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Template:Cite_book"," 8.56% 191.560 132 Template:Trim"," 8.33% 186.288 3 Template:Navbox"," 8.12% 181.667 1 Template:Infobox_sodium_isotopes"," 8.07% 180.445 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.195","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26709374,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnSunderlandLathrop2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Mente2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngelici,_R._J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong,_James2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinsde_Paula2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanks1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCDC2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitronGabelStroudStroud1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloughGarland1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColapreteSarantosWoodenStubbs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCremonese,_G.Boehnhardt,_H.Crovisier,_J.Rauer,_H.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavy1808\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Leon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeanLange1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenisenkovIvanov1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiemLentner1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDos_SantosTriviñoBarrosDa_Cruz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyeCerasoMei_Lok_TakBarnett1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggemanUpdated_By_Staff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagnonDelpire2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGattiTokatlyRubio2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeleijnseKokGrobbee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGünter_Kessler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabashi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvor_L._Simmons2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKering2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirchhoffBunsen1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadwig1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawesVander_HoornRodgersInternational_Society_of_Hypertension2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrie_RyanRoger_Norris2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincolnRichensSykes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Anthony_Benvenuto2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuireBeerman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKillop1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikos_HadjichristidisAkira_Hirao2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOesperLemay1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatelJoseph2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_AshworthJanet_Chetland1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavel_Solomonovich_KnopovPanos_M._Pardalos2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohlWheelerMurray2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedfieldEndlCochranKoesterke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemington2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandersAuxier1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShortland,_AndrewSchachner,_LukasFreestone,_IanTite,_Michael2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomonsFryhle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrilakshmi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStallingsHarrisonOria2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_Nusim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarksLiottaHalpern1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubbaraoItoBerryWheeler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauschek_Max_J1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Atomic_Energy_Commission\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Department_of_AgricultureU.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._National_Research_Council_Committee_on_Prudent_Practices_for_Handling,_Storage,_and_Disposal_of_Chemicals_in_Laboratories1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeltyHobbsKulkarni1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu_Hou2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Rossenvan_Bleiswijk1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Krogt\"] = 1,\n [\"spectroscopy\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 4,\n [\"Chembox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Hazards\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tech report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS02\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS05\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 1,\n [\"H-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox sodium\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"NUBASE 2003\"] = 1,\n [\"OrgSynth\"] = 1,\n [\"P-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Sodium compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","35.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","13.5"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sodium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q658","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q658","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-15T20:42:00Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T01:28:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Na and atomic number 11"}</script> </body> </html>