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7b. Statistical methods - Explanation | ARRIVE Guidelines | ARRIVE Guidelines
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methods</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/experimental-animals/8a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="100" hreflang="en"><span>8. </span><span>Experimental animals</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/experimental-procedures/9a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="108" hreflang="en"><span>9. </span><span>Experimental procedures</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/results/10a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="112" hreflang="en"><span>10. </span><span>Results</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <button class="guidelines-menu__nav-link toggle-open" data-target="#guidelines-menu__nav--sub-recommended-set" type="button">Recommended Set</button> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="guidelines-menu__nav guidelines-menu__nav--sub" id="guidelines-menu__nav--sub-recommended-set" > <ul> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/abstract/11/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="114" hreflang="en"><span>11. </span><span>Abstract</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/background/12a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="118" hreflang="en"><span>12. </span><span>Background</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/objectives/13/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="120" hreflang="en"><span>13. </span><span>Objectives</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/ethical-statement/14/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="122" hreflang="en"><span>14. </span><span>Ethical statement</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/housing-and-husbandry/15/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="124" hreflang="en"><span>15. </span><span>Housing and husbandry</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/animal-care-and-monitoring/16a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="130" hreflang="en"><span>16. </span><span>Animal care and monitoring</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/interpretation-scientific-implications/17a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="134" hreflang="en"><span>17. </span><span>Interpretation/ scientific implications</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/generalisability-translation/18/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="138" hreflang="en"><span>18. </span><span>Generalisability/ translation</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/protocol-registration/19/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="140" hreflang="en"><span>19. </span><span>Protocol registration</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/data-access/20/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="142" hreflang="en"><span>20. </span><span>Data access</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/declaration-interests/21a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="146" hreflang="en"><span>21. </span><span>Declaration of interests</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/glossary" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="22" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/22">Glossary</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content__content"> <div id="block-arrive-content"> <article class="guideline"> <div class="guideline__type"> Essential 10 </div> <h1 class="guideline__title">7. Statistical methods <span class="sr-only"> <span class="guideline__sub-item-title">Describe any methods used to assess whether the data met the assumptions of the statistical approach, and what was done if the assumptions were not met. </span> <span class="guideline__content-title">explanation</span> </span></h1> <div> <div class="guideline__sub-item-content"> <div class="guideline__sub-items"> <div class="guideline__sub-items"> <div class="guideline__sub-items-tabs"> <div class="guideline__sub-items-title guideline__sub-items-title--50"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/statistical-methods/7a/explanation" data-node="96" class="guideline__sub-items-link"> <span class="guideline__sub-items-title-order">7a</span> <span> Provide details of the statistical methods used for each analysis, including software used. </span></a> </div> <div class="guideline__sub-items-title guideline__sub-items-title--50 guideline__sub-items-title--active"> <div> <span class="guideline__sub-items-title-order">7b</span> <span> Describe any methods used to assess whether the data met the assumptions of the statistical approach, and what was done if the assumptions were not met. </span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="guideline__ee-content"> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs"> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-title guideline__ee_tabs-title--active" data-tab-type="explanation"> <span data-node="94">Explanation</span> </div> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-title" data-tab-type="example"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/statistical-methods/7b/examples" class="guideline__ee_tabs-link" data-node="95">Examples</a> </div> </div> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-content guideline__ee_tabs-content--active"> <div><p>Hypothesis tests are based on assumptions about the underlying data. Describing how assumptions were assessed, and whether these assumptions are met by the data, enables readers to assess the suitability of the statistical approach used. If the assumptions are incorrect, the conclusions may not be valid. For example, the assumptions for data used in parametric tests (such as a t-test, Z-test, ANOVA, etc.) are that the data are continuous, the residuals from the analysis are normally distributed, the responses are independent, and that different groups have similar variances.</p> <p>There are various tests for normality, for example the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. However, these tests have to be used cautiously. If the sample size is small, they will struggle to detect non-normality, if the sample size is large, the tests will detect unimportant deviations. An alternative approach is to evaluate data with visual plots e.g. normal probability plots, box plots, scatterplots. If the residuals of the analysis are not normally distributed, the assumption may be satisfied using a data transformation where the same mathematical function is applied to all data points to produce normally distributed data (e.g. log<sub>e</sub>, log<sub>10</sub>, square root).</p> <p>Other types of outcome measures (binary, categorical, or ordinal) will require different methods of analysis, and each will have different sets of assumptions. For example, categorical data are summarised by counts and percentages or proportions, and are analysed by tests of proportions; these analysis methods assume that data are binary, ordinal or nominal, and independent <a href="#7b-explanation-refs">[1]</a>.</p> <p>For each statistical test used (parametric or non-parametric), report the type of outcome measure and the methods used to test the assumptions of the statistical approach. If data were transformed, identify precisely the transformation used and which outcome measures it was applied to. Report any changes to the analysis if the assumptions were not met and an alternative approach was used (e.g. a non-parametric test was used which does not require the assumption of normality). If the relevant assumptions about the data were not tested, state this explicitly.</p> <p> </p> <h2>References</h2> <ol> <li>Ruxton G and Colegrave N (2017). Experimental design for the life sciences. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. <a style="color:#0563c1;" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/experimental-design-for-the-life-sciences-9780198717355?cc=us&lang=en&" target="_blank"><u>https://global.oup.com/academic/product/experimental-design-for-the-life-sciences-9780198717355?cc=us&lang=en&</u></a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/94","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","civiccookiecontrol_path":"modules\/contrib\/civicccookiecontrol"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyNz9EKwyAMBdAfsvV5XyNRg5WmRkws9O8nrKNlg7G3cO6FJNBa3tF6ZhVtUA28IHLoGxadBoY1l_QOErEHmkQPuqlQjuiUHVcsJ7rUB44Wir3Gn6EbK7sJec8hMK8ZAxdtTPabZkHVcYH8V3-Ygr4T3D494eOhCg3SiBexsfUKNF8y91K7pywLRiOHKG7Wg-ATRVSBFw","theme":"arrive","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"civiccookiecontrol":"{\u0022apiKey\u0022:\u0022487f456762462627969a5b51573dcc53e2cdd8f1\u0022,\u0022product\u0022:\u0022PRO_MULTISITE\u0022,\u0022logConsent\u0022:false,\u0022consentCookieExpiry\u0022:90,\u0022encodeCookie\u0022:false,\u0022subDomains\u0022:true,\u0022notifyOnce\u0022:false,\u0022rejectButton\u0022:false,\u0022toggleType\u0022:\u0022slider\u0022,\u0022closeStyle\u0022:\u0022icon\u0022,\u0022settingsStyle\u0022:\u0022link\u0022,\u0022initialState\u0022:\u0022NOTIFY\u0022,\u0022layout\u0022:\u0022SLIDEOUT\u0022,\u0022position\u0022:\u0022RIGHT\u0022,\u0022theme\u0022:\u0022LIGHT\u0022,\u0022necessaryCookies\u0022:[],\u0022optionalCookies\u0022:[{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022analytics\u0022,\u0022label\u0022:\u0022Analytical Cookies\u0022,\u0022description\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EAnalytical cookies help us to improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.\u003C\/p\u003E\\r\\n\u0022,\u0022cookies\u0022:[\u0022_ga\u0022,\u0022_gid\u0022,\u0022_gat\u0022],\u0022onAccept\u0022:\u0022function(){(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[\u0027GoogleAnalyticsObject\u0027]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,\u0027script\u0027,\u0027https:\/\/www.google-analytics.com\/analytics.js\u0027,\u0027ga\u0027);\\r\\nga(\u0027create\u0027, \u0027UA-409017-4\u0027, \u0027auto\u0027);\\r\\nga(\u0027send\u0027, \u0027pageview\u0027);\\r\\n\\r\\n(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[\u0027GoogleTagObject\u0027]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,\u0027script\u0027,\u0027https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=G-Y60SY38W16\u0027,\u0027gtag\u0027);\\r\\n\\r\\n window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];\\r\\n function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}\\r\\n gtag(\u0027js\u0027, new Date());\\r\\n\\r\\n gtag(\u0027config\u0027, \u0027G-ZNNTEXLB6T\u0027);\\r\\n}\u0022,\u0022onRevoke\u0022:\u0022function(){window[\u0027ga-disable-UA-409017-4\u0027] = true;\\r\\nwindow[\u0027ga-disable-G-ZNNTEXLB6T\u0027] = true;\\r\\nwindow[\u0027ga-disable-G-Y60SY38W16\u0027] = true;}\u0022,\u0022recommendedState\u0022:true,\u0022lawfulBasis\u0022:\u0022consent\u0022}],\u0022excludedCountries\u0022:[],\u0022debug\u0022:false,\u0022setInnerHTML\u0022:true,\u0022wrapInnerHTML\u0022:false,\u0022mode\u0022:\u0022GDPR\u0022,\u0022acceptBehaviour\u0022:\u0022recommended\u0022,\u0022closeOnGlobalChange\u0022:true,\u0022notifyDismissButton\u0022:true,\u0022sameSiteCookie\u0022:true,\u0022sameSiteValue\u0022:\u0022Strict\u0022,\u0022iabCMP\u0022:false,\u0022statement\u0022:{\u0022description\u0022:\u0022For more detailed information on the cookies we use, please check our\u0022,\u0022name\u0022:\u0022Privacy Policy\u0022,\u0022updated\u0022:\u002223\/10\/2020\u0022,\u0022url\u0022:\u0022https:\/\/arriveguidelines.org\/privacy\u0022},\u0022ccpaConfig\u0022:[],\u0022accessibility\u0022:{\u0022accessKey\u0022:\u0022C\u0022,\u0022overlay\u0022:true,\u0022outline\u0022:true,\u0022disableSiteScrolling\u0022:false},\u0022text\u0022:{\u0022title\u0022:\u0022This site uses cookies\u0022,\u0022intro\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003ESome of these cookies are essential, while others help us to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used.\u003C\/p\u003E\u0022,\u0022acceptRecommended\u0022:\u0022Accept Recommended Settings\u0022,\u0022acceptSettings\u0022:\u0022I accept\u0022,\u0022rejectSettings\u0022:\u0022I do not accept\u0022,\u0022necessaryTitle\u0022:\u0022Essential Cookies\u0022,\u0022necessaryDescription\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EEssential cookies enable core functionality such as page navigation and access to secure areas. 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