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2a. Sample size - Explanation | ARRIVE Guidelines | ARRIVE Guidelines
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href="/arrive-guidelines/sample-size/2a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link is-active" data-node="78" hreflang="en"><span>2. </span><span>Sample size</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/inclusion-and-exclusion-criteria/3a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="82" hreflang="en"><span>3. </span><span>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/randomisation/4a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="86" hreflang="en"><span>4. </span><span>Randomisation</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default 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methods</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/experimental-animals/8a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="100" hreflang="en"><span>8. </span><span>Experimental animals</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/experimental-procedures/9a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="108" hreflang="en"><span>9. </span><span>Experimental procedures</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/results/10a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="112" hreflang="en"><span>10. </span><span>Results</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <button class="guidelines-menu__nav-link toggle-open" data-target="#guidelines-menu__nav--sub-recommended-set" type="button">Recommended set</button> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="guidelines-menu__nav guidelines-menu__nav--sub" id="guidelines-menu__nav--sub-recommended-set" > <ul> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/abstract/11/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="114" hreflang="en"><span>11. </span><span>Abstract</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/background/12a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="118" hreflang="en"><span>12. </span><span>Background</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/objectives/13/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="120" hreflang="en"><span>13. </span><span>Objectives</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/ethical-statement/14/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="122" hreflang="en"><span>14. </span><span>Ethical statement</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/housing-and-husbandry/15/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="124" hreflang="en"><span>15. </span><span>Housing and husbandry</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/animal-care-and-monitoring/16a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="130" hreflang="en"><span>16. </span><span>Animal care and monitoring</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/interpretation-scientific-implications/17a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="134" hreflang="en"><span>17. </span><span>Interpretation/ scientific implications</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/generalisability-translation/18/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="138" hreflang="en"><span>18. </span><span>Generalisability/ translation</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/protocol-registration/19/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="140" hreflang="en"><span>19. </span><span>Protocol registration</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/data-access/20/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="142" hreflang="en"><span>20. </span><span>Data access</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/declaration-interests/21a/explanation" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="146" hreflang="en"><span>21. </span><span>Declaration of interests</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="guidelines-menu__nav-item menu-item"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/glossary" class="guidelines-menu__nav-link" data-node="22" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/22">Glossary</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentguidelines view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content__content"> <div id="block-arrive-content"> <article class="guideline"> <div class="guideline__type"> Essential 10 </div> <h1 class="guideline__title">2. Sample size <span class="sr-only"> <span class="guideline__sub-item-title">Specify the exact number of experimental units allocated to each group, and the total number in each experiment. Also indicate the total number of animals used.</span> <span class="guideline__content-title">explanation</span> </span></h1> <div> <div class="guideline__sub-item-content"> <div class="guideline__sub-items"> <div class="guideline__sub-items"> <div class="guideline__sub-items-tabs"> <div class="guideline__sub-items-title guideline__sub-items-title--50 guideline__sub-items-title--active"> <div> <span class="guideline__sub-items-title-order">2a</span> <span> Specify the exact number of experimental units allocated to each group, and the total number in each experiment. Also indicate the total number of animals used. </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="guideline__sub-items-title guideline__sub-items-title--50"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/sample-size/2b/explanation" data-node="76" class="guideline__sub-items-link"> <span class="guideline__sub-items-title-order">2b</span> <span> Explain how the sample size was decided. Provide details of any a priori sample size calculation, if done. </span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="guideline__ee-content"> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs"> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-title guideline__ee_tabs-title--active" data-tab-type="explanation"> <span data-node="78">Explanation</span> </div> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-title" data-tab-type="example"> <a href="/arrive-guidelines/sample-size/2a/examples" class="guideline__ee_tabs-link" data-node="79">Examples</a> </div> </div> <div class="guideline__ee_tabs-content guideline__ee_tabs-content--active"> <div><p>The sample size relates to the number of experimental units in each group at the start of the study, and is usually represented by <em>n</em> (see <a href="/arrive-guidelines/study-design" target="_blank"><strong>item 1 – Study design</strong></a> for further guidance on identifying and reporting experimental units). This information is crucial to assess the validity of the statistical model and the robustness of the experimental results.</p> <p>The sample size in each group at the start of the study may be different from the <em>n</em> numbers in the analysis (see <a href="/arrive-guidelines/inclusion-and-exclusion-criteria" target="_blank"><strong>item 3 – Inclusion and exclusion criteria</strong></a>), this information helps readers identify attrition or if there have been exclusions, and in which group they occurred. Reporting the total number of animals used in the study is also useful to identify if any were re-used between experiments.</p> <p>Report the exact value of<em> n</em> per group and the total number in each experiment (including any independent replications). If the experimental unit is not the animal, also report the total number of animals to help readers understand the study design. For example, in a study investigating diet using cages of animals housed in pairs, the number of animals is double the number of experimental units.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/78","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","civiccookiecontrol_path":"modules\/contrib\/civicccookiecontrol"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyNz9EKwyAMBdAfsvV5XyNRg5WmRkws9O8nrKNlg7G3cO6FJNBa3tF6ZhVtUA28IHLoGxadBoY1l_QOErEHmkQPuqlQjuiUHVcsJ7rUB44Wir3Gn6EbK7sJec8hMK8ZAxdtTPabZkHVcYH8V3-Ygr4T3D494eOhCg3SiBexsfUKNF8y91K7pywLRiOHKG7Wg-ATRVSBFw","theme":"arrive","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"civiccookiecontrol":"{\u0022apiKey\u0022:\u0022487f456762462627969a5b51573dcc53e2cdd8f1\u0022,\u0022product\u0022:\u0022PRO_MULTISITE\u0022,\u0022logConsent\u0022:false,\u0022consentCookieExpiry\u0022:90,\u0022encodeCookie\u0022:false,\u0022subDomains\u0022:true,\u0022notifyOnce\u0022:false,\u0022rejectButton\u0022:false,\u0022toggleType\u0022:\u0022slider\u0022,\u0022closeStyle\u0022:\u0022icon\u0022,\u0022settingsStyle\u0022:\u0022link\u0022,\u0022initialState\u0022:\u0022NOTIFY\u0022,\u0022layout\u0022:\u0022SLIDEOUT\u0022,\u0022position\u0022:\u0022RIGHT\u0022,\u0022theme\u0022:\u0022LIGHT\u0022,\u0022necessaryCookies\u0022:[],\u0022optionalCookies\u0022:[{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022analytics\u0022,\u0022label\u0022:\u0022Analytical Cookies\u0022,\u0022description\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EAnalytical cookies help us to improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.\u003C\/p\u003E\\r\\n\u0022,\u0022cookies\u0022:[\u0022_ga\u0022,\u0022_gid\u0022,\u0022_gat\u0022],\u0022onAccept\u0022:\u0022function(){(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[\u0027GoogleAnalyticsObject\u0027]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,\u0027script\u0027,\u0027https:\/\/www.google-analytics.com\/analytics.js\u0027,\u0027ga\u0027);\\r\\nga(\u0027create\u0027, \u0027UA-409017-4\u0027, \u0027auto\u0027);\\r\\nga(\u0027send\u0027, \u0027pageview\u0027);\\r\\n\\r\\n(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[\u0027GoogleTagObject\u0027]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,\u0027script\u0027,\u0027https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=G-Y60SY38W16\u0027,\u0027gtag\u0027);\\r\\n\\r\\n window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];\\r\\n function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}\\r\\n gtag(\u0027js\u0027, new Date());\\r\\n\\r\\n gtag(\u0027config\u0027, \u0027G-ZNNTEXLB6T\u0027);\\r\\n}\u0022,\u0022onRevoke\u0022:\u0022function(){window[\u0027ga-disable-UA-409017-4\u0027] = true;\\r\\nwindow[\u0027ga-disable-G-ZNNTEXLB6T\u0027] = true;\\r\\nwindow[\u0027ga-disable-G-Y60SY38W16\u0027] = true;}\u0022,\u0022recommendedState\u0022:true,\u0022lawfulBasis\u0022:\u0022consent\u0022}],\u0022excludedCountries\u0022:[],\u0022debug\u0022:false,\u0022setInnerHTML\u0022:true,\u0022wrapInnerHTML\u0022:false,\u0022mode\u0022:\u0022GDPR\u0022,\u0022acceptBehaviour\u0022:\u0022recommended\u0022,\u0022closeOnGlobalChange\u0022:true,\u0022notifyDismissButton\u0022:true,\u0022sameSiteCookie\u0022:true,\u0022sameSiteValue\u0022:\u0022Strict\u0022,\u0022iabCMP\u0022:false,\u0022statement\u0022:{\u0022description\u0022:\u0022For more detailed information on the cookies we use, please check our\u0022,\u0022name\u0022:\u0022Privacy Policy\u0022,\u0022updated\u0022:\u002223\/10\/2020\u0022,\u0022url\u0022:\u0022https:\/\/arriveguidelines.org\/privacy\u0022},\u0022ccpaConfig\u0022:[],\u0022accessibility\u0022:{\u0022accessKey\u0022:\u0022C\u0022,\u0022overlay\u0022:true,\u0022outline\u0022:true,\u0022disableSiteScrolling\u0022:false},\u0022text\u0022:{\u0022title\u0022:\u0022This site uses cookies\u0022,\u0022intro\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003ESome of these cookies are essential, while others help us to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used.\u003C\/p\u003E\u0022,\u0022acceptRecommended\u0022:\u0022Accept Recommended Settings\u0022,\u0022acceptSettings\u0022:\u0022I accept\u0022,\u0022rejectSettings\u0022:\u0022I do not accept\u0022,\u0022necessaryTitle\u0022:\u0022Essential Cookies\u0022,\u0022necessaryDescription\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EEssential cookies enable core functionality such as page navigation and access to secure areas. 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