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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-116840 apercu surlignable"><p>Generally, State aid is any intervention by public authority, which confers selective economic advantage to undertaking. According to article 107 (1) TFUE, any aid granted by a Member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall, in so far as it affects trade between Member States, be incompatible with the internal market.</p> <p>Articles 107 to 109 contain the EU rules on state aid. Whereas, as a general rule, new state aids must be notified to the Commission, ‘existing aid’ is subject to different procedural rules.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-116840 texte surlignable"><p>There are a number of categories of ‘existing aid’. Article 1(b) Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1589 of 13 July 2015 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 108 of the TFEU defines existing aid as:</p> <ul class="spip" role="list"><li> all aid which existed prior to the entry into force of the TFEU in the respective Member States, that is to say, aid schemes and individual aid which were put into effect before, and are still applicable after, the entry into force of the TFEU in the respective Member States;</li><li> authorised aid, that is to say, aid schemes and individual aid which have been authorised by the Commission or by the Council;</li><li> aid which is deemed to have been authorised pursuant to Article 4(6) of Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 or to Article 4(6) of Regulation (EU) 2015/1589, or prior to Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 but in accordance with this procedure;</li><li> aid with regard to which the limitation period has expired pursuant to Article 17 of Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1589;</li><li> aid which is deemed to be an existing aid because it can be established that at the time it was put into effect it did not constitute an aid, and subsequently became an aid due to the evolution of the internal market and without having been altered by the Member State (where certain measures become aid following the liberalisation of an activity by Union law, such measures shall not be considered as existing aid after the date fixed for liberalisation).</li></ul> <p>Within the framework of the State aid control system, the treatment of State aid differs depending on whether the aid is existing or new. While existing aid may, in accordance with Article 108(1) TFEU, be implemented until the Commission establishes that it is incompatible, Article 108(3) TFEU provides that measures containing new aid or modifying existing aid must be notified to the Commission. According to Article 108 (1) TFEU, existing aid schemes are subject to constant review by the Commission, which may propose to Member States appropriate measures required by the progressive development or by the functioning of the internal market. The review takes place in cooperation with the Member States which must provide the Commission with all necessary information for the review.</p> <p>In its judgment in case T-131/21 (Judgment of 21 June 2023, Região Autónoma da Madeira v European Commission) the General Court stated that, in accordance with Article 108(1) TFEU, existing aid may be implemented as long as the Commission does not find it incompatible with the internal market. By contrast, Article 108(3) TFEU requires that plans to grant new aid or to alter existing aid must be notified to the Commission and may not be put into effect before a final decision is adopted under the procedure laid down in Article 108(2) TFEU. [para 75]. It follows that an authorised aid scheme, which is existing aid, is no longer covered by the decision authorising it and, therefore, constitutes new aid whenever the Member State concerned implements that aid scheme on the basis of rules that are substantially different from those laid down in the authorised draft aid scheme [para 76]. An existing aid scheme that has been substantially amended after it was authorised by the Commission loses its classification as existing aid. [para 77].</p> <p>Article 4(1), of Regulation 794/2004 defines modification of an existing aid as any change other than changesof a purely formal or administrative nature which do not affect the compatibility of the aid with the internal market. This is because a change that is not purely formal or administrative may have an impact on the outcome of the original assessment.</p> <p>Where the Commission considers that an existing aid is found to be incompatible with the internal market as the result of a review under article 108 (1) TFUE, it shall inform the Member States concerned of its preliminary view and give the Member State the opportunity to submit its comments within a period of 1 month. Where, in the light of the information submitted by the Member State, the Commission concludes that the existing aid scheme is not, or is no longer, compatible with the internal market, it issues a recommendation proposing either a substantive amendment of the aid scheme, the introduction of a number of procedural requirements or the abolition of the aid scheme (art. 22 of Regulation No 2015/1589). Where the Member State accepts the proposed measures, it is bound to implement them. If the appropriate measures are refused, the Commission opens a preliminary examination procedure for new aid (art. 23 of Regulation No 2015/1589). It may ultimately adopt an incompatibility decision, which willbe valid for the future.</p> <p>When Member States amend or adjust State aid measures after they are approved by the Commission, the changes can turn an existing aid into new aid and the new aid has to be notified to the Commission, otherwise it is deemed to be illegal. Whilst some changes are cosmetic or insignificant, the others may be more substantive and impact on their compatibility with the internal market.</p> <p>There are numerous cases of the Court of Justice confirming that any amendment that is capable of affecting the compatibility of an approved measure with the internal market must be re-notified to the Commission for the assessment.</p> <p>Essentially, measures intended to grant aid or alter existing aid constitute new aid. In particular, where the alteration affects the actual substance of the original scheme, the latter is transformed into a new aid scheme. However, there can be no question of a substantive alteration where the new element is clearly severable from the original scheme (Joined Cases T-195/01 and T-207/01 Government of Gibraltar v Commission). The emergence of new aid or the alteration of existing aid cannot be assessed according to the scale of the aid or, in particular, its amount in financial terms at any moment in the life of the undertaking if the aid is provided under earlier statutory provisions which remain unaltered. Whether aid may be classified as new aid or as alteration of existing aid must be determined by reference to the provisions providing for it (Judgment of the Court of 9 August 1994. - Namur-Les Assurances du Crédit SA v Office National du Ducroire and the Belgian State). Whether a change to existing aid is minor, and, as such, would not have to be notified, depends on whether the alterations affect “basic features of the previous system of aids”. A ‘substantial alteration’ will be present in the case where changes are made to one or more of those basic features, be the latter subjective, objective or temporal (Opinion of Advocate General CAMPOS SÁNCHEZ-BORDONA).</p> <p>In other joined cases C-915/19 to C-917/19 (Eco Fox and others) the Court of Justice on 28 October 2021, interpreted the meaning of an amendment that does not affect the compatibility of State aid. It is an amendment that changes features of the aid measure, such as the criteria for allocating aid among beneficiary companies, that are not taken into account by the Commission in its assessment. A trivial example would be a change in the address of the granting authority. This is because Commission decisions ignore the address of the granting authority as it would have no relevance whatsoever to the compatibility of the aid. The Court of Justice also concluded that a modification of a preferential tax regime for biodiesel authorised by the Commission should not be considered as new aid subject to the notification obligation, when this modification consists in changing, with retroactive effect, the criteria for allocating the quotas of biodiesel benefiting from a preferential rate of excise tax, insofar as the modification does not affect the constituent elements of the aid scheme, as assessed by the Commission for the purposes of its compatibility the internal market.</p> <p>As stated in the doctrine, the regime of “existing aid” has two practical consequences. First, any finding of incompatibility of existing aid can lead only to the prohibition of the further disbursement of such aid, implying that no recovery can be ordered for the period preceding its finding of incompatibility. This is because the current State aid rules limit the possibility of recovery to “unlawful aid” which is a different category of aid from “existing aid”. Secondly, national courts have no competence to deal with “existing aid” (see: Cheynel, Bejamin, Alteration to an Existing State Aid and Obligation of Notification to the Commission, EStAL 3/2019, p. 404). Thus,the importance of the distinction between new aid and “existing aid” is that the latter enjoys better legal protection. It benefits from a less intrusive system of state aid control, in particular without a risk of recovery (see: Roebling, Georg. Existing aid and enlargement. Competition Policy Newsletter. No 1/2003, p. 33).</p> <p>The doctrine stresses that the notion of existing aid (as other notions in the State aid field) is still evolving by the case-law of the EU courts. It should be an objective concept but as judgments reveals, it may also be influenced by a subjective analysis regarding State aid compatibility (see: Kekelekis, Mihalis. Stretching the Concept of Existing Aid Alterations and the New Role of National Courts in State Aid Proceedings. EStAL 2/2017, p. 291).</p> <p>The problem of existing aid is crucial during every new accession to the EU because of integration of the acceding country into the Community’s unique system of State aid control. Generally, under the Accession Treaty rules, all aid measures that predate accession and continue to be operated thereafter would automatically qualify as “existing aid” measures within the meaning of Article 108(1) of the TFEU.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-116840 reference"><p><a href="<a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=T-195/01" class="spip_url spip_out auto" rel="nofollow external">https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=T-195/01</a>">Joined Cases T-195/01 and T-207/01 Government of Gibraltar v Commission [2002] ECR II-2309.</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-44/93" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of the Court of 9 August 1994. - Namur-Les Assurances du Crédit SA v Office National du Ducroire and the Belgian State. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Cour d’appel de Bruxelles - Belgium. - State aid - Existing or new aid - Widening of the field of activity of a public undertaking benefiting from advantages accorded aby the State. - Case C-44/93. European Court reports 1994 Page I-03829</a></p> <p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/CASE/?uri=CELEX:62017CA0492" class="spip_out" rel="external">Opinion of Advocate General CAMPOS SÁNCHEZ-BORDONA delivered on 26 September 2018, Case C-492/17 Südwestrundfunk v Tilo Rittinger, Patric Wolter, Harald Zastera, Dagmar Fahner, Layla Sofan, Marc Schulte</a></p> <p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62021TA0131" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of the General Court of 21 June 2023 in case T-131/21, Região Autónoma da Madeira v European Commission</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?lgrec=fr&td=;ALL&language=en&num=C-915/19&jur=C" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of the Court of Justice on 28 October 2021 in joined cases C-915/19 to C-917/19, Eco Fox and others</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-116840 jurisprudence"><p>Cheynel, Benjamin. Alteration to an Existing State Aid and Obligation of Notification to the Commission. European State Aid Law Quarterly 3/2019.</p> <p>Kekelekis, Mihalis. Stretching the Concept of Existing Aid Alterations and the New Role of National Courts in State Aid Proceedings. European State Aid Law Quarterly 2/2017.</p> <p>Roebling, Georg. Existing aid and enlargement. Competition Policy Newsletter. Number 1 — Spring 2003.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/tomasz-chrostny" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/tomasz-chrostny-ca464.jpg?1711374739) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Tomasz Chróstny</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Polish Competition Authority (Warsaw)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Poland</span> <span class="articles"><em>3</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>2012</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Tomasz Chróstny, </span> <span class="entry-title">State aid (existing aid) </span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 88908</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">1526</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-88908 texte surlignable"><p>To secure the abolition or adaptation of old pre-accession aid that is incompatible with the internal market or to review aid schemes which were authorized in the past but which may no longer be compatible with the internal market under the conditions currently prevailing, the Commission must inform the Member State concerned, who can submit comments within one month. The Commission then examines these comments and - if necessary - proposes appropriate measures to bring the existing aid in line with EU State aid rules. If the Member State does not accept these measures, the Commission must then initiate the formal investigation procedure. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/state_aid_procedures_en.pdf?47163/f61c29f037e43a97728d1e5c124c99010c86221a04955d9161bece72f907a920" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QlK9uyjRSD/Z9CATLGLgv+Pj04Kiz8hDl0OQtzc7IGvGG3s7s3i0a2fm4anzqh1R8Tz79pwiX9s6isqh028iIDFgXnNFWPs+v9VOuPi5IIsB8iKFNSdNE4e6+219fzIfKGZtmKVbAbDRoXD6MGyikXd8O0v5hp6dzEmisN7xm7/JeQAt2et3+80W8BaczYQ+rTqQIlbP41Iwr+PbYJ9eGrNiBhDds1v7bEwZ6YfXjgluSchprbccokStNxq/sdq+CWvW2A/eIEbmOs5pnsVgg+dLh1PVkNEC/YASYeVtUIrBD50dEQuV4LzvHSKFCIZVpBMjuOfZEb4+hSxIeil5V6dtKnLB06V/' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-eu-commission-concludes-that-estonian-state-aid-to-an-agricultural-company" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission concludes that Estonian State aid granted to an agricultural company is incompatible with EU State aid rules <em>(Tartu Agro)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-24T23:00:00Z">25 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122065 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission finds Estonian State aid to agricultural company Tartu Agro AS to be incompatible State aid* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has concluded that by renting agricultural land at a rate below market price to Tartu Agro AS, an Estonian private company producing among other things milk, meat and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aleksandar-ivanovski-231184">Aleksandar Ivanovski</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/state-aid-taxation/state-aid-taxation-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law-121711" rel="bookmark">State aid & Taxation: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121711 introduction entry-content"><p>Since the last Foreword on this matter, the European Union courts have moved the dial forward by expanding the application of State aid rules to corporate tax arrangements, signalling a shift in the legal landscape for enforcing EU (competition) law in relation to aggressive tax planning structures. This shift is most evident in recent CJEU judgments on Apple, which, when read together with Engie and Fiat, delineates the line where the European courts balance national tax sovereignty against EU law in corporate tax cases involving State aid. By examining the key arguments and implications of recent cases, this foreword takes stock of the current state of EU case law on tax and State aid, exploring how the Commission’s approach aligns with both legal precedent and policy imperatives. This analysis aims to elucidate the evolving role of the CJEU in this domain and underscore the broader regulatory implications for multinational corporations and Member States alike.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/efta-surveillance-authority-112306">EFTA Surveillance Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-efta-surveillance-authority-proposes-measures-for-iceland-to-align-its" rel="bookmark">The EFTA Surveillance Authority proposes measures for Iceland to align its waste management sector with EEA rules on State aid <em>(Sorpa)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-19T23:00:00Z">20 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121965 introduction entry-content"> <p>ESA asks Iceland to comply with EEA rules on State aid in the waste-management sector* <br class='autobr' /> The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) has asked Iceland to ensure that the economic activities of Sorpa – a waste-management company – are incorporated into a limited liability company that is subject to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/alertes/compatibility-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-dismisses-the-appeal" rel="bookmark"><strong>Compatibility</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union dismisses the appeal of an advertising company and upholds the General Court’s judgement to the extent that it confirmed the existence of an economic advantage in the Brussels street furniture case <em>(JCDecaux)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120808 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 26, 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union handed down a judgment in case C-710/22 (JCDecaux Street Furniture Belgium v. European Commission).. <br class='autobr' /> Following the conclusions delivered in this case by Advocate General Anthony M. Collins on April 11, 2024, the Court dismisses (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-stromsky">Bruno Stromsky</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/compatibility-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-considers-that-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Compatibility</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union considers that the possibility offered to a co-contractor to use street furniture free of charge constitutes an advantage and, in the case under consideration, State aid <em>(JCDecaux)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121875 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court’s judgment in this case dismisses JCDecaux ’s appeal against a judgment of the Court of First Instance confirming a final negative decision with recovery taken by the Commission (September 7, 2022, JCDecaux Street Furniture Belgium, case T-642/19, Concurrences n° 4-2022). This (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/120918" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusive control</strong> : The European Commission adopts its first decision under the Foreign Subsidies Regulation <em>(e& ; PPF)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-23T22:00:00Z">24 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120918 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 24, 2024, for the first time since the adoption of the regulation on foreign subsidies, the Commission adopted a decision in application of the FSR regulation. <br class='autobr' /> In essence, it concluded that the United Arab Emirates-based telecoms operator e&, controlled by the Emirates (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/alertes/existing-aid-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-confirms-that-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Existing Aid</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms that the Commission was faced with serious difficulties in the case of the granting of assets under management to a public establishment in Slovenia requiring the opening of an in-depth investigation procedure, and validates the partial annulment of the decision finding the absence of State aid <em>(Petra Flašker)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-04T22:00:00Z">5 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120584 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 5, 2024, the European Court of Justice handed down a judgment in state aid case C-447/22 (Republic of Slovenia, Flašker and Commission). concerning the question of the existence, following a preliminary examination, of "serious difficulties", which entails the obligation for the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-stromsky">Bruno Stromsky</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/121879" rel="bookmark"><strong>Existing aid</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union upholds the annulment of a Commission decision rejecting a complaint concerning existing aid on the grounds that it should have had serious doubts as to the existing or new nature of the aid (<em>Petra Flašker</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-04T22:00:00Z">5 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121879 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court of Justice of the European Union upholds the annulment of a European Commission decision rejecting a complaint concerning existing aid on the grounds that the European Commission should have had serious doubts as to the existing or new nature of the aid (CJEU, Sept. 5, 2024, Slovenia v (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-eu-commission-opens-an-in-depth-investigation-into-the-eur321m-german" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission opens an in-depth investigation into the €321M German scheme to restructure an airline <em>(Condor)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119951 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission opens in-depth State aid investigation into €321.2 million German measure to restructure Condor* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has opened an in-depth investigation to assess whether a German €321.2 million restructuring measure in favour of Condor is in line with EU State aid rules. The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/alertes/air-transport-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-confirms-the-legality" rel="bookmark"><strong>Air transport</strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the legality of the loan granted to an airline company to compensate for damages caused by the cancellation or rescheduling of its flights due to the COVID-19 pandemic, specifying that a Member State may, for objective reasons, provide aid to a single company to address the damages caused by an extraordinary event <em>(Ryanair ; Laudamotion)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119974 introduction entry-content"> <p>On July 29, 2024, the Court of Justice handed down its judgment in case C-591/21 (Ryanair and Laudamotion v. European Commission). In it, the Court confirms the legality of the subordinated loan of €150 million granted by Austria to Austrian Airlines in the summer of 2020 for the purpose of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/alertes/compatibility-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-annuls-both-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Compatibility</strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union annuls both the General Court’s judgment and the Commission’s decision regarding the aid for bus operations in the Helsinki region, finding that the Commission should have allowed the effective beneficiary of the aid to be heard and should have adopted a supplementary opening decision following its identification <em>(Koiviston Auto Helsinki)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119978 introduction entry-content"> <p>Is it conceivable that the actual beneficiary of a measure considered by the Commission to be State aid incompatible with the internal market, and for which it orders full recovery of the aid from that beneficiary, may not be given the opportunity to submit comments during the formal (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/celia-sanchez-220470">Célia Sanchez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/compatibility-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-annuls-a-decision-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Compatibility</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union annuls a decision of the Commission for failure to initiate the formal investigation procedure but confirms the role of the Member State in determining the arrangements for recovery of the aid <em>(Koiviston Auto Helsinki)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121865 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court of Justice of the European Union annuls a decision of the European Commission for failure to open the formal investigation procedure, but confirms the role of the Member State in determining the arrangements for recovery of the aid (CJEU, July 29, 2024, Koiviston Auto Helsinki, aff. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ana-alvarez-vidal-136492">Ana Alvarez Vidal</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/covid-19-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-dismisses-an-appeal-against" rel="bookmark"><strong>Covid-19</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union dismisses an appeal against a judgment of the General Court dismissing actions against a Commission decision approving aid to an airline to compensate for the damage caused by the cancellation or rescheduling of its flights during the COVID-19 pandemic <em>(Ryanair ; Laudamotion)</em> </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121870 introduction entry-content"> <p>Here’s another "Ryanair" judgment, so to speak, handed down by the Court of Justice on appeal. It confirms a judgment of the Court of First Instance dismissing the appeals by Ryanair and Laudamotion against the Commission’s decision approving aid toAustrian Airlines to compensate for damage (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-eu-commission-opens-an-in-depth-state-aid-investigation-into-belgian" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission opens an in-depth State aid investigation into Belgian support for the lifetime extension of 2 nuclear reactors <em>(Doel 4 / Tihange 3)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-21T22:00:00Z">22 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119779 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission opens in-depth State aid investigation into Belgian support for lifetime extension of two nuclear reactors* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has opened an in-depth investigation to assess whether public support that Belgium plans to grant for the lifetime extension of two nuclear reactors (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-vuitton">Raphaël Vuitton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/inadmissibility-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-upholds-the-order-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Inadmissibility</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union upholds the order of the General Court dismissing as manifestly inadmissible an action brought against a rejection of complaints relating to alleged aid granted by France to an investment fund <em>(YU)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-14T22:00:00Z">15 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121901 introduction entry-content"> <p>This case has its origins in complaints sent to the Commission in 2016 and 2018 concerning alleged aid granted by France, in various forms, to an investment fund. Having received no response to his complaints, the complainant asked the Commission, in May 2023, to adopt a decision in this regard. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds+psyCNeyOcE8aCNxLLB1HMYRDLlcvybAQehqPeDZWWk8W2ds2wlCi67gkSCLPjIN4DBi0RQtZBekQCoAJM5pfcYCiDuVCzqzDtJfmBHjy+YdXT5AuSRWoRx+njgnkle2VMXJxUBemiT2TRWn3QlD5cYhPhqGe2vWbMfCcTejZKdfDo2WOmAytqXZ7hLmoJWSMF/OvRL08q+g7y69G/BSS5ynHvWxrvJ/Of34HbSuYwB4Zu2Js+L/wKhXmQNpmKy6vYE57MIbCYqToSl0FD1aCgVJ5CIqPQr6f0wgwXvdM7x1B/jHItnCDvkQWaf6T9yFrhCbmSxrZ/NpjA==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/conor-quigley">Conor Quigley</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/books/european-state-aid-law-and-policy-and-uk-subsidy-control-conor-quigley" rel="bookmark">European State Aid Law and Policy (and UK Subsidy Control), QUIGLEY Conor</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115036 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/loic-grard">Loïc Grard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/articles/state-aid-law-and-economic-harm-the-other-side-of-private-enforcement-103560" rel="bookmark">State aid law and economic harm: The other side of private enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103560 introduction entry-content"> <p>While in the field of anti-competitive practices, particularly as a result of Directive 2014/104/EU, seeking compensation for economic damage is gradually becoming part of European legal practice, the same cannot be said of state aid law. Although the Court of Justice considers this approach to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/livres/droit-materiel-des-aides-d-etat-textes-et-commentaires-olivier-peiffert-and" rel="bookmark">Droit matériel des aides d’État: Textes et commentaires, Olivier PEIFFERT and Sébastien THOMAS</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92915 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/cheik-galokho">Cheik Galokho</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2019/articles/qualification-as-state-aid-and-compensation-for-business-costs" rel="bookmark">Qualification as State aid and compensation for business costs</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88881 introduction entry-content"> <p>A measure can be classified as State aid only if it gives an advantage to an undertaking. The advantage will disappear when the measure is just a way to compensate some costs to which the undertaking has to face. But the distinction between costs that can be compensated without leading to the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ingrid-vandenborre">Ingrid Vandenborre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/margrethe-vestager">Margrethe Vestager</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/interview/margrethe-vestager-european-commission-reflections-on-the-landmark-cases" rel="bookmark">Margrethe Vestager (European Commission): Reflections on the landmark cases</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88073 introduction entry-content"> <p>The mandate of EU Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager is slowly reaching an end. Undoubtedly it has been remarkable by the number of large scale merger, antitrust and state aid cases that made the headlines across both sides of the Atlantic. In this interview, Commissioner Vestager (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2018/livres/les-aides-d-etat-de-nature-fiscale-en-droit-de-l-union-europeenne-ionna" rel="bookmark">Les aides d’Etat de nature fiscale en droit de l’Union européenne, Ionna PAPADAMAKI</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87442 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/livres/european-state-aid-law-louis-vogel-en" rel="bookmark">European State Aid Law, Louis VOGEL</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86291 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2017/livres/droit-europeen-des-aides-d-etat-michael-karpenschif-85104" rel="bookmark">Droit européen des aides d’État, Michaël KARPENSCHIF </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85104 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonin-pitras">Antonin Pitras</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2017/livres/the-art-of-regulation-competition-in-europe-wealth-and-wariness-christian-85112" rel="bookmark">The Art of Regulation. Competition in Europe – Wealth and Wariness, Christian KOENIG, Bernhard VON WENDLAND and Nora Bettina BRAUN </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85112 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/livres/the-role-of-competitors-in-the-enforcement-of-state-aid-law-fernando-pastor-84693" rel="bookmark">The Role of Competitors in the Enforcement of State Aid Law, Fernando PASTOR-MERCHANTE</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84693 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/athos-pappas">Athos Pappas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/pratiques/state-aid-and-the-principle-of-economic-continuity-the-consistency-of-the" rel="bookmark">State aid and the principle of economic continuity: The consistency of the notion and the effective protection of the competitors and the buyers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84416 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article examines the notion of economic continuity which, in the field of state aid, allows the Commission to determine that the obligation of recovery should be extended to the transferee of the initial beneficiary of the aid. To that end, the analysis of the question of procedure allows (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bernard-roy">Bernard Roy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/claire-borsenberger">Claire Borsenberger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/denis-joram">Denis Joram</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/francois-boldron">François Boldron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/lecou">Sebastien Lecou</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/liberalisation-services-publics-economie-postale-110536" rel="bookmark">Libéralisation & Services publics: Économie postale</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-06-06T14:59:18Z">6 June 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110536 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joaquin-almunia">Joaquín Almunia</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2014/conferences/state-of-the-union-the-antitrust-in-europe-in-2013-2014-new-frontiers-of" rel="bookmark">State of the Union: The <em>antitrust</em> in Europe in 2013-2014 <em>(New Frontiers of Antitrust, Paris, 21 February 2014)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-66156 introduction entry-content"> <p>In his keynote speech delivered at the "New Frontiers of Antitrust 2014" conference in Paris, the 21th February 2014, Joaquín Almunia, Commissioner responsible for Competition Policy, reminds the importance of the Competition policy in the context of the « after » economic crisis. He describes (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Caroline-Medina">Caroline Medina</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2014/articles-en/The-financing-for-public-services" rel="bookmark">The financing for public services in France 10 years after the <em>Altmark</em> case</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-62177 introduction entry-content"> <p>For the last ten years, quite often successfully, France has used the Altmark decision, which allows Member States to finance SGEIs without a prior notification to the European Commission, under certain conditions, in order to implement financing schemes for SGEIs compatible with European Stade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Lena-Sandberg-Morch">Lena Sandberg-Morch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2013/pratiques/investments-in-renewable-energy-under-the-state-aid-guidelines-on-environmental" rel="bookmark">Investments in renewable energy under the State Aid Guidelines on environmental protection</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-52931 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article describes the methodology and treatment of investments in renewable energy under the State Aid Guidelines on environmental protection. The Guidelines are currently under an on-going review and a revised version is scheduled for 2014. The current “extra cost” method, which serves to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTQhWtu6jR67fciLjTnm1+vx18cNg7GeJcu9Jcy/b4HOzSDzNESYsoM48WALrojs3ZKpOQy1in45Ni9SRvafpE1r2loNIkWIos6Ey2UlzoiNiEDpIvqIblS/0d3F/Gpys2rfp3xO6CdncD8uf3Yn+hnXdw49Paf7wayfDntKjvw/bmMcNqOmpvm8UW8AacFfjR1O+Zxk0J/1aSvNwXMe40zoxLsLKjiOdFLsLPoMuJ2PV/OZ07qrQZXGwOsvrrpl5eYengfGqhOqq7djuOtoNNjNZN5+jjgN0DEUEkUkctPRZBD50sEQuVnW/PBSadCKR8HX3kuOfZMLI+gSwIEffgKHadI/wL' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva">Isabelle De Silva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Karl-Soukup">Karl Soukup</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-petit">Nicolas Petit</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/12th-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-3-competition-policy-in-the-post-covid-19-99727" rel="bookmark">12th New Frontiers of Antitrust #3 Competition policy in the post-Covid 19 economy: What to do of Zombification risks?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-10T13:30:00Z">10 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99727 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the 12th « New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Cleary Gottlieb, Compass Lexecon and ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, with <a href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure" class="spip_in">Frédéric de Bure</a> (Partner, Cleary Gottlieb), <a href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva" class="spip_in">Isabelle de Silva</a> (President, Autorité de la concurrence), <a href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak" class="spip_in">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a> (Partner, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law), <a href="en/Jorge-Padilla" class="spip_in">Jorge Padilla</a> (Head of Compass Lexecon EMEA), <a href="en/authors/nicolas-petit" class="spip_in">Nicolas Petit</a> (Professor, European University Institute) and <a href="en/auteur/Karl-Soukup" class="spip_in">Karl Soukup</a> (Acting Deputy Director-General for State Aid, DG COMP).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/edouard-sarrazin">Edouard Sarrazin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/restructuring-undertakings-in-difficulty-and-competition-merger-state-aid" rel="bookmark">Restructuring undertakings in difficulty and competition — Merger & State Aid</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-11-08T11:00:00Z">8 November 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83086 introduction entry-content"><p>Lunchtalk organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with DLA Piper.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/david-desforges">David Desforges</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elisabeth-flury-herard">Elisabeth Flury-Herard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/emmanuel-benefice">Emmanuel Bénéfice</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-yves-ollier">Jean-Yves Ollier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jerome-philippe">Jérôme Philippe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-rious">Vincent Rious</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/energy-security-competition-and-environment-is-there-any-consistency" rel="bookmark">Energy security, competition and environment: is there any consistency?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-09-15T10:00:00Z">15 September 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83072 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Microeconomix, Observatoire Énergies d’Entreprises and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bertrand-jehanno">Bertrand Jéhanno</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-sautel">Olivier Sautel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/penelope-papandropoulos">Penelope Papandropoulos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/state-aid-and-economic-analysis-towards-an-effect-based-approach" rel="bookmark">State aid and economic analysis Towards an effect based approach?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-11T10:00:00Z">11 May 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83042 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel and Microeconomix.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-gutmann">Daniel Gutmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/frederic-teper">Frédéric Teper</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-freget">Olivier Fréget</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competitive-neutrality-when-taxation-meets-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Competitive Neutrality: when taxation meets competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-03-22T11:00:00Z">22 March 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83022 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Fréget — Tasso de Panafieu and Arsene Taxand.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frank-maier-rigaud">Frank P. Maier-Rigaud</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/geoffrey-mamdani">Geoffrey Mamdani</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nicola-pesaresi">Nicola Pesaresi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-new-restructuring-state-aid-guidelines-an-economic-and-legal-assessment" rel="bookmark">The new restructuring state aid guidelines- an economic and legal assessment</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-04T11:00:00Z">4 November 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82904 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Hogan Lovells and NERA</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frank-maier-rigaud">Frank P. Maier-Rigaud</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nicola-pesaresi">Nicola Pesaresi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/the-new-restructuring-state-aid-guidelines" rel="bookmark">The new Restructuring State Aid Guidelines</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-10-13T13:23:15Z">13 October 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69374 introduction entry-content"><p>Nicola Pesaresi <br/>Geoffrey Mamdani <br/>Jacques Derenne <br/>Frank Maier-Rigaud</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christof-schoser">Christof Schoser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-eymard">Laurent Eymard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/state-aid-modernisation-what-to-expect-from-environmental-and-energy-aid" rel="bookmark">State Aid Modernisation: What to expect from environmental and energy aid guidelines? </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-12-03T11:00:00Z">3 December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82824 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Hogan Lovells and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christof-schoser">Christof Schoser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-eymard">Laurent Eymard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/state-aid-modernisation-what-to-expect-from-environmental-and-energy-aid" rel="bookmark">State Aid Modernisation: What to expect from environmental and energy aid guidelines?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-15T07:53:07Z">15 November 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-59883 introduction entry-content"><p>Christof Schoser<br/>Jacques Derenne<br/>David Spector</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kai-struckmann">Kai Struckmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Lena-Sandberg-Morch">Lena Sandberg-Morch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-verouden">Vincent Verouden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/state-aid-energy-and-the-environment-82744" rel="bookmark">State Aid, Energy and the Environment </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-12-12T11:00:00Z">12 December 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82744 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with White & Case and CompetitionRx.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kai-struckmann">Kai Struckmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Lena-Sandberg-Morch">Lena Sandberg-Morch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-verouden">Vincent Verouden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/state-aid-energy-and-the-environment" rel="bookmark">State Aid, Energy and the Environment</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-11-11T00:00:11Z">11 November 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-49301 introduction entry-content"><p>Kai Struckmann<br/>Tom Hoehn</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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