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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Other names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Stratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Pre-classical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Greek influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Germanic influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Arabic influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_developments_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_developments_in_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Linguistic developments in the Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_developments_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_and_French_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_and_French_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Norman and French influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_and_French_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Gallic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Gallic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Other Gallic influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Gallic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occitan_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occitan_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Occitan influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occitan_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicilian_School_of_Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicilian_School_of_Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Sicilian School of Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicilian_School_of_Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalan_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Catalan influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_period_to_the_modern_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_period_to_the_modern_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Spanish period to the modern age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_period_to_the_modern_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Omission_of_initial_i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omission_of_initial_i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Omission of initial i </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omission_of_initial_i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemination_and_contractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemination_and_contractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Gemination and contractions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemination_and_contractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nouns and adjectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb_"to_have"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_"to_have""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Verb "to have" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_"to_have"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_"to_go"_and_the_periphrastic_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_"to_go"_and_the_periphrastic_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Verb "to go" and the periphrastic future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_"to_go"_and_the_periphrastic_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenses_and_moods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenses_and_moods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Tenses and moods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenses_and_moods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extract_from_Antonio_Veneziano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extract_from_Antonio_Veneziano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Extract from Antonio Veneziano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extract_from_Antonio_Veneziano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celia,_Lib._2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celia,_Lib._2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Celia, Lib. 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celia,_Lib._2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extract_from_Giovanni_Meli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extract_from_Giovanni_Meli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Extract from Giovanni Meli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extract_from_Giovanni_Meli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Don_Chisciotti_e_Sanciu_Panza_(Cantu_quintu)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Don_Chisciotti_e_Sanciu_Panza_(Cantu_quintu)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza (Cantu quintu) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Don_Chisciotti_e_Sanciu_Panza_(Cantu_quintu)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extract_from_Nino_Martoglio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extract_from_Nino_Martoglio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Extract from Nino Martoglio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extract_from_Nino_Martoglio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Briscula_'n_Cumpagni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Briscula_'n_Cumpagni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Briscula 'n Cumpagni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Briscula_'n_Cumpagni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_prayers_compared_to_Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_prayers_compared_to_Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Traditional prayers compared to Italian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_prayers_compared_to_Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Influence on Italian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Use today </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use today subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sicily </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calabria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calabria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Calabria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calabria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_words_and_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_words_and_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sample words and phrases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_words_and_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sicilian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisiliaans" title="Sisiliaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sisiliaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_siciliano" title="Idioma siciliano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma siciliano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secilien" title="Secilien – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Secilien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sicilianu" title="Idioma sicilianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma sicilianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliya_dili" title="Siciliya dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siciliya dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia-g%C3%AD" title="Sicilia-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sicilia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сіцылійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіцылійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сицилиански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сицилиански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ཅི་ལིའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ཅི་ལིའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikilianeg" title="Sikilianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sikilianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicili%C3%A0" title="Sicilià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sicilià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Сицил чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сицил чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicil%C5%A1tina" title="Sicilština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sicilština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_siciliana" title="Lingua siciliana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua siciliana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliansk_(sprog)" title="Siciliansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siciliansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisiliagiella" title="Sisiliagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sisiliagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilianische_Sprache" title="Sizilianische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sizilianische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsiilia_keel" title="Sitsiilia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sitsiilia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σικελική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σικελική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_siciliano" title="Idioma siciliano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma siciliano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_lingvo" title="Sicilia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sicilia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_siciliana" title="Luenga siciliana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga siciliana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siziliera" title="Siziliera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siziliera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان سیسیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سیسیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilien" title="Sicilien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sicilien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSicilis" title="An tSicilis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSicilis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisslish" title="Shisslish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shisslish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_siciliana" title="Lingua siciliana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua siciliana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia-ng%C3%AE" title="Sicilia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sicilia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="시칠리아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시칠리아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilijanski_jezik" title="Sicilijanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sicilijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sisilia" title="Bahasa Sisilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сицилиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сицилиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikileyska" title="Sikileyska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sikileyska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_siciliana" title="Lingua siciliana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua siciliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סיציליאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיציליאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sisilia" title="Basa Sisilia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisisili" title="Kisisili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisisili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Сицил кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сицил кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_s%C3%AEs%C3%AEl%C3%AE" title="Zimanê sîsîlî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê sîsîlî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Sicula" title="Lingua Sicula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Sicula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C4%ABlie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Sicīliešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sicīliešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Siciliečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Siciliečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_si%C3%A7iliann-a" title="Lengua siçiliann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua siçiliann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilian_(lingua)" title="Sisilian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sisilian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_siciliana" title="Lengua siciliana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua siciliana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szic%C3%ADliai_nyelv" title="Szicíliai nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szicíliai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сицилиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сицилиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Sqallija" title="Lingwa Sqallija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Sqallija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिचिल्यानु भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिचिल्यानु भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სიცილიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიცილიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الصقليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصقليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliaans_(taal)" title="Siciliaans (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Siciliaans (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisiliaans" title="Sisiliaans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sisiliaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="シチリア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シチリア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_siciliana" title="Lengua siciliana – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua siciliana" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siziliaans_spriak" title="Siziliaans spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siziliaans spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliian" title="Siciliian – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Siciliian" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliansk" title="Siciliansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Siciliansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliansk" title="Siciliansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Siciliansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian" title="Sicilian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sicilian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سسلیئن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سسلیئن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliano" title="Siciliano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siciliano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sicilian-a" title="Lenga sicilian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga sicilian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_sycylijski" title="Język sycylijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język sycylijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_siciliana" title="Língua siciliana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua siciliana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sicilian%C4%83" title="Limba siciliană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba siciliană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сицилийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сицилийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сициилийэ тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сициилийэ тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱤᱥᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱥᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sitziliana" title="Limba sitziliana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba sitziliana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_leid" title="Sicilian leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sicilian leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_siciliane" title="Gjuha siciliane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha siciliane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_siciliana" title="Lingua siciliana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua siciliana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sicilian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сицилијански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сицилијански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilijanski_jezik" title="Sicilijanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sicilijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilian_kieli" title="Sisilian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisilian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilianska" title="Sicilianska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sicilianska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிசிலிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிசிலிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сицилия теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сицилия теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาซิซิลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาซิซิลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilyaca" title="Sicilyaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sicilyaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сицилійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сицилійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صقلی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صقلی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سىتسىلىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىتسىلىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Sicilia" title="Tiếng Sicilia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Sicilia" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Sicilian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">sicilianu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4.7 million (2002)<a href="#cite_note-e18-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Italo-Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Sicilian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sicilian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Sicilian dialect (page does not exist)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Sicilian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Sicilian dialect (page does not exist)">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Metaphonetic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Metaphonetic dialect (page does not exist)">Central Metaphonetic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Metaphonetic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast Metaphonetic dialect (page does not exist)">Southeast Metaphonetic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennese_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennese dialect (page does not exist)">Ennese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Non-Metaphonetic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Non-Metaphonetic dialect (page does not exist)">Eastern Non-Metaphonetic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messinese_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messinese dialect (page does not exist)">Messinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoliano_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoliano dialect (page does not exist)">Eoliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggino_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reggino dialect (page does not exist)">Reggino</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (limited recognition)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=391">scn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/scn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:scn">scn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sici1248">sici1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">51-AAA-re & -rf (mainland 51-AAA-rc & -rd)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_siciliano.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Idioma_siciliano.PNG" decoding="async" width="275" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="229" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Sicilian linguistic area</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Grecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Grecia">Magna Grecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicilian literature (page does not exist)">Literature</a> and writers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicilian literature (page does not exist)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sicily" title="Music of Sicily">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicilian Theatre (page does not exist)">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Meli" title="Giovanni Meli">Giovanni Meli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pitr%C3%A8" title="Giuseppe Pitrè">Giuseppe Pitrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Buttitta" title="Ignazio Buttitta">Ignazio Buttitta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> Linguistics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_conjugation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicilian conjugation (page does not exist)">Verb conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_vowel_system" title="Sicilian vowel system">Sicilian vowel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography#Alphabet" title="Sicilian orthography">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabolario_siciliano" title="Vocabolario siciliano">Vocabolario siciliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculish" title="Siculish">Siculish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> Organisations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba_Sicula" title="Arba Sicula">Arba Sicula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cademia_Siciliana" title="Cademia Siciliana">Cademia Siciliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_di_studi_filologici_e_linguistici_siciliani" title="Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani">Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sicilian_language" title="Template:Sicilian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sicilian_language" title="Template talk:Sicilian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sicilian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sicilian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sicilian (Sicilian: sicilianu, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Sicilian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[sɪ(t)ʃɪˈljaːnu]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: siciliano) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> that is spoken on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and its satellite islands.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-3">[3]</a> It belongs to the broader <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> language group (in Italian italiano meridionale estremo).<a href="#cite_note-Avolio-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (see <a href="#Ethnologue_report">below</a> for more detail) describes Sicilian as being "distinct enough from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Standard Italian</a> to be considered a separate language",<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-3">[3]</a> and it is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It has been referred to as a language by the Sicilian Region.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> It has the oldest literary tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla2004150–151-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> A version of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Courier" title="UNESCO Courier">UNESCO Courier</a> is also available in Sicilian. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_Enalotto_sicilianu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Super_Enalotto_sicilianu.jpg/200px-Super_Enalotto_sicilianu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Super_Enalotto_sicilianu.jpg/300px-Super_Enalotto_sicilianu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Super_Enalotto_sicilianu.jpg/400px-Super_Enalotto_sicilianu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A sign in Sicilian at <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_di_Camastra" title="Santo Stefano di Camastra">Santo Stefano di Camastra</a>, Messina</figcaption></figure> Sicilian is spoken by most inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrant populations around the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla2004140–141-11">[11]</a> The latter are found in the countries that attracted large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilian</a> immigrants during the course of the past century or so, especially the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst</a> neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a> State), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. During the last four or five decades, large numbers of Sicilians were also attracted to the industrial zones of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and areas of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Although the Sicilian language does not have official status (including in Sicily),<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> in addition to the standard Sicilian of the medieval Sicilian school, academics have developed a standardized form. Such efforts began in the mid-19th century when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Mortillaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincenzo Mortillaro (page does not exist)">Vincenzo Mortillaro</a> published a comprehensive Sicilian language dictionary intended to capture the language universally spoken across Sicily in a common orthography. Later in the century, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pitr%C3%A8" title="Giuseppe Pitrè">Giuseppe Pitrè</a> established a common grammar in his Grammatica Siciliana (1875). Although it presents a common grammar, it also provides detailed notes on how the sounds of Sicilian differ across dialects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 20th century, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Centro_di_studi_filologici_e_linguistici_siciliani" title="Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani">Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani</a> developed an extensive descriptivist orthography which aims to represent every sound in the natural range of Sicilian accurately.<a href="#cite_note-piccitto-15">[15]</a> This system is also used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Vocabolario_siciliano" title="Vocabolario siciliano">Vocabolario siciliano</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Cipolla" title="Gaetano Cipolla">Gaetano Cipolla</a> in his Learn Sicilian series of textbooks<a href="#cite_note-mparamu-16">[16]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Arba_Sicula" title="Arba Sicula">Arba Sicula</a> in its journal. In initially 2017, with an updated version in 2024 the nonprofit organisation <a href="/wiki/Cademia_Siciliana" title="Cademia Siciliana">Cademia Siciliana</a> created an orthographic proposal to help to normalise the language's written form.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This orthography was used by the organisation in their collaboration with Google to bring the Sicilian Language to Google Translate.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The autonomous regional parliament of Sicily has legislated Regional Law No. 9/2011 to encourage the teaching of Sicilian at all schools, but inroads into the education system have been slow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla2004163–165-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The CSFLS created a textbook "Dialektos" to comply with the law but does not provide an <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> to write the language.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In Sicily, it is taught only as part of <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectology</a> courses, but outside Italy, Sicilian has been taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manouba_University" title="Manouba University">Manouba University</a>. Since 2009, it has been taught at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Charities_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Charities of America (page does not exist)">Italian Charities of America</a>, in New York City (home to the largest Sicilian speaking community outside of Sicily and Italy)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and it is also preserved and taught by family association, church organisations and societies, social and ethnic historical clubs and even Internet social groups, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst, Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On 15 May 2018, the Sicilian Region once again mandated the teaching of Sicilian in schools and referred to it as a language, not a dialect, in official communication.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The language is officially recognized in the municipal statutes of some Sicilian towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammichele" title="Grammichele">Grammichele</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> in which the "inalienable historical and cultural value of the Sicilian language" is proclaimed. Furthermore, the Sicilian language would be protected and promoted under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> (ECRML). Although Italy has signed the treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> has not ratified it.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It is not included in Italian Law No. 482/1999 although some other minority languages of Sicily are.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnologue_report">Ethnologue report</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnologue report">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/375px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/563px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/750px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria (not on socio-functional ones)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other names">edit</a>]</div> Alternative names of Sicilian are Calabro-Sicilian, sicilianu, and sìculu.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-3">[3]</a> The first term refers to the fact that a form of Sicilian is spoken in southern Calabria, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">province of Reggio Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-3">[3]</a> The other two are names for the language in Sicily itself: specifically, the term sìculu originally describes one of the larger prehistoric groups living in Sicily (the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> or Siculi) before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> in the 8th century BC (see <a href="#Early_influences">below</a>). It can also be used as a prefix to qualify or to elaborate further on the origins of a person, for example: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Siculo-American</a> (sìculu-miricanu) or Siculo-Australian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> As a language, Sicilian has its own <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> in the following main groupings:<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner20012–3-35">[35]</a> <ul><li>Western Sicilian (Palermitano in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Trapanese in <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, Central-Western Agrigentino in <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>)</li> <li>Central Metafonetic (in the central part of Sicily that includes some areas of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina" title="Metropolitan City of Messina">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Enna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Palermo" title="Metropolitan City of Palermo">Palermo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento" title="Province of Agrigento">Agrigento</a>)</li> <li>Southeast Metafonetic (in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Province of Ragusa</a> and the adjoining area within the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Province of Syracuse</a>)</li> <li>Ennese (in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Province of Enna</a>)</li> <li>Eastern Non-Metafonetic (in the area including the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania" title="Metropolitan City of Catania">Metropolitan City of Catania</a>, the second largest city in Sicily, as Catanese, and the adjoining area within the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Province of Syracuse</a>)</li> <li>Messinese (in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina" title="Metropolitan City of Messina">Metropolitan City of Messina</a>, the third largest city in Sicily)</li> <li>Eoliano (in the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a> (on the island of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>)</li> <li>Reggino (in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria">Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Varvaro_A._1988-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-DevotoGiacomelli-37">[37]</a> especially on the <a href="/wiki/Scilla,_Calabria" title="Scilla, Calabria">Scilla</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bova,_Calabria" title="Bova, Calabria">Bova</a> line,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and excluding the areas of <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosarno" title="Rosarno">Rosarno</a>, which represent the first isogloss that divide Sicilian from the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">continental varieties</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Avolio-4">[4]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">First let us turn our attention to the language of Sicily, since the Sicilian vernacular seems to hold itself in higher regard than any other, because all the poetry written by the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> is called "Sicilian"...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Vulgari_Eloquentia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Vulgari Eloquentia">De Vulgari Eloquentia</a>, Lib. I, XII, 2<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingua_siciliana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lingua_siciliana.png/220px-Lingua_siciliana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lingua_siciliana.png/330px-Lingua_siciliana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lingua_siciliana.png/440px-Lingua_siciliana.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Etymological analysis of 5,000 terms from the Dizionario etimologico siciliano by Salvatore Giarrizzo:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Latin 2,792 (55.84%) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Greek 733 (14.66%) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Spanish 664 (13.28%) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">French 318 (6.36%) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Arabic 303 (6.06%) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Catalan 107 (2.14%) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Occitan 103 (1.66%) </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_influences">Early influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early influences">edit</a>]</div> Because <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> is the largest island in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and many peoples have passed through it (<a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>), Sicilian displays a rich and varied influence from several languages in its lexical stock and grammar. These languages include <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (as Sicilian is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> itself), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, and the languages of the island's aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European</a> inhabitants, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanians">Sicanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a>. The very earliest influences, visible in Sicilian to this day, exhibit both prehistoric Mediterranean elements and prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> elements, and occasionally a blending of both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffino20017–8-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiarrizzo19891–4-43">[43]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Roman conquest</a> (3rd century BC), Sicily was occupied by various populations. The earliest of these populations were the <a href="/wiki/Sicanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanians">Sicanians</a>, considered to be autochthonous. The <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a> arrived between the second and first millennia BC. These aboriginal populations in turn were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> (between the 10th and 8th centuries BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino-44">[44]</a> The heavy Greek-language influence remains strongly visible, while the influences from the other groups are smaller and less obvious.<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino-44">[44]</a> What can be stated with certainty is that in Sicilian remain pre-Indo-European words of an ancient Mediterranean origin, but one cannot be more precise than that: of the three main prehistoric groups, only the Sicels were known to be Indo-European with a degree of certainty, and their speech is likely to have been closely related to that of the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratification">Stratification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stratification">edit</a>]</div> The following table, listing words for "twins", illustrates the difficulty linguists face in tackling the various substrata of the Sicilian language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffino20018-45">[45]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Stratum </th> <th scope="col">Word </th> <th scope="col">Source </th></tr> <tr> <td>Modern </td> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">giameddi </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> gemelli </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Medieval </td> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">bizzuni, vuzzuni </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> bessons<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">binelli </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a> beneli </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Ancient </td> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">èmmuli </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> gemelli </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">cucchi </th> <td>Latin copula </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">minzuddi </th> <td>Latin medii </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">ièmiddi, ièddimi </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> δίδυμοι dídymoi </td></tr></tbody></table> A similar qualifier can be applied to many of the words that appear in this article. Sometimes it may be known that a particular word has a prehistoric derivation, but it is not known whether the Sicilians inherited it directly from the indigenous populations, or whether it came via another route. Similarly, it might be known that a particular word has a Greek origin but it is not known from which Greek period the Sicilians first used it (ancient <a href="/wiki/Magna_Grecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Grecia">Magna Grecia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Sicily">Byzantine period</a>), or once again, whether the particular word may even have come to Sicily via another route. For instance, by the time the Romans had occupied Sicily, the Latin language had made its own borrowings from Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffino200111–12-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-classical_period">Pre-classical period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-classical period">edit</a>]</div> The words with a prehistoric Mediterranean derivation often refer to plants native to the Mediterranean region or to other natural features.<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino-44">[44]</a> Bearing in mind the qualifiers mentioned above (alternative sources are provided where known), examples of such words include: <ul><li>alastra – "<a href="/wiki/Spiny_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiny broom">spiny broom</a>" (a thorny, prickly plant native to the Mediterranean region; but also Greek kélastron and may in fact have penetrated Sicilian via one of the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish languages">Gaulish languages</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>ammarrari – "to dam or block a canal or running water" (but also Spanish embarrar "to muddy")<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>calancuni – "ripples caused by a fast running river"</li> <li>calanna – "landslide of rocks" (cf. Greek χαλάω (khaláō) "loosen, drop", verb borrowed into Latin, widespread in Romance languages)</li> <li>racioppu – "stalk or stem of a fruit etc." (ancient Mediterranean word rak)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>timpa – "crag, cliff" (but also Greek týmba, Latin tumba and Catalan timba).<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li></ul> There are also Sicilian words with an ancient Indo-European origin that do not appear to have come to the language via any of the major language groups normally associated with Sicilian, i.e. they have been independently derived from a very early Indo-European source. The Sicels are a possible source of such words, but there is also the possibility of a cross-over between ancient Mediterranean words and introduced Indo-European forms. Some examples of Sicilian words with an ancient Indo-European origin: <ul><li>dudda – "<a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a>" (similar to Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> dudă and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> rhudd "red, crimson")<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>scrozzu – "not well developed" (similar to <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> su-skurdes with a similar meaning and <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> scurz "short")<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>sfunnacata – "multitude, vast number" (from Indo-European *h₁we[n]d- "water").<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_influences">Greek influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Greek influences">edit</a>]</div> The following Sicilian words are of a Greek origin (including some examples where it is unclear whether the word is derived directly from Greek, or via Latin): <ul><li>babbiari – "to fool around" (from babázō, which also gives the Sicilian words: babbazzu and babbu "stupid"; but also Latin babulus and Spanish babieca)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>bucali – "pitcher" (from baúkalion) (cognate of Maltese buqar,<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Italian boccale)</li> <li>bùmmulu – "water receptacle" (from bómbylos; but also Latin bombyla) (cognate of Maltese bomblu)<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino12-49">[49]</a></li> <li>cartedda – "basket" (from kártallos; but also Latin cartellum)<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino12-49">[49]</a></li> <li>carusu – "boy" (from koûros; but also Latin carus "dear", <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> caruh "amiable")<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>casèntaru – "earthworm" (from gês énteron)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>cirasa – "cherry" (from kerasós; but also Latin cerasum) (cognate of Maltese ċirasa)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>cona – "icon, image, metaphor" (from eikóna; but also Latin icona)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>cuddura – type of bread (from kollýra; but Latin collyra)<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino12-49">[49]</a></li> <li>grasta – "flower pot" (from gástra; but also Latin gastra)<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino12-49">[49]</a></li> <li>naca – "cradle" (from nákē)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>ntamari – "to stun, amaze" (from thambéō)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>pistiari – "to eat" (from esthíō)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>tuppiàri – "to knock" (from týptō)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>nìcaru - "small, young" (from mīkkós)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_influences">Germanic influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germanic influences">edit</a>]</div> From 476 to 535, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> ruled Sicily, although their presence apparently did not affect the Sicilian language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE200118-51">[51]</a> The few <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> influences to be found in Sicilian do not appear to originate from this period. One exception might be abbanniari or vanniari "to hawk goods, proclaim publicly", from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> bandwjan "to give a signal".<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Also possible is schimmenti "diagonal" from Gothic slimbs "slanting".<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Other sources of Germanic influences include the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> rule of the 13th century, words of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> origin contained within the speech of 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> settlers, and the short period of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> rule in the 18th century. Many Germanic influences date back to the time of the Swabian kings (amongst whom <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> enjoyed the longest reign). Some of the words below are "reintroductions" of Latin words (also found in modern Italian) that had been Germanicized at some point (e.g. vastāre in Latin to<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> guastare in modern Italian). Words that probably originate from this era include: <ul><li>arbitriari – "to work in the fields" (from arbeit; but other possible Latin derivations)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>vardari – "to watch over" (from wardon)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>guddefi – "forest, woods" (from wald; note the resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Anglo-Saxon</a> wudu)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>guzzuniari – "to wag, as in a tail" (from hutsen)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>lancedda (terracotta jug for holding water; from Old High German lagella)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>sparagnari – "to save money" (from Old High German sparen)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_influence">Arabic influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arabic influence">edit</a>]</div> In 535, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> made Sicily a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> province, which returned the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Greek language</a> to a position of prestige, at least on an official level.<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> At this time the island could be considered a border zone with moderate levels of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>: Latinisation was mostly concentrated in western Sicily, largely among the upper class,<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> whereas Eastern Sicily remained predominantly Greek. As the power of the Byzantine Empire waned, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily was progressively conquered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> persisted long enough to develop a distinctive local variety of Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> (at present extinct in Sicily but surviving as the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> Its influence is noticeable in around 300 Sicilian words, most of which relate to agriculture and related activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffino200118–20-54">[54]</a> This is understandable because of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> their advanced irrigation and farming techniques and a new range of crops, nearly all of which remain endemic to the island to this day. Some words of <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Arabic origin</a>: <ul><li>azzizzari – "to embellish" (عزيز ʿazīz "precious, beautiful") (Cognate of Maltese għażiż, meaning "dear")<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>babbaluciu – "snail" (from babūš, Tunisian babūša; but also Greek boubalákion.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese bebbuxu)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>burnia – "jar" (برنية burniya; but also Latin hirnea)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>cafisu (measure for liquids; from Tunisian قفيز qafīz)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassata" title="Cassata">cassata</a> (Sicilian ricotta cake; from قشطة qišṭa, chiefly North African; but Latin caseata "something made from cheese".<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese qassata)</li> <li>gèbbia – artificial pond to store water for irrigation (from Tunisian جابية jābiya.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese ġiebja)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>giuggiulena – "sesame seed" (from Tunisian جلجلان jiljlān or juljulān.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese ġunġlien or ġulġlien)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>ràisi – "leader" (رئيس raʾīs.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese ras "head")<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>saia – "canal" (from ساقية sāqiya.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Spanish acequia Maltese saqqajja)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>zaffarana – "<a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>" (type of plant whose flowers are used for medicinal purposes and in Sicilian cooking; from زعفران zaʿfarān. Cognate of Maltese żagħfran and English Saffron)</li> <li>zàgara – "blossom" (زهرة zahra.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese żahar)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>zibbibbu – "<a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">muscat of Alexandria</a>" (type of dried grape; زبيب zabīb.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese żbib)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>zuccu – "market" (from سوق <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">sūq</a>; but also <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> soccu and Spanish zoque.<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> Cognate of Maltese suq)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Bibbirria (the northern gate of <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>; باب الرياح bāb ar-riyāḥ "Gate of the Winds").<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Gisira – "island" (جَزِيرَة‎ jazīra. Cognate of Maltese gżira) (archaic)</li></ul> Throughout the Islamic epoch of Sicilian history, a significant Greek-speaking population remained on the island and continued to use the Greek language, or most certainly a variant of Greek influenced by Tunisian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> What is less clear is the extent to which a Latin-speaking population survived on the island. While a form of Vulgar Latin clearly survived in isolated communities during the Islamic epoch,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] there is much debate as to the influence it had (if any) on the development of the Sicilian language, following the re-Latinisation of Sicily (discussed in the next section).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_developments_in_the_Middle_Ages">Linguistic developments in the Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Linguistic developments in the Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scribes_01_Kingdom_of_Sicily_Petrus_de_Ebulo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Scribes_01_Kingdom_of_Sicily_Petrus_de_Ebulo.PNG/220px-Scribes_01_Kingdom_of_Sicily_Petrus_de_Ebulo.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Scribes_01_Kingdom_of_Sicily_Petrus_de_Ebulo.PNG/330px-Scribes_01_Kingdom_of_Sicily_Petrus_de_Ebulo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Scribes_01_Kingdom_of_Sicily_Petrus_de_Ebulo.PNG/440px-Scribes_01_Kingdom_of_Sicily_Petrus_de_Ebulo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>An 1196 miniature depicting the various <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a> (1. Greeks; 2. Saracens; 3. Latins) for the various populations of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> By AD 1000, the whole of what is today <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, including Sicily, was a complex mix of small <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a>, languages and religions.<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> The whole of Sicily was controlled by Saracens, at the elite level, but the general population remained a mix of Muslims and Christians who spoke Greek, Latin or Siculo-Arabic. The far south of the Italian peninsula was part of the Byzantine empire although many communities were reasonably independent from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a> was controlled by Lombards (or Langobards), who had also started to make some incursions into Byzantine territory and had managed to establish some isolated independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norwich-64">[64]</a> It was into this climate that the Normans thrust themselves with increasing numbers during the first half of the 11th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_and_French_influence">Norman and French influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Norman and French influence">edit</a>]</div> When the two most famous of Southern Italy's Norman adventurers, <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger of Hauteville</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, began their conquest of Sicily in 1061, they already controlled the far south of Italy (<a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>). It took Roger 30 years to complete the conquest of Sicily (Robert died in 1085).<a href="#cite_note-Norwich-64">[64]</a> In the aftermath of the Norman conquest of Sicily, the reintroduction of Latin in Sicily had begun, and some <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> words would be absorbed,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> that would be accompanied with an additional wave of <a href="/wiki/Parisian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisian French">Parisian French</a> loanwords during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a> in the 13th century. <ul><li>accattari – "to buy" (from Norman French acater,<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> French acheter; but there are different varieties of this Latin etymon in the Romania, cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> acaptar)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>ammucciari – "to hide" (Old Norman French muchier, Norman French muchi/mucher, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> mucier; but also Greek mychós)</li> <li>bucceri/vucceri "butcher" (from Old French bouchier)<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a></li> <li>custureri – "tailor" (Old French cousturier; Modern <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> couturier)<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a></li> <li>firranti – "grey" (from Old French ferrant)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>foddi – "mad" (Old French fol, whence French fou)<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a></li> <li>giugnettu – "July" (Old French juignet)<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a></li> <li>ladiu/laiu – "ugly" (Old French laid)<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a></li> <li>largasìa – "generosity" (largesse; but also Spanish largueza)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>puseri – "thumb" (Old French pochier)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>racina – "grape" (Old French, French raisin)<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a></li> <li>raggia – "anger" (Old French, French rage)<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a></li> <li>trippari – "to hop, skip" (Norman French triper)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Gallic_influences">Other Gallic influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other Gallic influences">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Italic">Northern Italian</a> influence is of particular interest. Even to the present day, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a> exists in the areas where the Northern Italian colonies were the strongest, namely <a href="/wiki/Novara_di_Sicilia" title="Novara di Sicilia">Novara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicosia,_Sicily" title="Nicosia, Sicily">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperlinga" title="Sperlinga">Sperlinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidone" title="Aidone">Aidone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> The Siculo-Gallic dialect did not survive in other major Italian colonies, such as <a href="/wiki/Randazzo" title="Randazzo">Randazzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronte,_Sicily" title="Bronte, Sicily">Bronte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patern%C3%B2" title="Paternò">Paternò</a> (although they influenced the local Sicilian vernacular). The Gallo-Italic influence was also felt on the Sicilian language itself, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> <ul><li>sòggiru – "father-in-law" (from suoxer)</li> <li>cugnatu – "brother-in-law" (from cognau) (cognate of Maltese kunjat)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>figghiozzu – "godson" (from figlioz) (cognate of Maltese filjozz)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>orbu/orvu – blind (from orb)</li> <li>arricintari – "to rinse" (from rexentar)</li> <li>unni – "where" (from ond)</li> <li>the names of the days of the week: <ul><li>luni – "Monday" (from lunes)</li> <li>marti – "Tuesday" (from martes)</li> <li>mèrcuri – "Wednesday" (from mèrcor)</li> <li>jovi – "Thursday" (from juovia)</li> <li>vènniri – "Friday" (from vènner)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occitan_influence">Occitan influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Occitan influence">edit</a>]</div> The origins of another Romance influence, that of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, had three reasons: <ol><li>The Normans made <a href="/wiki/San_Fratello" title="San Fratello">San Fratello</a> a garrison town in the early years of the occupation of the northeastern corner of Sicily. To this day (in ever decreasing numbers) a Siculo-Gallic dialect is spoken in San Fratello that is clearly influenced by Occitan, which leads to the conclusion that a significant number in the garrison came from that part of France.<a href="#cite_note-Privitera-69">[69]</a> This may well explain the dialect spoken only in San Fratello, but it does not wholly explain the diffusion of many Occitan words into the Sicilian language. On that point, there are two other possibilities:</li> <li>Some Occitan words have entered the language during the regency of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Navarre" title="Margaret of Navarre">Margaret of Navarre</a> between 1166 and 1171, when her son, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a>, succeeded to the throne at the age of 12. Her closest advisers, entourage and administrators were from the south of France,<a href="#cite_note-Norwich-64">[64]</a> and many Occitan words entered the language during this period.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a> of poetry was strongly influenced by the Occitan of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Privitera-69">[69]</a> This element is deeply embedded in Sicilian culture: for example, the tradition of Sicilian puppetry (<a href="/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi" title="Opera dei Pupi">òpira dî pupi</a>) and the tradition of the cantastorie (literally "story-singers"). Occitan troubadours were active during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and some Occitan words would have passed into the Sicilian language via this route.</li></ol> Some examples of Sicilian words derived from Occitan: <ul><li>addumari – "to light, to turn something on" (from allumar)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>aggrifari – "to kidnap, abduct" (from grifar; but also German greiffen)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>banna – "side, place" (from banda) <a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> (cognate of Maltese banda "side")<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>burgisi – "landowner, citizen" (from borges)</li> <li>lascu – "sparse, thin, infrequent" (from lasc)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a>(cognate of Maltese laxk "loose")<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>pariggiu – "equal" (from paratge).<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> (cognate of Maltese pariġġ "equal, as")<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicilian_School_of_Poetry">Sicilian School of Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sicilian School of Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></div> It was during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> (or Frederick I of Sicily) between 1198 and 1250, with his patronage of the Sicilian School, that Sicilian became the first of the modern Italic languages to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla141-73">[73]</a> The influence of the school and the use of Sicilian itself as a poetic language was acknowledged by the two great Tuscan writers of the early Renaissance period, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>. The influence of the Sicilian language should not be underestimated in the eventual formulation of a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> that was to become modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. The victory of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> army over the Sicilians at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> in 1266 not only marked the end of the 136-year Norman-<a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabian</a> reign in Sicily but also effectively ensured that the centre of literary influence would eventually move from Sicily to Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla141-73">[73]</a> While Sicilian, as both an official and a literary language, would continue to exist for another two centuries, the language would soon follow the fortunes of the kingdom itself in terms of prestige and influence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalan_influence">Catalan influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Catalan influence">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> of 1282, the kingdom came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958-74">[74]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> (and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>) added a new layer of vocabulary in the succeeding century. For the whole of the 14th century, both Catalan and Sicilian were the official languages of the royal court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2011-75">[75]</a> Sicilian was also used to record the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Sicily">Parliament of Sicily</a> (one of the oldest parliaments in Europe) and for other official purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla153-76">[76]</a> While it is often difficult to determine whether a word came directly from Catalan (as opposed to Occitan), the following are likely to be such examples: <ul><li>addunàrisi – "to notice, realise" (from adonar-se)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> (cognate of Maltese induna)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>affruntàrisi – "to be embarrassed" (from afrontar-se)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>arruciari – "to moisten, soak" (from arruixar)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> (cognate of Maltese raxx "to shower")<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>criscimonia – "growth, development" (from creiximoni)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>muccaturi – "handkerchief" (from mocador; but also French mouchoir)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> (cognate of Maltese maktur)<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>priàrisi – "to be pleased" (from prear-se)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>taliari – "to look at somebody/something" (from talaiar; but also Arabic طليعة ṭalīʿa).</li> <li>fardali – "apron" (from faldar) (cognate of Maltese fardal)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_period_to_the_modern_age">Spanish period to the modern age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spanish period to the modern age">edit</a>]</div> By the time <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">the crowns of Castille and Aragon were united</a> in the late 15th century, the Italianisation of written Sicilian in the parliamentary and court records had commenced. By 1543 this process was virtually complete, with the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a> of Italian becoming the lingua franca of the Italian peninsula and supplanting written Sicilian.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla153-76">[76]</a> Spanish rule had hastened this process in two important ways: <ul><li>Unlike the Aragonese, almost immediately the Spanish placed <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> on the Sicilian throne. In a sense, the diminishing prestige of the Sicilian kingdom reflected the decline of Sicilian from an official, written language to eventually a spoken language amongst a predominantly illiterate population.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Sicily" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily">expulsion of all Jews</a> from Spanish dominions ca. 1492 altered the population of Sicily. Not only did the population decline, many of whom were involved in important educated industries, but some of these Jewish families had been in Sicily for around 1,500 years, and Sicilian was their native language, which they used in their schools. Thus the seeds of a possible broad-based education system utilising books written in Sicilian were lost.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla153-76">[76]</a></li></ul> Spanish rule lasted over three centuries (not counting the Aragonese and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> periods on either side) and had a significant influence on the Sicilian vocabulary. The following words are of Spanish derivation: <ul><li>arricugghìrisi – "to return home" (from recogerse; but also Catalan recollir-se)</li> <li>balanza/valanza – "scales" (from balanza)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>fileccia – "arrow" (from flecha)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> (cognate of Maltese vleġġa)<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>làstima – "lament, annoyance" (from lástima)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>pinzeddu – "brush" (from pincel)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a> (cognate of Maltese pinzell)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>ricivu – "receipt" (from recibo)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>spagnari – "to be frightened" (crossover of local appagnari with Spanish espantarse)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li> <li>sulità/sulitati – "solitude" (from soledad)<a href="#cite_note-Giarrizzo-48">[48]</a></li></ul> Since the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Italian Unification</a> (the Risorgimento of 1860–1861), the Sicilian language has been significantly influenced by (Tuscan) Italian. During the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> period it became obligatory that Italian be taught and spoken in all schools, whereas up to that point, Sicilian had been used extensively in schools.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla163-82">[82]</a> This process has quickened since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> due to improving educational standards and the impact of mass media, such that increasingly, even within the family home, Sicilian is not necessarily the language of choice.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla163-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Regional_Assembly" title="Sicilian Regional Assembly">Sicilian Regional Assembly</a> voted to make the teaching of Sicilian a part of the school curriculum at primary school level, but as of 2007 only a fraction of schools teach Sicilian.<a href="#cite_note-Cipolla163-82">[82]</a> There is also little in the way of mass media offered in Sicilian. The combination of these factors means that the Sicilian language continues to adopt Italian vocabulary and grammatical forms to such an extent that many Sicilians themselves cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect Sicilian language usage.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200121-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuffino200190–92-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the sound-to-spelling correspondence, see <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian orthography</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> Sicilian consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sicilian vowels<a href="#cite_note-:12-86">[86]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">spelling </th> <th scope="col">sound </th> <th scope="col">example </th></tr> <tr> <td>⟨a⟩ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </td> <td>patri </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨e⟩ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ </td> <td>beḍḍa </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨i⟩ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td>chiḍḍu </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨o⟩ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ </td> <td>sò </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨u⟩ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td> <td>tuttu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Sicilian has a number of consonant sounds that set it apart from the other major Romance languages, notably its <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla20055–9-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonner11-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cademia-89">[89]</a> <ul><li>ḌḌ/DD — The retroflex phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/ (usually geminated or long [ɖː]) is normally the result of the evolution of Latin -ll-.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> This sound is rare but present among Romance languages, including Sardinian, Southern Corsican, and some dialects of Calabria.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> Similar but not identical sounds are also found in the rest of the Extreme Southern Italian dialect group.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> The older [lː] sequence is retained in some dialects,<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> while the pronunciation of this phoneme as dental [dː] is increasingly common.<a href="#cite_note-Cademia-89">[89]</a> Traditionally in Sicilian, the sound was written as -đđ-[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], and in more contemporary usage -dd- has been used. It is also often found written -ddh- or -ddr- (both of which are often considered confusing, as they may also represent [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">dː</a>] and [ɖːɽ], respectively). In the <a href="/wiki/Cademia_Siciliana" title="Cademia Siciliana">Cademia Siciliana</a> orthographical proposal as well as the <a href="/wiki/Vocabolario_siciliano" title="Vocabolario siciliano">Vocabolario siciliano</a> descriptive orthography, the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> -ḍḍ- is used.<a href="#cite_note-Cademia-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> For example, the counterpart to Italian bello in Sicilian is beḍḍu.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner11-88">[88]</a></li> <li>DR and TR — The Sicilian pronunciation of the digraphs -dr- and -tr- is [ɖɽ] and [ʈɽ],<a href="#cite_note-Cademia-89">[89]</a> or even [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">ɖʐ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a>]. If they are preceded by a nasal consonant, n is then a retroflex nasal sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>].</li> <li>GHI and CHI — The two digraphs -gh- and -ch-, when occurring before front vowel sounds i or e or a semivowel j, can be pronounced as palatal stops [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>]. From Italian, in place of -gl-, a geminated <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a> -ggh(i)- is used and is pronounced as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟː</a>]. When -ch(j)- is geminated, -cch(j)- it can be pronounced as [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">cː</a>].</li> <li>RR — The digraph -rr-, depending on the variety of Sicilian, can be a long trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">rː</a>] (hereafter transcribed without the length mark)<a href="#cite_note-Cademia-89">[89]</a> or a voiced retroflex sibilant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Bonner11-88">[88]</a> This innovation is also found under slightly different circumstances in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, where it is spelled -rz-, and in some Northern <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> dialects, where speakers vary between [ʐ] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̝</a>]. At the beginning of a word, the single letter r is similarly always pronounced double, though this is not indicated orthographically. This phenomenon, however, does not include words that start with a single r resulting from rhotacism or apheresis (see below), which should not be indicated orthographically to avoid confusion with regular double r.</li> <li>Voiced S and Z — The /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/ sounds are voiced as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>] when after /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ or other voiced sounds. In the Sicilian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digraphs_(orthography)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digraphs (orthography) (page does not exist)">digraphs</a> -sb- and -sv-, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ becomes voiced and palatalized as a voiced post-alveolar fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] along with the voiced sounds /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/.</li> <li>STR and SDR — The Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraphs</a> -str- and -sdr- are [ʂːɽ] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂː</a>], and [ʐːɽ] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Cademia-89">[89]</a> The t is not pronounced at all and there is a faint whistle between the s and the r, producing a similar sound to the shr of English shred, or how some English speakers pronounce "frustrated".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The voiced equivalent is somewhat similar to how some English speakers might pronounce the phrase "was driving".</li> <li>Latin FL — The other unique Sicilian sound is found in those words that have been derived from Latin words containing -fl-. In standard literary Sicilian, the sound is rendered as -ci- (representing the voiceless palatal fricative /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>/), e.g. ciumi ("river", from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flumen#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:flumen">flūmen</a>), but can also be found in written forms such as -hi-, -x(h)-, -çi-, or erroneously -sci-.<a href="#cite_note-Filologici_e_Linguistici_Siciliani_2002-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Consonantal <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> — A further range of consonantal sound shifts occurred between the Vulgar Latin introduced to the island following Roman rule and the subsequent development of the Sicilian language. These sound shifts include: Latin -nd- to Sicilian -nn-; Latin -mb- to Sicilian -mm-; Latin -pl- to Sicilian -chi-; and Latin -li- to Sicilian -gghi-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitrè2002-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Rhotacism and apheresis — This transformation is characterized by the substitution of single d by r. In Sicilian this is produced by a single flap of the tongue against the upper alveolar ridge [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]. This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a>, that is, the substitution of r for another consonant; it is commonly found both in Eastern and Western Sicilian, and elsewhere in Southern Italy, especially in <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>. It can occur internally, or it can affect initial d, in which case it should not be represented orthographically to avoid confusion with the regular r (see above). Examples : pedi ("foot") is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[ˈpɛːɾi]</a>; Madonna ("Virgin Mary") is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[maˈɾɔnna]</a>; lu diri ("to say it") is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[lʊ ˈɾiːɾi]</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">apheresis</a> of some clusters may occur in certain dialects, producing instances such as 'ranni <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[ˈɾanni]</a> for granni "big".<a href="#cite_note-Cademia-89">[89]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_vowel_system" title="Sicilian vowel system">Sicilian vowel system</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png/320px-Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png/480px-Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png/640px-Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Development of stressed vowels from Latin to Sicilian</figcaption></figure> Sicilian has five phonemic vowels: /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/. The mid-vowels /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ do not occur in unstressed position in native words but may do so in modern borrowings from Italian, English, or other languages. Historically, Sicilian /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ each represent the confluence of three Latin vowels (or four in unstressed position), hence their high frequency.<a href="#cite_note-Hull-53">[53]</a> Unstressed /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ generally undergo <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduction</a> to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] respectively, except in word-/phrase-final position, as in [pʊsˈsibbɪli] ‘possible’ and [kʊˈniɟɟu] ‘rabbit’.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgeway2016250–1-95">[95]</a> As in Italian, vowels are allophonically <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable_lengthening" title="Open syllable lengthening">lengthened in stressed open syllables</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omission_of_initial_i">Omission of initial i</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Omission of initial i">edit</a>]</div> In the vast majority of instances in which the originating word had an initial /i/, Sicilian has dropped it completely. That has also happened when there was once an initial /e/ and, to a lesser extent, /a/ and /o/: mpurtanti "important", gnuranti "ignorant", nimicu "enemy", ntirissanti "interesting", llustrari "to illustrate", mmàggini "image", cona "icon", miricanu "American".<a href="#cite_note-Filologici_e_Linguistici_Siciliani_2002-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamilleri1998-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemination_and_contractions">Gemination and contractions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gemination and contractions">edit</a>]</div> In Sicilian, <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> is distinctive for most consonant phonemes, but a few can be geminated only after a vowel: /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/. Rarely indicated in writing, spoken Sicilian also exhibits <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">syntactic gemination</a> (or dubbramentu),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla200414-97">[97]</a> which means that the first consonant of a word is lengthened when it is preceded by words like è, ma, e, a, di, pi, chi - meaning ‘it is, but, and, to, of, for, what’. For instance in the phrase è bonu ‘it's good’, there is a doubled /bb/ in pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200113-98">[98]</a> The letter ⟨j⟩ at the start of a word can have two separate sounds depending on what precedes the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla2005-99">[99]</a> For instance, in jornu ("day"), it is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]. However, after a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonant</a> or if it is triggered by syntactic gemination, it is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>] as in un jornu with [nɟ] or tri jorna ("three days") with [ɟɟ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla200410–11-100">[100]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Another difference between the written and the spoken languages is the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> occur in everyday speech. Thus a common expression such as avemu a accattari... ("we have to go and buy...") is generally reduced to âma 'ccattari in talking to family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner56-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a> is commonly used in denoting a wide range of contractions in the written language, particularly the joining of simple prepositions and the definite article: di lu = dû ("of the"), a lu = ô ("to the"), pi lu = pû ("for the"), nta lu = ntô ("in the"), etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200139-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Filologici_e_Linguistici_Siciliani_2002-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_adjectives">Nouns and adjectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nouns and adjectives">edit</a>]</div> Most feminine nouns and adjectives end in -a in the singular: casa ('house'), porta ('door'), carta ('paper'). Exceptions include soru ('sister') and ficu ('fig'). The usual masculine singular ending is -u: omu ('man'), libbru ('book'), nomu ('name'). The singular ending -i can be either masculine or feminine.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner,_J_K_2001_p._25-103">[103]</a> Unlike Standard Italian, Sicilian uses the same standard plural ending -i for both masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives: casi ('houses' or 'cases'), porti ('doors' or 'harbors'), tàuli ('tables'). Some masculine plural nouns end in -a instead, a feature that is derived from the Latin neuter endings -um, -a: libbra ('books'), jorna ('days'), vrazza ('arms', compare Italian braccio, braccia), jardina ('gardens'), scrittura ('writers'), signa ('signs').<a href="#cite_note-Bonner,_J_K_2001_p._25-103">[103]</a> Some nouns have irregular plurals: omu has òmini (compare Italian uomo, uomini), jocu ('game') jòcura (Italian gioco, giochi) and lettu ("bed") letta (Italian letto, 'letti). Three feminine nouns are invariable in the plural: manu ('hand[s]'), ficu ('fig[s]') and soru ('sister[s]').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitrè200254-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_"to_have"">Verb "to have"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Verb "to have"">edit</a>]</div> Sicilian has only one <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a>, aviri, 'to have'.<a href="#cite_note-Camilleri488-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2001123-106">[106]</a> It is also used to denote obligation (e.g. avi a jiri, '[he/she] has to go'),<a href="#cite_note-Bonner56-101">[101]</a> and to form the future tense, as Sicilian for the most part no longer has a synthetic future tense: avi a cantari, '[he/she] will sing'.<a href="#cite_note-Camilleri488-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_"to_go"_and_the_periphrastic_future">Verb "to go" and the periphrastic future</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Verb "to go" and the periphrastic future">edit</a>]</div> As in English and like most other Romance languages, Sicilian may use the verb jiri, 'to go', to signify the act of being about to do something. Vaiu a cantari, 'I'm going to sing'. In this way, jiri + a + infinitive can also be a way to form the simple future construction.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner54-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenses_and_moods">Tenses and moods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tenses and moods">edit</a>]</div> The main conjugations in Sicilian are illustrated below with the verb èssiri, 'to be'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitrè200261–64-108">[108]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Infinitive </th> <td colspan="6">èssiri / siri </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gerund </th> <td colspan="6">essennu / sennu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past participle </th> <td colspan="6">statu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indicative</th> <th>eu/iu/ju</th> <th>tu</th> <th>iḍḍu</th> <th>nuàutri</th> <th>vuàutri</th> <th>iḍḍi </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>sugnu</td> <td>si'</td> <td>esti / è</td> <td>semu</td> <td>siti</td> <td>sunnu / su' </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperfect </th> <td>era</td> <td>eri</td> <td>era</td> <td>èramu</td> <td>èravu</td> <td>èranu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Preterite </th> <td>fui</td> <td>fusti</td> <td>fu</td> <td>fomu</td> <td>fùstivu</td> <td>foru </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future1 </th> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Conditional2</th> <th>ju</th> <th>tu</th> <th>iḍḍu</th> <th>nuàutri</th> <th>vuàutri</th> <th>iḍḍi </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>fora</td> <td>fori</td> <td>fora</td> <td>fòramu</td> <td>fòravu</td> <td>fòranu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Subjunctive</th> <th>ju</th> <th>tu</th> <th>iḍḍu</th> <th>nuàutri</th> <th>vuàutri</th> <th>iḍḍi </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>sia</td> <td>si' / fussi</td> <td>sia</td> <td>siamu</td> <td>siati</td> <td>sianu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperfect </th> <td>fussi</td> <td>fussi</td> <td>fussi</td> <td>fùssimu</td> <td>fùssivu</td> <td>fùssiru </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative</th> <th>—</th> <th>tu</th> <th>vossìa3</th> <th>—</th> <th>vuàutri</th> <th>— </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>—</td> <td>sì</td> <td>fussi</td> <td>—</td> <td>siti</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>The synthetic future is rarely used and, as Camilleri explains, continues its decline towards complete disuse.<a href="#cite_note-Camilleri488-105">[105]</a> Instead, the following methods are used to express the future: <dl><dd>1) the use of the present indicative, which is usually preceded by an adverb of time: <dl><dd>Stasira vaju ô tiatru — 'This evening I go to the theatre'; or, using a similar English construction, 'This evening I am going to the theatre'</dd> <dd>Dumani ti scrivu — 'Tomorrow I [will] write to you'</dd></dl></dd> <dd>2) the use of a compound form consisting of the appropriate conjugation of aviri a ('have to') in combination with the infinitive form of the verb in question: <dl><dd>Stasira aju a ghiri ('j' becomes 'gh' after a vowel) ô tiatru — 'This evening I will [/must] go to the theatre'</dd> <dd>Dumani t'aju a scrìviri — 'Tomorrow I will [/must] write to you'</dd> <dd>In speech, the contracted forms of aviri often come into play: <dl><dd>aju a → hâ/hê; ai a → hâ; avi a → avâ; avemu a → amâ; aviti a → atâ</dd> <dd>Dumani t'hâ scrìviri — 'Tomorrow I will [/must] write to you'.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner54-107">[107]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>The synthetic conditional has also fallen into disuse (except for the dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, missinisi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamilleri1998460-109">[109]</a> The conditional has two tenses: <dl><dd>1) the present conditional, which is replaced by either: <dl><dd>i) the present indicative: <dl><dd>Cci chiamu si tu mi duni lu sò nùmmaru — "I [would] call her if you [would] give me her number', or</dd></dl></dd> <dd>ii) the imperfect subjunctive: <dl><dd>Cci chiamassi si tu mi dassi lu sò nùmmaru — 'I'd call her if you would give me her number'; and</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>2) the past conditional, which is replaced by the pluperfect subjunctive: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Cci avissi jutu si tu m'avissi dittu [/diciutu] unni esti / è — 'I'd have gone if you would have told me where it is'</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>In a hypothetical statement, both tenses are replaced by the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Si fussi riccu m'accattassi nu palazzu — 'If I were rich I would buy a palace'</dd> <dd>S'avissi travagghiatu nun avissi patutu la misèria — 'If I had worked I would not have suffered misery'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2001149–150-110">[110]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>The second-person singular (polite) uses the older form of the present subjunctive, such as parrassi, which has the effect of softening it somewhat into a request, rather than an instruction. The second-person singular and plural forms of the imperative are identical to the present indicative, exception for the second-person singular -ari verbs, whose ending is the same as for the third-person singular: parra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200145-111">[111]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Extracts from three of Sicily's more celebrated poets are offered below to illustrate the written form of Sicilian over the last few centuries: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Veneziano_(poet)" title="Antonio Veneziano (poet)">Antonio Veneziano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Meli" title="Giovanni Meli">Giovanni Meli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nino_Martoglio" title="Nino Martoglio">Nino Martoglio</a>. A translation of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> can also be found in J. K. Bonner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2001180-112">[112]</a> This is written with three variations: a standard literary form from the island of Sicily and a southern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulian</a> literary form. Luigi Scalia translated the biblical books of Ruth, Song of Solomon and the Gospel of Matthew into Sicilian. These were published in 1860 by Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Louis Lucien Bonaparte">Louis Lucien Bonaparte</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extract_from_Antonio_Veneziano">Extract from Antonio Veneziano</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Extract from Antonio Veneziano">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celia,_Lib._2">Celia, Lib. 2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Celia, Lib. 2">edit</a>]</div> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1575–1580) <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Sicilian </th> <th>Italian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Non è xhiamma ordinaria, no, la mia, </td> <td>No, la mia non è fiamma ordinaria, </td> <td>No, mine is no ordinary flame, </td></tr> <tr> <td>è xhiamma chi sul'iu tegnu e rizettu, </td> <td>è una fiamma che sol'io possiedo e controllo, </td> <td>it's a flame that only I possess and control, </td></tr> <tr> <td>xhiamma pura e celesti, ch'ardi 'n mia; </td> <td>una fiamma pura e celeste che dientro di me cresce; </td> <td>a pure celestial flame that in me grows; </td></tr> <tr> <td>per gran misteriu e cu stupendu effettu. </td> <td>da un grande mistero e con stupendo effetto. </td> <td>by a great mystery and with great effect. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amuri, 'ntentu a fari idulatria, </td> <td>l'Amore, desiderante d'adorare icone, </td> <td>Love, wanting to worship idols, </td></tr> <tr> <td>s'ha novamenti sazerdoti elettu; </td> <td>è diventato sacerdote un'altra volta; </td> <td>has once again become a high priest; </td></tr> <tr> <td>tu, sculpita 'ntra st'alma, sìa la dia; </td> <td>tu, scolpita dentro quest'anima, sei la dea; </td> <td>you, sculpted in this soul, are the goddess; </td></tr> <tr> <td>sacrifiziu lu cori, ara stu pettu. </td> <td>il mio cuore è la vittima, il mio seno è l'altare. </td> <td>my heart is the victim, my breast is the altar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Arba_Sicula''1980-113">[113]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extract_from_Giovanni_Meli">Extract from Giovanni Meli</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Extract from Giovanni Meli">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Don_Chisciotti_e_Sanciu_Panza_(Cantu_quintu)">Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza (Cantu quintu)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza (Cantu quintu)">edit</a>]</div> (~1790) <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Sicilian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Stracanciatu di notti soli jiri; </td> <td>Disguised he roams at night alone; </td></tr> <tr> <td>S'ammuccia ntra purtuni e cantuneri; </td> <td>Hiding in any nook and cranny; </td></tr> <tr> <td>cu vacabunni ci mustra piaciri; </td> <td>he enjoys the company of vagabonds; </td></tr> <tr> <td>poi lu so sbiu sunnu li sumeri, </td> <td>however, donkeys are his real diversion, </td></tr> <tr> <td>li pruteggi e li pigghia a ben vuliri, </td> <td>he protects them and looks after all their needs, </td></tr> <tr> <td>li tratta pri parenti e amici veri; </td> <td>treating them as real family and friends; </td></tr> <tr> <td>siccomu ancora è n'amicu viraci </td> <td>since he remains a true friend </td></tr> <tr> <td>di li bizzarri, capricciusi e audaci. </td> <td>of all who are bizarre, capricious and bold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeli1995-114">[114]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extract_from_Nino_Martoglio">Extract from Nino Martoglio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Extract from Nino Martoglio">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Briscula_'n_Cumpagni">Briscula 'n Cumpagni</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Briscula 'n Cumpagni">edit</a>]</div> (~1900; trans: A game of Briscula amongst friends)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartoglio1993-115">[115]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Sicilian </th> <th>Italian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>— Càrricu, mancu? Cca cc'è 'n sei di spati!... </td> <td>— Nemmeno un carico? Qui c'è un sei di spade!... </td> <td>— A high card perhaps? Here's the six of spades!... </td></tr> <tr> <td>— E chi schifiu è, di sta manera? </td> <td>— Ma che schifo, in questo modo? </td> <td>— What is this rubbish you're playing? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don Peppi Nnappa, d'accussì jucati? </td> <td>Signor Peppe Nappa,<a href="#cite_note-116">[a]</a> ma giocate così? </td> <td>Mr. Peppe Nappa, who taught you to play this game? </td></tr> <tr> <td>— Massari e scecchi tutta 'a tistera, </td> <td>— Messere e asino con tutti i finimenti, </td> <td>— My dear gentlemen and donkeys with all your finery, </td></tr> <tr> <td>comu vi l'haju a diri, a vastunati, </td> <td>come ve lo devo dire, forse a bastonate, </td> <td>as I have repeatedly told you till I'm blue in the face, </td></tr> <tr> <td>ca mancu haju sali di salera! </td> <td>che non ho nemmeno il sale per la saliera! </td> <td>I ain't got nothing that's even worth a pinch a salt! </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_prayers_compared_to_Italian">Traditional prayers compared to Italian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Traditional prayers compared to Italian">edit</a>]</div> <table class="itwiki_template_toc" width="100%" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#EFEFEF">Patri nostru (<a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Sicilian) </th> <th bgcolor="#EFEFEF">Padre nostro (Lord's Prayer in Italian) </th> <th bgcolor="#EFEFEFEE">Aviu Maria (<a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a> in Sicilian) </th> <th bgcolor="#EFEFEFEE">Ave Maria (Hail Mary in Italian) </th> <th bgcolor="#EFEFD">Salvi o'Rigina (<a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a> in Sicilian) </th> <th bgcolor="#EFEFD">Salve Regina (in Italian) </th> <th bgcolor="#EFEFH">Angelu ca ni custudisci (<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_God" title="Angel of God">Angel of God</a> in Sicilian) </th> <th bgcolor="#EFEFH">Angelo Custode (Angel of God in Italian) </th></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd>Patri nostru, ca si nò celu,</dd> <dd>Santificatu sia lu nomu vostru,</dd> <dd>Vinissi prestu lu vostru regnu,</dd> <dd>Sempri sia faciuta la vostra Divina Vuluntati</dd> <dd>comu n celu accussì n terra.</dd> <dd>Dàtannillu a sta jurnata lu panuzzu cutiddianu</dd> <dd>E pirdunàtini li nostri piccati</dd> <dd>Accussì comu nanddri li rimintemu ê nimici nostri;</dd> <dd>E nun ni lassati cascari ntâ tintazzioni,</dd> <dd>ma scanzàtini dû mali.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Padre nostro, che sei nei cieli,</dd> <dd>sia santificato il tuo nome,</dd> <dd>venga il tuo regno,</dd> <dd>sia fatta la tua volontà, come in cielo così in terra.</dd> <dd>Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano,</dd> <dd>e rimetti a noi i nostri debiti</dd> <dd>come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori,</dd> <dd>e non ci indurre in tentazione,[1]</dd> <dd>ma liberaci dal male.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Aviu maria, china di grazia,</dd> <dd>u' Signuri è cu tia,</dd> <dd>tu sì a biniditta 'menzu i donni,</dd> <dd>e binidittu è u' fruttu dò tò senu Gesù,</dd> <dd>Santa Maria, matri di Diu,</dd> <dd>prega pì nanddri piccatura,</dd> <dd>ora e nò momentu da nostra morti.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Ave, o Maria, piena di grazia,</dd> <dd>il Signore è con te.</dd> <dd>Tu sei benedetta fra le donne</dd> <dd>e benedetto è il frutto del tuo seno, Gesù.</dd> <dd>Santa Maria, Madre di Dio,</dd> <dd>prega per noi peccatori,</dd> <dd>adesso e nell'ora della nostra morte.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Salvi o'Regina,</dd> <dd>matri di misericordia, è vita, è duci, spiranza nostra</dd> <dd>salvi, a tia ricurremu, naddri figghi di Eva</dd> <dd>a tia sospiramu, chiangennu,</dd> <dd>ne sta valli di lacrimi, allura abbucata</dd> <dd>nostra talinani cu chiddri occhi tò misericurdiusi,</dd> <dd>e fanni abbidiri doppu, stu esiliu Gesù</dd> <dd>u'fruttu binidittu dò tò senu;</dd> <dd>O clemente, bona</dd> <dd>o duci Virgini Maria!</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Salve, Regina, Madre di misericordia;</dd> <dd>vita, dolcezza e speranza nostra, salve.</dd> <dd>A Te ricorriamo, noi esuli figli di Eva;</dd> <dd>a Te sospiriamo, gementi e piangenti</dd> <dd>in questa valle di lacrime.</dd> <dd>Orsù dunque, avvocata nostra,</dd> <dd>rivolgi a noi gli occhi</dd> <dd>tuoi misericordiosi.</dd> <dd>E mostraci, dopo questo esilio, Gesù,</dd> <dd>il frutto benedetto del Tuo seno.</dd> <dd>O clemente, o pia,</dd> <dd>o dolce Vergine Maria!</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Angelu di Diu</dd> <dd>ca sì u'me custodi,</dd> <dd>alluminami, custudiscimi, tenimi e guvernami</dd> <dd>ca ti vinni datu/a da pietà celeste</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Angelo di Dio,</dd> <dd>che sei il mio custode,</dd> <dd>illumina, custodisci,</dd> <dd>reggi e governa me</dd> <dd>che ti fui affidato/a</dd> <dd>dalla Pietà Celeste.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Italian">Influence on Italian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Influence on Italian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minchia_graffiti_in_Turin_January_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Minchia_graffiti_in_Turin_January_2017.jpg/220px-Minchia_graffiti_in_Turin_January_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Minchia_graffiti_in_Turin_January_2017.jpg/330px-Minchia_graffiti_in_Turin_January_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Minchia_graffiti_in_Turin_January_2017.jpg/440px-Minchia_graffiti_in_Turin_January_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Minchia: graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, January 2017</figcaption></figure> As one of the most spoken languages of Italy, Sicilian has notably influenced the Italian lexicon. In fact, there are several Sicilian words that are now part of the Italian language and usually refer to things closely associated to Sicilian culture, with some notable exceptions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZingarelli2006-117">[116]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arancini" title="Arancini">arancino</a> (from arancinu): a Sicilian cuisine specialty;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canestrato" title="Canestrato">canestrato</a> (from ncannistratu): a cheese typical of Sicily;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">cannolo</a> (from cannolu): a Sicilian pastry;</li> <li>cannolicchio (from cannulicchiu): <a href="/wiki/Razor_clam" title="Razor clam">razor clam</a>;</li> <li>carnezzeria (from carnizzaria): butcher's shop;</li> <li>caruso (from carusu): boy, especially a Sicilian one;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassata" title="Cassata">cassata</a>: a Sicilian pastry;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirneco_dell%27Etna" title="Cirneco dell'Etna">cirneco</a> (from cirnecu): a small breed of dogs common in Sicily;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosca" title="Cosca">cosca</a>: a small group of criminals affiliated to the Sicilian mafia;</li> <li>curatolo (from curàtulu): watchman in a farm, with a yearly contract;</li> <li>dammuso (from dammusu): stony habitation typical of the island of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>;</li> <li>intrallazzo (from ntrallazzu): illegal exchange of goods or favours, but in a wider sense also cheat, intrigue;</li> <li>marranzano (from marranzanu): <a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">Jew's harp</a>;</li> <li>marrobbio (from marrubbiu): quick variation of sea level produced by a store of water in the coasts as a consequence of either wind action or an atmospheric depression;</li> <li>minchia: penis in its original meaning, but also stupid person; is also widely used as interjection to show either astonishment or rage;</li> <li>picciotto (from picciottu): young man, but also the lowest grade in the Mafia hierarchy;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzino" title="Pizzino">pizzino</a> (from pizzinu): small piece of paper, especially used for secret criminal communications;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzo_(extortion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizzo (extortion)">pizzo</a> (from pizzu, literally meaning "beak", from the saying fari vagnari a pizzu "to wet one's beak"): protection money paid to the Mafia;</li> <li>quaquaraquà (onomatopoeia?; "the duck wants a say"): person devoid of value, nonentity;</li> <li>scasare (from scasari, literally "to move home"): to leave en masse;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">stidda</a> (equivalent to Italian stella): lower Mafia organization.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_today">Use today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Use today">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicily">Sicily</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sicily">edit</a>]</div> Sicilian is estimated to have 5,000,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> However, it remains very much a home language that is spoken among peers and close associates. <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a> has encroached on Sicilian, most evidently in the speech of the younger generations.<a href="#cite_note-Ruffino108-119">[118]</a> In terms of the written language, it is mainly restricted to poetry and theatre in Sicily. The education system does not support the language, despite recent legislative changes, as mentioned previously. Local universities either carry courses in Sicilian or describe it as <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialettologia</a>, the study of dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calabria">Calabria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Calabria">edit</a>]</div> The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> is spoken by some 260,000 speakers in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggio_Calabria_metropolitan_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reggio Calabria metropolitan area (page does not exist)">Reggio Calabria metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> It is recognised, along with the other Calabrian dialects, by the regional government of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> by a law promulgated in 2012 that protects Calabria's linguistic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Consiglio_Regionale-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> Outside Sicily and Southern Calabria, there is an extensive Sicilian-speaking diaspora living in several major cities across South and North America and in other parts of Europe and Australia, where Sicilian has been preserved to varying degrees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> The Sicilian-American organization <a href="/wiki/Arba_Sicula" title="Arba Sicula">Arba Sicula</a> publishes stories, poems and essays, in Sicilian with English translations, in an effort to preserve the Sicilian language, in Arba Sicula, its bi-lingual annual journal (latest issue: 2017), and in a biennial newsletter entitled Sicilia Parra. The movie <a href="/wiki/La_Terra_Trema" title="La Terra Trema">La Terra Trema</a> (1948) is entirely in Sicilian and uses many local amateur actors. The nonprofit organisation <a href="/wiki/Cademia_Siciliana" title="Cademia Siciliana">Cademia Siciliana</a> publishes a Sicilian version of a quarterly magazine, "<a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Courier" title="UNESCO Courier">UNESCO Courier</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_words_and_phrases">Sample words and phrases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sample words and phrases">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Sicilian </th></tr> <tr> <td>to make a good impression </td> <td>fà[ci]ri na beḍḍa fi[g]ùra </td></tr> <tr> <td>wine </td> <td>vinu </td></tr> <tr> <td>man </td> <td>masculu </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman </td> <td>fìmmina </td></tr> <tr> <td>the other side </td> <td>ḍḍabbanna </td></tr> <tr> <td>also, too </td> <td>mirè </td></tr> <tr> <td>there </td> <td>ḍḍa </td></tr> <tr> <td>right there </td> <td>ḍḍocu </td></tr> <tr> <td>where </td> <td>unni </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (formal) </td> <td>vossìa </td></tr> <tr> <td>be careful! </td> <td>accura! </td></tr> <tr> <td>he, him </td> <td>iḍḍu </td></tr> <tr> <td>she, her </td> <td>iḍḍa </td></tr> <tr> <td>once, formerly </td> <td>tannu </td></tr> <tr> <td>he who pays before seeing the goods gets cheated (literally "who pays before, eats smelly fish") </td> <td>cu paja prima, mancia li pisci fitùsi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arba_Sicula" title="Arba Sicula">Arba Sicula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baccagghju" title="Baccagghju">Baccagghju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cademia_Siciliana" title="Cademia Siciliana">Cademia Siciliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_di_studi_filologici_e_linguistici_siciliani" title="Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani">Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peppe_Nappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peppe Nappa (page does not exist)">Peppe Nappa</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppe_Nappa" class="extiw" title="it:Peppe Nappa">it</a>] is a character of the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> o <a href="/wiki/Arlecchino" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlecchino">Arlecchino</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/scn/">Sicilian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.sicilia.it/deliberegiunta/file/giunta/allegati/Delibera_199_18.pdf">Iniziative per la promozione e valorizzazione della lingua Siciliana e l'insegnamento della storia della Sicilia nelle scuole di ogni ordine e grado della Regione</a> [Initiatives for the promotion and development of Sicilian language in the schools of all type and degree of the Region] (PDF) (resolution) (in Italian). 15 May 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Iniziative+per+la+promozione+e+valorizzazione+della+lingua+Siciliana+e+l%27insegnamento+della+storia+della+Sicilia+nelle+scuole+di+ogni+ordine+e+grado+della+Regione&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sicilia.it%2Fdeliberegiunta%2Ffile%2Fgiunta%2Fallegati%2FDelibera_199_18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scn">"Sicilian entry in Ethnologue"</a>. www.ethnologue.com. 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Lingue e dialetti d'Italia [Languages and dialects of Italy] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: Carocci. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingue+e+dialetti+d%27Italia&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Avolio&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiDewaeleHousen2002" class="citation book cs1">Wei, Li; Dewaele, Jean-Marc; Housen, Alex (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybiJNs6UHGcC">Opportunities and Challenges of Bilingualism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110852004" title="Special:BookSources/9783110852004"><bdi>9783110852004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opportunities+and+Challenges+of+Bilingualism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783110852004&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Dewaele%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Housen%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybiJNs6UHGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacarosPauls2008" class="citation book cs1">Facaros, Dana; Pauls, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsgPxL4b8GsC">Sicily</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Publishers" title="New Holland Publishers">New Holland Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860113970" title="Special:BookSources/9781860113970"><bdi>9781860113970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781860113970&rft.aulast=Facaros&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Pauls%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsgPxL4b8GsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1023.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. www.unesco.org. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2001123_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2001">Bonner 2001</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonner54-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner54_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner54_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2001">Bonner 2001</a>, p. 54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitrè200261–64-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitrè200261–64_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPitrè2002">Pitrè 2002</a>, pp. 61–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamilleri1998460-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamilleri1998460_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamilleri1998">Camilleri 1998</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2001149–150-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2001149–150_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2001">Bonner 2001</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200145-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner200145_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2001">Bonner 2001</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2001180-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2001180_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2001">Bonner 2001</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Arba_Sicula''1980-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Arba_Sicula''1980_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArba_Sicula1980">Arba Sicula 1980</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeli1995-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeli1995_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeli1995">Meli 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartoglio1993-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartoglio1993_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartoglio1993">Martoglio 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZingarelli2006-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZingarelli2006_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZingarelli2006">Zingarelli 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1023.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. unesco.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-1023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruffino108-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruffino108_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuffino2001">Ruffino 2001</a>, pp. 108–112 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/pl8/142.1.htm">[1]</a> cfr art. 1 comma 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Consiglio_Regionale-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Consiglio_Regionale_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/pl9/309.pdf">"Consiglio Regionale della Calabria"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consiglio+Regionale+della+Calabria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglioregionale.calabria.it%2Fpl9%2F309.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a>, The end of Muslim Sicily</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+Muslim+Sicily&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Alio, Jacqueline (2018), Sicilian Studies: A Guide and Syllabus for Educators, Trinacria, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1943-63918-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1943-63918-2"><bdi>978-1943-63918-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicilian+Studies%3A+A+Guide+and+Syllabus+for+Educators&rft.pub=Trinacria&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1943-63918-2&rft.aulast=Alio&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArba_Sicula1980" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Arba Sicula (in English and Sicilian), vol. II, 1980</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2001" class="citation cs2">Bonner, J. K. "Kirk" (2001), Introduction to Sicilian Grammar, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>: Legas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881901-41-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-881901-41-6"><bdi>1-881901-41-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sicilian+Grammar&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Legas&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-881901-41-6&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=J.+K.+%22Kirk%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamilleri1998" class="citation cs2">Camilleri, Salvatore (1998), Vocabolario Italiano Siciliano, <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>: Edizioni Greco</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabolario+Italiano+Siciliano&rft.place=Catania&rft.pub=Edizioni+Greco&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Camilleri&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccitto2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Piccitto, Giorgio (2002) [1977], Vocabolario Siciliano (in Italian and Sicilian), Catania-<a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>: Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabolario+Siciliano&rft.place=Catania-Palermo&rft.pub=Centro+di+Studi+Filologici+e+Linguistici+Siciliani&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Piccitto&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"> (the orthography used in this article is substantially based on the Piccitto volumes)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipolla2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Cipolla" title="Gaetano Cipolla">Cipolla, Gaetano</a> (2004), "U sicilianu è na lingua o un dialettu? / Is Sicilian a Language?", Arba Sicula (in English and Sicilian), XXV (1&2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arba+Sicula&rft.atitle=U+sicilianu+%C3%A8+na+lingua+o+un+dialettu%3F+%2F+Is+Sicilian+a+Language%3F&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=1%262&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cipolla&rft.aufirst=Gaetano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipolla2005" class="citation cs2">Cipolla, Gaetano (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssY2nwEACAAJ">The Sound of Sicilian: A Pronunciation Guide</a>, Ottawa: Legas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881901-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881901-51-8"><bdi>978-1-881901-51-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sound+of+Sicilian%3A+A+Pronunciation+Guide&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Legas&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-881901-51-8&rft.aulast=Cipolla&rft.aufirst=Gaetano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DssY2nwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiarrizzo1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giarrizzo, Salvatore (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4a0dAQAAIAAJ">Dizionario etimologico siciliano</a> (in Italian), Palermo: Herbita</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+etimologico+siciliano&rft.place=Palermo&rft.pub=Herbita&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Giarrizzo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4a0dAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Hughes, Robert</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgKonzUWye8C">Barcelona</a>, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76461-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76461-4"><bdi>978-0-307-76461-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barcelona&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76461-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgKonzUWye8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hull" title="Geoffrey Hull">Hull, Geoffrey</a> (2001), Polyglot Italy: Languages, Dialects, Peoples, Ottawa: Legas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949919-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-949919-61-6"><bdi>0-949919-61-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyglot+Italy%3A+Languages%2C+Dialects%2C+Peoples&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Legas&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-949919-61-6&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedgeway2016" class="citation book cs1">Ledgeway, Adam (2016). "The dialects of Southern Italy". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Romance languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 246–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+dialects+of+Southern+Italy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+guide+to+the+Romance+languages&rft.pages=246-69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ledgeway&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartoglio1993" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Nino_Martoglio" title="Nino Martoglio">Martoglio, Nino</a> (1993), Cipolla, Gaetano (ed.), The Poetry of Nino Martoglio (in English and Sicilian), translated by Cipolla, Gaetano, Ottawa: Legas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881901-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-881901-03-3"><bdi>1-881901-03-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetry+of+Nino+Martoglio&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Legas&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-881901-03-3&rft.aulast=Martoglio&rft.aufirst=Nino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeli1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Meli" title="Giovanni Meli">Meli, Giovanni</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU_XAAAAMAAJ">Moral Fables and Other Poems: A Bilingual (Sicilian/English) Anthology</a> (in English and Sicilian), Ottawa: Legas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881901-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881901-07-5"><bdi>978-1-881901-07-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Fables+and+Other+Poems%3A+A+Bilingual+%28Sicilian%2FEnglish%29+Anthology&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Legas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-881901-07-5&rft.aulast=Meli&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU_XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Mendola, Louis (2015), Sicily's Rebellion against King Charles: The story of the Sicilian Vespers, New York City, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781943639038" title="Special:BookSources/9781943639038"><bdi>9781943639038</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily%27s+Rebellion+against+King+Charles%3A+The+story+of+the+Sicilian+Vespers&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781943639038&rft.aulast=Mendola&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nef, Annliese (2003) [2001], "Géographie religieuse et continuité temporelle dans la Sicile normande (XIe-XIIe siècles): le cas des évêchés", written at <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, in Henriet, Patrick (ed.), À la recherche de légitimités chrétiennes – Représentations de l'espace et du temps dans l'Espagne médiévale (IXe-XIIIe siècles) (in French), <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%A9ographie+religieuse+et+continuit%C3%A9+temporelle+dans+la+Sicile+normande+%28XIe-XIIe+si%C3%A8cles%29%3A+le+cas+des+%C3%A9v%C3%AAch%C3%A9s&rft.btitle=%C3%80+la+recherche+de+l%C3%A9gitimit%C3%A9s+chr%C3%A9tiennes+%E2%80%93+Repr%C3%A9sentations+de+l%27espace+et+du+temps+dans+l%27Espagne+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale+%28IXe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles%29&rft.place=Lyon&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nef&rft.aufirst=Annliese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1992), The Kingdom in the Sun, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881901-41-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-881901-41-6"><bdi>1-881901-41-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+in+the+Sun&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-881901-41-6&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitrè2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pitr%C3%A8" title="Giuseppe Pitrè">Pitrè, Giuseppe</a> (2002) [1875], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KrodAQAAIAAJ">Grammatica siciliana: un saggio completo del dialetto e delle parlate siciliane : in appendice approfondimenti letterari</a> (in Italian), Brancato, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788880315049" title="Special:BookSources/9788880315049"><bdi>9788880315049</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatica+siciliana%3A+un+saggio+completo+del+dialetto+e+delle+parlate+siciliane+%3A+in+appendice+approfondimenti+letterari&rft.pub=Brancato&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788880315049&rft.aulast=Pitr%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKrodAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Privitera, Joseph (2001), "I Nurmanni in Sicilia Pt II / The Normans in Sicily Pt II", Arba Sicula (in English and Sicilian), XXII (1&2): 148–157</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arba+Sicula&rft.atitle=I+Nurmanni+in+Sicilia+Pt+II+%2F+The+Normans+in+Sicily+Pt+II&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=1%262&rft.pages=148-157&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Privitera&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Privitera, Joseph Frederic (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMbjAAAAMAAJ">Sicilian: The Oldest Romance Language</a>, Ottawa: Legas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881901-41-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881901-41-9"><bdi>978-1-881901-41-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicilian%3A+The+Oldest+Romance+Language&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Legas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-881901-41-9&rft.aulast=Privitera&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMbjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffino2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruffino, Giovanni (2001), Sicilia (in Italian), <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>: Laterza, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-421-0582-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-421-0582-1"><bdi>88-421-0582-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicilia&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=88-421-0582-1&rft.aulast=Ruffino&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1958" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1958), The Sicilian Vespers, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43774-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43774-1"><bdi>0-521-43774-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicilian+Vespers&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-521-43774-1&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZingarelli2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Zingarelli" title="Nicola Zingarelli">Zingarelli, Nicola</a> (2006), Lo Zingarelli 2007. Vocabolario della lingua italiana. Con CD-ROM (in Italian), Zanichelli, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-08-04229-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-08-04229-4"><bdi>88-08-04229-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo+Zingarelli+2007.+Vocabolario+della+lingua+italiana.+Con+CD-ROM&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=88-08-04229-4&rft.aulast=Zingarelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="scn:"> Sicilian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sicilian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cademiasiciliana.org/">Cademia Siciliana</a> – a non-profit organization that promotes education, research and activism regarding the Sicilian language, as well as an orthographic standard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arbasicula.org/">Arba Sicula</a> – a non-profit organization that promotes the language and culture of Sicily</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napizia.com/">Napizia</a> – Dictionary of the Sicilian Language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.napizia.com/">Sicilian Translator</a></li> <li>(in Sicilian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasiciliana.org/">www.linguasiciliana.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siciliangestures.net/">siciliangestures.net</a> – Sicilian body language, learn the meaning of 81 gestures of Sicily with an app (free and no ads)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sicily" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sicily" title="Template:Languages of Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sicily" title="Template talk:Languages of Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculian" title="Siculian">Siculian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_Koin%C3%A9" title="Southern Italian Koiné">Southern Italian Koiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[a]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist. </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sicily&#124;link=Sicily_Sicily" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sicily" title="Template:Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sicily" title="Template talk:Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sicily&#124;link=Sicily_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily"><img alt="Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces, metropolitan cities and places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento" title="Province of Agrigento">Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania" title="Metropolitan City of Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina" title="Metropolitan City of Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Palermo" title="Metropolitan City of Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Trapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Sicily" title="Category:Islands of Sicily">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Sicily" title="Category:Cities and towns in Sicily">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sicily">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Sicily,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/230px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/345px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/460px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8803" data-file-height="6748" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily" title="History of Sicily">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombards of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sicily" title="List of viceroys of Sicily">Viceroys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Parliament" title="Sicilian Parliament">Sicilian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bourbon_Sicily" title="History of Bourbon Sicily">Bourbon Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy#Two_Sicilies_insurrection" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">1848 Sicilian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">Politics and government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">Politics of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Sicily" title="Statute of Sicily">Statute of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sicily" title="Elections in Sicily">Elections in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sicily" title="List of presidents of Sicily">List of presidents of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Regional_Assembly" title="Sicilian Regional Assembly">Sicilian Regional Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture and heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sicily" title="List of people from Sicily">List of people from Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_dishes" title="List of Sicilian dishes">List of Sicilian dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_di_Sicilia" title="Derby di Sicilia">Derby di Sicilia (football)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sicily" title="Music of Sicily">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">Coppola cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sicily" title="Flag of Sicily">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion#Sicily" title="Triskelion">Triskeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_network_of_Sicily" title="Railway network of Sicily">Railway network</a></li> 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