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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Speakers by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speakers_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Chad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لهجة تشادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجة تشادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_chadianu" title="Árabe chadianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe chadianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg_Tchad" title="Arabeg Tchad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabeg Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchadisk_arabisk_(sprog)" title="Tchadisk arabisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchadisk arabisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschadisch-Arabisch" title="Tschadisch-Arabisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschadisch-Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_chadiano" title="Árabe chadiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabe chadiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="عربی چادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عربی چادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_tchadien" title="Arabe tchadien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe tchadien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Chadian Arabic" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%96%B4" title="차드 아랍어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드 아랍어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larabcin_Chadi" title="Larabcin Chadi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Larabcin Chadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadski_arapski" title="Čadski arapski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čadski arapski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chadian Arabic" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Chad" title="Bahasa Arab Chad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1di_arab_nyelv" title="Csádi arab nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csádi arab nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чадски арапски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чадски арапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="アラビア語チャド方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語チャド方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschadisk-Araabisk" title="Tschadisk-Araabisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschadisk-Araabisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="چاڈی عربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈی عربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Chadian" title="Lenga Chadian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Chadian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czadyjska_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_arabskiego" title="Czadyjska odmiana języka arabskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czadyjska odmiana języka arabskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_chadiano" title="Árabe chadiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabe chadiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чадский диалект арабского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чадский диалект арабского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkou" title="Tourkou – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tourkou" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="چاڈی عربی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈی عربی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="乍得阿拉伯語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得阿拉伯語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variant of Arabic spoken in Chad</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Chadian Arabic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Shuwa</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لهجة تشادية</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 2.3 million (2005–2023)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 70,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chadian Arabic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/shu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:shu">shu</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chad1249">chad1249</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81rabe_chadiano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%C3%81rabe_chadiano.png/320px-%C3%81rabe_chadiano.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/%C3%81rabe_chadiano.png 1.5x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="364" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (November 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Chadian Arabic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لهجة تشادية</span>), also known as <b>Shuwa Arabic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Western Sudanic Arabic</b>, or <b>West Sudanic Arabic</b> (WSA),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_of_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety of Arabic">variety of Arabic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> of 1.6 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both town dwellers and <a href="/wiki/Baggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggara">nomadic cattle herders</a>. Most of its speakers live in central and southern Chad. Its range is an east-to-west oval in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>. Nearly all of this territory is within <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. It is also spoken elsewhere in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> in the countries of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. Finally, it is spoken in slivers of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>. In addition, this language serves as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in much of the region. In most of its range, it is one of several local languages and often not among the major ones. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_classification">Naming and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This language does not have a native name shared by all its speakers, beyond "Arabic". It arose as the native language of nomadic cattle herders (<i>baggāra</i>, Standard Arabic <i>baqqāra</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَقَّارَة</span></span>, means 'cattlemen', from <i>baqar</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1996359_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1996359-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In 1913, a French colonial administrator in Chad, Henri Carbou, wrote a grammar of the local dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a>, a region of eastern Chad on the border with Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbou1954_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbou1954-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, a British colonial administrator in Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_James_Lethem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon James Lethem">Gordon James Lethem</a>, wrote a grammar of the Borno dialect, in which he noted that the same language was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kanem_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Region">Kanem</a> (in western Chad) and Ouaddaï (in eastern Chad).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye197695_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye197695-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its publication,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this language has become widely cited academically as "Shuwa Arabic"; however, the term "Shuwa" was in use only among <i>non-Arab people</i> in <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Around 2000, the term "Western Sudanic Arabic" was proposed by a specialist in the language, Jonathan Owens.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographical sense of "Sudanic" invoked by Owens is not the modern country of Sudan, but the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> in general, a region dubbed <i>bilad al-sudan</i>, 'the land of the blacks', by Arabs as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval era">medieval era</a>. In the era of British colonialism in Africa, colonial administrators too used "the Sudan" to mean the entire Sahel. </p><p>Based on population movements and shared genealogical histories, Sudanic and Egyptian varieties of Arabic have traditionally been classified into a larger Egypto-Sudanic grouping. However, alternative analysis of linguistic features supports the general independence of Sudanic Arabic varieties from Egyptian Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_varieties">Distribution and varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baggara_belt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Baggara belt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baggara_belt.png/300px-Baggara_belt.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baggara_belt.png/450px-Baggara_belt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baggara_belt.png/600px-Baggara_belt.png 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Baggara belt.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two clear subdialects of Western Sudanic Arabic are discernable:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagirmi_Arabic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagirmi Arabic (page does not exist)">Bagirmi Arabic</a> – spoken from eastern Nigeria to Chad in the southern fringe of the area. Characterized by syllable final stress in forms such as <i>katáb</i> 'he wrote'.<sup id="cite_ref-bayreuth_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bayreuth-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Urban varieties of Chad – spoken in Ndjamena and Abbeche, and characterized by simplification tendencies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speakers_by_country">Speakers by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Speakers by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chad">Chad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of speakers live in southern Chad between 10 and 14 degrees north latitude. In Chad, it is the local language of the national capital, <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, and its range encompasses such other major cities as <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a>, <a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Am Timan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mao,_Chad" title="Mao, Chad">Mao</a>. It is the native language of 12% of Chadians. Chadian Arabic's associated <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is widely spoken in Chad, so that Chadian Arabic and its lingua franca combined are spoken by somewhere between 40% and 60% of the Chadian population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPommerol19975,_8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPommerol19975,_8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPommerol19997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPommerol19997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sudan, it is spoken in the southwest, in southern <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, but excluding the cities of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ubayyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ubayyid">al-Ubayyid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Fashir" title="Al-Fashir">al-Fashir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagirmi_Arabic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagirmi Arabic (page does not exist)">Bagirmi Arabic</a></div> <p>In Nigeria, it spoken by 10% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by at least 500,000 residents elsewhere in Borno State. Locally known as Bagirmi Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-bayreuth_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bayreuth-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Arabs" title="Diffa Arabs">Diffa Arabs</a></div> <p>Its range in other African countries includes a sliver of the Central African Republic, the northern half of its <a href="/wiki/Vakaga" title="Vakaga">Vakaga</a> Prefecture, which is adjacent to Chad and Sudan; a sliver of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> at its border with Sudan; and the environs of Lake Chad spanning three other countries, namely part of Nigeria's (<a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>), Cameroon's <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Far North Region (Cameroon)">Far North Region</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Department" title="Diffa Department">Diffa Department</a> of Niger's <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Region" title="Diffa Region">Diffa Region</a>. The number of speakers in Niger is estimated to be 150,000 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>How this Arabic language arose is unknown. In 1994, Braukämper proposed that it arose in Chad starting in 1635 by the fusion of a population of Arabic speakers with a population of <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1996359_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1996359-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Fulani are a people, or group of peoples, who originate at or near the Atlantic coast but have expanded into most of the Sahel over centuries.) </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Turku"></span>During the colonial era, a form of <a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">pidgin Arabic</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used as a lingua franca. There are still Arabic pidgins in Chad today, such as <a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor Arabic</a>, however most of them have not been described, so it is not known if they descend from Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emph.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emph.</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">mˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ɗˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">rˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">lˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">aː</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>Old Arabic *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span></li> <li>Old Arabic *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></li> <li>Old Arabic *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span></li> <li>Old Arabic */ṭ/ > /ɗ/ ([ɗˤ])</li></ul> <p>It is characterized by the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeals</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span>, the interdental fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðˤ]</span>, and diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye1987_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye1987-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it also has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lˤ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rˤ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mˤ/</span> as extra phonemic emphatics. Some examples of minimal pairs for such emphatics are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡallab/</span> "he galloped", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡalˤlˤab/</span> "he got angry"; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/karra/</span> "he tore", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/karˤrˤa/</span> "he dragged"; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/amm/</span> "uncle", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/amˤmˤ/</span> "mother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Nigerian Arabic has the feature of inserting an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> after gutturals (ʔ,h,x,q).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable feature is the change of Standard Arabic Form V from <i>tafaʕʕal(a)</i> to <i>alfaʕʕal</i>; for example, the word <i>taʔallam(a)</i> becomes <i>alʔallam</i>. The first person singular perfect tense of verbs is different from its formation in other Arabic dialects in that it does not have a final <i>t</i>. Thus, the first person singular of the verb <i>katab</i> is <i>katáb</i>, with stress on the second syllable of the word, whereas the third-person singular is <i>kátab</i>, with stress on the first syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a sample vocabulary:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Words of Arabic origin </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chadian Arabic </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Origin </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">أدان</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">ʔadān</i></span></i> </td> <td>ear </td> <td>from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">آذان</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʔāḏān</i></span></i>, the plural form of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">أذن</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʔuḏn</i></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">المي</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">ʔalmi</i></span></i> </td> <td>water </td> <td>from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ماء</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">māʔ</i></span></i> with a frozen definite article </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">إيد</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">ʔīd</i></span></i> </td> <td>hand </td> <td>from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">يد</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">yad</i></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عيد</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">ʔīd</i></span></i> </td> <td>festival, celebration </td> <td>from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عيد</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʕīd</i></span></i> with regular change of ʕ to ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جدادة</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">jidāde</i></span></i> </td> <td>chicken (singulative) </td> <td>from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دجاجة</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dajāja</i></span></i> with metathesis </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شدراي</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">šadarāy</i></span></i> </td> <td>tree (singulative) </td> <td>from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">شجرة</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">šajara</i></span></i> with dissimilation </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Words of foreign origin </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بعشوم</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">baʔashōm</i></span></i> </td> <td>jackal </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a> <i>ba'aashoob</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بيك</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">bīk</i></span></i> </td> <td>ballpoint pen </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>bic</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وتير</span>‎ <i><span title="Chadian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="shu-Latn">watīr</i></span></i> </td> <td>car </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>voiture</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Languages of Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Languages of Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "Shuwa Arabic" in a strict meaning only refers to the Nigerian dialects of this particular language, but is not used by those speakers themselves.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shu">Chadian Arabic</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManfrediRoset2021" class="citation journal cs1">Manfredi, Stefano; Roset, Caroline (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages6030146">"Towards a Dialect History of the Baggara Belt"</a>. <i>Languages</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages6030146">10.3390/languages6030146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2F9d3da5f3-7f63-4424-a557-8ce609adb526">11245.1/9d3da5f3-7f63-4424-a557-8ce609adb526</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2226-471X">2226-471X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Languages&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Dialect+History+of+the+Baggara+Belt&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=146&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11245.1%2F9d3da5f3-7f63-4424-a557-8ce609adb526&rft.issn=2226-471X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flanguages6030146&rft.aulast=Manfredi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Roset%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Flanguages6030146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TD">Ethnologue, Chad, entry for Arabic, Chadian Spoken</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1996359-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1996359_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1996359_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1996">Watson 1996</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbou1954-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbou1954_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarbou1954">Carbou 1954</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye197695-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye197695_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaye1976">Kaye 1976</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_James_Lethem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon James Lethem">Gordon James Lethem</a>, <i>Colloquial Arabic: Shuwa dialect of Bornu, Nigeria and of the region of Lake Chad: grammar and vocabulary, with some proverbs and songs</i>, Published for the Government of Nigeria by the Crown Agents for the Colonies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owens 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeddy-Cecere2021" class="citation journal cs1">Leddy-Cecere, Thomas A. (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages6030123">"Interrogating the Egypto-Sudanic Arabic Connection"</a>. <i>Languages</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages6030123">10.3390/languages6030123</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2226-471X">2226-471X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Languages&rft.atitle=Interrogating+the+Egypto-Sudanic+Arabic+Connection&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=123&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flanguages6030123&rft.issn=2226-471X&rft.aulast=Leddy-Cecere&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Flanguages6030123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnot-specified2011" class="citation cs2">not-specified (2011-05-30), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/*-EALL_COM_0377">"West Sudanic Arabic"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0377">10.1163/1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0377</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Sudanic+Arabic&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0377&rft.au=not-specified&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2F%2A-EALL_COM_0377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bayreuth-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bayreuth_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bayreuth_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Owens, Jonathan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/view/235/1810/1836-1">"Nigerian Arabic (Chapter 8)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Science_Press" title="Language Science Press">Language Science Press</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bayreuth" title="University of Bayreuth">University of Bayreuth</a>, Germany. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3744515">10.5281/zenodo.3744515</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Science+Press&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Arabic+%28Chapter+8%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3744515&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fview%2F235%2F1810%2F1836-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In French, the term for lingua franca is <i>langue véhiculaire</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPommerol19975,_8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPommerol19975,_8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPommerol1997">Pommerol 1997</a>, pp. 5, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPommerol19997-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPommerol19997_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPommerol1999">Pommerol 1999</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwens2007">Owens 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owens 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/turk1244">"Turku"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turku&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fturk1244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason1997" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Sarah Grey (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=to6P22ieV5kC&q=turku&pg=PA132"><i>Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective</i></a>. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027252394" title="Special:BookSources/9027252394"><bdi>9027252394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contact+Languages%3A+A+Wider+Perspective&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=9027252394&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Grey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dto6P22ieV5kC%26q%3Dturku%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFüstumumAger2021" class="citation web cs1">Füstumum, Michael Peter; Ager, Simon (February 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/arabic_chadian.htm">"Chadian Arabic Language"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Chadian+Arabic+Language&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCstumum&rft.aufirst=Michael+Peter&rft.au=Ager%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Farabic_chadian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_AbsiSinaud1968" class="citation book cs1">Abu Absi, Samir; Sinaud, André (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celt.indiana.edu/portal/Arabic/courses/Basic_CHAD_Arabic.pdf"><i>Basic Chad Arabic: The Pre-Speech Phase</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intensive Language Training Center of Indiana University at Bloomington. pp. 1, 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Chad+Arabic%3A+The+Pre-Speech+Phase&rft.pages=1%2C+3&rft.pub=Intensive+Language+Training+Center+of+Indiana+University+at+Bloomington&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Abu+Absi&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft.au=Sinaud%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelt.indiana.edu%2Fportal%2FArabic%2Fcourses%2FBasic_CHAD_Arabic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwens2006">Owens 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye1987-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye1987_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaye1987">Kaye 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2016" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Judith (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68360"><i>Chadian Arabic-English Lexicon</i></a>. SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chadian+Arabic-English+Lexicon&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F68360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbou1954" class="citation book cs1">Carbou, Henri (1954) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009410379"><i>Méthode pratique pour l'étude de l'arabe parlé au Ouaday et à l'est du Tchad</i></a> [<i>Practical method for studying the Arabic spoken in Waddai and the east of Chad</i>]. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Geuthner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9thode+pratique+pour+l%27%C3%A9tude+de+l%27arabe+parl%C3%A9+au+Ouaday+et+%C3%A0+l%27est+du+Tchad&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+orientaliste+Geuthner&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Carbou&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F009410379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span> The 1954 printing contains the 1913 edition, including the original title page.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1988" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Andrew (October 1988). "Nigerian Arabic–English Dictionary by Alan S. Kaye, Book Review". <i>Language</i>. <b>64</b> (4). Language, Vol. 64, No. 4: 836. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414603">10.2307/414603</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414603">414603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Arabic%E2%80%93English+Dictionary+by+Alan+S.+Kaye%2C+Book+Review&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=836&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414603&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414603%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1976" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (1976). <i>Chadian And Sudanese Arabic In The Light Of Comparative Arabic Dialectology</i>. Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chadian+And+Sudanese+Arabic+In+The+Light+Of+Comparative+Arabic+Dialectology&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1987" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (1987). <i>Nigerian Arabic-English dictionary</i>. Bibliotheca Afroasiatica. Vol. 2. Malibu: Undena.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigerian+Arabic-English+dictionary&rft.place=Malibu&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Afroasiatica&rft.pub=Undena&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Owens, Jonathan (2007). "Close Encounters of a Different Kind: Two types of insertion in Nigerian Arabic code switching". In Miller, Catherine G. (ed.). <i>Arabic in the city: issues in dialect contact and language variation</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77311-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77311-9"><bdi>978-0-415-77311-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Close+Encounters+of+a+Different+Kind%3A+Two+types+of+insertion+in+Nigerian+Arabic+code+switching&rft.btitle=Arabic+in+the+city%3A+issues+in+dialect+contact+and+language+variation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77311-9&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2003" class="citation journal cs1">Owens, Jonathan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3589965">"Arabic dialect history and historical linguistic mythology"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>123</b> (4): 715–740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3589965">10.2307/3589965</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3589965">3589965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Arabic+dialect+history+and+historical+linguistic+mythology&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715-740&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3589965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3589965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F3589965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2006" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Jonathan (2006). <i>A Linguistic History of Arabic</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+History+of+Arabic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPommerol1997" class="citation book cs1">Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rhMIiGqmRkC&q=l'arabe+tchadien:+emergence+d'une+langue+vehiculaire"><i>L'arabe tchadien: émergence d'une langue véhiculaire</i></a>. Karthala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782865378043" title="Special:BookSources/9782865378043"><bdi>9782865378043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27arabe+tchadien%3A+%C3%A9mergence+d%27une+langue+v%C3%A9hiculaire&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9782865378043&rft.aulast=Pommerol&rft.aufirst=Patrice+Jullien+de.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rhMIiGqmRkC%26q%3Dl%27arabe%2Btchadien%3A%2Bemergence%2Bd%27une%2Blangue%2Bvehiculaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span> 174 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPommerol1999" class="citation book cs1">Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7aubGEqFOQC&q=Grammaire+pratique+de+l'arabe+tchadien"><i>Grammaire pratique de l'arabe tchadien</i></a>. Karthala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782865379385" title="Special:BookSources/9782865379385"><bdi>9782865379385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaire+pratique+de+l%27arabe+tchadien&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9782865379385&rft.aulast=Pommerol&rft.aufirst=Patrice+Jullien+de.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7aubGEqFOQC%26q%3DGrammaire%2Bpratique%2Bde%2Bl%27arabe%2Btchadien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span> 280 pp. N'Djamena dialect.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, J. C. E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3732628">"Review of Owens 1994"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>59</b>: 359–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00031797">10.1017/S0041977X00031797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162441223">162441223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+Owens+1994&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=359-360&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00031797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162441223%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D3732628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Howard, Charles G. 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100639056">[1]</a> <i>Shuwa Arabic Stories with an Introduction and Vocabulary</i> Oxford: University Press, 1921, 114 pp.</li> <li>Kaye, Alan S. 1982. <i>Dictionary of Nigerian Arabic</i>. Malibu: Undena. Series: Bibliotheca Afroasiatica; 1. This volume is English-Arabic. 90 pp.</li> <li>Owens, Jonathan. 1993. <i>A grammar of Nigerian Arabic</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</li> <li>Owens, Jonathan, ed. 1994. <i>Arabs and Arabic in the Lake Chad Region</i>. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Series: SUGIA (Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika); 14.</li> <li>Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. 1999. <i>J'apprends l'arabe tchadien</i>. Karthala. 328 pp. N'Djamena dialect.</li> <li>Rumford, James, Rumford, Carol. 2020. <i>Chadian Arabic, L'Arabe Tchadien</i>. Manoa Press. 122 pp.</li> <li>Woidich, Manfred. 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603172">[Review of Kaye 1987] </a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, October - December 1988, 108(4): 663-665</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadian_Arabic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chadnow.com/language_chad_arabic_french/index.php">Chadian Arabic videos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118091025/http://www.chadnow.com/language_chad_arabic_french/index.php">Archived</a> 2018-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Chadian Arabic</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chadian_Arabic_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Chadian Arabic phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Chad" title="Template:Languages of Chad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Chad" title="Template talk:Languages of Chad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Chad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Chad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Languages of Chad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_language" title="Bagirmi language">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daza_language" title="Daza language">Daza(ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambay_language" title="Ngambay language">Ngambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar_language" title="Sar language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teda_language" title="Teda language">Teda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mser_language" title="Mser language">Mser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Cameroon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Template:Languages of Cameroon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Template talk:Languages of Cameroon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Cameroon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Cameroon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Languages of Cameroon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_language" title="Bamum language">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language" title="Bulu language">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duala_language" title="Duala language">Duala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_language" title="Ewondo language">Ewondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kom language (Cameroon)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nso_language" title="Nso language">Lamnso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_language" title="Medumba language">Medumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Cameroonian Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_Populaire" title="Ewondo Populaire">Ewondo Populaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abon_language" title="Abon language">Abon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghem_language" title="Aghem language">Aghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambo_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ambo language (Nigeria)">Ambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babanki_language" title="Babanki language">Babanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafaw-Balong_language" title="Bafaw-Balong language">Bafaw-Balong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafia_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bafia language (Cameroon)">Bafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_language" title="Baka language">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldemu_language" title="Baldemu language">Baldemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamali_language" title="Bamali language">Bamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambalang_language" title="Bambalang language">Bambalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bana_language" title="Bana language">Bana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangolan_language" title="Bangolan language">Bangolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankon_language" title="Bankon language">Bankon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaa_language" title="Basaa language">Basaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bati language (Cameroon)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_language" title="Batu language">Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebele_language" title="Bebele language">Bebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebil_language" title="Bebil language">Bebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beti language">Beti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikya_language" title="Bikya language">Bikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishuo_language" title="Bishuo language">Bishuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitare_language" title="Bitare language">Bitare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomwali_language" title="Bomwali language">Bomwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonkeng_language" title="Bonkeng language">Bonkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bube_language" title="Bube language">Bube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung_language" title="Bung language">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwal_language" title="Buwal language">Buwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byep_language" title="Byep language">Byep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caka_language" title="Caka language">Caka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceve-Maci_language" title="Iceve-Maci language">Ceve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvok_language" title="Cuvok language">Cuvok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyayo_language" title="Doyayo language">Dowayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Augwor_language" title="Ɗugwor language">Ɗugwor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_language" title="Duli language">Duli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eman_language" title="Eman language">Eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esimbi_language" title="Esimbi language">Esimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_language" title="Eton language">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evant_language" title="Evant language">Evant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BC_language" title="Faʼ language">Fa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_language" title="Fang language">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanji_language" title="Fanji language">Fanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe%27fe%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe'fe' language">Fe'fe'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fut_language" title="Fut language">Fut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar_language" title="Gawar language">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbanu_language" title="Gbanu language">Gbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbanzili_language" title="Gbanzili language">Gbanzili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomala%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghomala' language">Ghomala'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidar_language" title="Gidar language">Gidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunu_language" title="Gunu language">Gunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hdi_language" title="Hdi language">Hdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijuk_language" title="Hijuk language">Hijuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_language" title="Hina language">Hina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipulo_language" title="Ipulo language">Ipulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyive_language" title="Iyive language">Iyive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Cameroon)" title="Jimi language (Cameroon)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jina_language" title="Jina language">Jina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaalong_language" title="Kaalong language">Kaalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabba_language" title="Kabba language">Kabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kako_language" title="Kako language">Kako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_language" title="Kali language">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare_language_(Adamawa)" title="Kare language (Adamawa)">Kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasabe_language" title="Kasabe language">Kasabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kera_language" title="Kera language">Kera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_language" title="Ki language">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogo_language" title="Kogo language">Kogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kol language (Cameroon)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpwe_language" title="Kpwe language">Kpwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuo_language" title="Kuo language">Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutin_language" title="Kutin language">Kutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwa%CA%BC_language" title="Kwaʼ language">Kwa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakum_language" title="Kwakum language">Kwakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasio_language" title="Kwasio language">Kwasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27bi_language" title="La'bi language">La'bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagwan_language" title="Lagwan language">Lagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language_(Cameroon)" title="Limba language (Cameroon)">Limba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbum_language" title="Limbum language">Limbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_language_(Cameroon)" title="Luo language (Cameroon)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C9%97a_language" title="Maɗa language">Maɗa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majera_language" title="Majera language">Majera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaa_language" title="Makaa language">Makaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgbe_language" title="Malgbe language">Malgbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manenguba_languages" title="Manenguba languages">Manenguba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbai_language" title="Mangbai language">Mangbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manza_language" title="Manza language">Manza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslam_language" title="Maslam language">Maslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_language" title="Massa language">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matal_language" title="Matal language">Matal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagway_language" title="Mazagway language">Mazagway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mb%C9%99%CA%BC_language" title="Mbəʼ language">Mbə’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboa_language" title="Mboa language">Mboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbudum_language" title="Mbudum language">Mbudum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuko_language" title="Mbuko language">Mbuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbule_language" title="Mbule language">Mbule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum_language" title="Mbum language">Mbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefele_language" title="Mefele language">Mefele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengaka_language" title="Mengaka language">Məgaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language_(Cameroon)" title="Leti language (Cameroon)">Mengisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyam_language" title="Menyam language">Menyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merey_language" title="Merey language">Merey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaka_language" title="Mesaka language">Mesaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumte_language" title="Mfumte language">Mfumte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofu-Gudur_language" title="Mofu-Gudur language">Mofu-Gudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloko_language" title="Moloko language">Moloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Cameroon)" title="Mono language (Cameroon)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpade_language" title="Mpade language">Mpade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpumpong_language" title="Mpumpong language">Mpumpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mser_language" title="Mser language">Mser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundang_language" title="Mundang language">Mundang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga'ka language">Mungaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgu_language" title="Musgu language">Musgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyang_language" title="Muyang language">Muyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagumi_language" title="Nagumi language">Nagumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nda%E2%80%99nda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nda’nda’ language">Nda’nda’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndai_language" title="Ndai language">Ndai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_language_(Cameroon)" title="Nen language (Cameroon)">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga'ka language">Nga'ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambay_language" title="Ngambay language">Ngambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiemboon_language" title="Ngiemboon language">Ngiemboon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngomba_language" title="Ngomba language">Ngomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombale_language" title="Ngombale language">Ngombale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwe_language" title="Ngwe language">Ngwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbari_language" title="Nimbari language">Nimbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njem_language" title="Njem language">Njem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njerep_language" title="Njerep language">Njerep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkongho_language" title="Nkongho language">Nkongho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_language" title="Tanga language">Noho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noni_language" title="Noni language">Noni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Giziga_language" title="North Giziga language">North Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mofu_language" title="North Mofu language">North Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Gbaya_language" title="Northwest Gbaya language">Northwest Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyokon_language" title="Nyokon language">Nyokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakambay_language" title="Nzakambay language">Nzakambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzime_language" title="Nzime language">Nzime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroko_language" title="Oroko language">Oroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otank_language" title="Otank language">Otank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_language" title="Pam language">Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_language" title="Baba language">Papia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkwa_language" title="Parkwa language">Parkwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_language" title="Pinyin language">Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_language" title="Pol language">Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongo_language" title="Pongo language">Pongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombi_language" title="Rombi language">Rombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharwa_language" title="Sharwa language">Sharwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Giziga_language" title="South Giziga language">South Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwu_language" title="Suwu language">Suwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swo_language" title="Swo language">Swo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibea_language" title="Tibea language">Tibea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_language" title="To language">To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuvan_language" title="Tsuvan language">Tsuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupuri_language" title="Tupuri language">Tupuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vame_language" title="Vame language">Vame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vemgo-Mabas_language" title="Vemgo-Mabas language">Vemgo-Mabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengo_language" title="Vengo language">Vengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voko_language" title="Voko language">Voko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perema_language" title="Perema language">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzlam_language" title="Wuzlam language">Wuzlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamba_language" title="Yamba language">Yamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_language" title="Yambe language">Yambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa_language" title="Yasa language">Yasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemba_language" title="Yemba language">Yemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeni_language" title="Yeni language">Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulgo-Gemzek_language" title="Zulgo-Gemzek language">Zulgo-Gemzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumaya_language" title="Zumaya language">Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Francophone African Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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