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Case</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Princeton University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ucsf.academia.edu/EdwardYelin"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ucsf.academia.edu/EdwardYelin">Edward Yelin</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of California, San Francisco</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/StevenGregorich"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" 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class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31913276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_molecular_biology"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa","location":"/AndrewZolopa","scheme":"https","host":"stanford.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AndrewZolopa","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Biochemistry and molecular biology"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-88bc737a-2b97-4e65-806e-4cdf55317d98"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-88bc737a-2b97-4e65-806e-4cdf55317d98"></div> </a><a 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data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Andrew Zolopa</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822706"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822706/Association_Between_Time_Homeless_and_Perceived_Health_Status_Among_The_Homeless_in_San_Francisco"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Association Between Time Homeless and Perceived Health Status Among The Homeless in San Francisco" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911617/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822706/Association_Between_Time_Homeless_and_Perceived_Health_Status_Among_The_Homeless_in_San_Francisco">Association Between Time Homeless and Perceived Health Status Among The Homeless in San Francisco</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Community Health</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived health of the homeless, and to measure th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived health of the homeless, and to measure the effect of time homeless on perceived health status, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions. The design was cross-sectional; the population was a representative sample of homeless in San Francisco, interviewed on health issues. Analysis of predictors of poor or fair</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aa268cee60610c5959564b2b854e0e66" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911617,"asset_id":12822706,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911617/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822706"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822706"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822706; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822706]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822706]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822706; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822706']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822705"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822705/Initiation_of_antiretroviral_therapy_in_the_hospitalized_patient_with_an_acute_AIDS_related_opportunistic_infection_and_other_conditions_No_time_to_lose"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospitalized patient with an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection and other conditions: No time to lose" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822705/Initiation_of_antiretroviral_therapy_in_the_hospitalized_patient_with_an_acute_AIDS_related_opportunistic_infection_and_other_conditions_No_time_to_lose">Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospitalized patient with an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection and other conditions: No time to lose</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current HIV/AIDS Reports</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Treatment guidelines have recently become more definitive regarding the optimal timing for initia...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Treatment guidelines have recently become more definitive regarding the optimal timing for initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the setting of an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection (OI). These recent changes reflect new data from a prospective, randomized study and several retrospective studies, all of which support earlier initiation of ART during an OI. These studies focus on OIs for which effective antimicrobial therapy exists. For AIDS-related conditions that lack effective antimicrobial therapy, there are few studies to help inform the optimal timing to initiate ART, but most clinicians initiate ART early, as little else can be offered to these patients. For patients with HIV admitted for non-AIDS-related conditions, there are few data that directly address the optimal timing for ART. Initiating ART in the hospitalized patient can be challenging and requires a well-coordinated multidisciplinary team with expertise in ART management.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822705"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822705"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822705; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822705]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822705]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822705; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822705']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822705]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822705,"title":"Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospitalized patient with an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection and other conditions: No time to lose","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822705/Initiation_of_antiretroviral_therapy_in_the_hospitalized_patient_with_an_acute_AIDS_related_opportunistic_infection_and_other_conditions_No_time_to_lose","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822704"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822704/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a_global_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gender inequality and HIV transmission: a global analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911638/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822704/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a_global_analysis">Gender inequality and HIV transmission: a global analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KungTiffany">Tiffany Kung</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa">Andrew Zolopa</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeanCollins8">Sean Collins</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction: The HIV pandemic disproportionately impacts young women. Worldwide, young women age...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction: The HIV pandemic disproportionately impacts young women. Worldwide, young women aged 15Á24 are infected with HIV at rates twice that of young men, and young women alone account for nearly a quarter of all new HIV infections. The incommensurate HIV incidence in young Á often poor Á women underscores how social and economic inequalities shape the HIV epidemic. Confluent social forces, including political and gender violence, poverty, racism, and sexism impede equal access to therapies and effective care, but most of all constrain the agency of women. Methods: HIV prevalence data was compiled from the 2010 UNAIDS Global Report. Gender inequality was assessed using the 2011 United Nations Human Development Report Gender Inequality Index (GII). Logistic regression models were created with predominant mode of transmission (heterosexual vs. MSM/IDU) as the dependent variable and GII, Muslim vs. non-Muslim, Democracy Index, male circumcision rate, log gross national income (GNI) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP), and region as independent variables. Results and discussion: There is a significant correlation between having a predominantly heterosexual epidemic and high gender inequality across all models. There is not a significant association between whether a country is predominantly Muslim, has a high/low GNI at PPP, has a high/low circumcision rate, and its primary mode of transmission. In addition, there are only three countries that have had a generalized epidemic in the past but no longer have one: Cambodia, Honduras, and Eritrea. GII data are available only for Cambodia and Honduras, and these countries showed a 37 and 34% improvement, respectively, in their Gender Inequality Indices between 1995 and 2011. During the same period, both countries reduced their HIV prevalence below the 1% threshold of a generalized epidemic. This represents limited but compelling evidence that improvements in gender inequality can lead to the abatement of generalized epidemics. Conclusions: Gender inequality is an important factor in the maintenance Á and possibly in the establishment of Á generalized HIV epidemics. We should view improvements in gender inequality as part of a broader public health strategy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="696e86314ad7cf4dd2ba43986c3c6a81" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911638,"asset_id":12822704,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911638/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822704"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822704"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822704; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822704]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822704]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822704; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822704']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "696e86314ad7cf4dd2ba43986c3c6a81" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822704]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822704,"title":"Gender inequality and HIV transmission: a global analysis","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822704/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a_global_analysis","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911638,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911638/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a20160524-808-1n8x0ua.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911638/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911638/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a20160524-808-1n8x0ua-libre.pdf?1464095881=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1741079937\u0026Signature=ULf-GMxFKVio~VNQdnuYqe0ZOV82k3fhK4bg8c3Ni6we~g~wRZ8vfvIrbO9vLHhP5CNiZqfRxR0NImY8F6T9tjMNm6X~oMxtgtxqZJQN0pybx464-zXCoCNaKhxPyBZR0JzqIIKn8oWUiK8O4Jqw4ic27S4heEo9LGQ01mGZNEHCia3PlFzlK8HH4RikZGbCL14H1~kwjd~aX1vrAllgasMZysddyENF9YlrzT7ntgat4mUEoHdG1Oi~mr-LRs-5tkHxPRhw6Fv3K2XHq91NCHtdz6E9g7RTgaS4az3VoHNYEa2BFHc5HJDS7O-mvSzmfpMxbndYUxRaLYaR6uGL5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822703"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822703/Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_indinavir_plus_ritonavir_and_calcium_channel_blockers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911615/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822703/Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_indinavir_plus_ritonavir_and_calcium_channel_blockers">Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Hypertension is an important modifiable cardiac risk factor in human immunodeficiency...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Hypertension is an important modifiable cardiac risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Calcium channel blockers are substrates of cytochrome P450 3A and are commonly prescribed for hypertension. We evaluated potential bidirectional pharmacokinetic interactions between calcium channel blockers and coadministered indinavir and ritonavir. Methods: Healthy HIV-seronegative subjects received 120 mg diltiazem daily or 5 mg amlodipine daily for days 1 to 7 and 20 to 26. All subjects received 100 mg ritonavir and 800 mg indinavir every 12 hours on days 8 to 26. Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic collection was performed on days 7 and 26, with 12-hour collection on day 19. Results: Indinavir plus ritonavir increased the median amlodipine area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC) by 89.8%, from 122 to 230 ng · h/mL (n ‫؍‬ 18, P < .0001), and increased the median diltiazem AUC by 26.5%, from 800 to 1060 ng · h/mL (n ‫؍‬ 13, P ‫؍‬ .06). Of 13 subjects, 2 (15%) had greater than 4-fold increases in diltiazem AUC. Desacetyldiltiazem AUC increased by 102.2% (P ‫؍‬ .001), and desmethyldiltiazem AUC decreased by 27.4% (P ‫؍‬ .01). Neither amlodipine nor diltiazem affected steady-state AUCs of the protease inhibitors. No serious cardiovascular adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: Indinavir plus ritonavir increases the AUCs of both amlodipine and diltiazem, which may result in an increased response. If coadministration is indicated, amlodipine or diltiazem should be initiated at low doses with careful titration to response and side effects. (Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;78:143-53.)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6be03bf5058b89e1ac3b585f2acbce47" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911615,"asset_id":12822703,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911615/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822703"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822703"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822703; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6be03bf5058b89e1ac3b585f2acbce47" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822703]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822703,"title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822703/Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_indinavir_plus_ritonavir_and_calcium_channel_blockers","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911615,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911615/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.clpt.2005.04.00520160524-805-7ygkn0.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911615/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_ind.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911615/j.clpt.2005.04.00520160524-805-7ygkn0-libre.pdf?1464095745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPharmacokinetic_interactions_between_ind.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=H9j3qW2IAoOYrbYc8rkNsrxccsKi1BmPF1msKrK1g6Htox8yphWMJQFGmxyy3B79rUA1saS3IvKbNWpuBOKsnAuYRVg2z2I-uU7vi6Zd7QQd6gPvTLTuTQ9qsJxeYJ1Rqh3psq2e0K6JuNWx32cAxZbdC3shGd13gwwXKz6hmHzx6xu7BUneKZHon08PQEtmV~KsmGK1xuPzvGV8zC796F4oM2l6tqTjdLW5CKkyHlDxdVcA2O74hY~qqsZVDu3yBupE9rxANwsWdhgEHRjM9hBS7nA0ND0zSDJGB-4xnxV7PSDHkL8fYkE5JK4m0MVHMl761O2xO4K6PCVqoFwRqQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822702"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822702/Clinical_and_immunologic_predictors_of_death_after_an_acute_opportunistic_infection_results_from_ACTG_A5164"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and immunologic predictors of death after an acute opportunistic infection: results from ACTG A5164" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822702/Clinical_and_immunologic_predictors_of_death_after_an_acute_opportunistic_infection_results_from_ACTG_A5164">Clinical and immunologic predictors of death after an acute opportunistic infection: results from ACTG A5164</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HIV clinical trials</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, markers of increased disease severity during an acut...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, markers of increased disease severity during an acute opportunistic infection (OI) were associated with mortality. Even with ART, mortality remains high during the first year after an OI in persons with advanced HIV infection, but it is unclear whether previous predictors of mortality remain valid in the current era. To determine clinical and immunological predictors of death after an OI. We used clinical data and stored plasma from ACTG A5164, a multicenter study evaluating the optimal timing of ART during a nontuberculous OI. We developed Cox models evaluating associations between clinical parameters and plasma marker levels at entry and time to death over the first 48 weeks after the diagnosis of OI. We developed multivariable models incorporating only clinical parameters, only plasma marker levels, or both. The median CD4+ T-cell count in study participants at baseline was 29 cells/µL. Sixty-four percent of subjects had Pneumocystis j...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822702"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822702"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822702; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822702]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822702]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822701"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822701/Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AIDS_Progression_Death_in_Individuals_with_Acute_Opportunistic_Infections_A_Multicenter_Randomized_Strategy_Trial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces AIDS Progression/Death in Individuals with Acute Opportunistic Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Strategy Trial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911636/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822701/Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AIDS_Progression_Death_in_Individuals_with_Acute_Opportunistic_Infections_A_Multicenter_Randomized_Strategy_Trial">Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces AIDS Progression/Death in Individuals with Acute Opportunistic Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Strategy Trial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PLoS ONE</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Optimal timing of ART initiation for individuals presenting with AIDS-related OIs has...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Optimal timing of ART initiation for individuals presenting with AIDS-related OIs has not been defined.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="82636f8910fce35b3d49631315ab2dfb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911636,"asset_id":12822701,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911636/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822701"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822701"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822701; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822701]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822701]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822701; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822701']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "82636f8910fce35b3d49631315ab2dfb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822701]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822701,"title":"Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces AIDS Progression/Death in Individuals with Acute Opportunistic Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Strategy Trial","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822701/Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AIDS_Progression_Death_in_Individuals_with_Acute_Opportunistic_Infections_A_Multicenter_Randomized_Strategy_Trial","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911636,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911636/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Early_antiretroviral_therapy_reduces_AID20160524-808-qxa4hc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911636/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AID.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911636/Early_antiretroviral_therapy_reduces_AID20160524-808-qxa4hc-libre.pdf?1464095882=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEarly_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AID.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=Dp8Vxj4P~~IG2QHdrHFrMUMkaWv6s3SiRqIj~SPsMqKKf4u1wOip0wzZwJqFWe6Ac50ih6Oen7cOt3q2YXoR4tEjscqcJ8n-PxQz2e~kYYprR5LAlVseigkxM-NyEdCM-R~8Y2rF63cx3ud-VJrLnzv2J1VuJ4G-9pDSSninY-8VlCaQZ5CUVQOSjKfErX--tEk4jhyLjsRdYfBXBLTH4lDC93bkNn8hG26~-bDRQC2TWexo4Etba-18WLjvO4of0jt7XZ984axNesse9gsLIQcXUah1NKqQJH0cWgEStpKN5dA71k5fLhM6UULWGdZipGrjMgUgxrcSz3GHeenedg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822700"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822700/The_Effect_of_Diagnosis_with_HIV_Infection_on_Health_Related_Quality_of_Life"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Diagnosis with HIV Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911651/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822700/The_Effect_of_Diagnosis_with_HIV_Infection_on_Health_Related_Quality_of_Life">The Effect of Diagnosis with HIV Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Quality of Life Research</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We sought to understand how diagnosis with HIV affects health-related quality of life. We assesse...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We sought to understand how diagnosis with HIV affects health-related quality of life. We assessed healthrelated quality of life using utility-based measures in a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic and a University-based clinic. Respondents assessed health-related quality of life regarding their current health, and retrospectively assessed their health 1 month prior to and 2 months after diagnosis with HIV infection. Sixty-six patients completed the study. The overall mean utilities for health 1 month before and 2 months after diagnosis were 0.87 (standard error 0.037), and 0.80 (0.043) ( p<0.005 by rank sign test), but the effect of diagnosis differed between the two clinics, with a substantial decrease in the university clinic and a small non-significant decrease in the VA clinic. The overall mean utility for current health was 0.85 (0.034), assessed on average 7.5 years after diagnosis. When asked directly whether diagnosis of HIV decreased health-related quality of life, 47% agreed, but 35% stated that HIV diagnosis positively affected healthrelated quality of life. Diagnosis with HIV decreased health-related quality of life at 2 months on average, but this effect diminished over time, and differed among patient populations. Years after diagnosis, although half of the patients believed that diagnosis reduced health-related quality of life, one-third reported improved health-related quality of life.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d204dedd8f710f8c35ce5baf983bf866" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911651,"asset_id":12822700,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911651/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822700"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822700"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822700; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822699"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822699/Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconstitution_Inflammatory_Syndrome_in_a_Randomized_Study_of_Early_vs_Deferred_ART_during_an_Opportunistic_Infection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Risk Factor Analyses for Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Randomized Study of Early vs. Deferred ART during an Opportunistic Infection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911645/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822699/Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconstitution_Inflammatory_Syndrome_in_a_Randomized_Study_of_Early_vs_Deferred_ART_during_an_Opportunistic_Infection">Risk Factor Analyses for Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Randomized Study of Early vs. Deferred ART during an Opportunistic Infection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PLoS ONE</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is reported widely in patients ini...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is reported widely in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, few studies are prospective, and no study has evaluated the impact of the timing of ART when allocated randomly during an acute opportunistic infection (OI).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="37daa9bb9ba3d782612cb820ec10e93c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911645,"asset_id":12822699,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911645/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822699"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822699"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822699; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822698"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822698/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correlates_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_following_Different_Protease_Inhibitor_Treatments"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911654/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822698/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correlates_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_following_Different_Protease_Inhibitor_Treatments">Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Virology</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although many human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are treated with multi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although many human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are treated with multiple protease inhibitors in combination or in succession, mutation patterns of protease isolates from these persons have not been characterized. We collected and analyzed 2,244 subtype B HIV-1 isolates from 1,919 persons with different protease inhibitor experiences: 1,004 isolates from untreated persons, 637 isolates from persons who received one protease inhibitor, and 603 isolates from persons receiving two or more protease inhibitors. The median number of protease mutations per isolate increased from 4 in untreated persons to 12 in persons who had received four or more protease inhibitors. Mutations at 45 of the 99 amino acid positions in the protease-including 22 not previously associated with drug resistance-were significantly associated with protease inhibitor treatment. Mutations at 17 of the remaining 99 positions were polymorphic but not associated with drug treatment. Pairs and clusters of correlated (covarying) mutations were significantly more likely to occur in treated than in untreated persons: 115 versus 23 pairs and 30 versus 2 clusters, respectively. Of the 115 statistically significant pairs of covarying residues in the treated isolates, 59 were within 8 Å of each other-many more than would be expected by chance. In summary, nearly one-half of HIV-1 protease positions are under selective drug pressure, including many residues not previously associated with drug resistance. Structural factors appear to be responsible for the high frequency of covariation among many of the protease residues. The presence of mutational clusters provides insight into the complex mutational patterns required for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="102f47b15592b1708b509cdea7c883ec" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911654,"asset_id":12822698,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911654/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822698"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822698"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822698; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "102f47b15592b1708b509cdea7c883ec" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822698]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822698,"title":"Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822698/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correlates_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_following_Different_Protease_Inhibitor_Treatments","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911654,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911654/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla20160524-2933-a8dhru.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911654/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911654/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla20160524-2933-a8dhru-libre.pdf?1464095880=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=Y7rNuzESlFDTafejsw912TSd0rL7-lSNTaLnbzMpRu2gQGIhB11wpuBVI-wOA4LfbvSb6491BoBfie6dxwUiibVFWn1E4Aj5dk6K5Wf~KyELMO69hy6oyJwpgaB8e244K0pfiA-msG1UWltzdHs4PC9dPIuO5d9pEjY4QusMYUlQMLO25VETClvOOLaD5gEbEaqy9TaYPKSYPNFcqpSi2uFSA92YxFvEbIG2-03AUebpLyAsLFIHAqcdxOxbVRWZk9-wzlWYgS8VzBCHatsrTDSwIcAe~~240W5P97QqNUNRYyFE15zY30eihhdN-GVXgHCtw3bqGGoo8hbF-lspMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822697"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822697/Phase_2_Study_of_the_Safety_and_Efficacy_of_Vicriviroc_a_CCR5_Inhibitor_in_HIV_1_Infected_Treatment_Experienced_Patients_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_5211"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc, a CCR5 Inhibitor, in HIV‐1–Infected, Treatment‐Experienced Patients: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5211" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822697/Phase_2_Study_of_the_Safety_and_Efficacy_of_Vicriviroc_a_CCR5_Inhibitor_in_HIV_1_Infected_Treatment_Experienced_Patients_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_5211">Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc, a CCR5 Inhibitor, in HIV‐1–Infected, Treatment‐Experienced Patients: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5211</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Vicriviroc, an investigational CCR5 inhibitor, demonstrated short-term antiretroviral activity in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Vicriviroc, an investigational CCR5 inhibitor, demonstrated short-term antiretroviral activity in a phase 1 study. The present study was a double-blind, randomized phase 2 study of vicriviroc in treatment-experienced, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects experiencing virologic failure while receiving a ritonavir-containing regimen with an HIV-1 RNA level &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;or=5000 copies/mL and CCR5-using virus. Vicriviroc at 5, 10, or 15 mg or placebo was added to the failing regimen for 14 days, after which the antiretroviral regimen was optimized. The primary end point was the change in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at day 14; secondary end points included safety/tolerability and HIV-1 RNA changes at week 24. One hundred eighteen subjects were randomized with a median HIV-1 RNA level of 36,380 (4.56 log(10)) copies/mL and a median CD4 cell count of 146 cells/mm(3). At 14 days and 24 weeks, mean changes in HIV-1 RNA level (log(10) copies/mL) were greater in the vicriviroc groups (-0.87 and -1.51 [5 mg], -1.15 and -1.86 [10 mg], and -0.92 and -1.68 [15 mg]) than in the placebo group (+0.06 and -0.29) (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;.01). Grade 3/4 adverse events were similar across groups. Malignancies occurred in 6 subjects randomized to vicriviroc and in 2 to placebo. In HIV-1-infected, treatment-experienced patients, vicriviroc demonstrated potent virologic suppression through 24 weeks. The relationship of vicriviroc to malignancy is uncertain. Further development of vicriviroc in treatment-experienced patients is warranted.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822697"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822697"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822697; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822697]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822697]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822697; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822697']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822697]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822697,"title":"Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc, a CCR5 Inhibitor, in HIV‐1–Infected, Treatment‐Experienced Patients: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5211","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822697/Phase_2_Study_of_the_Safety_and_Efficacy_of_Vicriviroc_a_CCR5_Inhibitor_in_HIV_1_Infected_Treatment_Experienced_Patients_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_5211","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822696"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822696/Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing_Genotype_Interpretation_Systems_External_Validation_of_Existing_Systems_for_Didanosine_against_Virological_Response"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Initiatives for Developing and Comparing Genotype Interpretation Systems: External Validation of Existing Systems for Didanosine against Virological Response" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911625/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822696/Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing_Genotype_Interpretation_Systems_External_Validation_of_Existing_Systems_for_Didanosine_against_Virological_Response">Initiatives for Developing and Comparing Genotype Interpretation Systems: External Validation of Existing Systems for Didanosine against Virological Response</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background. This study was performed to investigate the concordance between commonly used human i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background. This study was performed to investigate the concordance between commonly used human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance interpretation systems for didanosine (ddI) and their ability to predict responses at weeks 8 and 24.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="306252d0ca455d516f5f290b831bbd30" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911625,"asset_id":12822696,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911625/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822696"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822696"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822696; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822696]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822696]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822696; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822696']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "306252d0ca455d516f5f290b831bbd30" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822696]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822696,"title":"Initiatives for Developing and Comparing Genotype Interpretation Systems: External Validation of Existing Systems for Didanosine against Virological Response","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822696/Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing_Genotype_Interpretation_Systems_External_Validation_of_Existing_Systems_for_Didanosine_against_Virological_Response","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911625,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911625/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"470.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911625/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911625/470.full-libre.pdf?1464095745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInitiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=RT4zAunxZvRwF9lSLnEDiqeUZOwV~H2RtHTHKnQfcciuHgoijT8z9bL7tyiosb1q5AWoUv1IgW3hLCIAuxqjKDxBb1ryoNdyN9D-TQTe-MJXvkJpEYE6qp~C94JQIoDe18IjlA17CcwkcVXS2KrsGFqfmWmPau8o8PtMF4fMdTygyVaYwtA9v8nDIA7BOQu3O8hadDp9ov~zvhpcZlUq-JGyRu8ZLtWOR7T5yCQp-~o0vLowqeLE3irQS1EI0RLZAu7YjjBPEgHD6eQCQBMjJtL6Xfv4rPHeLXHiSEUvjgw0cMS952iqQ4ynazFoapX5SokCQKctZOCIPHX-z9hPZA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822695"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822695/A_Randomized_Partially_Blinded_Phase_2_Trial_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_HIV_Specific_Immunizations_and_Interleukin_2_Cycles_to_Promote_Efficient_Control_of_Viral_Replication_ACTG_A5024_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Randomized, Partially Blinded Phase 2 Trial of Antiretroviral Therapy, HIV‐Specific Immunizations, and Interleukin‐2 Cycles to Promote Efficient Control of Viral Replication (ACTG A5024)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822695/A_Randomized_Partially_Blinded_Phase_2_Trial_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_HIV_Specific_Immunizations_and_Interleukin_2_Cycles_to_Promote_Efficient_Control_of_Viral_Replication_ACTG_A5024_">A Randomized, Partially Blinded Phase 2 Trial of Antiretroviral Therapy, HIV‐Specific Immunizations, and Interleukin‐2 Cycles to Promote Efficient Control of Viral Replication (ACTG A5024)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Strategies to limit life-long dependence on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are needed. We randomize...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Strategies to limit life-long dependence on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are needed. We randomized 81 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects to 4 interventional arms involving continued ART plus ALVAC vCP1452 (or placebo) with or without interleukin (IL)-2 infusions. Viral load rebound 12 weeks after ART interruption was then analyzed to assess immune control. Fifty-two subjects reached the study end point. ALVAC recipients had 0.5 log(10) lower virologic rebounds (P=.033). IL-2 plus vaccine boosted CD4(+) T cell counts (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;.001) but did not diminish viral rebound. Significant changes were not detected for HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses in any arm. This exploratory protocol provides useful clinical data for future therapeutic immunization trial design.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822695"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822695"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822695; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822695]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822695]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822695; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822695']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822695]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822695,"title":"A Randomized, Partially Blinded Phase 2 Trial of Antiretroviral Therapy, HIV‐Specific Immunizations, and Interleukin‐2 Cycles to Promote Efficient Control of Viral Replication (ACTG A5024)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822695/A_Randomized_Partially_Blinded_Phase_2_Trial_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_HIV_Specific_Immunizations_and_Interleukin_2_Cycles_to_Promote_Efficient_Control_of_Viral_Replication_ACTG_A5024_","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822694"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822694/High_Degree_of_Interlaboratory_Reproducibility_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_and_Reverse_Transcriptase_Sequencing_of_Plasma_Samples_from_Heavily_Treated_Patients"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of High Degree of Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of Plasma Samples from Heavily Treated Patients" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911715/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822694/High_Degree_of_Interlaboratory_Reproducibility_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_and_Reverse_Transcriptase_Sequencing_of_Plasma_Samples_from_Heavily_Treated_Patients">High Degree of Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of Plasma Samples from Heavily Treated Patients</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</span><span>, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We assessed the reproducibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcript...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We assessed the reproducibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease sequencing using cryopreserved plasma aliquots obtained from 46 heavily treated HIV-1-infected individuals in two laboratories using dideoxynucleotide sequencing. The rates of complete sequence concordance between the two laboratories were 99.1% for the protease sequence and 99.0% for the RT sequence. Approximately 90% of the discordances were partial, defined as one laboratory detecting a mixture and the second laboratory detecting only one of the mixture's components. Only 0.1% of the nucleotides were completely discordant between the two laboratories, and these were significantly more likely to occur in plasma samples with lower plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. Nucleotide mixtures were detected at approximately 1% of the nucleotide positions, and in every case in which one laboratory detected a mixture, the second laboratory either detected the same mixture or detected one of the mixture's components. The high rate of concordance in detecting mixtures and the fact that most discordances between the two laboratories were partial suggest that most discordances were caused by variation in sampling of the HIV-1 quasispecies by PCR rather than by technical errors in the sequencing process itself.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9ffd0fc8686cb9c5ebd7accfab5ae280" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911715,"asset_id":12822694,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911715/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822694"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822694"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822694; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822693"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822693/Detection_of_Minority_Populations_of_HIV_1_Expressing_the_K103N_Resistance_Mutation_in_Patients_Failing_Nevirapine"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Detection of Minority Populations of HIV-1 Expressing the K103N Resistance Mutation in Patients Failing Nevirapine" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822693/Detection_of_Minority_Populations_of_HIV_1_Expressing_the_K103N_Resistance_Mutation_in_Patients_Failing_Nevirapine">Detection of Minority Populations of HIV-1 Expressing the K103N Resistance Mutation in Patients Failing Nevirapine</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Salvage therapy with efavirenz is often ineffective in patients having failed nevirapine treatmen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Salvage therapy with efavirenz is often ineffective in patients having failed nevirapine treatment, even when mutations associated with efavirenz resistance are not detected by standard population-based genotyping. The presence of minority viral populations expressing efavirenz cross-resistance could explain these observations, and such populations were sought in plasma from patients failing nevirapine for whom genotyping revealed the presence of the Y181C mutation (usually associated with limited efavirenz cross-resistance) but not the K103N mutation (which produces high-level efavirenz resistance). Viral populations expressing K103N (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1% total virus) were detected by sequence-selective polymerase chain reaction in 4 of 16 patients failing nevirapine, although, in retrospect, the mutation was not perceptible in the original genotype in only 2 cases. Both patients with detectable K103N mutations who received efavirenz failed treatment, and virus expressing K103N emerged. Four of 5 patients without detectable K103N mutations also failed efavirenz, associated with the emergence of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase mutations that included K103N in 2 cases. The emergence of a minority viral population expressing K103N was identified in 1 patient from a separate study group subsequent to discontinuing treatment with nevirapine. These findings support the idea that minority viral populations with distinct resistance genotypes, although undetectable by standard genotyping, can contribute to the failure of salvage regimens.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822693"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822693"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822693; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822693]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822693]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822693; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822693']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822692"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822692/Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic_Susceptibility_Predict_Poor_Virologic_Response_to_Stavudine_Monotherapy_in_Zidovudine_Experienced_Patients"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Subtle Decreases in Stavudine Phenotypic Susceptibility Predict Poor Virologic Response to Stavudine Monotherapy in Zidovudine-Experienced Patients" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822692/Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic_Susceptibility_Predict_Poor_Virologic_Response_to_Stavudine_Monotherapy_in_Zidovudine_Experienced_Patients">Subtle Decreases in Stavudine Phenotypic Susceptibility Predict Poor Virologic Response to Stavudine Monotherapy in Zidovudine-Experienced Patients</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">To identify the level of phenotypic susceptibility for stavudine (d4T) that is associated with a ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">To identify the level of phenotypic susceptibility for stavudine (d4T) that is associated with a diminished virologic response to d4T therapy, phenotyping was performed on archived baseline HIV isolates from 26 subjects who received d4T monotherapy in AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 302 who had received >3 years of prior zidovudine (ZDV) monotherapy. Seven of 26 subjects achieved a virologic response of >0.3-log 10 copies/mL reduction in plasma HIV RNA after 8 weeks of d4T. Responders had lower fold changes in susceptibility to d4T (1.0 vs. 1.6, p ‫ס‬ .003), lower baseline viral loads (4.26 vs. 4.74 log 10 copies/mL, p ‫ס‬ .004), and fewer thymidine analog mutations (TAMS) (1 vs. 2, p ‫ס‬ .059). Lower baseline d4T fold change in susceptibility predicted greater reductions in HIV RNA from baseline to week 8 after adjusting for baseline HIV RNA, ZDV fold change in susceptibility, and number of TAMS. Using the same phenotypic assay, drug susceptibility among 240 antiretroviral-naive patients found all HIV isolates to have d4T susceptibility Յ1.4fold change. Using Յ1.4 as the d4T cutoff, the positive predictive value for a virologic response in this study was 44%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. d4T susceptibility greater than 1.4-fold change was associated with failure to achieve significant viral load reduction after 8 weeks of d4T monotherapy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="815d5503928c01b8e738e321decb380b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911716,"asset_id":12822692,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822692"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822692; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822692]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822692]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822692; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822692']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "815d5503928c01b8e738e321decb380b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822692]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822692,"title":"Subtle Decreases in Stavudine Phenotypic Susceptibility Predict Poor Virologic Response to Stavudine Monotherapy in Zidovudine-Experienced Patients","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822692/Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic_Susceptibility_Predict_Poor_Virologic_Response_to_Stavudine_Monotherapy_in_Zidovudine_Experienced_Patients","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Rapid_Communications_Subtle_Decreases_in20160524-808-cb29cw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911716/Rapid_Communications_Subtle_Decreases_in20160524-808-cb29cw-libre.pdf?1464095877=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSubtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=Gz4kM63Vs7Vdn-zVkvcURdDM2B3O-jQWMAZVwPEAEUFPyBpYnv5Dhk7TlbN6tjUbJ3msNRhCNOSA4A-HaqIiX4GLkA77S-KaPqRBIDckcDWak6LVaVs~NbG9C0oTlumuUVmxTGWxUVAguTZE-azRXWGk8EFGIg3DeDm0InVcM4C6BN8uuEL9lVivmduJvF53J58cKNhL7tQ0e8eWsK7HeVjwpquaxZL~RKfFMGHP67fxWmPKEX98OwvvIeBA-iArgn8DqErjOnGIVeXnBa9Mnk~vOjy4uVPW4QXZnBnwwXl6bePrVJoO6ihyWk~DJO5KutL3gmocsCNbflSQoFAiIA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822691"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822691/A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Elvitegravir_Cobicistat_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_Versus_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Efavirenz_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_for_Initial_Treatment_of_HIV_1_Infection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Single-Tablet Regimen Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF Versus Single-Tablet Regimen Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF for Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911640/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822691/A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Elvitegravir_Cobicistat_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_Versus_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Efavirenz_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_for_Initial_Treatment_of_HIV_1_Infection">A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Single-Tablet Regimen Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF Versus Single-Tablet Regimen Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF for Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We report week 96 results from a phase 3 trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We report week 96 results from a phase 3 trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, n = 348) vs efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF, n = 352). At week 48, EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF was noninferior to EFV/FTC/TDF (88% vs 84%, difference +3.6%, 95% confidence interval: 21.6% to 8.8%). Virologic success (HIV-1 RNA ,50 copies/mL) was maintained at week 96 (84% vs 82%, difference +2.7%, 95% CI: 22.9% to 8.3%). Discontinuation due to adverse events was low (5% vs 7%). Median changes in serum creatinine (mg/dL) at week 96 were similar to week 48. These results support the durable efficacy and long-term safety of EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fa28fb955a2115c03016793deaa89f50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911640,"asset_id":12822691,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911640/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822691"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822691"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822691; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822690"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822690/Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resistance_in_the_HIV_1_infected_urban_indigent_population_in_San_Francisco_a_representative_study"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the HIV-1-infected urban indigent population in San Francisco: a representative study" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911659/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822690/Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resistance_in_the_HIV_1_infected_urban_indigent_population_in_San_Francisco_a_representative_study">Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the HIV-1-infected urban indigent population in San Francisco: a representative study</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of STD & AIDS</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We evaluated a commercially available immunochromatographic dipstick test to detect Trypanosoma c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We evaluated a commercially available immunochromatographic dipstick test to detect Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 366 human serum samples with known serological results from Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela. One hundred forty-nine of 366 (40.7%) and 171/366 (46.7%) samples tested positive by dipstick and serology, respectively. Dipstick sensitivity was calculated to be 84.8% (range between countries, 77.5 to 95%), and specificity was 97.9% (95.9 to 100%).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5bceff466213054ffb193ba66e357624" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911659,"asset_id":12822690,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911659/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822690"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822690"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822690; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822690]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822690]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822690; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822690']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5bceff466213054ffb193ba66e357624" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822690]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822690,"title":"Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the HIV-1-infected urban indigent population in San Francisco: a representative study","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822690/Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resistance_in_the_HIV_1_infected_urban_indigent_population_in_San_Francisco_a_representative_study","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911659,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911659/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resist20160524-805-11nf8b2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911659/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resist.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911659/Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resist20160524-805-11nf8b2-libre.pdf?1464095880=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPrevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resist.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=HC0jBYmLz9yzpNVP1Jhss-z3mrrQAhLxDbfJrWIUyINGZ9o4T5Rdkd6ClT4pSODK4nmc-bFrXQFEBqhUKuFJ7pE8uNArv9Q5nqpsUV816LWwn4Ygqc~j0YnZZIhfGmgTQyYle60bNGTvHzeWvBPiQzB1--PIz99lrGEcxNY3INoSm2HSd5cKpw-P0qqMbPS2KgrQcQTtsYJ0Cw0MXOLy3MOxX6qPTf8dg7r0g1IYGZOwDvPSr6gBbf~U5mLybMeN7sPrQm2npoh8-z68Lx45~gnZbJKaCOwOaJWiCIZbDgOnq1E~YDTB~58HuNrfBGGP2ecFyVxCJHqLw5KaZnPlQA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822689"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822689/Early_Virologic_Response_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_and_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_During_ACTG_A5202"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Virologic Response to Abacavir/Lamivudine and Tenofovir/Emtricitabine During ACTG A5202" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822689/Early_Virologic_Response_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_and_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_During_ACTG_A5202">Early Virologic Response to Abacavir/Lamivudine and Tenofovir/Emtricitabine During ACTG A5202</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HIV Clinical Trials</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ACTG A5202 randomized treatment-naïve individuals to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) or abacavi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ACTG A5202 randomized treatment-naïve individuals to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) or abacavir-lamivudine (ABC/3TC) combined with efavirenz (EFV) or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r). Individuals in the high screening viral load (VL) stratum (≥100,000 copies/mL) had increased rates of virologic failure with ABC/3TC. To compare regimen-specific early virologic response. Using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, we compared regimen-specific VL changes from entry to week 4 in A5202 subjects (N = 1,813) and from entry to week 1, 2, and 4 in substudy subjects (n = 179). We evaluated associations between week 4 VL change and time to virologic failure with Cox proportional hazards models. TDF/FTC and ABC/3TC produced similar week 4 VL declines in the entire study population and in the high VL stratum. EFV produced greater VL declines from baseline at week 4 than ATV/r (median -2.1 vs -1.9 log10 copies/mL; P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .001). In the substudy of subjects with week 1, 2, and 4 VL data, there was no difference in VL decline in individuals randomized to TDF/FTC versus ABC/3TC, but EFV resulted in greater VL decline from entry at each of these timepoints than ATV/r. Smaller week 4 VL decline was associated with increased risk of virologic failure. Within all treatment arms, a less robust week 4 virologic response was associated with higher risk for subsequent virologic failure. However, between-regimen differences in week 4 VL declines did not parallel the previously reported differences in longer term virologic efficacy in A5202, suggesting that between-regimen differences in responses were not due to intrinsic differences in antiviral activity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822689"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822689"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822689; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822689]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822689]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822689; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822689']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822689]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822689,"title":"Early Virologic Response to Abacavir/Lamivudine and Tenofovir/Emtricitabine During ACTG A5202","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822689/Early_Virologic_Response_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_and_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_During_ACTG_A5202","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822688"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822688/Maintaining_Reduced_Viral_Fitness_and_CD4_Response_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_with_Viremia_Receiving_a_Boosted_Protease_Inhibitor"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Maintaining Reduced Viral Fitness and CD4 Response in HIV‐Infected Patients with Viremia Receiving a Boosted Protease Inhibitor" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822688/Maintaining_Reduced_Viral_Fitness_and_CD4_Response_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_with_Viremia_Receiving_a_Boosted_Protease_Inhibitor">Maintaining Reduced Viral Fitness and CD4 Response in HIV‐Infected Patients with Viremia Receiving a Boosted Protease Inhibitor</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When fully suppressive regimens are not available, incompletely suppressive regimens also provide...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When fully suppressive regimens are not available, incompletely suppressive regimens also provide immunologic benefits. In this study, with stable background therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who were randomized to receive atazanavir or boosted atazanavir, compared with those who continued boosted protease inhibitor therapy, maintained similar virologic and immunologic control, resistance-mutation patterns, and replication capacities with reduced use of lipid-lowering medication.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822688"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822688"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822688; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822687"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822687/Accuracy_Precision_and_Consistency_of_Expert_HIV_Type_1_Genotype_Interpretation_An_International_Comparison_The_GUESS_Study_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Accuracy, Precision, and Consistency of Expert HIV Type 1 Genotype Interpretation: An International Comparison (The GUESS Study)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822687/Accuracy_Precision_and_Consistency_of_Expert_HIV_Type_1_Genotype_Interpretation_An_International_Comparison_The_GUESS_Study_">Accuracy, Precision, and Consistency of Expert HIV Type 1 Genotype Interpretation: An International Comparison (The GUESS Study)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Resistance testing is considered standard of care in HIV medicine, but there is no standard inter...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Resistance testing is considered standard of care in HIV medicine, but there is no standard interpretation system for genotype tests. We sought to determine how much agreement exists within a group of experts in the interpretation of complex genotypes. Genotypes from clinical specimens were sent to an international panel of 12 resistance experts. Phenotypic susceptibility testing of these clinical isolates was performed with antivirogram. Experts predicted phenotype fold change category (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;2.5-fold change, 2.5-4.0-fold change, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;4.0- to 7.0-fold change, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;7.0- to 10-fold change, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;10- to 20-fold change, or &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20-fold change) and predicted expected drug activity for each of 16 antiretroviral drugs. Experts were also asked to make treatment recommendations on the basis of the genotype. The experts predicted the exact phenotype fold change category correctly 44% of the time, but they varied widely by antiretroviral drug (range, 25%-74%). The highest accuracy was observed for lamivudine (74%) and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (66%-69%). Experts generally predicted higher levels of resistance to the remaining nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors than what was found by phenotypic testing. Agreement among experts in predicting phenotype fold change category ranged widely depending on the drug (median agreement, 42% [range, 28%-74%]); the same pattern was observed in predicting expected drug activity (median agreement, 45% [range, 32%-87%]). Experts agreed on treatment recommendations in a median of 79% of instances, and recommendations were consistent over time, with blinded retesting. Although their ability to predict phenotype from a genotype varied for individual antiretroviral drugs, this expert panel had a high degree of agreement in deriving treatment recommendations from the genotype.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822687"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822687"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822687; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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</script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="3008791" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822706"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822706/Association_Between_Time_Homeless_and_Perceived_Health_Status_Among_The_Homeless_in_San_Francisco"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Association Between Time Homeless and Perceived Health Status Among The Homeless in San Francisco" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911617/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822706/Association_Between_Time_Homeless_and_Perceived_Health_Status_Among_The_Homeless_in_San_Francisco">Association Between Time Homeless and Perceived Health Status Among The Homeless in San Francisco</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Community Health</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived health of the homeless, and to measure th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived health of the homeless, and to measure the effect of time homeless on perceived health status, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions. The design was cross-sectional; the population was a representative sample of homeless in San Francisco, interviewed on health issues. Analysis of predictors of poor or fair</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aa268cee60610c5959564b2b854e0e66" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911617,"asset_id":12822706,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911617/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822706"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822706"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822706; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822706]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822706]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822706; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822706']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822705"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822705/Initiation_of_antiretroviral_therapy_in_the_hospitalized_patient_with_an_acute_AIDS_related_opportunistic_infection_and_other_conditions_No_time_to_lose"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospitalized patient with an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection and other conditions: No time to lose" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822705/Initiation_of_antiretroviral_therapy_in_the_hospitalized_patient_with_an_acute_AIDS_related_opportunistic_infection_and_other_conditions_No_time_to_lose">Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospitalized patient with an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection and other conditions: No time to lose</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current HIV/AIDS Reports</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Treatment guidelines have recently become more definitive regarding the optimal timing for initia...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Treatment guidelines have recently become more definitive regarding the optimal timing for initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the setting of an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection (OI). These recent changes reflect new data from a prospective, randomized study and several retrospective studies, all of which support earlier initiation of ART during an OI. These studies focus on OIs for which effective antimicrobial therapy exists. For AIDS-related conditions that lack effective antimicrobial therapy, there are few studies to help inform the optimal timing to initiate ART, but most clinicians initiate ART early, as little else can be offered to these patients. For patients with HIV admitted for non-AIDS-related conditions, there are few data that directly address the optimal timing for ART. Initiating ART in the hospitalized patient can be challenging and requires a well-coordinated multidisciplinary team with expertise in ART management.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822705"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822705"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822705; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822705]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822705]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822705; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822705']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822705]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822705,"title":"Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospitalized patient with an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection and other conditions: No time to lose","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822705/Initiation_of_antiretroviral_therapy_in_the_hospitalized_patient_with_an_acute_AIDS_related_opportunistic_infection_and_other_conditions_No_time_to_lose","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822704"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822704/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a_global_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gender inequality and HIV transmission: a global analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911638/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822704/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a_global_analysis">Gender inequality and HIV transmission: a global analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KungTiffany">Tiffany Kung</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa">Andrew Zolopa</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeanCollins8">Sean Collins</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction: The HIV pandemic disproportionately impacts young women. Worldwide, young women age...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction: The HIV pandemic disproportionately impacts young women. Worldwide, young women aged 15Á24 are infected with HIV at rates twice that of young men, and young women alone account for nearly a quarter of all new HIV infections. The incommensurate HIV incidence in young Á often poor Á women underscores how social and economic inequalities shape the HIV epidemic. Confluent social forces, including political and gender violence, poverty, racism, and sexism impede equal access to therapies and effective care, but most of all constrain the agency of women. Methods: HIV prevalence data was compiled from the 2010 UNAIDS Global Report. Gender inequality was assessed using the 2011 United Nations Human Development Report Gender Inequality Index (GII). Logistic regression models were created with predominant mode of transmission (heterosexual vs. MSM/IDU) as the dependent variable and GII, Muslim vs. non-Muslim, Democracy Index, male circumcision rate, log gross national income (GNI) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP), and region as independent variables. Results and discussion: There is a significant correlation between having a predominantly heterosexual epidemic and high gender inequality across all models. There is not a significant association between whether a country is predominantly Muslim, has a high/low GNI at PPP, has a high/low circumcision rate, and its primary mode of transmission. In addition, there are only three countries that have had a generalized epidemic in the past but no longer have one: Cambodia, Honduras, and Eritrea. GII data are available only for Cambodia and Honduras, and these countries showed a 37 and 34% improvement, respectively, in their Gender Inequality Indices between 1995 and 2011. During the same period, both countries reduced their HIV prevalence below the 1% threshold of a generalized epidemic. This represents limited but compelling evidence that improvements in gender inequality can lead to the abatement of generalized epidemics. Conclusions: Gender inequality is an important factor in the maintenance Á and possibly in the establishment of Á generalized HIV epidemics. We should view improvements in gender inequality as part of a broader public health strategy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="696e86314ad7cf4dd2ba43986c3c6a81" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911638,"asset_id":12822704,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911638/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822704"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822704"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822704; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822704]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822704]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822704; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822704']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "696e86314ad7cf4dd2ba43986c3c6a81" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822704]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822704,"title":"Gender inequality and HIV transmission: a global analysis","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822704/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a_global_analysis","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911638,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911638/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a20160524-808-1n8x0ua.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911638/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911638/Gender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a20160524-808-1n8x0ua-libre.pdf?1464095881=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGender_inequality_and_HIV_transmission_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1741079937\u0026Signature=ULf-GMxFKVio~VNQdnuYqe0ZOV82k3fhK4bg8c3Ni6we~g~wRZ8vfvIrbO9vLHhP5CNiZqfRxR0NImY8F6T9tjMNm6X~oMxtgtxqZJQN0pybx464-zXCoCNaKhxPyBZR0JzqIIKn8oWUiK8O4Jqw4ic27S4heEo9LGQ01mGZNEHCia3PlFzlK8HH4RikZGbCL14H1~kwjd~aX1vrAllgasMZysddyENF9YlrzT7ntgat4mUEoHdG1Oi~mr-LRs-5tkHxPRhw6Fv3K2XHq91NCHtdz6E9g7RTgaS4az3VoHNYEa2BFHc5HJDS7O-mvSzmfpMxbndYUxRaLYaR6uGL5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822703"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822703/Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_indinavir_plus_ritonavir_and_calcium_channel_blockers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911615/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822703/Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_indinavir_plus_ritonavir_and_calcium_channel_blockers">Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Hypertension is an important modifiable cardiac risk factor in human immunodeficiency...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Hypertension is an important modifiable cardiac risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Calcium channel blockers are substrates of cytochrome P450 3A and are commonly prescribed for hypertension. We evaluated potential bidirectional pharmacokinetic interactions between calcium channel blockers and coadministered indinavir and ritonavir. Methods: Healthy HIV-seronegative subjects received 120 mg diltiazem daily or 5 mg amlodipine daily for days 1 to 7 and 20 to 26. All subjects received 100 mg ritonavir and 800 mg indinavir every 12 hours on days 8 to 26. Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic collection was performed on days 7 and 26, with 12-hour collection on day 19. Results: Indinavir plus ritonavir increased the median amlodipine area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC) by 89.8%, from 122 to 230 ng · h/mL (n ‫؍‬ 18, P < .0001), and increased the median diltiazem AUC by 26.5%, from 800 to 1060 ng · h/mL (n ‫؍‬ 13, P ‫؍‬ .06). Of 13 subjects, 2 (15%) had greater than 4-fold increases in diltiazem AUC. Desacetyldiltiazem AUC increased by 102.2% (P ‫؍‬ .001), and desmethyldiltiazem AUC decreased by 27.4% (P ‫؍‬ .01). Neither amlodipine nor diltiazem affected steady-state AUCs of the protease inhibitors. No serious cardiovascular adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: Indinavir plus ritonavir increases the AUCs of both amlodipine and diltiazem, which may result in an increased response. If coadministration is indicated, amlodipine or diltiazem should be initiated at low doses with careful titration to response and side effects. (Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;78:143-53.)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6be03bf5058b89e1ac3b585f2acbce47" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911615,"asset_id":12822703,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911615/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822703"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822703"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822703; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822703]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822703]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822703; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822703']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6be03bf5058b89e1ac3b585f2acbce47" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822703]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822703,"title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822703/Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_indinavir_plus_ritonavir_and_calcium_channel_blockers","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911615,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911615/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.clpt.2005.04.00520160524-805-7ygkn0.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911615/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Pharmacokinetic_interactions_between_ind.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911615/j.clpt.2005.04.00520160524-805-7ygkn0-libre.pdf?1464095745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPharmacokinetic_interactions_between_ind.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=H9j3qW2IAoOYrbYc8rkNsrxccsKi1BmPF1msKrK1g6Htox8yphWMJQFGmxyy3B79rUA1saS3IvKbNWpuBOKsnAuYRVg2z2I-uU7vi6Zd7QQd6gPvTLTuTQ9qsJxeYJ1Rqh3psq2e0K6JuNWx32cAxZbdC3shGd13gwwXKz6hmHzx6xu7BUneKZHon08PQEtmV~KsmGK1xuPzvGV8zC796F4oM2l6tqTjdLW5CKkyHlDxdVcA2O74hY~qqsZVDu3yBupE9rxANwsWdhgEHRjM9hBS7nA0ND0zSDJGB-4xnxV7PSDHkL8fYkE5JK4m0MVHMl761O2xO4K6PCVqoFwRqQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822702"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822702/Clinical_and_immunologic_predictors_of_death_after_an_acute_opportunistic_infection_results_from_ACTG_A5164"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and immunologic predictors of death after an acute opportunistic infection: results from ACTG A5164" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822702/Clinical_and_immunologic_predictors_of_death_after_an_acute_opportunistic_infection_results_from_ACTG_A5164">Clinical and immunologic predictors of death after an acute opportunistic infection: results from ACTG A5164</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HIV clinical trials</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, markers of increased disease severity during an acut...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, markers of increased disease severity during an acute opportunistic infection (OI) were associated with mortality. Even with ART, mortality remains high during the first year after an OI in persons with advanced HIV infection, but it is unclear whether previous predictors of mortality remain valid in the current era. To determine clinical and immunological predictors of death after an OI. We used clinical data and stored plasma from ACTG A5164, a multicenter study evaluating the optimal timing of ART during a nontuberculous OI. We developed Cox models evaluating associations between clinical parameters and plasma marker levels at entry and time to death over the first 48 weeks after the diagnosis of OI. We developed multivariable models incorporating only clinical parameters, only plasma marker levels, or both. The median CD4+ T-cell count in study participants at baseline was 29 cells/µL. Sixty-four percent of subjects had Pneumocystis j...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822702"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822702"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822702; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822702]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822702]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822702; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822702']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822701"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822701/Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AIDS_Progression_Death_in_Individuals_with_Acute_Opportunistic_Infections_A_Multicenter_Randomized_Strategy_Trial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces AIDS Progression/Death in Individuals with Acute Opportunistic Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Strategy Trial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911636/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822701/Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AIDS_Progression_Death_in_Individuals_with_Acute_Opportunistic_Infections_A_Multicenter_Randomized_Strategy_Trial">Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces AIDS Progression/Death in Individuals with Acute Opportunistic Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Strategy Trial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PLoS ONE</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Optimal timing of ART initiation for individuals presenting with AIDS-related OIs has...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Optimal timing of ART initiation for individuals presenting with AIDS-related OIs has not been defined.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="82636f8910fce35b3d49631315ab2dfb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911636,"asset_id":12822701,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911636/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822701"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822701"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822701; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822701]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822701]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822701; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822701']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "82636f8910fce35b3d49631315ab2dfb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822701]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822701,"title":"Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces AIDS Progression/Death in Individuals with Acute Opportunistic Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Strategy Trial","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822701/Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AIDS_Progression_Death_in_Individuals_with_Acute_Opportunistic_Infections_A_Multicenter_Randomized_Strategy_Trial","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911636,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911636/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Early_antiretroviral_therapy_reduces_AID20160524-808-qxa4hc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911636/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Early_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AID.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911636/Early_antiretroviral_therapy_reduces_AID20160524-808-qxa4hc-libre.pdf?1464095882=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEarly_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Reduces_AID.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=Dp8Vxj4P~~IG2QHdrHFrMUMkaWv6s3SiRqIj~SPsMqKKf4u1wOip0wzZwJqFWe6Ac50ih6Oen7cOt3q2YXoR4tEjscqcJ8n-PxQz2e~kYYprR5LAlVseigkxM-NyEdCM-R~8Y2rF63cx3ud-VJrLnzv2J1VuJ4G-9pDSSninY-8VlCaQZ5CUVQOSjKfErX--tEk4jhyLjsRdYfBXBLTH4lDC93bkNn8hG26~-bDRQC2TWexo4Etba-18WLjvO4of0jt7XZ984axNesse9gsLIQcXUah1NKqQJH0cWgEStpKN5dA71k5fLhM6UULWGdZipGrjMgUgxrcSz3GHeenedg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822700"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822700/The_Effect_of_Diagnosis_with_HIV_Infection_on_Health_Related_Quality_of_Life"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Diagnosis with HIV Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911651/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822700/The_Effect_of_Diagnosis_with_HIV_Infection_on_Health_Related_Quality_of_Life">The Effect of Diagnosis with HIV Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Quality of Life Research</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We sought to understand how diagnosis with HIV affects health-related quality of life. We assesse...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We sought to understand how diagnosis with HIV affects health-related quality of life. We assessed healthrelated quality of life using utility-based measures in a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic and a University-based clinic. Respondents assessed health-related quality of life regarding their current health, and retrospectively assessed their health 1 month prior to and 2 months after diagnosis with HIV infection. Sixty-six patients completed the study. The overall mean utilities for health 1 month before and 2 months after diagnosis were 0.87 (standard error 0.037), and 0.80 (0.043) ( p<0.005 by rank sign test), but the effect of diagnosis differed between the two clinics, with a substantial decrease in the university clinic and a small non-significant decrease in the VA clinic. The overall mean utility for current health was 0.85 (0.034), assessed on average 7.5 years after diagnosis. When asked directly whether diagnosis of HIV decreased health-related quality of life, 47% agreed, but 35% stated that HIV diagnosis positively affected healthrelated quality of life. Diagnosis with HIV decreased health-related quality of life at 2 months on average, but this effect diminished over time, and differed among patient populations. Years after diagnosis, although half of the patients believed that diagnosis reduced health-related quality of life, one-third reported improved health-related quality of life.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d204dedd8f710f8c35ce5baf983bf866" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911651,"asset_id":12822700,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911651/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822700"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822700"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822700; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822700]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822700]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822700; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822700']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822699"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822699/Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconstitution_Inflammatory_Syndrome_in_a_Randomized_Study_of_Early_vs_Deferred_ART_during_an_Opportunistic_Infection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Risk Factor Analyses for Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Randomized Study of Early vs. Deferred ART during an Opportunistic Infection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911645/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822699/Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconstitution_Inflammatory_Syndrome_in_a_Randomized_Study_of_Early_vs_Deferred_ART_during_an_Opportunistic_Infection">Risk Factor Analyses for Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Randomized Study of Early vs. Deferred ART during an Opportunistic Infection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PLoS ONE</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is reported widely in patients ini...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is reported widely in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, few studies are prospective, and no study has evaluated the impact of the timing of ART when allocated randomly during an acute opportunistic infection (OI).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="37daa9bb9ba3d782612cb820ec10e93c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911645,"asset_id":12822699,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911645/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822699"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822699"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822699; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822699]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822699]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822699; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822699']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "37daa9bb9ba3d782612cb820ec10e93c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822699]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822699,"title":"Risk Factor Analyses for Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Randomized Study of Early vs. Deferred ART during an Opportunistic Infection","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822699/Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconstitution_Inflammatory_Syndrome_in_a_Randomized_Study_of_Early_vs_Deferred_ART_during_an_Opportunistic_Infection","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911645,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911645/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconsti20160524-360-flh0do.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911645/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconsti.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911645/Risk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconsti20160524-360-flh0do-libre.pdf?1464095881=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRisk_Factor_Analyses_for_Immune_Reconsti.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=CFLztc6gmOMvmlRiqCELlXm3czFBbfzhvvcgRz0-BEWYNNtt5rkPdnTVdI2V889zqYxJ2VXVFbfVN8uoY3k0cPCalt34dGwkhoVqwmziiCTJCwRtcqaMFHzkYMmeAUbCo6i8oQ3PQePHq9Kg2~j3SKxkPfTBd86FZv710RxfcSE0lEq3LIFwZqDzUetBtoGZdRn~yQzf0dzSVUE-eTOZW8PaYeU9CFbfpdNBdiDhvuM1F7IOMrnI~WIS~U7CJIu-LtHc03FD-vsZizKdL5KoBwRTnBsmvuyJk7r8oh9wH1LQdxK6ajC7V~6-70so-JBnQN9uRaG53LxaArjVxalawg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822698"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822698/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correlates_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_following_Different_Protease_Inhibitor_Treatments"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911654/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822698/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correlates_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_following_Different_Protease_Inhibitor_Treatments">Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Virology</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although many human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are treated with multi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although many human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are treated with multiple protease inhibitors in combination or in succession, mutation patterns of protease isolates from these persons have not been characterized. We collected and analyzed 2,244 subtype B HIV-1 isolates from 1,919 persons with different protease inhibitor experiences: 1,004 isolates from untreated persons, 637 isolates from persons who received one protease inhibitor, and 603 isolates from persons receiving two or more protease inhibitors. The median number of protease mutations per isolate increased from 4 in untreated persons to 12 in persons who had received four or more protease inhibitors. Mutations at 45 of the 99 amino acid positions in the protease-including 22 not previously associated with drug resistance-were significantly associated with protease inhibitor treatment. Mutations at 17 of the remaining 99 positions were polymorphic but not associated with drug treatment. Pairs and clusters of correlated (covarying) mutations were significantly more likely to occur in treated than in untreated persons: 115 versus 23 pairs and 30 versus 2 clusters, respectively. Of the 115 statistically significant pairs of covarying residues in the treated isolates, 59 were within 8 Å of each other-many more than would be expected by chance. In summary, nearly one-half of HIV-1 protease positions are under selective drug pressure, including many residues not previously associated with drug resistance. Structural factors appear to be responsible for the high frequency of covariation among many of the protease residues. The presence of mutational clusters provides insight into the complex mutational patterns required for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="102f47b15592b1708b509cdea7c883ec" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911654,"asset_id":12822698,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911654/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822698"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822698"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822698; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822698]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822698]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822698; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822698']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "102f47b15592b1708b509cdea7c883ec" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822698]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822698,"title":"Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822698/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correlates_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_following_Different_Protease_Inhibitor_Treatments","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911654,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911654/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla20160524-2933-a8dhru.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911654/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911654/Mutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla20160524-2933-a8dhru-libre.pdf?1464095880=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMutation_Patterns_and_Structural_Correla.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=Y7rNuzESlFDTafejsw912TSd0rL7-lSNTaLnbzMpRu2gQGIhB11wpuBVI-wOA4LfbvSb6491BoBfie6dxwUiibVFWn1E4Aj5dk6K5Wf~KyELMO69hy6oyJwpgaB8e244K0pfiA-msG1UWltzdHs4PC9dPIuO5d9pEjY4QusMYUlQMLO25VETClvOOLaD5gEbEaqy9TaYPKSYPNFcqpSi2uFSA92YxFvEbIG2-03AUebpLyAsLFIHAqcdxOxbVRWZk9-wzlWYgS8VzBCHatsrTDSwIcAe~~240W5P97QqNUNRYyFE15zY30eihhdN-GVXgHCtw3bqGGoo8hbF-lspMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822697"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822697/Phase_2_Study_of_the_Safety_and_Efficacy_of_Vicriviroc_a_CCR5_Inhibitor_in_HIV_1_Infected_Treatment_Experienced_Patients_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_5211"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc, a CCR5 Inhibitor, in HIV‐1–Infected, Treatment‐Experienced Patients: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5211" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822697/Phase_2_Study_of_the_Safety_and_Efficacy_of_Vicriviroc_a_CCR5_Inhibitor_in_HIV_1_Infected_Treatment_Experienced_Patients_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_5211">Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc, a CCR5 Inhibitor, in HIV‐1–Infected, Treatment‐Experienced Patients: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5211</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Vicriviroc, an investigational CCR5 inhibitor, demonstrated short-term antiretroviral activity in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Vicriviroc, an investigational CCR5 inhibitor, demonstrated short-term antiretroviral activity in a phase 1 study. The present study was a double-blind, randomized phase 2 study of vicriviroc in treatment-experienced, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects experiencing virologic failure while receiving a ritonavir-containing regimen with an HIV-1 RNA level &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;or=5000 copies/mL and CCR5-using virus. Vicriviroc at 5, 10, or 15 mg or placebo was added to the failing regimen for 14 days, after which the antiretroviral regimen was optimized. The primary end point was the change in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at day 14; secondary end points included safety/tolerability and HIV-1 RNA changes at week 24. One hundred eighteen subjects were randomized with a median HIV-1 RNA level of 36,380 (4.56 log(10)) copies/mL and a median CD4 cell count of 146 cells/mm(3). At 14 days and 24 weeks, mean changes in HIV-1 RNA level (log(10) copies/mL) were greater in the vicriviroc groups (-0.87 and -1.51 [5 mg], -1.15 and -1.86 [10 mg], and -0.92 and -1.68 [15 mg]) than in the placebo group (+0.06 and -0.29) (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;.01). Grade 3/4 adverse events were similar across groups. Malignancies occurred in 6 subjects randomized to vicriviroc and in 2 to placebo. In HIV-1-infected, treatment-experienced patients, vicriviroc demonstrated potent virologic suppression through 24 weeks. The relationship of vicriviroc to malignancy is uncertain. Further development of vicriviroc in treatment-experienced patients is warranted.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822697"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822697"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822697; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822697]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822697]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822697; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822697']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822697]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822697,"title":"Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc, a CCR5 Inhibitor, in HIV‐1–Infected, Treatment‐Experienced Patients: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5211","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822697/Phase_2_Study_of_the_Safety_and_Efficacy_of_Vicriviroc_a_CCR5_Inhibitor_in_HIV_1_Infected_Treatment_Experienced_Patients_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_5211","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822696"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822696/Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing_Genotype_Interpretation_Systems_External_Validation_of_Existing_Systems_for_Didanosine_against_Virological_Response"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Initiatives for Developing and Comparing Genotype Interpretation Systems: External Validation of Existing Systems for Didanosine against Virological Response" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911625/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822696/Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing_Genotype_Interpretation_Systems_External_Validation_of_Existing_Systems_for_Didanosine_against_Virological_Response">Initiatives for Developing and Comparing Genotype Interpretation Systems: External Validation of Existing Systems for Didanosine against Virological Response</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background. This study was performed to investigate the concordance between commonly used human i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background. This study was performed to investigate the concordance between commonly used human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance interpretation systems for didanosine (ddI) and their ability to predict responses at weeks 8 and 24.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="306252d0ca455d516f5f290b831bbd30" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911625,"asset_id":12822696,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911625/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822696"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822696"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822696; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822696]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822696]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822696; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822696']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "306252d0ca455d516f5f290b831bbd30" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822696]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822696,"title":"Initiatives for Developing and Comparing Genotype Interpretation Systems: External Validation of Existing Systems for Didanosine against Virological Response","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822696/Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing_Genotype_Interpretation_Systems_External_Validation_of_Existing_Systems_for_Didanosine_against_Virological_Response","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911625,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911625/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"470.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911625/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Initiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911625/470.full-libre.pdf?1464095745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInitiatives_for_Developing_and_Comparing.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=RT4zAunxZvRwF9lSLnEDiqeUZOwV~H2RtHTHKnQfcciuHgoijT8z9bL7tyiosb1q5AWoUv1IgW3hLCIAuxqjKDxBb1ryoNdyN9D-TQTe-MJXvkJpEYE6qp~C94JQIoDe18IjlA17CcwkcVXS2KrsGFqfmWmPau8o8PtMF4fMdTygyVaYwtA9v8nDIA7BOQu3O8hadDp9ov~zvhpcZlUq-JGyRu8ZLtWOR7T5yCQp-~o0vLowqeLE3irQS1EI0RLZAu7YjjBPEgHD6eQCQBMjJtL6Xfv4rPHeLXHiSEUvjgw0cMS952iqQ4ynazFoapX5SokCQKctZOCIPHX-z9hPZA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822695"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822695/A_Randomized_Partially_Blinded_Phase_2_Trial_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_HIV_Specific_Immunizations_and_Interleukin_2_Cycles_to_Promote_Efficient_Control_of_Viral_Replication_ACTG_A5024_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Randomized, Partially Blinded Phase 2 Trial of Antiretroviral Therapy, HIV‐Specific Immunizations, and Interleukin‐2 Cycles to Promote Efficient Control of Viral Replication (ACTG A5024)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822695/A_Randomized_Partially_Blinded_Phase_2_Trial_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_HIV_Specific_Immunizations_and_Interleukin_2_Cycles_to_Promote_Efficient_Control_of_Viral_Replication_ACTG_A5024_">A Randomized, Partially Blinded Phase 2 Trial of Antiretroviral Therapy, HIV‐Specific Immunizations, and Interleukin‐2 Cycles to Promote Efficient Control of Viral Replication (ACTG A5024)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Strategies to limit life-long dependence on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are needed. We randomize...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Strategies to limit life-long dependence on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are needed. We randomized 81 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects to 4 interventional arms involving continued ART plus ALVAC vCP1452 (or placebo) with or without interleukin (IL)-2 infusions. Viral load rebound 12 weeks after ART interruption was then analyzed to assess immune control. Fifty-two subjects reached the study end point. ALVAC recipients had 0.5 log(10) lower virologic rebounds (P=.033). IL-2 plus vaccine boosted CD4(+) T cell counts (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;.001) but did not diminish viral rebound. Significant changes were not detected for HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses in any arm. This exploratory protocol provides useful clinical data for future therapeutic immunization trial design.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822695"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822695"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822695; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822695]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822695]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822695; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822695']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822695]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822695,"title":"A Randomized, Partially Blinded Phase 2 Trial of Antiretroviral Therapy, HIV‐Specific Immunizations, and Interleukin‐2 Cycles to Promote Efficient Control of Viral Replication (ACTG A5024)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822695/A_Randomized_Partially_Blinded_Phase_2_Trial_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_HIV_Specific_Immunizations_and_Interleukin_2_Cycles_to_Promote_Efficient_Control_of_Viral_Replication_ACTG_A5024_","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822694"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822694/High_Degree_of_Interlaboratory_Reproducibility_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_and_Reverse_Transcriptase_Sequencing_of_Plasma_Samples_from_Heavily_Treated_Patients"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of High Degree of Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of Plasma Samples from Heavily Treated Patients" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911715/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822694/High_Degree_of_Interlaboratory_Reproducibility_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_and_Reverse_Transcriptase_Sequencing_of_Plasma_Samples_from_Heavily_Treated_Patients">High Degree of Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of Plasma Samples from Heavily Treated Patients</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</span><span>, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We assessed the reproducibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcript...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We assessed the reproducibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease sequencing using cryopreserved plasma aliquots obtained from 46 heavily treated HIV-1-infected individuals in two laboratories using dideoxynucleotide sequencing. The rates of complete sequence concordance between the two laboratories were 99.1% for the protease sequence and 99.0% for the RT sequence. Approximately 90% of the discordances were partial, defined as one laboratory detecting a mixture and the second laboratory detecting only one of the mixture's components. Only 0.1% of the nucleotides were completely discordant between the two laboratories, and these were significantly more likely to occur in plasma samples with lower plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. Nucleotide mixtures were detected at approximately 1% of the nucleotide positions, and in every case in which one laboratory detected a mixture, the second laboratory either detected the same mixture or detected one of the mixture's components. The high rate of concordance in detecting mixtures and the fact that most discordances between the two laboratories were partial suggest that most discordances were caused by variation in sampling of the HIV-1 quasispecies by PCR rather than by technical errors in the sequencing process itself.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9ffd0fc8686cb9c5ebd7accfab5ae280" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911715,"asset_id":12822694,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911715/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822694"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822694"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822694; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822694]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822694]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822694; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822694']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9ffd0fc8686cb9c5ebd7accfab5ae280" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822694]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822694,"title":"High Degree of Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of Plasma Samples from Heavily Treated Patients","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822694/High_Degree_of_Interlaboratory_Reproducibility_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Protease_and_Reverse_Transcriptase_Sequencing_of_Plasma_Samples_from_Heavily_Treated_Patients","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911715,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911715/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1522.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911715/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"High_Degree_of_Interlaboratory_Reproduci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911715/1522-libre.pdf?1464095878=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHigh_Degree_of_Interlaboratory_Reproduci.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=AlYlXAgbOUI9SFgwvIZmDHWcyWo1pbHeyuMJACBrQ2k-poU7kcrrHUSMzOyrIvUsayzVdKGCa2sELGX5eyas5dV-8ocEc-eozhUXx6rTSiu11wXJ9Prn~5Yc3tpZEkLPaNspoQnyN496oBaCK~4hfJ0IPtPWEWDlTFUNoQKAKZB8zDUBARyPmaqGLgnV1aVmvezfPMg87mPbN1zoTfJwKqKAn98t4huQdz1db7eW8hLyOXoA7pE9GSrtAjLQullG~e7wPrUQSyfCZMfkKhVfzEVU4qLOCo2pDqHN~p087udVX7oekYauLQXUDY38no7Bb4eZuVDkPHThYZ-vIxGLvg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822693"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822693/Detection_of_Minority_Populations_of_HIV_1_Expressing_the_K103N_Resistance_Mutation_in_Patients_Failing_Nevirapine"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Detection of Minority Populations of HIV-1 Expressing the K103N Resistance Mutation in Patients Failing Nevirapine" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822693/Detection_of_Minority_Populations_of_HIV_1_Expressing_the_K103N_Resistance_Mutation_in_Patients_Failing_Nevirapine">Detection of Minority Populations of HIV-1 Expressing the K103N Resistance Mutation in Patients Failing Nevirapine</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Salvage therapy with efavirenz is often ineffective in patients having failed nevirapine treatmen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Salvage therapy with efavirenz is often ineffective in patients having failed nevirapine treatment, even when mutations associated with efavirenz resistance are not detected by standard population-based genotyping. The presence of minority viral populations expressing efavirenz cross-resistance could explain these observations, and such populations were sought in plasma from patients failing nevirapine for whom genotyping revealed the presence of the Y181C mutation (usually associated with limited efavirenz cross-resistance) but not the K103N mutation (which produces high-level efavirenz resistance). Viral populations expressing K103N (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1% total virus) were detected by sequence-selective polymerase chain reaction in 4 of 16 patients failing nevirapine, although, in retrospect, the mutation was not perceptible in the original genotype in only 2 cases. Both patients with detectable K103N mutations who received efavirenz failed treatment, and virus expressing K103N emerged. Four of 5 patients without detectable K103N mutations also failed efavirenz, associated with the emergence of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase mutations that included K103N in 2 cases. The emergence of a minority viral population expressing K103N was identified in 1 patient from a separate study group subsequent to discontinuing treatment with nevirapine. These findings support the idea that minority viral populations with distinct resistance genotypes, although undetectable by standard genotyping, can contribute to the failure of salvage regimens.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822693"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822693"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822693; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822693]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822693]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822693; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822693']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822692"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822692/Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic_Susceptibility_Predict_Poor_Virologic_Response_to_Stavudine_Monotherapy_in_Zidovudine_Experienced_Patients"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Subtle Decreases in Stavudine Phenotypic Susceptibility Predict Poor Virologic Response to Stavudine Monotherapy in Zidovudine-Experienced Patients" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822692/Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic_Susceptibility_Predict_Poor_Virologic_Response_to_Stavudine_Monotherapy_in_Zidovudine_Experienced_Patients">Subtle Decreases in Stavudine Phenotypic Susceptibility Predict Poor Virologic Response to Stavudine Monotherapy in Zidovudine-Experienced Patients</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">To identify the level of phenotypic susceptibility for stavudine (d4T) that is associated with a ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">To identify the level of phenotypic susceptibility for stavudine (d4T) that is associated with a diminished virologic response to d4T therapy, phenotyping was performed on archived baseline HIV isolates from 26 subjects who received d4T monotherapy in AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 302 who had received >3 years of prior zidovudine (ZDV) monotherapy. Seven of 26 subjects achieved a virologic response of >0.3-log 10 copies/mL reduction in plasma HIV RNA after 8 weeks of d4T. Responders had lower fold changes in susceptibility to d4T (1.0 vs. 1.6, p ‫ס‬ .003), lower baseline viral loads (4.26 vs. 4.74 log 10 copies/mL, p ‫ס‬ .004), and fewer thymidine analog mutations (TAMS) (1 vs. 2, p ‫ס‬ .059). Lower baseline d4T fold change in susceptibility predicted greater reductions in HIV RNA from baseline to week 8 after adjusting for baseline HIV RNA, ZDV fold change in susceptibility, and number of TAMS. Using the same phenotypic assay, drug susceptibility among 240 antiretroviral-naive patients found all HIV isolates to have d4T susceptibility Յ1.4fold change. Using Յ1.4 as the d4T cutoff, the positive predictive value for a virologic response in this study was 44%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. d4T susceptibility greater than 1.4-fold change was associated with failure to achieve significant viral load reduction after 8 weeks of d4T monotherapy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="815d5503928c01b8e738e321decb380b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911716,"asset_id":12822692,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822692"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822692; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822692]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822692]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822692; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822692']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "815d5503928c01b8e738e321decb380b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822692]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822692,"title":"Subtle Decreases in Stavudine Phenotypic Susceptibility Predict Poor Virologic Response to Stavudine Monotherapy in Zidovudine-Experienced Patients","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822692/Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic_Susceptibility_Predict_Poor_Virologic_Response_to_Stavudine_Monotherapy_in_Zidovudine_Experienced_Patients","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Rapid_Communications_Subtle_Decreases_in20160524-808-cb29cw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Subtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911716/Rapid_Communications_Subtle_Decreases_in20160524-808-cb29cw-libre.pdf?1464095877=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSubtle_Decreases_in_Stavudine_Phenotypic.pdf\u0026Expires=1741110489\u0026Signature=Gz4kM63Vs7Vdn-zVkvcURdDM2B3O-jQWMAZVwPEAEUFPyBpYnv5Dhk7TlbN6tjUbJ3msNRhCNOSA4A-HaqIiX4GLkA77S-KaPqRBIDckcDWak6LVaVs~NbG9C0oTlumuUVmxTGWxUVAguTZE-azRXWGk8EFGIg3DeDm0InVcM4C6BN8uuEL9lVivmduJvF53J58cKNhL7tQ0e8eWsK7HeVjwpquaxZL~RKfFMGHP67fxWmPKEX98OwvvIeBA-iArgn8DqErjOnGIVeXnBa9Mnk~vOjy4uVPW4QXZnBnwwXl6bePrVJoO6ihyWk~DJO5KutL3gmocsCNbflSQoFAiIA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822691"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822691/A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Elvitegravir_Cobicistat_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_Versus_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Efavirenz_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_for_Initial_Treatment_of_HIV_1_Infection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Single-Tablet Regimen Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF Versus Single-Tablet Regimen Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF for Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911640/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822691/A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Elvitegravir_Cobicistat_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_Versus_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Efavirenz_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_for_Initial_Treatment_of_HIV_1_Infection">A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Single-Tablet Regimen Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF Versus Single-Tablet Regimen Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF for Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We report week 96 results from a phase 3 trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We report week 96 results from a phase 3 trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, n = 348) vs efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF, n = 352). At week 48, EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF was noninferior to EFV/FTC/TDF (88% vs 84%, difference +3.6%, 95% confidence interval: 21.6% to 8.8%). Virologic success (HIV-1 RNA ,50 copies/mL) was maintained at week 96 (84% vs 82%, difference +2.7%, 95% CI: 22.9% to 8.3%). Discontinuation due to adverse events was low (5% vs 7%). Median changes in serum creatinine (mg/dL) at week 96 were similar to week 48. These results support the durable efficacy and long-term safety of EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fa28fb955a2115c03016793deaa89f50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911640,"asset_id":12822691,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911640/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822691"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822691"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822691; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fa28fb955a2115c03016793deaa89f50" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822691]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822691,"title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Single-Tablet Regimen Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF Versus Single-Tablet Regimen Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF for Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822691/A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Elvitegravir_Cobicistat_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_Versus_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Efavirenz_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_for_Initial_Treatment_of_HIV_1_Infection","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[{"id":45911640,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911640/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Randomized_Double-Blind_Comparison_of_20160524-23339-z8l28y.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911640/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45911640/A_Randomized_Double-Blind_Comparison_of_20160524-23339-z8l28y-libre.pdf?1464095881=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1741079938\u0026Signature=U~gumq3O8vvi3X141Xb6DjM1GUZ2UI-3pVtcm3g2y0-~eWHeWKQuZ3CufBLB1a05C8~CmPfx0Tjd3i1mIsNeSd3JUoWhcZ7U71-oTcy4czT407tukV~ok13c7NGDoCQ-CE3vGC14po76jjRva3Gf19Hb3SQdFcl-79xUgEpkgbFOG~CwhZAuktWtU000p4uiJUrW9ruAxsnI1T8nCRczDp3-w2W-8o4NezekZFURRhaTXTNr1tFplA2WsRih~eWLBJF-pFhvHhfV~zbAuygMuJH5YWn8EfW1WrT-i~v-awOTbI3QMRL7qgQ6QcItKAOkFhxc6pkeN5AsMnr6Y-Ee1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822690"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822690/Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resistance_in_the_HIV_1_infected_urban_indigent_population_in_San_Francisco_a_representative_study"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the HIV-1-infected urban indigent population in San Francisco: a representative study" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45911659/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822690/Prevalence_of_antiretroviral_drug_resistance_in_the_HIV_1_infected_urban_indigent_population_in_San_Francisco_a_representative_study">Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the HIV-1-infected urban indigent population in San Francisco: a representative study</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of STD & AIDS</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We evaluated a commercially available immunochromatographic dipstick test to detect Trypanosoma c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We evaluated a commercially available immunochromatographic dipstick test to detect Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 366 human serum samples with known serological results from Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela. One hundred forty-nine of 366 (40.7%) and 171/366 (46.7%) samples tested positive by dipstick and serology, respectively. Dipstick sensitivity was calculated to be 84.8% (range between countries, 77.5 to 95%), and specificity was 97.9% (95.9 to 100%).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5bceff466213054ffb193ba66e357624" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911659,"asset_id":12822690,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911659/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822690"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822690"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822690; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822690]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822690]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822690; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822690']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822689"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822689/Early_Virologic_Response_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_and_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_During_ACTG_A5202"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Virologic Response to Abacavir/Lamivudine and Tenofovir/Emtricitabine During ACTG A5202" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822689/Early_Virologic_Response_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_and_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_During_ACTG_A5202">Early Virologic Response to Abacavir/Lamivudine and Tenofovir/Emtricitabine During ACTG A5202</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HIV Clinical Trials</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ACTG A5202 randomized treatment-naïve individuals to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) or abacavi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ACTG A5202 randomized treatment-naïve individuals to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) or abacavir-lamivudine (ABC/3TC) combined with efavirenz (EFV) or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r). Individuals in the high screening viral load (VL) stratum (≥100,000 copies/mL) had increased rates of virologic failure with ABC/3TC. To compare regimen-specific early virologic response. Using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, we compared regimen-specific VL changes from entry to week 4 in A5202 subjects (N = 1,813) and from entry to week 1, 2, and 4 in substudy subjects (n = 179). We evaluated associations between week 4 VL change and time to virologic failure with Cox proportional hazards models. TDF/FTC and ABC/3TC produced similar week 4 VL declines in the entire study population and in the high VL stratum. EFV produced greater VL declines from baseline at week 4 than ATV/r (median -2.1 vs -1.9 log10 copies/mL; P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .001). In the substudy of subjects with week 1, 2, and 4 VL data, there was no difference in VL decline in individuals randomized to TDF/FTC versus ABC/3TC, but EFV resulted in greater VL decline from entry at each of these timepoints than ATV/r. Smaller week 4 VL decline was associated with increased risk of virologic failure. Within all treatment arms, a less robust week 4 virologic response was associated with higher risk for subsequent virologic failure. However, between-regimen differences in week 4 VL declines did not parallel the previously reported differences in longer term virologic efficacy in A5202, suggesting that between-regimen differences in responses were not due to intrinsic differences in antiviral activity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822689"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822689"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822689; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822689]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822689]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822689; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822689']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822689]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822689,"title":"Early Virologic Response to Abacavir/Lamivudine and Tenofovir/Emtricitabine During ACTG A5202","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822689/Early_Virologic_Response_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_and_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_During_ACTG_A5202","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822688"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822688/Maintaining_Reduced_Viral_Fitness_and_CD4_Response_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_with_Viremia_Receiving_a_Boosted_Protease_Inhibitor"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Maintaining Reduced Viral Fitness and CD4 Response in HIV‐Infected Patients with Viremia Receiving a Boosted Protease Inhibitor" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822688/Maintaining_Reduced_Viral_Fitness_and_CD4_Response_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_with_Viremia_Receiving_a_Boosted_Protease_Inhibitor">Maintaining Reduced Viral Fitness and CD4 Response in HIV‐Infected Patients with Viremia Receiving a Boosted Protease Inhibitor</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When fully suppressive regimens are not available, incompletely suppressive regimens also provide...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When fully suppressive regimens are not available, incompletely suppressive regimens also provide immunologic benefits. In this study, with stable background therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who were randomized to receive atazanavir or boosted atazanavir, compared with those who continued boosted protease inhibitor therapy, maintained similar virologic and immunologic control, resistance-mutation patterns, and replication capacities with reduced use of lipid-lowering medication.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822688"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822688"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822688; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822688]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822688]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822688; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12822688']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12822688]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12822688,"title":"Maintaining Reduced Viral Fitness and CD4 Response in HIV‐Infected Patients with Viremia Receiving a Boosted Protease Inhibitor","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822688/Maintaining_Reduced_Viral_Fitness_and_CD4_Response_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_with_Viremia_Receiving_a_Boosted_Protease_Inhibitor","owner_id":31913276,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zolopa","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:00:19.620-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12822687"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822687/Accuracy_Precision_and_Consistency_of_Expert_HIV_Type_1_Genotype_Interpretation_An_International_Comparison_The_GUESS_Study_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Accuracy, Precision, and Consistency of Expert HIV Type 1 Genotype Interpretation: An International Comparison (The GUESS Study)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822687/Accuracy_Precision_and_Consistency_of_Expert_HIV_Type_1_Genotype_Interpretation_An_International_Comparison_The_GUESS_Study_">Accuracy, Precision, and Consistency of Expert HIV Type 1 Genotype Interpretation: An International Comparison (The GUESS Study)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Resistance testing is considered standard of care in HIV medicine, but there is no standard inter...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Resistance testing is considered standard of care in HIV medicine, but there is no standard interpretation system for genotype tests. We sought to determine how much agreement exists within a group of experts in the interpretation of complex genotypes. Genotypes from clinical specimens were sent to an international panel of 12 resistance experts. Phenotypic susceptibility testing of these clinical isolates was performed with antivirogram. Experts predicted phenotype fold change category (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;2.5-fold change, 2.5-4.0-fold change, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;4.0- to 7.0-fold change, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;7.0- to 10-fold change, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;10- to 20-fold change, or &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20-fold change) and predicted expected drug activity for each of 16 antiretroviral drugs. Experts were also asked to make treatment recommendations on the basis of the genotype. The experts predicted the exact phenotype fold change category correctly 44% of the time, but they varied widely by antiretroviral drug (range, 25%-74%). The highest accuracy was observed for lamivudine (74%) and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (66%-69%). Experts generally predicted higher levels of resistance to the remaining nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors than what was found by phenotypic testing. Agreement among experts in predicting phenotype fold change category ranged widely depending on the drug (median agreement, 42% [range, 28%-74%]); the same pattern was observed in predicting expected drug activity (median agreement, 45% [range, 32%-87%]). Experts agreed on treatment recommendations in a median of 79% of instances, and recommendations were consistent over time, with blinded retesting. Although their ability to predict phenotype from a genotype varied for individual antiretroviral drugs, this expert panel had a high degree of agreement in deriving treatment recommendations from the genotype.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12822687"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12822687"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12822687; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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