CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Treaty 8 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3f43da22-57cd-4ef0-a59c-40bf219324b3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Treaty_8","wgTitle":"Treaty 8","wgCurRevisionId":1239297348,"wgRevisionId":1239297348,"wgArticleId":5345115,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use Canadian English from May 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Use mdy dates from May 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015","Numbered Treaties","Dane-zaa","Political history of British Columbia","Political history of Alberta","Political history of Saskatchewan","History of the Northwest Territories","First Nations history in Canada", "Treaties concluded in 1899","Treaties concluded in 1900","1899 in Alberta"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Treaty_8","wgRelevantArticleId":5345115,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7836931","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="852"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="568"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="454"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Treaty 8 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_8"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_8"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Treaty_8 rootpage-Treaty_8 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Treaty+8" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Treaty+8" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Treaty+8" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Treaty+8" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Treaty 8</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_num%C3%A9ro_8" title="Traité numéro 8 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité numéro 8" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" title="Восьмий договір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Восьмий договір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7836931#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Treaty_8" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Treaty_8" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Treaty_8" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&oldid=1239297348" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Treaty_8&id=1239297348&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTreaty_8"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTreaty_8"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Treaty_8&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7836931" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Treaty between First Nations and Canadian Crown</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Treaty 8</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg/300px-David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg/450px-David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="355" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/David_Laird" title="David Laird">David Laird</a> explaining terms of Treaty 8, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vermilion" title="Fort Vermilion">Fort Vermilion</a>, 1899</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">June 21, 1899</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Just south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Grouard" title="Grouard">Grouard</a>, Alberta<sup id="cite_ref-albertasource.ca_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albertasource.ca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><div><ul><li>Canada</li><li>Various <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake" title="Lesser Slave Lake">Lesser Slave Lake</a> area</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">English</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples<br />in Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_(close).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A life-sized bronze statue of an Aboriginal and eagle above him; there is a bear to his right and a wolf to his left, they are all looking upwards towards a blue and white sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/80px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/120px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/160px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_First_Nations_history" title="Timeline of First Nations history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Pre-colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism_in_Canada" title="Settler colonialism in Canada">Settler colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Reconciliation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Treaty_Process" title="British Columbia Treaty Process">British Columbia Treaty Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Transfer_Policy" title="Indian Health Transfer Policy">Health Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_No_More" title="Idle No More">Idle No More</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous land claims in Canada">Land claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_defender" title="Land defender">Land defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_title_in_Canada" title="Aboriginal land title in Canada">Land title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous specific land claims in Canada">Specific claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Aboriginal_case_law" title="Category:Canadian Aboriginal case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_organizations_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous organizations in Canada">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_politics_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous politics in Canada">Politics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_culture_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous culture in Canada">Indigenous cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadian_personalities" title="Indigenous Canadian personalities">Indigenous personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Country food">Country food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Demographics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a></li> <li>AB <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">FN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Atlantic_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Atlantic Canada">Atlantic CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Manitoba" title="First Nations in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Ontario" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Saskatchewan" title="First Nations in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Northern_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Northern Canada">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Coast</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada#Aboriginal_languages" title="Languages of Canada">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuk_Wawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuk Wawa">Chinuk Wawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Indigenous English Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">NAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Aboriginal syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Writing">Chinuk pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit grammar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Traditional beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit religion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Index</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Indigenous_Canadians" title="Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians">Index of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_in_Canada" title="Category:First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inuit" title="Category:Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="Category:Canadian Métis people">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America_stubs" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North America stubs">Stubs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/16px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/24px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/32px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous North Americas</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_Peoples_of_Canada" title="Template:Indigenous Peoples of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_Peoples_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Indigenous Peoples of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_Peoples_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous Peoples of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_8_Site_in_Fort_Resolution_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Treaty_8_Site_in_Fort_Resolution_01.jpg/220px-Treaty_8_Site_in_Fort_Resolution_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Treaty_8_Site_in_Fort_Resolution_01.jpg/330px-Treaty_8_Site_in_Fort_Resolution_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Treaty_8_Site_in_Fort_Resolution_01.jpg/440px-Treaty_8_Site_in_Fort_Resolution_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Treaty 8 site in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Resolution" title="Fort Resolution">Fort Resolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Treaty 8</b>, which concluded with the June 21, 1899, signing by representatives of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and various <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake" title="Lesser Slave Lake">Lesser Slave Lake</a> area, is the most comprehensive of the eleven <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement encompassed a land mass of approximately 840,000 km<sup>2</sup> (320,000 sq mi). Treaty territory, which includes thirty-nine First Nation communities in northern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and the southwest portion of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, making it the largest of the numbered treaty in terms of area. The treaty was negotiated just south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Grouard" title="Grouard">Grouard</a>, Alberta. </p><p>The Crown had between 1871 and 1877 signed Treaties 1 to 7. Treaties 1 to 7 cover the southern portions of what was the North-West Territories. At that time, the Government of Canada had not considered a treaty with the First Nations in what would be the Treaty 8 territory necessary, as conditions in the north were not considered conducive to settlement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Treaties" title="Douglas Treaties">Douglas Treaties</a>, Treaty 8 was the last treaty signed between the Crown and the First Nations in British Columbia until the <a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Final_Agreement" title="Nisga'a Final Agreement">Nisga'a Final Agreement</a>. </p><p>The boundary between Treaty 8 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_11" title="Treaty 11">Treaty 11</a> is ambiguous. The <a href="/wiki/Yellowknives_Dene_First_Nation" title="Yellowknives Dene First Nation">Yellowknives Dene First Nation</a> is a signatory to Treaty 8, but according to the text of the treaties the <a href="/wiki/Yellowknives" title="Yellowknives">Yellowknives</a> Nation's territory, known as Chief Drygeese Territory, is within Treaty 11. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the official Treaty 8 web page, the terms of the treaty were accepted by the signatories for "reasons of peace and friendship" as part of a partnership. It was the most comprehensive of all the <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a> which included approximately 841,000 km<sup>2</sup> (324,900 sq mi) of land that spanned the northern regions of what are now three provinces—British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan—and the Northwest Territories. There are thirty-nine First Nations communities that are included in Treaty 8.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesar_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesar_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Treaty8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand Chief Arthur Noskey of the First Nations of Treaty 8 Alberta was re-elected on July 30, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Clegg_20210205_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clegg_20210205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1890s, as prospectors and settlers—inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a>—travelled to unceded territories that were north of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a>, the Canadian government extended the treaty process north to include that region. It included <a href="/wiki/Lake_Athabasca" title="Lake Athabasca">Lake Athabasca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Slave_Lake" title="Great Slave Lake">Great Slave Lake</a>, some areas around the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River" title="Peace River">Peace River</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-GovCan_20090113_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCan_20090113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a> had also published reports that there was petroleum in the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabaska region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EUB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Preston_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty">Treaty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The land covered by Treaty 8, 840,000 km<sup>2</sup> (320,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-collectionscanada.gc.ca_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collectionscanada.gc.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is larger than France and includes northern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and a southernmost portion of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pwnhc.ca_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pwnhc.ca-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adhesions to this agreement were signed that same year on July 1, 1899, at <a href="/wiki/Peace_River,_Alberta" title="Peace River, Alberta">Peace River Landing</a>, July 6 at <a href="/wiki/Dunvegan,_Alberta" title="Dunvegan, Alberta">Dunvegan</a>, July 8 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vermilion" title="Fort Vermilion">Fort Vermilion</a>, July 13 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Chipewyan" title="Fort Chipewyan">Fort Chipewyan</a>, July 17 at <a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald,_Alberta" title="Fitzgerald, Alberta">Smith's Landing</a> (now Fitzgerald), July 25 and 27 at <a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Denesuline_First_Nation" title="Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation">Fond du Lac</a>, August 4 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>, and August 14 at <a href="/wiki/Wabasca_River" title="Wabasca River">Wabasca Lake</a>. Further adhesions were in 1900 on May 13 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia" title="Fort St. John, British Columbia">Fort St. John</a>, June 8 at <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake" title="Lesser Slave Lake">Lesser Slave Lake</a>, June 23 at Fort Vermilion and July 25 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Resolution" title="Fort Resolution">Fort Resolution</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Keenooshayoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Keenooshayoo (page does not exist)">Chief Keenooshayoo</a> was one of the First Nations signatories to Treaty 8. First Nations that are considered signatories to Treaty 8 include <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree">Woodland Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Dane-zaa</a> (or Beaver) and <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Chipewyan</a>. Other signatories included <a href="/wiki/David_Laird" title="David Laird">David Laird</a>, Father <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lacombe" title="Albert Lacombe">Albert Lacombe</a>, Rev. <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Homes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Homes (page does not exist)">George Homes</a>, Bishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Grouard" title="Émile Grouard">Émile Grouard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.A.J._McKenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.A.J. McKenna (page does not exist)">J.A.J. McKenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Ross" title="James Hamilton Ross">James Hamilton Ross</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.G._White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.G. White (page does not exist)">W.G. White</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Walker_(Alberta_politician)" title="James Walker (Alberta politician)">James Walker</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Arthur_Cote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Arthur Cote (page does not exist)">A. Arthur Cote</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A.E._Snyder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.E. Snyder (page does not exist)">A.E. Snyder</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H.B._Round&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.B. Round (page does not exist)">H.B. Round</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_S._Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harrison S. Young (page does not exist)">Harrison S. Young</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.F._Prud%27Homme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.F. Prud'Homme (page does not exist)">J.F. Prud'Homme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Mair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Mair (page does not exist)">C. Mair</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H.A._Conroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.A. Conroy (page does not exist)">H.A. Conroy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Deschambeault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Deschambeault (page does not exist)">Pierre Deschambeault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henri_Picard" title="Joseph Henri Picard">Joseph Henri Picard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Secord_(politician)" title="Richard Secord (politician)">Richard Secord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_McCauley_(politician)" title="Matthew McCauley (politician)">Matthew McCauley</a>, Headman <a href="/wiki/Moostoos" title="Moostoos">Moostoos</a>, Headman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Giroux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Giroux (page does not exist)">Felix Giroux</a>, and Headman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wee_Chee_Way_Sis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wee Chee Way Sis (page does not exist)">Wee Chee Way Sis</a>, Headman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Neesotasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Neesotasis (page does not exist)">Charles Neesotasis</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">University of Lethbridge</a>'s historian, Raymond Huel, prior to entering negotiations for Treaty, officials turned to <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblate</a> (OMI) missionaries for assistance as they had lived among the First Nations. The Oblates, had been eye-witnesses to the rapid deterioration of the lifestyle of First Nations since the 1870s, and considered the treaties to be the "lesser of two evils", according to Huel. Government officials chose the Catholic missionary, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lacombe" title="Albert Lacombe">Albert Lacombe</a>, (OMI) as Treaty 8 signatory and government consultant and mediator, because of his many years of experience with the First Nations who had come to trust him.<sup id="cite_ref-Huel_2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huel_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacombe was charged by the government to be present to help convince First Nations that it was in their interest to enter into a treaty. He was present on June 21, 1899, and assured the First Nations that their lives would remain, more or less, unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Huel_2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huel_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also present at some of the meetings at which adhesions were signed. The elements of Treaty 8 included provisions to maintain livelihood for the native populations in this 840,000 km<sup>2</sup> (320,000 sq mi) region, such as entitlements to land, ongoing financial support, annual shipments of hunting supplies, and hunting rights on ceded lands, unless those ceded lands were used for forestry, mining, settlement or other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-canadiana.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadiana.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treatyno800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large piece of parchment paper with detailed, small text of the treaty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Treatyno800.jpg/600px-Treatyno800.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Treatyno800.jpg/900px-Treatyno800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Treatyno800.jpg/1200px-Treatyno800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5394" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption>Presentation copy of the original Treaty 8. Printed on parchment. Text in black and red; blue and red border</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties" title="List of treaties">List of treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_First_Nations_treaties_in_British_Columbia" title="Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia">Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-albertasource.ca-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-albertasource.ca_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertasource.ca/treaty8/eng/default.htm">"The Making of Treaty 8 in Canada's Northwest"</a>. Alberta Online Encyclopedia. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515182058/http://www.albertasource.ca/treaty8/eng/default.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Treaty+8+in+Canada%27s+Northwest&rft.pub=Alberta+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertasource.ca%2Ftreaty8%2Feng%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treaty8.ca/About-Us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>Treaty 8</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treaty+8&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treaty8.ca%2FAbout-Us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesar_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tesar_2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesar2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tesar, Alex (August 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-8">"Treaty 8"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treaty+8&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Tesar&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ftreaty-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clegg_20210205-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clegg_20210205_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg2021" class="citation news cs1">Clegg, Chris (August 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southpeacenews.com/treaty-8-members-re-elect-grand-chief-noskey/">"Treaty 8 members re-elect Grand Chief Noskey -"</a>. <i>South Peace News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Peace+News&rft.atitle=Treaty+8+members+re-elect+Grand+Chief+Noskey+-&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southpeacenews.com%2Ftreaty-8-members-re-elect-grand-chief-noskey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GovCan_20090113-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GovCan_20090113_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028809/1564415096517">Treaty Research Report - Treaty Eight (1899)</a>. <i>Government of Canada, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs</i> (Report). January 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Treaty+Research+Report+-+Treaty+Eight+%281899%29&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1100100028809%2F1564415096517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUB_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.ags.aer.ca/files/document/ESR/ESR_2000_05.pdf">"Geological Survey of Canada's reports that petroleum existed in the area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) and Alberta Geological Survey</i>, Earth Sciences Report 2000-5, p. 37<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alberta+Energy+and+Utilities+Board+%28EUB%29+and+Alberta+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Geological+Survey+of+Canada%27s+reports+that+petroleum+existed+in+the+area&rft.pages=37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ags.aer.ca%2Ffiles%2Fdocument%2FESR%2FESR_2000_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston_2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Preston_2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2013" class="citation journal cs1">Preston, Jen (October 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396813497877">"Neoliberal settler colonialism, Canada and the tar sands"</a>. <i>Race & Class</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 42–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396813497877">10.1177/0306396813497877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145726008">145726008</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=Neoliberal+settler+colonialism%2C+Canada+and+the+tar+sands&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=42-59&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145726008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-3968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396813497877&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0306396813497877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collectionscanada.gc.ca-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collectionscanada.gc.ca_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/treaty8/index-e.html">"Treaty 8"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090920204118/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/treaty8/index-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Treaty+8&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Ftreaty8%2Findex-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pwnhc.ca-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pwnhc.ca_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/index_winIFix.asp?forward=http%3A//www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/1850/Treaty8_1899.htm">"1899 Treaty 8"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Northern_Heritage_Centre" title="Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706194036/http://www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/index_winIFix.asp?forward=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwnhc.ca%2Ftimeline%2F1850%2FTreaty8_1899.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1899+Treaty+8&rft.pub=Prince+of+Wales+Northern+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwnhc.ca%2Ftimeline%2Findex_winIFix.asp%3Fforward%3Dhttp%253A%2F%2Fwww.pwnhc.ca%2Ftimeline%2F1850%2FTreaty8_1899.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huel_2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huel_2011_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huel_2011_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Huel, Raymond (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA255178731&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=03161552&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Ed24b5296">"Father Lacombe, the Oblate missions, and the Western Treaties"</a>. <i>Alberta History</i>. <b>59</b> (2). Historical Society of Alberta via <a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alberta+History&rft.atitle=Father+Lacombe%2C+the+Oblate+missions%2C+and+the+Western+Treaties&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Huel&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA255178731%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D03161552%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26userGroupName%3Danon%257Ed24b5296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canadiana.org-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canadiana.org_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123092227/http://www.canadiana.org/citm/_textpopups/aboriginals/doc64_e.html">"Numbered Treaty Eight"</a>. <i>Canada in the Making</i>. Canadiana.org. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiana.org/citm/_textpopups/aboriginals/doc64_e.html">the original</a> on January 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+in+the+Making&rft.atitle=Numbered+Treaty+Eight&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiana.org%2Fcitm%2F_textpopups%2Faboriginals%2Fdoc64_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028813/1581293624572">Treaty Texts - Treaty No. 8</a> from the Government of Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treaty8.org">Treaty 8 First Nations of Alberta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treaty8.bc.ca/">Treaty 8 Tribal Association (British Columbia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050507125428/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/bands/treaty8.html">List of Treaty 8 First Nations in Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Arthur J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/issue/view/239">"Treaty 8: A British Columbian Anomaly"</a>. <i>BC Studies</i> (123): 5–58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-2949">0005-2949</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BC+Studies&rft.atitle=Treaty+8%3A+A+British+Columbian+Anomaly&rft.issue=123&rft.pages=5-58&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0005-2949&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.library.ubc.ca%2Findex.php%2Fbcstudies%2Fissue%2Fview%2F239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+8" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Numbered_Treaties:_Treaty_Eight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numbertreaty" title="Template:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numbertreaty" title="Template talk:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numbertreaty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Numbered_Treaties:_Treaty_Eight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a>: Treaty Eight</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numbered <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_1" title="Treaty 1">Treaty 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_2" title="Treaty 2">Treaty 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_3" title="Treaty 3">Treaty 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_4" title="Treaty 4">Treaty 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_5" title="Treaty 5">Treaty 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_9" title="Treaty 9">Treaty 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_10" title="Treaty 10">Treaty 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_11" title="Treaty 11">Treaty 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lake,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Lake, Saskatchewan">Black Lake Denesuline First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_River_Dene_Nation" title="Clearwater River Dene Nation">Clearwater River Dene Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fond-du-Lac" class="mw-redirect" title="Fond-du-Lac">Fond Du Lac Denesuline First Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Chipewyan_First_Nation" title="Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation">Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_First_Nation" title="Beaver First Nation">Beaver First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigstone_Cree_Nation" title="Bigstone Cree Nation">Bigstone Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_Prairie_First_Nation" title="Chipewyan Prairie First Nation">Chipewyan Prairie First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha' First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftpile_First_Nation" title="Driftpile First Nation">Driftpile First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan%27s_First_Nation" title="Duncan's First Nation">Duncan's First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKay_First_Nation" title="Fort McKay First Nation">Fort McKay First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray_First_Nation" title="Fort McMurray First Nation">Fort McMurray First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Lake_First_Nation" title="Horse Lake First Nation">Horse Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapawe%27no_First_Nation" title="Kapawe'no First Nation">Kapawe'no First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_River_Cree_Nation" title="Little Red River Cree Nation">Little Red River Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loon_River_First_Nation" title="Loon River First Nation">Loon River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Band" title="Lubicon Lake Band">Lubicon Lake Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikisew_Cree_First_Nation" title="Mikisew Cree First Nation">Mikisew Cree First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawridge_First_Nation" title="Sawridge First Nation">Sawridge First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Landing_First_Nation" title="Smith's Landing First Nation">Smith's Landing First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation">Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_Creek_Cree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucker Creek Cree First Nation">Sucker Creek Cree First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_First_Nation" title="Swan River First Nation">Swan River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallcree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallcree First Nation">Tallcree First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Lake_First_Nation" title="Whitefish Lake First Nation">Whitefish Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree_First_Nation" title="Woodland Cree First Nation">Woodland Cree First Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberry River First Nation">Blueberry River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doig_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doig River First Nation">Doig River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Nelson First Nation">Fort Nelson First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_River_First_Nation" title="Halfway River First Nation">Halfway River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McLeod_Lake_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McLeod Lake First Nation (page does not exist)">McLeod Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_River,_British_Columbia" title="Prophet River, British Columbia">Prophet River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteau_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Saulteau First Nation">Saulteau First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Moberly_First_Nations" title="West Moberly First Nations">West Moberly First Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deninu_K%C5%B3%C4%99%CC%81_First_Nation" title="Deninu Kųę́ First Nation">Deninu Kųę́ First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27atlodeeche_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="K'atlodeeche First Nation">K'atlodeeche First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81uts%C3%ABl_K%27%C3%A9_Dene_First_Nation" title="Łutsël K'é Dene First Nation">Łutsël K'é Dene First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_River_First_Nation" title="Salt River First Nation">Salt River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowknives_Dene_First_Nation" title="Yellowknives Dene First Nation">Yellowknives Dene First Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f8d6b6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template talk:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alberta"><img alt="Flag of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/25px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/38px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/50px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations in Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Cultural areas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Ethnolinguistic groups</a> (by language family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language"><i>Plains</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree"><i>Woodland</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athapascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athapascan">Athapascan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Daneẕaa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Dënesųłı̨ne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavey people">Dene Tha'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Nakoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> <small>(1876)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> <small>(1877)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty 8</a> <small>(1899)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Tribal_Council" title="Athabasca Tribal Council">Athabasca Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Chipewyan_First_Nation" title="Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation">Athabasca Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_Prairie_First_Nation" title="Chipewyan Prairie First Nation">Chipewyan Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKay_First_Nation" title="Fort McKay First Nation">Fort McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray_First_Nation" title="Fort McMurray First Nation">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikisew_Cree_First_Nation" title="Mikisew Cree First Nation">Mikisew Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Standoff,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff, Alberta">Standoff</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederacy_of_Treaty_6_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations">Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Enoch,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch, Alberta">Enoch</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bull_Tribe" title="Louis Bull Tribe">Louis Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_First_Nation" title="Montana First Nation">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Band" title="Paul Band">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Saddle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Cree_Nation" title="Samson Cree Nation">Samson Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kee_Tas_Kee_Now_Tribal_Council" title="Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council">Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Atikameg</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Creek" title="Red Earth Creek">Loon River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Band" title="Lubicon Lake Band">Lubicon Lake Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Trout_First_Nation" title="Peerless Trout First Nation">Peerless Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree_First_Nation" title="Woodland Cree First Nation">Woodland Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake_Indian_Regional_Council" title="Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council">Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Slave_Lake,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Lake, Alberta">Slave Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driftpile_First_Nation" title="Driftpile First Nation">Driftpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapawe%27no_First_Nation" title="Kapawe'no First Nation">Kapawe'no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawridge_First_Nation" title="Sawridge First Nation">Sawridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_Creek_Cree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucker Creek Cree First Nation">Sucker Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_First_Nation" title="Swan River First Nation">Swan River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Peace_Tribal_Council" title="North Peace Tribal Council">North Peace Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/High_Level,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="High Level, Alberta">High Level</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_First_Nation" title="Beaver First Nation">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_River_Cree_Nation" title="Little Red River Cree Nation">Little Red River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallcree_Tribal_Government" title="Tallcree Tribal Government">Tallcree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoney_Nakoda_-_Tsuut%27ina_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation" title="Stoney Nakoda First Nation">Stoney Nakoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearspaw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearspaw First Nation">Bearspaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniki_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiniki First Nation">Chiniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley First Nation">Wesley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_Chiefs_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribal Chiefs Ventures (page does not exist)">Tribal Chiefs Ventures</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_Tribal_Council" title="Western Cree Tribal Council">Western Cree Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Valleyview,_Alberta" title="Valleyview, Alberta">Valleyview</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan%27s_First_Nation" title="Duncan's First Nation">Duncan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Lake_First_Nation" title="Horse Lake First Nation">Horse Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation">Sturgeon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Tribal_Council" title="Yellowhead Tribal Council">Yellowhead Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Morinville,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Morinville, Alberta">Morinville</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaffiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigstone_Cree_Nation" title="Bigstone Cree Nation">Bigstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not federally recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseniwuche_Winewak_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (page does not exist)">Aseniwuche Winewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Indian_Nation" title="Lubicon Lake Indian Nation">Lubicon Lake Indian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not headquartered in Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acho_Dene_Koe_First_Nation" title="Acho Dene Koe First Nation">Acho Dene Koe</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Kelly Lake, British Columbia">Kelly Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Onion Lake Cree Nation">Onion Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Landing_First_Nation" title="Smith's Landing First Nation">Smith's Landing</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase</a> <small>(1891)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharphead_band" title="Sharphead band">Sharphead</a> <small>(1897)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Band" title="Michel Band">Michel</a> <small>(1958)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">List of Indian reserves in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis in Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&oldid=1239297348">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&oldid=1239297348</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Numbered_Treaties" title="Category:Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dane-zaa" title="Category:Dane-zaa">Dane-zaa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_British_Columbia" title="Category:Political history of British Columbia">Political history of British Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Alberta" title="Category:Political history of Alberta">Political history of Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Saskatchewan" title="Category:Political history of Saskatchewan">Political history of Saskatchewan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Category:History of the Northwest Territories">History of the Northwest Territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_history_in_Canada" title="Category:First Nations history in Canada">First Nations history in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_concluded_in_1899" title="Category:Treaties concluded in 1899">Treaties concluded in 1899</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_concluded_in_1900" title="Category:Treaties concluded in 1900">Treaties concluded in 1900</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_in_Alberta" title="Category:1899 in Alberta">1899 in Alberta</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use Canadian English from May 2022">Use Canadian English from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2022">Use mdy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 August 2024, at 13:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qzp9h","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.495","walltime":"0.634","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2199,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":106229,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2234,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":72192,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 535.602 1 -total"," 26.75% 143.257 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.38% 93.096 5 Template:Cite_web"," 15.07% 80.707 1 Template:Infobox_treaty"," 14.34% 76.789 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.28% 76.473 1 Template:Indigenous_Peoples_of_Canada"," 13.87% 74.284 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 13.03% 69.801 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.43% 55.841 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.33% 49.982 1 Template:Numbertreaty"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.298","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8935393,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Indigenous North Americas\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-bpp49","timestamp":"20241122141749","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Treaty 8","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_8","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7836931","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7836931","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-05-30T03:57:03Z","dateModified":"2024-08-08T13:57:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg","headline":"Treaty between First Nations and Canadian Crown"}</script> </body> </html>