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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Archaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eukarya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eukarya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Eukarya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eukarya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusion_of_viruses_and_prions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_of_viruses_and_prions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exclusion of viruses and prions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_of_viruses_and_prions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alternative classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Domain (biology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Domein (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A4ne_(Biologie)" title="Domäne (Biologie) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Domäne (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="نطاق (تصنيف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نطاق (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(bioloch%C3%ADa)" title="Dominio (biolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dominio (biolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="সাম্ৰাজ্য (জীৱ বিজ্ঞান) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাম্ৰাজ্য (জীৱ বিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominiu_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Dominiu (bioloxía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dominiu (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8E_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="অধিজগৎ (জীববিদ্যা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অধিজগৎ (জীববিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Домен (биология) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Домен (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Дамен (біялогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамен (біялогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Дамэн (біялёгія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дамэн (біялёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="अधिजगत (जीव बिज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अधिजगत (जीव बिज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Империя (биология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Империя (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(Biologie)" title="Domän (Biologie) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Domän (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domen_(biologija)" title="Domen (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Domen (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damani" title="Damani – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Damani" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_(categoria_taxon%C3%B2mica)" title="Domini (categoria taxonòmica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domini (categoria taxonòmica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Домен (биологи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Домен (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A9na_(biologie)" title="Doména (biologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doména (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parth_(bioleg)" title="Parth (bioleg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parth (bioleg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A6ne_(biologi)" title="Domæne (biologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Domæne (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ضومين (بيولوجيا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ضومين (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A4ne_(Biologie)" title="Domäne (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Domäne (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_(biologija)" title="Domena (biologija) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Domena (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeen_(bioloogia)" title="Domeen (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Domeen (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Επικράτεια (βιολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επικράτεια (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Dominio (biología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominio (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domanio" title="Domanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Domanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeinu_(biologia)" title="Domeinu (biologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Domeinu (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="حوزه (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حوزه (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_(biologie)" title="Domaine (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domaine (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domein_(taksonomy)" title="Domein (taksonomy) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Domein (taksonomy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearann_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Fearann (bitheolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fearann (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Dominio (bioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dominio (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Домен (биологи) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Домен (биологи)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="역 (생물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Վերնաթագավորություն (կենսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերնաթագավորություն (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="अधिजगत (जीवविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अधिजगत (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_(biologija)" title="Domena (biologija) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Domena (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_(taksonomija)" title="Domena (taksonomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Domena (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(biolohia)" title="Dominio (biolohia) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dominio (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Domain (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(rango_taxonomic)" title="Dominio (rango taxonomic) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dominio (rango taxonomic)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidlangala_(kumchazampilo)" title="Isidlangala (kumchazampilo) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isidlangala (kumchazampilo)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9n_(l%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Lén (líffræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lén (líffræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(biologia)" title="Dominio (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dominio (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94" title="על-ממלכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="על-ממלכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakup_(biolohia)" title="Sakup (biolohia) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sakup (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8E%DA%98%DA%BE%D9%B2%D8%B1%D8%A0" title="گَژھٲرؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گَژھٲرؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeni" title="Domeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Domeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regio_(taxinomia)" title="Regio (taxinomia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regio (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C4%93rija_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Impērija (bioloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Impērija (bioloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(Biologie)" title="Domän (Biologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Domän (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenas" title="Domenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Domenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A9n_(rendszertan)" title="Domén (rendszertan) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Domén (rendszertan)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Домен (биологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Домен (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominju_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Dominju (bijoloġija) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Dominju (bijoloġija)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Domain (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="နယ်ပယ် (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယ်ပယ် (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Domein (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="ドメイン (分類学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドメイン (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(biologgia)" title="Dominio (biologgia) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Dominio (biologgia)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domene_(biologi)" title="Domene (biologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Domene (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_domene" title="Biologisk domene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk domene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A4(%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8)" title="ଜଗତ(ଜୀବବୀଜ୍ଞାନ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଗତ(ଜୀବବୀଜ୍ଞାନ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਡੋਮੇਨ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੋਮੇਨ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%95%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="နယ်ႏပယ်ႏ (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နယ်ႏပယ်ႏ (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_(tassonom%C3%ACa)" title="Domini (tassonomìa) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Domini (tassonomìa)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Domena (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnio_(biologia)" title="Domínio (biologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domínio (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domeniu (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Домена (біолоґія) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Домена (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Домен (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Домен (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Домен (биология) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Домен (биология)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duminiu_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Duminiu (bioluggìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Duminiu (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="වසම (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වසම (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Domain (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ڊومين (حياتيات) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊومين (حياتيات)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_(biologija)" title="Domena (biologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Domena (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%95%D8%B1" title="دەڤەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەڤەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domen_(biologija)" title="Domen (biologija) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Domen (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domen_(taksonomija)" title="Domen (taksonomija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Domen (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeeni_(biologia)" title="Domeeni (biologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Domeeni (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(biologi)" title="Domän (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Domän (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominyo" title="Dominyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dominyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஆட்களம் (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆட்களம் (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3ult_(tasnudert)" title="Taɣult (tasnudert) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taɣult (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Домен (биология) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Домен (биология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="โดเมน (ชีววิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โดเมน (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Ҳавза (зистшиносӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳавза (зистшиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cst_%C3%A2lem" title="Üst âlem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üst âlem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Домен (біологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домен (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%81_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ساحہ (حیاتیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساحہ (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ACnio_(tasonomia)" title="Domìnio (tasonomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Domìnio (tasonomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%B1c_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Vực (sinh học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vực (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domein_(taxonomie)" title="Domein (taxonomie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Domein (taxonomie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominyo_(biyolohiya)" title="Dominyo (biyolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dominyo (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89" title="域（生物） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="域（生物）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%9F" title="域 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="域" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" title="File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/225px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/300px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30" resource="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30"><area href="/wiki/Life" shape="rect" coords="63,9,141,36" alt="Life" title="Life" /><area href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,49,141,75" alt="Domain" title="Domain" /><area href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,89,141,115" alt="Kingdom" title="Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Phylum" shape="rect" coords="63,128,141,154" alt="Phylum" title="Phylum" /><area href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,168,141,194" alt="Class" title="Class" /><area href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,208,141,234" alt="Order" title="Order" /><area href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,247,141,273" alt="Family" title="Family" /><area href="/wiki/Genus" shape="rect" coords="63,287,141,313" alt="Genus" title="Genus" /><area href="/wiki/Species" shape="rect" coords="63,326,141,353" alt="Species" title="Species" /></map><figcaption>The hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a>'s eight major <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic ranks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a> is divided into domains, which are subdivided into further groups. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.</figcaption></figure> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, a <b>domain</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>regio</i><sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also <b>dominion</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1974_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1974-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>superkingdom</b>, <b>realm</b>, or <b>empire</b>, is the highest <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic rank</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> taken together. It was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three-domain system</a> of taxonomy devised by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Otto Kandler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" title="Mark Wheelis">Mark Wheelis</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the domain system, the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a> consists of either three domains, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Two-domain_system" title="Two-domain system">two domains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a> included in Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the three-domain <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">model</a>, the first two are <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">single-celled</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> without a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_envelope" title="Nuclear envelope">membrane-bound</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>. All <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that have a cell nucleus and other <a href="/wiki/Membrane-bound_organelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane-bound organelle">membrane-bound organelles</a> are included in Eukarya and called <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, is not included in this system. Alternatives to the three-domain system include the earlier <a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">two-empire system</a> (with the empires Prokaryota and Eukaryota), and the <a href="/wiki/Eocyte_hypothesis" title="Eocyte hypothesis">eocyte hypothesis</a> (with two domains of Bacteria and Archaea, with Eukarya included as a branch of Archaea). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>domain</i> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Otto Kandler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" title="Mark Wheelis">Mark Wheelis</a> (1990) in a <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three-domain system</a>. This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (Lat. <i>dominium</i>), introduced by <a href="/wiki/Royall_T._Moore" title="Royall T. Moore">Moore</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1974_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1974-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_domain_system">Development of the domain system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of the domain system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> made the classification "domain" popular in the famous <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomy</a> system he created in the middle of the eighteenth century. This system was further improved by the studies of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> later on but could not classify <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> easily, as they have very few observable features to compare to the other domains.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carl Woese made a revolutionary breakthrough when, in 1977, he compared the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> sequences of the <a href="/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA" title="16S ribosomal RNA">16s ribosomal RNA</a> and discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Rank_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank (taxonomy)">rank</a> "domain" contained three branches, not two as scientists had previously thought. Initially, due to their physical similarities, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> were classified together and called "archaebacteria". However, scientists now know that these two domains are hardly similar and are internally distinctly different.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_the_three_domains">Characteristics of the three domains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the three domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/300px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/450px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/600px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" usemap="#ImageMap_ed02889b09267705" resource="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ed02889b09267705"><area href="/wiki/Bacteria" shape="rect" coords="40,0,84,12" alt="Bacteria" title="Bacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Archaea" shape="rect" coords="132,0,176,12" alt="Archaea" title="Archaea" /><area href="/wiki/Eukaryota" shape="rect" coords="209,0,262,12" alt="Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota" /><area href="/wiki/Aquificota" shape="rect" coords="4,125,29,133" alt="Aquifex" title="Aquifex" /><area href="/wiki/Thermotogota" shape="rect" coords="4,112,40,120" alt="Thermotoga" title="Thermotoga" /><area href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" shape="rect" coords="3,93,40,108" alt="Bacteroides–Cytophaga" title="Bacteroides–Cytophaga" /><area href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" shape="rect" coords="2,75,46,84" alt="Planctomyces" title="Planctomyces" /><area href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" shape="rect" coords="5,66,49,73" alt=""Cyanobacteria"" title=""Cyanobacteria"" /><area href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" shape="rect" coords="28,55,71,63" alt="Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" shape="rect" coords="40,32,76,40" alt="Spirochetes" title="Spirochetes" /><area href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" shape="rect" coords="75,42,104,57" alt="Gram-positives" title="Gram-positives" /><area href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" shape="rect" coords="104,31,138,40" alt="Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi" /><area href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" shape="rect" coords="104,78,151,92" alt="Thermoproteus–Pyrodictium" title="Thermoproteus–Pyrodictium" /><area href="/wiki/Thermococcus_celer" shape="rect" coords="111,66,155,78" alt="Thermococcus celer" title="Thermococcus celer" /><area href="/wiki/Methanococcus" shape="rect" coords="114,58,166,66" alt="Methanococcus" title="Methanococcus" /><area href="/wiki/Methanobacterium" shape="rect" coords="111,50,179,58" alt="Methanobacterium" title="Methanobacterium" /><area href="/wiki/Methanosarcina" shape="rect" coords="132,42,178,50" alt="Methanosarcina" title="Methanosarcina" /><area href="/wiki/Halobacteria" shape="rect" coords="174,50,212,59" alt="Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea" /><area href="/wiki/Entamoebae" shape="rect" coords="169,31,208,40" alt="Entamoebae" title="Entamoebae" /><area href="/wiki/Slime_mold" shape="rect" coords="216,29,236,44" alt="Slime molds" title="Slime molds" /><area href="/wiki/Animal" shape="rect" coords="245,32,271,40" alt="Animals" title="Animals" /><area href="/wiki/Fungus" shape="rect" coords="254,41,273,49" alt="Fungi" title="Fungi" /><area href="/wiki/Plant" shape="rect" coords="254,55,275,63" alt="Plants" title="Plants" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliate" shape="rect" coords="254,65,277,73" alt="Ciliates" title="Ciliates" /><area href="/wiki/Flagellate" shape="rect" coords="253,79,286,87" alt="Flagellates" title="Flagellates" /><area href="/wiki/Trichomonad" shape="rect" coords="252,93,294,101" alt="Trichomonads" title="Trichomonads" /><area href="/wiki/Microsporidia" shape="rect" coords="249,108,292,116" alt="Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia" /><area href="/wiki/Diplomonad" shape="rect" coords="247,122,288,131" alt="Diplomonads" title="Diplomonads" /></map><figcaption>A speculatively rooted tree for <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, showing major branches Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_domain_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Two_domain_tree.png/200px-Two_domain_tree.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Two_domain_tree.png/300px-Two_domain_tree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Two_domain_tree.png/400px-Two_domain_tree.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="6190" /></a><figcaption>The three-domain tree and the <a href="/wiki/Eocyte_hypothesis" title="Eocyte hypothesis">eocyte hypothesis</a> (two-domain tree), 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/200px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/300px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/400px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> showing the relationship between the eukaryotes and other forms of life, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotes are colored red, archaea green, and bacteria blue.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">Three-domain system</a></div> <p>Each of these three domains contains unique <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a>. This forms the basis of the three-domain system. While the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_envelope" title="Nuclear envelope">nuclear membrane</a> differentiates the <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, both of which lack a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_envelope" title="Nuclear envelope">nuclear envelope</a>, the Archaea and Bacteria are distinct from each other due to differences in the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> markers.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaea">Archaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></div> <p>Archaea are prokaryotic cells, typically characterized by membrane lipids that are branched <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages. The presence of these ether linkages in Archaea adds to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and highly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> conditions, but many archaea live in mild environments. <a href="/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophiles</a>, organisms that thrive in highly salty environments, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperthermophiles">hyperthermophiles</a>, organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, are examples of Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaea evolved many cell sizes, but all are relatively small. Their size ranges from 0.1 μm to 15 μm diameter and up to 200 μm long. They are about the size of bacteria, or similar in size to the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> found in eukaryotic cells. Members of the genus <a href="/wiki/Thermoplasma" title="Thermoplasma">Thermoplasma</a> are the smallest of the Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycoplasmas">mycoplasmas</a> are two examples of bacteria. Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea, their <a href="/wiki/Cell_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell membranes">cell membranes</a> are instead made of <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid_bilayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholipid bilayers">phospholipid bilayers</a>. Bacteria cell membranes are distinct from Archean membranes: They characteristically have none of the ether linkages that Archaea have. Internally, bacteria have different RNA structures in their <a href="/wiki/Ribosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribosomes">ribosomes</a>, hence they are grouped into a different category. In the two- and three-domain systems, this puts them into a separate domain. </p><p>There is a great deal of diversity in the domain <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>. That diversity is further confounded by the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">exchange of genes</a> between different bacterial lineages. The occurrence of duplicate genes between otherwise distantly-related bacteria makes it nearly impossible to distinguish bacterial species, count the bacterial species on the Earth, or organize them into a tree-like structure (unless the structure includes cross-connections between branches, making it a "network" instead of a "tree").<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eukarya">Eukarya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eukarya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></div> <p>Members of the domain Eukarya – called <i>eukaryotes</i> – have membrane-bound organelles (including a nucleus containing genetic material) and are represented by five <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclusion_of_viruses_and_prions">Exclusion of viruses and prions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exclusion of viruses and prions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></div> <p>The three-domain system includes no form of non-cellular <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>. Stefan Luketa proposed a five-dominion system in 2012, adding <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prionobiota</a> (acellular and without nucleic acid) and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virusobiota</a> (acellular but with nucleic acid) to the traditional three domains.<sup id="cite_ref-Luketa2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luketa2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_classifications">Alternative classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Taxonomical root node </th> <th>Two superdomains (controversial) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">Two empires</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">Three domains</a> </th> <th>Five Dominiums<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Five <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> </th> <th>Six kingdoms </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eocyte_hypothesis" title="Eocyte hypothesis">Eocyte hypothesis</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="tomato" rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biota</a> / Vitae / <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a> </td> <td bgcolor="violet" rowspan="2"><i>Acytota</i> / <i>Aphanobionta</i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="background-color:magenta;">Virusobiota (<a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroids</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="white" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="orchid">Prionobiota (<a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prions</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="orange" rowspan="6"><i>Cytota</i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular life">cellular life</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lavender" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota / Procarya</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="tangelo"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td bgcolor="tangelo"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td bgcolor="darkgray"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="tan" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> including eukaryotes </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" colspan="3" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota / Eukarya</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="pink" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Alternative classifications of life include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">two-empire system</a> or <b>superdomain system</b>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr</a> (1998), with top-level groupings of Prokaryota (or <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>) and Eukaryota.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr1998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eocyte_hypothesis" title="Eocyte hypothesis">eocyte hypothesis</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Lake" title="James A. Lake">Lake</a> <i>et al</i>. (1984),<sup id="cite_ref-Lake_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which posits two domains, Bacteria and Archaea, with Eukaryota included as a subordinate clade branching from Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-Archibald_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibald-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lake_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2domains_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2domains-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_dark_matter" title="Biological dark matter">Biological dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomura" title="Neomura">Neomura</a>, which is the two domains of life of Archaea and Eukaryota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">Protein structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Realm (virology)</a>, an equivalent rank for non-cellular life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2112744">2112744</a>.</cite><span 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(June 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC345305">"Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>81</b> (12): 3786–3790. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PNAS...81.3786L">1984PNAS...81.3786L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.81.12.3786">10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC345305">345305</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6587394">6587394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Eocytes%3A+A+new+ribosome+structure+indicates+a+kingdom+with+a+close+relationship+to+eukaryotes&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3786-3790&rft.date=1984-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC345305%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6587394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.81.12.3786&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PNAS...81.3786L&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Eric&rft.au=Oakes%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Clark%2C+Michael+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC345305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomain+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archibald-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archibald_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald2008" class="citation journal cs1">Archibald, John M. 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Martin</a> (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=199146/704E71B4-8D68-4F3C-93BA-E73C50449593.pdf&pub_id=199146">"An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>504</b> (7479): 231–236. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.504..231W">2013Natur.504..231W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12779">10.1038/nature12779</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24336283">24336283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID 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<tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Realm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Subrealm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><strong>Domain</strong>/Superkingdom</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdom</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Subkingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Infrakingdom/Branch</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Superphylum</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Superdivision (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a></strong>/<strong><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Division (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Subphylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Infraphylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Microphylum</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Superclass</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Class</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Infraclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subterclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Parvclass</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Division (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(taxonomy)" title="Legion (taxonomy)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohort (taxonomy)">Cohort</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Magnorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Superorder</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Order</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Infraorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Parvorder</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(biology)" title="Section (biology)">Section (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">Superfamily</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">Subfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Infrafamily</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Supertribe</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Tribe</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtribe" title="Subtribe">Subtribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Infratribe</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><strong><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></strong></li> <li><a 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