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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cladogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cladogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cladogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cladogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_of_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_of_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Concept of species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_of_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prokaryotic_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prokaryotic_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prokaryotic phyla</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prokaryotic_phyla-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prokaryotic phyla subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prokaryotic_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valid_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valid_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Valid phyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valid_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisional_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Provisional phyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisional_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_domains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Comparison with other domains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relationship to bacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_eukaryotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_eukaryotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relation to eukaryotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_eukaryotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure,_composition_development,_and_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure,_composition_development,_and_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Structure, composition development, and operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure,_composition_development,_and_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure, composition development, and operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure,_composition_development,_and_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cell_wall_and_archaella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_wall_and_archaella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cell wall and archaella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_wall_and_archaella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membranes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membranes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Membranes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membranes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gene_transfer_and_genetic_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_transfer_and_genetic_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gene transfer and genetic exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_transfer_and_genetic_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeal_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeal_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Archaeal viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeal_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Habitats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_chemical_cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_chemical_cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Role in chemical cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_chemical_cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Interactions with other organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Mutualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commensalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commensalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Commensalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commensalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Parasitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_technology_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_technology_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Significance in technology and industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_technology_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Genomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="पूर्वजीवाणु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पूर्वजीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="عتائق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عتائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আৰ্কিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰ্কিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeyl%C9%99r" title="Arxeylər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arxeylər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرکیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرکیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্কিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্কিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-s%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Kó͘-sè-khún – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архейҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Архейҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Археі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Археі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Археі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Археі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueus" title="Arqueus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arqueus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archea" title="Archea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Archea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A6er" title="Arkæer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arkæer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhed" title="Arhed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arhed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%A5eoj" title="Arĥeoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arĥeoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آرکی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرکی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airc%C3%A9igh" title="Aircéigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aircéigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueas" title="Arqueas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arqueas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="고세균 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արքեաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արքեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्राच्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राच्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arheje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeo" title="Archeo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Archeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgunazana" title="INgunazana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgunazana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrnur" title="Fyrnur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrnur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ארכאונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארכאונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆರ್ಕೀಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಕೀಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არქეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архебактериялар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Архебактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeyo" title="Akeyo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akeyo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archea" title="Archea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Archea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheji" title="Arheji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arheji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archae%C3%ABn" title="Archaeën – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Archaeën" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Археяр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Археяр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C4%97ja" title="Archėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Archėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcea" title="Arcea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arcea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche%C3%A1k" title="Archeák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Archeák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF" title="ആർക്കീയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർക്കീയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="ओरिएंटल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओरिएंटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="عتائق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عتائق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အာခီးယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာခီးယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्केया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्केया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="古細菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurbakteerien" title="Uurbakteerien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uurbakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkebakterier" title="Arkebakterier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkebakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkar" title="Arkar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkiyaa" title="Arkiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Arkiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeylar" title="Arxeylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arxeylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਰਕੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਕੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ارکیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارکیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakyea" title="Aakyea – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aakyea" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeony" title="Archeony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Archeony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhee" title="Arhee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_a%C3%B1aki" title="Ñawpa añaki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архейдар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Архейдар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeat" title="Arkeat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkeat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ආකියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආකියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="آرڪيئا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرڪيئا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche%C3%B3ny" title="Archeóny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Archeóny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arheje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کۆنەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Археје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Археје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheja" title="Arheja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arheja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeonit" title="Arkeonit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arkeonit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9er" title="Arkéer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arkéer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeya" title="Arkeya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkeya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆர்க்கீயா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்க்கீயா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Архейләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Архейләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆర్కియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్కియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาร์เคีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์เคีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Бостониён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бостониён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Археї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Археї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%8C%D9%85" title="قدیم جراثیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم جراثیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Cổ khuẩn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheq" title="Arheq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arheq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="ארכעען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארכעען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkiej%C4%97s" title="Arkiejės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arkiejės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10872#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Archaea-article.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Domain of organisms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Archea" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Archaea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Archaea (disambiguation)">Archaea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)">Archaea<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">3420–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50773980251px; width:15.703916975018px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21165677753px; width:10.175705559083px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38736233661px; width:3.6126376633897px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50773980251px; width:29.492260197491px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="color:black;">Pha.</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.15766426554px; width:49.263240864406px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.42090512995px; width:32.84216057627px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26306570622px; width:25.244674096293px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.15766426554px; width:107.35007553697px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:black;">Proterozoic</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:23.591618680621px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.947036542377px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.841810259891px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.736583977405px; width:16.421080288135px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:83.802246403783px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:black;">Archean</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:white;">Had.</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:62.799684715258px; width:187.20031528474px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:62.799684715258px; width:187.20031528474px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:63.799684715258px; width:185.20031528474px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean</a> – present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Archaea.png/220px-Archaea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Archaea.png/330px-Archaea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Archaea.png/440px-Archaea.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="804" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Archaea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Kandler</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" title="Mark Wheelis">Wheelis</a>, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)">Kingdoms<sup id="cite_ref-Petitjean_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petitjean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/DPANN" title="DPANN">DPANN</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeida</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a>" <ul><li>Various prokaryotes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Archaebacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small></li> <li>Mendosicutes <small>Gibbons & Murray, 1978</small></li> <li>Metabacteria <small>Hori and Osawa, 1979</small></li> <li>Neomura <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2002</small></li> <li>Arkarya <small>Forterre, 2015</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Archaea</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/En-us-Archaea.ogg\/En-us-Archaea.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Archaea.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/En-us-Archaea.ogg/En-us-Archaea.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Archaea.ogg" title="File:En-us-Archaea.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ar-<span style="font-size:90%">KEE</span>-ə</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>. Traditionally, Archaea only included its <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotic</a> members, but this sense has been found to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> are now known to have evolved from archaea. Even though the domain Archaea includes eukaryotes, the term "archaea" (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: archaeon <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ar-<span style="font-size:90%">KEE</span>-on</i></a>, from the Greek "αρχαίον", which means ancient) in English still generally refers specifically to prokaryotic members of Archaea. Archaea were initially <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">classified</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, receiving the name archaebacteria (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, in the Archaebacteria <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a>), but this term has fallen out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>. Classification is difficult because most have not been <a href="/wiki/Isolation_(microbiology)" title="Isolation (microbiology)">isolated</a> in a laboratory and have been detected only by their <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene sequences</a> in environmental samples. It is unknown if they are able to produce <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">endospores</a>. </p><p>Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat, square cells of <i><a href="/wiki/Haloquadratum_walsbyi" title="Haloquadratum walsbyi">Haloquadratum walsbyi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> similarity to bacteria, archaea possess <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably for the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translation</a>. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on <a href="/wiki/Ether_lipid" title="Ether lipid">ether lipids</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Archaeol" title="Archaeol">archaeols</a>. Archaea use more diverse energy sources than eukaryotes, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a> such as sugars, to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">metal ions</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen gas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">salt-tolerant</a> <a href="/wiki/Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea">Haloarchaea</a> use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">fix carbon</a> (autotrophy), but unlike plants and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">reproduce asexually</a> by <a href="/wiki/Binary_fission" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary fission">binary fission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(reproduction)" title="Fragmentation (reproduction)">fragmentation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>; unlike bacteria, no known species of Archaea form <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">endospores</a>. The first observed archaea were <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a>, living in extreme environments such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</a> with no other organisms. Improved molecular detection tools led to the discovery of archaea in almost every <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, including soil,<sup id="cite_ref-Chow_2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oceans, and <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshlands</a>. Archaea are particularly numerous in the oceans, and the archaea in <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> may be one of the most abundant groups of organisms on the planet. </p><p>Archaea are a major part of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Earth's life</a>. They are part of the <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> of all organisms. In the <a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">human microbiome</a>, they are important in the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">gut</a>, mouth, and on the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bang2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bang2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their morphological, metabolic, and geographical diversity permits them to play multiple ecological roles: carbon fixation; <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycling</a>; organic compound turnover; and maintaining microbial <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntrophy" title="Syntrophy">syntrophic</a> communities, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-Chow_2022_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No clear examples of archaeal <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> are known. Instead they are often <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensals</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> (methane-producing strains) that inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> in humans and <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, where their vast numbers facilitate <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. Methanogens are also used in <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> production and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> exploits enzymes from extremophile archaea that can endure high temperatures and organic <a href="/wiki/Solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvents">solvents</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_classification">Discovery and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="A_new_domain"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_concept">Early concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption> Archaea were discovered in volcanic <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>. Pictured here is <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring" title="Grand Prismatic Spring">Grand Prismatic Spring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>For much of the 20th century, prokaryotes were regarded as a single group of organisms and classified based on their <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. Microbiologists tried to classify microorganisms based on the structures of their <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>, their shapes, and the substances they consume.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Zuckerkandl" title="Emile Zuckerkandl">Emile Zuckerkandl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead proposed using the sequences of the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> in different prokaryotes to work out how they are related to each other. This <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> approach is the main method used today.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30148503_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30148503-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaea were first classified separately from bacteria in 1977 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Fox" title="George E. Fox">George E. Fox</a>, based on their <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a> (rRNA) genes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (At that time only the <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> were known). They called these groups the <i>Urkingdoms</i> of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, though other researchers treated them as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> or subkingdoms. Woese and Fox gave the first evidence for Archaebacteria as a separate "line of descent": 1. lack of <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> in their cell walls, 2. two unusual coenzymes, 3. results of <a href="/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA" title="16S ribosomal RNA">16S ribosomal RNA</a> gene sequencing. To emphasize this difference, Woese, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Otto Kandler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" title="Mark Wheelis">Mark Wheelis</a> later proposed reclassifying organisms into three natural <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three-domain system</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> and the Archaea,<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Woeseian_revolution" title="Woeseian revolution">Woesian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>archaea</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρχαῖος">ἀρχαῖα</a></span></span>, meaning "ancient things",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the first representatives of the domain Archaea were <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> and it was assumed that their metabolism reflected Earth's primitive atmosphere and the organisms' antiquity, but as new habitats were studied, more organisms were discovered. Extreme <a href="/wiki/Halophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophilic">halophilic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Magrum_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magrum-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperthermophilic">hyperthermophilic</a> microbes<sup id="cite_ref-Stetter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stetter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were also included in Archaea. For a long time, archaea were seen as extremophiles that exist only in extreme habitats such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</a>, but by the end of the 20th century, archaea had been identified in non-extreme environments as well. Today, they are known to be a large and diverse group of organisms abundantly distributed throughout nature.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLong_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLong-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new appreciation of the importance and ubiquity of archaea came from using <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) to detect prokaryotes from environmental samples (such as water or soil) by multiplying their ribosomal genes. This allows the detection and identification of organisms that have not been <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">cultured</a> in the laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">Biological classification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/220px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/330px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/440px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">ARMAN</a> are a group of archaea discovered in <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a> in the early 2000s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The classification of archaea, and of prokaryotes in general, is a rapidly moving and contentious field. Current classification systems aim to organize archaea into groups of organisms that share structural features and common ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Gevers_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gevers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These classifications rely heavily on the use of the sequence of <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a> genes to reveal relationships among organisms (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogenetics</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the culturable and well-investigated species of archaea are members of two main <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a> (formerly Crenarchaeota). Other groups have been tentatively created, such as the peculiar species <i><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeum_equitans" title="Nanoarchaeum equitans">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a></i> — discovered in 2003 and assigned its own phylum, the "<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new phylum "<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>" has also been proposed, containing a small group of unusual thermophilic species sharing features of both the main phyla, but most closely related to the Thermoproteota.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other detected species of archaea are only distantly related to any of these groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a> (ARMAN, comprising <a href="/wiki/Micrarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrarchaeota">Micrarchaeota</a> and Parvarchaeota), which were discovered in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are some of the smallest organisms known.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A superphylum – TACK – which includes the Thaumarchaeota (now <a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Aigarchaeota" title="Aigarchaeota">Aigarchaeota</a>", Crenarchaeota (now <a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a>), and "<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>" was proposed in 2011 to be related to the origin of eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the newly discovered and newly named <a href="/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgard (archaea)">Asgard</a> superphylum was proposed to be more closely related to the original eukaryote and a sister group to TACK.<sup id="cite_ref-ZN_Asgard2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZN_Asgard2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the superphylum DPANN was proposed to group "<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Nanohaloarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanohaloarchaeota">Nanohaloarchaeota</a>", <a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a> (ARMAN, comprising "<a href="/wiki/Micrarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrarchaeota">Micrarchaeota</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Parvarchaeota" title="Parvarchaeota">Parvarchaeota</a>"), and other similar archaea. This archaeal superphylum encompasses at least 10 different lineages and includes organisms with extremely small cell and genome sizes and limited metabolic capabilities. Therefore, DPANN may include members obligately dependent on symbiotic interactions, and may even include novel parasites. However, other phylogenetic analyses found that DPANN does not form a monophyletic group, and that the apparent grouping is caused by <a href="/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">long branch attraction</a> (LBA), suggesting that all these lineages belong to "Euryarchaeota".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petitjean_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petitjean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cladogram">Cladogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cladogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <br /><small>Last update: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/">GDTB</a> has been updated. Release 09-RS220 (24 April 2024) includes 19 archaeal phyla (−1), 64 classes (+4)</small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Tom A. Williams <i>et al.</i> 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-WT2017_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castelle & Banfield (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-CCBJ2018_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCBJ2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/GTDB" class="mw-redirect" title="GTDB">GTDB</a> release 08-RS214 (28 April 2023):<sup id="cite_ref-about_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tree_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tree-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taxon_history_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxon_history-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">Tom A. Williams <i>et al.</i> 2017<sup id="cite_ref-WT2017_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Castelle & Banfield 2018<sup id="cite_ref-CCBJ2018_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCBJ2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="1">08-RS214 (28 April 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-about_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tree_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tree-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taxon_history_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxon_history-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%; line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Archaea</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/DPANN" title="DPANN">DPANN</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Altarchaeales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altarchaeales (page does not exist)">Altarchaeales</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Diapherotrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapherotrites">Diapherotrites</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Micrarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrarchaeota">Micrarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Aenigmarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aenigmarchaeota">Aenigmarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Nanohaloarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanohaloarchaeota">Nanohaloarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavarchaeota (page does not exist)">Pavarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamarchaeota (page does not exist)">Mamarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Woesarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woesarchaeota (page does not exist)">Woesarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Pacearchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacearchaeota">Pacearchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermococci" title="Thermococci">Thermococci</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus" title="Pyrococcus">Pyrococci</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanococci" title="Methanococci">Methanococci</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanopyri" title="Methanopyri">Methanopyri</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeoglobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeoglobi">Archaeoglobi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanocellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanocellales">Methanocellales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanomicrobiales" title="Methanomicrobiales">Methanomicrobiales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasmatales" title="Thermoplasmatales">Thermoplasmatales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanomassiliicoccales" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanomassiliicoccales">Methanomassiliicoccales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aciduliprofundum_boonei" title="Aciduliprofundum boonei">Aciduliprofundum boonei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasma" title="Thermoplasma">Thermoplasma</a> volcanium</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">"<a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/TACK" title="TACK">TACK</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Aigarchaeota" title="Aigarchaeota">Aigarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoarchaeota">Geoarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Bathyarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyarchaeota">Bathyarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">"<a href="/wiki/Eukaryomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryomorpha">Eukaryomorpha</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgard (archaea)">Asgard</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Odinarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinarchaeota">Odinarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeota" title="Thorarchaeota">Thorarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helarchaeota (page does not exist)">Helarchaeota</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-SK2018_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota" title="Heimdallarchaeota">Heimdallarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">(<small>+<a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">α-Proteobacteria</a></small>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%; line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Archaea </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Undinarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undinarchaeota (page does not exist)">Undinarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huberarchaeaota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huberarchaeaota (page does not exist)">Huberarchaeaota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Aenigmarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aenigmarchaeota">Aenigmarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Nanohaloarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanohaloarchaeota">Nanohalarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Altarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altarchaeota (page does not exist)">Altarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Iainarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Iainarchaeota">Iainarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Micrarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrarchaeota">Micrarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid red;"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Hadarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadarchaeota">Hadarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Methanobacteriota_B </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermococci" title="Thermococci">Thermococci</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"Methanomada" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrothermarchaeota (page does not exist)">Hydrothermarchaeota</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">"<a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriota" title="Methanobacteriota">Methanobacteriota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanopyri" title="Methanopyri">Methanopyri</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanococci" title="Methanococci">Methanococci</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"Neoeuryarchaeota" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoplasmatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoplasmatota (page does not exist)">Thermoplasmatota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Izemarchaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izemarchaea (page does not exist)">Izemarchaea</a>" (MBG-D, E2) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poseidoniia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poseidoniia (page does not exist)">Poseidoniia</a>" (MGII & MGIII) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasmata" title="Thermoplasmata">Thermoplasmata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacteriota (page does not exist)">Halobacteriota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeoglobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeoglobi">Archaeoglobia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanoliparia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanoliparia (page does not exist)">Methanoliparia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntropharchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntropharchaeia (page does not exist)">Syntropharchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanocellia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanocellia (page does not exist)">Methanocellia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanosarcinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanosarcinia (page does not exist)">Methanosarcinia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>Methanosarcinia_A </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Methanomicrobia" title="Methanomicrobia">Methanomicrobia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanonatronarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanonatronarchaeia (page does not exist)">Methanonatronarchaeia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:2px solid red;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">"<a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgard (archaea)">Asgardaeota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sifarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sifarchaeia (page does not exist)">Sifarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wukongarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wukongarchaeia (page does not exist)">Wukongarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallarchaeia">Heimdallarchaeia</a>" (inc. <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jordarchaeia (page does not exist)">Jordarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldrarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldrarchaeia (page does not exist)">Baldrarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorarchaeia">Thorarchaeia</a>" (MBG-B) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Odinarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinarchaeia">Odinarchaeia</a>" (LCB_4) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermodarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermodarchaeia (page does not exist)">Hermodarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokiarchaeia">Lokiarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Korarchaeia">Korarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Bathyarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyarchaeia">Bathyarchaeia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Nitrososphaeria_A </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrososphaeria">Nitrososphaeria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"Sulfobacteria" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanomethylicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanomethylicia (page does not exist)">Methanomethylicia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Thermoprotei" title="Thermoprotei">Thermoproteia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfolobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfolobia (page does not exist)">Sulfolobia</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:6.36em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:-23.2em;color:black;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/DPANN" title="DPANN">DPANN</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;top:-2em;color:black;white-space:nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_of_species">Concept of species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concept of species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classification of archaea into species is also controversial. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> definition — a <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductively isolated</a> group of interbreeding organisms — does not apply, as archaea reproduce only asexually.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaea show high levels of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a> between lineages. Some researchers suggest that individuals can be grouped into species-like populations given highly similar genomes and infrequent gene transfer to/from cells with less-related genomes, as in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, studies in <i><a href="/wiki/Halorubrum" title="Halorubrum">Halorubrum</a></i> found significant genetic transfer to/from less-related populations, limiting the criterion's applicability.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers question whether such species designations have practical meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current knowledge on genetic diversity in archaeans is fragmentary, so the total number of species cannot be estimated with any accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of phyla range from 18 to 23, of which only 8 have representatives that have been cultured and studied directly. Many of these hypothesized groups are known from a single rRNA sequence, so the level of diversity remains obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation is also seen in the Bacteria; many uncultured microbes present similar issues with characterization.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prokaryotic_phyla">Prokaryotic phyla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prokaryotic phyla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valid_phyla">Valid phyla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Valid phyla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following phyla have been validly published according to the <a href="/wiki/Bacteriological_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriological Code">Bacteriological Code</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriota" title="Methanobacteriota">Methanobacteriota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcaldota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microcaldota (page does not exist)">Microcaldota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanobdellota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanobdellota (page does not exist)">Nanobdellota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asgard_(Archaea)" title="Asgard (Archaea)">Promethearchaeota</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></i> (syn. <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisional_phyla">Provisional phyla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Provisional phyla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following phyla have been proposed, but have not been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code (including those that have <i><a href="/wiki/Candidatus" title="Candidatus">candidatus</a></i> status): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 250px;"> <ul><li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Aenigmarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aenigmarchaeota">Aenigmarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Aigarchaeota" title="Aigarchaeota">Aigarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiarchaeota (page does not exist)">Altiarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Asgardaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgardaeota">Asgardaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Bathyarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyarchaeota">Bathyarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brockarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brockarchaeota (page does not exist)">Brockarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Diapherotrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapherotrites">Diapherotrites</a>"</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a></i>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoarchaeota">Geoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Hadarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadarchaeota">Hadarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadesarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadesarchaeota (page does not exist)">Hadesarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacterota (page does not exist)">Halobacterota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota" title="Heimdallarchaeota">Heimdallarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helarchaeota (page does not exist)">Helarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huberarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huberarchaeota (page does not exist)">Huberarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrothermarchaeota (page does not exist)">Hydrothermarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokiarchaeia">Lokiarchaeia</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamarchaeota (page does not exist)">Mamarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsarchaeota (page does not exist)">Marsarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Micrarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrarchaeota">Micrarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Nanohaloarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanohaloarchaeota">Nanohaloarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nezhaarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nezhaarchaeota (page does not exist)">Nezhaarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Odinarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinarchaeota">Odinarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Pacearchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacearchaeota">Pacearchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Parvarchaeota" title="Parvarchaeota">Parvarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoplasmatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoplasmatota (page does not exist)">Thermoplasmatota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeota" title="Thorarchaeota">Thorarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undinarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undinarchaeota (page does not exist)">Undinarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verstraetearchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verstraetearchaeota (page does not exist)">Verstraetearchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<i>Candidatus</i> <a href="/wiki/Woesearchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Woesearchaeota">Woesearchaeota</a>"</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origin and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of evolution">Timeline of evolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a> is about 4.54 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1997_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">life began</a> on Earth at least 3.5 <a href="/wiki/Billion_years_ago" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion years ago">billion years ago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AmSci_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmSci-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AT-20120904_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-20120904-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life on Earth</a> is <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> found to be <a href="/wiki/Biogenic_substance" title="Biogenic substance">biogenic</a> in 3.7-billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Metasediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasediment">metasedimentary rocks</a> discovered in <a href="/wiki/Western_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greenland">Western Greenland</a><sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">microbial mat</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> found in 3.48-billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> discovered in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20131113_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, possible remains of <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic matter</a> were found in 4.1-billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although probable prokaryotic cell <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> date to almost 3.5 <a href="/wiki/Bya" title="Bya">billion years ago</a>, most prokaryotes do not have distinctive morphologies, and fossil shapes cannot be used to identify them as archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_fossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical fossil">chemical fossils</a> of unique <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> are more informative because such compounds do not occur in other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some publications suggest that archaeal or eukaryotic lipid remains are present in <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> dating from 2.7 billion years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though such data have since been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lipids have also been detected in even older rocks from west <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. The oldest such traces come from the <a href="/wiki/Isua_greenstone_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Isua greenstone belt">Isua district</a>, which includes Earth's oldest known sediments, formed 3.8 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeal lineage may be the most ancient that exists on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woese argued that the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes represent separate lines of descent that diverged early on from an ancestral colony of organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woese1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possibility<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kandler_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandler-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that this occurred before the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">evolution of cells</a>, when the lack of a typical cell membrane allowed unrestricted <a href="/wiki/Lateral_gene_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral gene transfer">lateral gene transfer</a>, and that the common ancestors of the three domains arose by fixation of specific subsets of genes.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kandler_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandler-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of bacteria and archaea was a <a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">thermophile</a>, which raises the possibility that lower temperatures are "extreme environments" for archaea, and organisms that live in cooler environments appeared only later.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since archaea and bacteria are no more related to each other than they are to eukaryotes, the term <i>prokaryote</i> may suggest a false similarity between them.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8177167_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8177167-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, structural and functional similarities between lineages often occur because of shared ancestral traits or <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">evolutionary convergence</a>. These similarities are known as a <i>grade</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> are best thought of as a grade of life, characterized by such features as an absence of membrane-bound organelles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_other_domains">Comparison with other domains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparison with other domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table compares some major characteristics of the three domains, to illustrate their similarities and differences.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th>Property </th> <th>Archaea </th> <th width="27%">Bacteria </th> <th>Eukaryota </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Cell membrane</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">Ether</a>-linked <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Ester</a>-linked lipids </td> <td>Ester-linked lipids </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoprotein</a>, or <a href="/wiki/S-layer" title="S-layer">S-layer</a>; rarely <a href="/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglycan" title="Pseudopeptidoglycan">pseudopeptidoglycan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">Peptidoglycan</a>, S-layer, or no cell wall </td> <td>Various structures </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a> structure</b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Circular_chromosome" title="Circular chromosome">Circular chromosomes</a>, similar <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> to Eukaryota </td> <td>Circular chromosomes, unique translation and transcription </td> <td>Multiple, linear chromosomes, but translation and transcription similar to Archaea </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b>Internal <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> structure</b> </th> <td>No membrane-bound <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> (?<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus (biology)">nucleus</a> </td> <td>No membrane-bound organelles or nucleus </td> <td>Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </th> <td>Various, including <a href="/wiki/Diazotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diazotrophy">diazotrophy</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a> unique to Archaea </td> <td>Various, including <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>, diazotrophy, and <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophy</a> </td> <td>Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation; no diazotrophy </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">Asexual reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a> </td> <td>Asexual reproduction, horizontal gene transfer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual</a> and asexual reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><b>Protein synthesis initiation</b></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formylmethionine" class="mw-redirect" title="Formylmethionine">Formylmethionine</a> </td> <td>Methionine </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a></b> </th> <td>One </td> <td>One </td> <td>Many </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/EEF2" title="EEF2">EF-2</a>/<a href="/wiki/EF-G" title="EF-G">EF-G</a></b> </th> <td>Sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">diphtheria toxin</a> </td> <td>Resistant to diphtheria toxin </td> <td>Sensitive to diphtheria toxin </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Archaea were split off as a third domain because of the large differences in their ribosomal RNA structure. The particular molecule <a href="/wiki/16S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="16S rRNA">16S rRNA</a> is key to the production of proteins in all organisms. Because this function is so central to life, organisms with mutations in their 16S rRNA are unlikely to survive, leading to great (but not absolute) stability in the structure of this polynucleotide over generations. 16S rRNA is large enough to show organism-specific variations, but still small enough to be compared quickly. In 1977, Carl Woese, a microbiologist studying the genetic sequences of organisms, developed a new comparison method that involved splitting the RNA into fragments that could be sorted and compared with other fragments from other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more similar the patterns between species, the more closely they are related.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woese used his new rRNA comparison method to categorize and contrast different organisms. He compared a variety of species and happened upon a group of methanogens with rRNA vastly different from any known prokaryotes or eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methanogens were much more similar to each other than to other organisms, leading Woese to propose the new domain of Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experiments showed that the archaea were genetically more similar to eukaryotes than prokaryotes, even though they were more similar to prokaryotes in structure.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the conclusion that Archaea and Eukarya shared a common ancestor more recent than Eukarya and Bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the nucleus occurred after the split between Bacteria and this common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One property unique to archaea is the abundant use of ether-linked lipids in their cell membranes. Ether linkages are more chemically stable than the ester linkages found in bacteria and eukarya, which may be a contributing factor to the ability of many archaea to survive in extreme environments that place heavy stress on cell membranes, such as extreme heat and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>. Comparative analysis of archaeal genomes has also identified several molecular <a href="/wiki/Conserved_signature_indels" title="Conserved signature indels">conserved signature indels</a> and signature proteins uniquely present in either all archaea or different main groups within archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another unique feature of archaea, found in no other organisms, is <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a> (the metabolic production of methane). Methanogenic archaea play a pivotal role in ecosystems with organisms that derive energy from oxidation of methane, many of which are bacteria, as they are often a major source of methane in such environments and can play a role as primary producers. <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogens</a> also play a critical role in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, breaking down organic carbon into methane, which is also a major greenhouse gas.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This difference in the biochemical structure of Bacteria and Archaea has been explained by researchers through evolutionary processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (October 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> It is theorized that both <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a> originated at deep sea alkaline <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent_microbial_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent microbial communities">hydrothermal vents</a>. At least twice, microbes evolved lipid biosynthesis and cell wall biochemistry. It has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last universal common ancestor</a> was a non-free-living organism.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have had a permeable membrane composed of bacterial simple chain amphiphiles (fatty acids), including archaeal simple chain amphiphiles (isoprenoids). These stabilize fatty acid membranes in seawater; this property may have driven the divergence of bacterial and archaeal membranes, "with the later biosynthesis of phospholipids giving rise to the unique G1P and G3P headgroups of archaea and bacteria respectively. If so, the properties conferred by membrane isoprenoids place the lipid divide as early as the origin of life".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_bacteria">Relationship to bacteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationship to bacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/350px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/525px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/700px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="741" usemap="#ImageMap_ed9da6279b4b4a0c" resource="/wiki/File:Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ed9da6279b4b4a0c"><area href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" shape="rect" coords="28,165,99,175" alt="Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota" /><area href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" shape="rect" coords="16,145,90,153" alt="Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota" /><area href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" shape="rect" coords="14,127,87,135" alt="Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota" /><area href="/wiki/Protozoa" shape="rect" coords="36,96,80,104" alt="Protozoa" title="Protozoa" /><area href="/wiki/Algae" shape="rect" coords="61,63,89,72" alt="Algae" title="Algae" /><area href="/wiki/Plant" shape="rect" coords="70,47,100,55" alt="Plant" title="Plant" /><area href="/wiki/Slime_molds" shape="rect" coords="51,34,118,42" alt="Slime molds" title="Slime molds" /><area href="/wiki/Animal" shape="rect" coords="99,21,140,29" alt="Animal" title="Animal" /><area href="/wiki/Fungus" shape="rect" coords="146,19,173,28" alt="Fungus" title="Fungus" /><area href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" shape="rect" coords="179,15,253,25" alt="Gram-positive bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" shape="rect" coords="192,28,249,38" alt="Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota" /><area href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" shape="rect" coords="211,42,333,50" alt="Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota" /><area href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" shape="rect" coords="235,58,307,66" alt="Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota" /><area href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" shape="rect" coords="250,74,328,84" alt="Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota" /><area href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" shape="rect" coords="255,93,319,103" alt="Spirochaetota" title="Spirochaetota" /><area href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" shape="rect" coords="255,118,318,125" alt="Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota" /><area href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" shape="rect" coords="254,137,343,160" alt="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Thermophiles" shape="rect" coords="240,164,321,184" alt="Thermophiles" title="Thermophiles" /><area href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" shape="rect" coords="212,194,281,202" alt="Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota" /><area href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" shape="rect" coords="129,205,201,213" alt="Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota" /></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> showing the relationship between the Archaea and other domains of life. <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> are colored red, archaea green and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> blue. Adapted from Ciccarelli et al. (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Cicc06_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicc06-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The relationships among the <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three domains</a> are of central importance for understanding the origin of life. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a>, which are the object of the majority of an organism's genes, are common between Archaea and Bacteria, while most genes involved in <a href="/wiki/Genome_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome expression">genome expression</a> are common between Archaea and Eukarya.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within prokaryotes, archaeal cell structure is most similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">gram-positive</a> bacteria, largely because both have a single lipid bilayer<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually contain a thick sacculus (exoskeleton) of varying chemical composition.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some phylogenetic trees based upon different gene/protein sequences of prokaryotic homologs, the archaeal homologs are more closely related to those of gram-positive bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaea and gram-positive bacteria also share conserved <a href="/wiki/Indels" class="mw-redirect" title="Indels">indels</a> in a number of important proteins, such as <a href="/wiki/Hsp70" title="Hsp70">Hsp70</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase" title="Glutamine synthetase">glutamine synthetase</a> I;<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-1_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the phylogeny of these genes was interpreted to reveal interdomain gene transfer,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and might not reflect the organismal relationship(s).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26323756_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26323756-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proposed that the archaea evolved from gram-positive bacteria in response to antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">selection pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-1_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-3_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is suggested by the observation that archaea are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics that are produced primarily by gram-positive bacteria,<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-1_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-2_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that these antibiotics act primarily on the genes that distinguish archaea from bacteria. The proposal is that the selective pressure towards resistance generated by the gram-positive antibiotics was eventually sufficient to cause extensive changes in many of the antibiotics' target genes, and that these strains represented the common ancestors of present-day Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-3_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of Archaea in response to antibiotic selection, or any other competitive selective pressure, could also explain their adaptation to extreme environments (such as high temperature or acidity) as the result of a search for unoccupied niches to escape from antibiotic-producing organisms;<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-3_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a> has made a similar suggestion, the <a href="/wiki/Neomura" title="Neomura">Neomura</a> hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal is also supported by other work investigating protein structural relationships<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and studies that suggest that gram-positive bacteria may constitute the earliest branching lineages within the prokaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_eukaryotes">Relation to eukaryotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relation to eukaryotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">Symbiogenesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg/400px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg/600px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg/800px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption>In the theory of <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a>, a merger of an <a href="/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgard (archaea)">Asgard archaean</a> and an aerobic bacterium created the <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, with aerobic <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>; a second merger added <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">green plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-latorre_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latorre-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The evolutionary relationship between archaea and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> remains unclear. Aside from the similarities in cell structure and function that are discussed below, many genetic trees group the two.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29123225_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29123225-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complicating factors include claims that the relationship between eukaryotes and the archaeal phylum <a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a> is closer than the relationship between the "<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>" and the phylum Thermoproteota<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the presence of archaea-like genes in certain bacteria, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thermotoga_maritima" title="Thermotoga maritima">Thermotoga maritima</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard hypothesis states that the ancestor of the eukaryotes diverged early from the Archaea,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that eukaryotes arose through <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a>, the fusion of an archaean and a eubacterium, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>; this hypothesis explains the genetic similarities between the groups.<sup id="cite_ref-latorre_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latorre-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eocyte_hypothesis" title="Eocyte hypothesis">eocyte hypothesis</a> instead posits that <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> emerged relatively late from the Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-2domains_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2domains-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lineage of archaea discovered in 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokiarchaeum">Lokiarchaeum</a></i> (of the proposed new phylum "<a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a>"), named for a <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vent</a> called <a href="/wiki/Loki%27s_Castle" title="Loki's Castle">Loki's Castle</a> in the Arctic Ocean, was found to be the most closely related to eukaryotes known at that time. It has been called a transitional organism between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150506_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150506-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several sister phyla of "Lokiarchaeota" have since been found ("<a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeota" title="Thorarchaeota">Thorarchaeota</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Odinarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinarchaeota">Odinarchaeota</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota" title="Heimdallarchaeota">Heimdallarchaeota</a>"), all together comprising a newly proposed supergroup <a href="/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgard (archaea)">Asgard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZN_Asgard2017_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZN_Asgard2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Details of the relation of Asgard members and eukaryotes are still under consideration,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31384702_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31384702-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although, in January 2020, scientists reported that <i><a href="/wiki/Candidatus_Prometheoarchaeum_syntrophicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum">Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum</a></i>, a type of Asgard archaea, may be a possible link between simple <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> and complex <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> microorganisms about two billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-2020115_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-2020115-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20200115_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20200115-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARC-200929_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARC-200929-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual archaea range from 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a> (μm) to over 15 μm in diameter, and occur in various shapes, commonly as spheres, rods, spirals or plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergey_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergey-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other morphologies in the <a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a> include irregularly shaped lobed cells in <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a></i>, needle-like filaments that are less than half a micrometer in diameter in <i><a href="/wiki/Thermofilum" title="Thermofilum">Thermofilum</a></i>, and almost perfectly rectangular rods in <i><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteus" title="Thermoproteus">Thermoproteus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrobaculum" title="Pyrobaculum">Pyrobaculum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaea in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Haloquadratum" title="Haloquadratum">Haloquadratum</a></i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Haloquadratum_walsbyi" title="Haloquadratum walsbyi">Haloquadratum walsbyi</a></i> are flat, square specimens that live in hypersaline pools.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsby1980_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsby1980-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These unusual shapes are probably maintained by both their cell walls and a <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton" title="Prokaryotic cytoskeleton">prokaryotic cytoskeleton</a>. Proteins related to the cytoskeleton components of other organisms exist in archaea,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and filaments form within their cells,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in contrast with other organisms, these cellular structures are poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasma" title="Thermoplasma">Thermoplasma</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a></i> the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> means that the cells have irregular shapes, and can resemble <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoebae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golyshina_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golyshina-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species form aggregates or filaments of cells up to 200 μm long.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergey_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergey-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisms can be prominent in <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, aggregates of <i><a href="/wiki/Thermococcus" title="Thermococcus">Thermococcus</a> coalescens</i> cells fuse together in culture, forming single giant cells.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaea in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrodictium" title="Pyrodictium">Pyrodictium</a></i> produce an elaborate multicell colony involving arrays of long, thin hollow tubes called <i>cannulae</i> that stick out from the cells' surfaces and connect them into a dense bush-like agglomeration.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of these cannulae is not settled, but they may allow communication or nutrient exchange with neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-species colonies exist, such as the "string-of-pearls" community that was discovered in 2001 in a German swamp. Round whitish colonies of a novel Euryarchaeota species are spaced along thin filaments that can range up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long; these filaments are made of a particular bacteria species.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure,_composition_development,_and_operation"><span id="Structure.2C_composition_development.2C_and_operation"></span>Structure, composition development, and operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structure, composition development, and operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaea and bacteria have generally similar <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> structure, but cell composition and organization set the archaea apart. Like bacteria, archaea lack interior membranes and <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8177167_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8177167-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like bacteria, the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> of archaea are usually bounded by a <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> and they swim using one or more <a href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">flagella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structurally, archaea are most similar to <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">gram-positive bacteria</a>. Most have a single plasma membrane and cell wall, and lack a <a href="/wiki/Periplasmic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplasmic space">periplasmic space</a>; the exception to this general rule is <i><a href="/wiki/Ignicoccus" title="Ignicoccus">Ignicoccus</a></i>, which possess a particularly large periplasm that contains membrane-bound <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (biology)">vesicles</a> and is enclosed by an outer membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_wall_and_archaella">Cell wall and archaella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cell wall and archaella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall#Archaeal_cell_walls" title="Cell wall">Cell wall § Archaeal cell walls</a></div> <p>Most archaea (but not <i><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasma" title="Thermoplasma">Thermoplasma</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a></i>) possess a cell wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Golyshina_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golyshina-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most archaea, the wall is assembled from surface-layer proteins, which form an <a href="/wiki/S-layer" title="S-layer">S-layer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An S-layer is a rigid array of protein molecules that cover the outside of the cell (like <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">chain mail</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This layer provides both chemical and physical protection, and can prevent <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> from contacting the cell membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandler1998_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandler1998-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike bacteria, archaea lack <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> in their cell walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Howland_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howland-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriales" title="Methanobacteriales">Methanobacteriales</a> do have cell walls containing <a href="/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglycan" title="Pseudopeptidoglycan">pseudopeptidoglycan</a>, which resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure, but pseudopeptidoglycan is distinct in chemical structure; it lacks <a href="/wiki/D-amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="D-amino acids">D-amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/N-acetylmuramic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="N-acetylmuramic acid">N-acetylmuramic acid</a>, substituting the latter with <a href="/wiki/N-Acetyltalosaminuronic_acid" title="N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acid">N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandler1998_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandler1998-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeal flagella are known as <a href="/wiki/Archaellum" title="Archaellum">archaella</a>, that operate like bacterial <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> – their long stalks are driven by rotatory motors at the base. These motors are powered by a <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient" title="Electrochemical gradient">proton gradient</a> across the membrane, but archaella are notably different in composition and development.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two types of flagella evolved from different ancestors. The bacterial flagellum shares a common ancestor with the <a href="/wiki/Type_III_secretion_system" title="Type III secretion system">type III secretion system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while archaeal flagella appear to have evolved from bacterial <a href="/wiki/Type_IV_pili" class="mw-redirect" title="Type IV pili">type IV pili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with the bacterial flagellum, which is hollow and assembled by subunits moving up the central pore to the tip of the flagella, archaeal flagella are synthesized by adding subunits at the base.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membranes">Membranes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Membranes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaea_membrane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/330px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/495px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/660px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Membrane structures. <b>Top</b>, an archaeal phospholipid: <b>1</b>, isoprene chains; <b>2</b>, ether linkages; <b>3</b>, <a href="/wiki/Levorotation_and_dextrorotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Levorotation and dextrorotation">L-glycerol</a> <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a>; <b>4</b>, phosphate group. <b>Middle</b>, a bacterial or eukaryotic phospholipid: <b>5</b>, fatty acid chains; <b>6</b>, ester linkages; <b>7</b>, <a href="/wiki/Levorotation_and_dextrorotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Levorotation and dextrorotation">D-glycerol</a> moiety; <b>8</b>, phosphate group. <b>Bottom</b>: <b>9</b>, lipid bilayer of bacteria and eukaryotes; <b>10</b>, lipid monolayer of some archaea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeal membranes are made of molecules that are distinctly different from those in all other life forms, showing that archaea are related only distantly to bacteria and eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Koga_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koga-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all organisms, <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> are made of molecules known as <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>. These molecules possess both a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> part that dissolves in water (the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> "head"), and a "greasy" non-polar part that does not (the lipid tail). These dissimilar parts are connected by a <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> moiety. In water, phospholipids cluster, with the heads facing the water and the tails facing away from it. The major structure in cell membranes is a double layer of these phospholipids, which is called a <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29739208_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29739208-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phospholipids of archaea are unusual in four ways: </p> <ul><li>They have membranes composed of glycerol-<a href="/wiki/Ether_lipid" title="Ether lipid">ether lipids</a>, whereas bacteria and eukaryotes have membranes composed mainly of glycerol-<a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference is the type of bond that joins the lipids to the glycerol moiety; the two types are shown in yellow in the figure at the right. In ester lipids this is an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester bond</a>, whereas in ether lipids this is an <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25229144_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25229144-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">stereochemistry</a> of the archaeal glycerol moiety is the mirror image of that found in other organisms. The glycerol moiety can occur in two forms that are mirror images of one another, called <i><a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a></i>. Just as a right hand does not fit easily into a left-handed glove, enantiomers of one type generally cannot be used or made by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> adapted for the other. The archaeal phospholipids are built on a backbone of <i>sn</i>-glycerol-1-phosphate, which is an enantiomer of <i>sn</i>-glycerol-3-phosphate, the phospholipid backbone found in bacteria and eukaryotes. This suggests that archaea use entirely different enzymes for synthesizing phospholipids as compared to bacteria and eukaryotes. Such enzymes developed very early in life's history, indicating an early split from the other two domains.<sup id="cite_ref-Koga_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koga-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Archaeal lipid tails differ from those of other organisms in that they are based upon long <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprenoid</a> chains with multiple side-branches, sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">cyclopropane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane" title="Cyclohexane">cyclohexane</a> rings.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> in the membranes of other organisms have straight chains without side branches or rings. Although isoprenoids play an important role in the biochemistry of many organisms, only the archaea use them to make phospholipids. These branched chains may help prevent archaeal membranes from leaking at high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In some archaea, the lipid bilayer is replaced by a monolayer. In effect, the archaea fuse the tails of two phospholipid molecules into a single molecule with two polar heads (a <a href="/wiki/Bolaamphiphile" title="Bolaamphiphile">bolaamphiphile</a>); this fusion may make their membranes more rigid and better able to resist harsh environments.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the lipids in <i><a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a></i> are of this type, which is thought to aid this organism's survival in its highly acidic habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">Microbial metabolism</a></div> <p>Archaea exhibit a great variety of chemical reactions in their <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and use many sources of energy. These reactions are classified into <a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">nutritional groups</a>, depending on energy and carbon sources. Some archaea obtain energy from <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (they are <a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">chemotrophs</a>). These include <a href="/wiki/Nitrifying_bacteria" title="Nitrifying bacteria">nitrifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxidiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidiser">oxidisers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-valentine_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valentine-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these reactions one compound passes electrons to another (in a <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> reaction), releasing energy to fuel the cell's activities. One compound acts as an <a href="/wiki/Electron_donor" title="Electron donor">electron donor</a> and one as an <a href="/wiki/Electron_acceptor" title="Electron acceptor">electron acceptor</a>. The energy released is used to generate <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP) through <a href="/wiki/Chemiosmosis" title="Chemiosmosis">chemiosmosis</a>, the same basic process that happens in the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a> of eukaryotic cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Schafer_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schafer-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other groups of archaea use sunlight as a source of energy (they are <a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">phototrophs</a>), but oxygen–generating <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> does not occur in any of these organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Schafer_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schafer-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many basic <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> are shared among all forms of life; for example, archaea use a modified form of <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Entner%E2%80%93Doudoroff_pathway" title="Entner–Doudoroff pathway">Entner–Doudoroff pathway</a>) and either a complete or partial <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zillig_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zillig-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These similarities to other organisms probably reflect both early origins in the history of life and their high level of efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>Nutritional types in archaeal metabolism </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nutritional type </th> <th>Source of energy </th> <th>Source of carbon </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototrophs</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Sunlight  </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Organic compounds  </td> <td> <i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotrophs</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Inorganic compounds </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Organic compounds or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a> </td> <td> <i><a href="/wiki/Ferroglobus" title="Ferroglobus">Ferroglobus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrolobus" title="Pyrolobus">Pyrolobus</a></i>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Organotroph" title="Organotroph">Organotrophs</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Organic compounds  </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Organic compounds or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a>  </td> <td> <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus" title="Pyrococcus">Pyrococcus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a></i>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some Euryarchaeota are <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> (archaea that produce methane as a result of metabolism) living in <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic environment">anaerobic environments</a>, such as swamps. This form of metabolism evolved early, and it is even possible that the first free-living organism was a methanogen.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common reaction involves the use of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> as an electron acceptor to oxidize <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. Methanogenesis involves a range of <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">coenzymes</a> that are unique to these archaea, such as <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_M" title="Coenzyme M">coenzyme M</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanofuran" title="Methanofuran">methanofuran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other organic compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a> are used as alternative <a href="/wiki/Electron_acceptor" title="Electron acceptor">electron acceptors</a> by methanogens. These reactions are common in <a href="/wiki/Gut_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (zoology)">gut</a>-dwelling archaea. <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a> is also broken down into methane and carbon dioxide directly, by <i>acetotrophic</i> archaea. These acetotrophs are archaea in the order <a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a>, and are a major part of the communities of microorganisms that produce <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacteriorhodopsin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/170px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/255px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/340px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Bacteriorhodopsin from <i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum" title="Halobacterium salinarum">Halobacterium salinarum</a></i>. The retinol <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> and residues involved in proton transfer are shown as <a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">ball-and-stick models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Other archaea use <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> as a source of carbon, in a process called <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a> (they are <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a>). This process involves either a highly modified form of the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycle</a><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or another metabolic pathway called the 3-hydroxypropionate/ 4-hydroxybutyrate cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thermoproteota also use the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle" title="Reverse Krebs cycle">reverse Krebs cycle</a> while the "Euryarchaeota" also use the <a href="/wiki/Reductive_acetyl-CoA_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway">reductive acetyl-CoA pathway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon fixation is powered by inorganic energy sources. No known archaea carry out <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a> is the only known phototroph archeon but it uses an alternative process to photosynthesis). Archaeal energy sources are extremely diverse, and range from the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nitrosopumilales" title="Nitrosopumilales">Nitrosopumilales</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> or elemental <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> by species of <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a></i>, using either oxygen or metal ions as electron acceptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Schafer_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schafer-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototrophic</a> archaea use light to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP. In the <a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a>, light-activated ion pumps like <a href="/wiki/Bacteriorhodopsin" title="Bacteriorhodopsin">bacteriorhodopsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halorhodopsin" title="Halorhodopsin">halorhodopsin</a> generate ion gradients by pumping ions out of and into the cell across the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a>. The energy stored in these <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient" title="Electrochemical gradient">electrochemical gradients</a> is then converted into ATP by <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergey_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergey-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is a form of <a href="/wiki/Photophosphorylation" title="Photophosphorylation">photophosphorylation</a>. The ability of these light-driven pumps to move ions across membranes depends on light-driven changes in the structure of a <a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a> <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> buried in the center of the protein.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></div> <p>Archaea usually have a single <a href="/wiki/Circular_chromosome" title="Circular chromosome">circular chromosome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Allers_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allers-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many euryarchaea have been shown to bear multiple copies of this chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest known archaeal genome as of 2002 was 5,751,492 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Methanosarcina_acetivorans" title="Methanosarcina acetivorans">Methanosarcina acetivorans</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tiny 490,885 base-pair genome of <i><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeum_equitans" title="Nanoarchaeum equitans">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a></i> is one-tenth of this size and the smallest archaeal genome known; it is estimated to contain only 537 protein-encoding genes.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas.org_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas.org-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller independent pieces of DNA, called <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a></i>, are also found in archaea. Plasmids may be transferred between cells by physical contact, in a process that may be similar to <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation" title="Bacterial conjugation">bacterial conjugation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SotaTop_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SotaTop-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RT8-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/170px-RT8-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/255px-RT8-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/340px-RT8-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a></i> infected with the <a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a> <a href="/wiki/STSV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="STSV-1">STSV1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar is 1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaea are genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, with up to 15% of the proteins encoded by any one archaeal genome being unique to the domain, although most of these unique genes have no known function.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the remainder of the unique proteins that have an identified function, most belong to the Euryarchaeota and are involved in methanogenesis. The proteins that archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes share form a common core of cell function, relating mostly to <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaasterland_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaasterland-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other characteristic archaeal features are the organization of genes of related function – such as enzymes that catalyze steps in the same <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathway</a> into novel <a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">operons</a>, and large differences in <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a> genes and their <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase" title="Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase">aminoacyl tRNA synthetases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaasterland_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaasterland-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transcription in archaea more closely resembles eukaryotic than bacterial transcription, with the archaeal <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a> being very close to its equivalent in eukaryotes,<sup id="cite_ref-Allers_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allers-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while archaeal translation shows signs of both bacterial and eukaryotic equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although archaea have only one type of RNA polymerase, its structure and function in transcription seems to be close to that of the eukaryotic <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II" title="RNA polymerase II">RNA polymerase II</a>, with similar protein assemblies (the <a href="/wiki/General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">general transcription factors</a>) directing the binding of the RNA polymerase to a gene's <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biology)">promoter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other archaeal <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> are closer to those found in bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a> is simpler than in eukaryotes, since most archaeal genes lack <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a>, although there are many introns in their <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a> genes,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and introns may occur in a few protein-encoding genes.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_transfer_and_genetic_exchange">Gene transfer and genetic exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gene transfer and genetic exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Haloferax_volcanii" title="Haloferax volcanii">Haloferax volcanii</a></i>, an extreme halophilic archaeon, forms cytoplasmic bridges between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell to another in either direction.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the hyperthermophilic archaea <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus_solfataricus" title="Sulfolobus solfataricus">Sulfolobus solfataricus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Frols2008_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frols2008-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus_acidocaldarius" title="Sulfolobus acidocaldarius">Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Ajon_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajon-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are exposed to DNA-damaging UV irradiation or to the agents <a href="/wiki/Bleomycin" title="Bleomycin">bleomycin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mitomycin_C" title="Mitomycin C">mitomycin C</a>, species-specific cellular aggregation is induced. Aggregation in <i>S. solfataricus</i> could not be induced by other physical stressors, such as pH or temperature shift,<sup id="cite_ref-Frols2008_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frols2008-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that aggregation is induced specifically by <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA damage">DNA damage</a>. Ajon et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajon_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajon-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that UV-induced cellular aggregation mediates chromosomal marker exchange with high frequency in <i>S. acidocaldarius</i>. Recombination rates exceeded those of uninduced cultures by up to three orders of magnitude. Frols et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Frols2008_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frols2008-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ajon et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajon_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajon-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hypothesized that cellular aggregation enhances species-specific DNA transfer between <i>Sulfolobus</i> cells in order to provide increased repair of damaged DNA by means of <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>. This response may be a primitive form of sexual interaction similar to the more well-studied bacterial transformation systems that are also associated with species-specific DNA transfer between cells leading to homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeal_viruses">Archaeal viruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Archaeal viruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaea are the target of a number of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> in a diverse virosphere distinct from bacterial and eukaryotic viruses. They have been organized into 15–18 DNA-based families so far, but multiple species remain un-isolated and await classification.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krupovic_2018_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupovic_2018-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These families can be informally divided into two groups: archaea-specific and cosmopolitan. Archaeal-specific viruses target only archaean species and currently include 12 families. Numerous unique, previously unidentified viral structures have been observed in this group, including: bottle-shaped, spindle-shaped, coil-shaped, and droplet-shaped viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Krupovic_2018_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupovic_2018-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the reproductive cycles and genomic mechanisms of archaea-specific species may be similar to other viruses, they bear unique characteristics that were specifically developed due to the morphology of host cells they infect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their virus release mechanisms differ from that of other phages. <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> generally undergo either <a href="/wiki/Lytic_cycle" title="Lytic cycle">lytic</a> pathways, <a href="/wiki/Lysogenic_cycle" title="Lysogenic cycle">lysogenic</a> pathways, or (rarely) a mix of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most archaea-specific viral strains maintain a stable, somewhat lysogenic, relationship with their hosts – appearing as a chronic infection. This involves the gradual, and continuous, production and release of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virions</a> without killing the host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prangishyili (2013) noted that it has been hypothesized that tailed archaeal phages originated from bacteriophages capable of infecting <a href="/wiki/Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea">haloarchaeal</a> species. If the hypothesis is correct, it can be concluded that other <a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_DNA_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-stranded DNA viruses">double-stranded DNA viruses</a> that make up the rest of the archaea-specific group are their own unique group in the global viral community. Krupovic et al. (2018) states that the high levels of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>, rapid mutation rates in viral genomes, and lack of universal gene sequences have led researchers to perceive the evolutionary pathway of archaeal viruses as a network. The lack of similarities among <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic marker">phylogenetic markers</a> in this network and the global virosphere, as well as external linkages to non-viral elements, may suggest that some species of archaea specific viruses evolved from non-viral <a href="/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements">mobile genetic elements</a> (MGE).<sup id="cite_ref-Krupovic_2018_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupovic_2018-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These viruses have been studied in most detail in thermophilics, particularly the orders <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobales" title="Sulfolobales">Sulfolobales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoproteales" title="Thermoproteales">Thermoproteales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two groups of <a href="/wiki/Single-stranded_DNA_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-stranded DNA viruses">single-stranded DNA viruses</a> that infect archaea have been recently isolated. One group is exemplified by the <i><a href="/wiki/Halorubrum_pleomorphic_virus_1" title="Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 1">Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 1</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pleolipoviridae" title="Pleolipoviridae">Pleolipoviridae</a></i>) infecting halophilic archaea,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other one by the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeropyrum_coil-shaped_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeropyrum coil-shaped virus">Aeropyrum coil-shaped virus</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i>) infecting a hyperthermophilic (optimal growth at 90–95 °C) host.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the latter virus has the largest currently reported ssDNA genome. Defenses against these viruses may involve <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a> from <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetitive DNA">repetitive DNA</a> sequences that are related to the genes of the viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">Asexual reproduction</a></div> <p>Archaea reproduce asexually by binary or multiple <a href="/wiki/Fission_(biology)" title="Fission (biology)">fission</a>, fragmentation, or <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> do not occur, so if a species of archaea exists in more than one form, all have the same genetic material.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergey_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergey-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">Cell division</a> is controlled in a <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a>; after the cell's <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> is replicated and the two daughter chromosomes separate, the cell divides.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernander_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernander-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a></i>, the cycle has characteristics that are similar to both bacterial and eukaryotic systems. The chromosomes replicate from multiple starting points (<a href="/wiki/Origin_of_replication" title="Origin of replication">origins of replication</a>) using <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerases</a> that resemble the equivalent eukaryotic enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Euryarchaeota the cell division protein <a href="/wiki/FtsZ" title="FtsZ">FtsZ</a>, which forms a contracting ring around the cell, and the components of the <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a> that is constructed across the center of the cell, are similar to their bacterial equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernander_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernander-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cren-<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thaumarchaea,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cell division machinery Cdv fulfills a similar role. This machinery is related to the eukaryotic ESCRT-III machinery which, while best known for its role in cell sorting, also has been seen to fulfill a role in separation between divided cell, suggesting an ancestral role in cell division.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29551994_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29551994-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both bacteria and eukaryotes, but not archaea, make <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of <a href="/wiki/Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea">Haloarchaea</a> undergo <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_switching" title="Phenotypic switching">phenotypic switching</a> and grow as several different cell types, including thick-walled structures that are resistant to <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_shock" title="Osmotic shock">osmotic shock</a> and allow the archaea to survive in water at low salt concentrations, but these are not reproductive structures and may instead help them reach new habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a> was originally thought to not exist in Archaea, but recent studies have shown evidence of some species being able to perform cross-talk through quorum sensing. Other studies have shown syntrophic interactions between archaea and bacteria during biofilm growth. Although research is limited in archaeal quorum sensing, some studies have uncovered LuxR proteins in archaeal species, displaying similarities with bacteria LuxR, and ultimately allowing for the detection of small molecules that are used in high density communication. Similarly to bacteria, Archaea LuxR solos have shown to bind to AHLs (lactones) and non-AHLs ligans, which is a large part in performing intraspecies, interspecies, and interkingdom communication through quorum sensing.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitats">Habitats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Habitats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/220px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/330px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/440px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Archaea that grow in the hot water of the Morning Glory <a href="/wiki/Hot_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Spring">Hot Spring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> produce a bright colour</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaea exist in a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, and are now recognized as a major part of global <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DeLong_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLong-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may represent about 20% of microbial cells in the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first-discovered archaeans were <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-valentine_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valentine-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, some archaea survive high temperatures, often above 100 °C (212 °F), as found in <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smoker">black smokers</a>, and oil wells. Other common habitats include very cold habitats and highly <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">saline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> water, but archaea include <a href="/wiki/Mesophile" title="Mesophile">mesophiles</a> that grow in mild conditions, in <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal tract">intestinal tract</a> of animals, and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chow_2022_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeLong_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLong-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth-promoting_rhizobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria">PGPR</a>, Archaea are now considered as a source of plant growth promotion as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Chow_2022_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extremophile archaea are members of four main <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> groups. These are the <a href="/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">halophiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">thermophiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkaliphile" title="Alkaliphile">alkaliphiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidophile (organisms)">acidophiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pikuta_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pikuta-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups are not comprehensive or phylum-specific, nor are they mutually exclusive, since some archaea belong to several groups. Nonetheless, they are a useful starting point for classification.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28777382_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28777382-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halophiles, including the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i>, live in extremely saline environments such as <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</a> and outnumber their bacterial counterparts at salinities greater than 20–25%.<sup id="cite_ref-valentine_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valentine-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermophiles grow best at temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F), in places such as hot springs; <i>hyperthermophilic</i> archaea grow optimally at temperatures greater than 80 °C (176 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeal <i><a href="/wiki/Methanopyrus_kandleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanopyrus kandleri">Methanopyrus kandleri</a></i> Strain 116 can even reproduce at 122 °C (252 °F), the highest recorded temperature of any organism.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other archaea exist in very acidic or alkaline conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pikuta_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pikuta-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one of the most extreme archaean acidophiles is <i><a href="/wiki/Picrophilus" title="Picrophilus">Picrophilus torridus</a></i>, which grows at pH 0, which is equivalent to thriving in 1.2 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resistance to extreme environments has made archaea the focus of speculation about the possible properties of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some extremophile habitats are not dissimilar to those on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the suggestion that viable microbes could be transferred between planets in <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, several studies have shown that archaea exist not only in mesophilic and thermophilic environments but are also present, sometimes in high numbers, at low temperatures as well. For example, archaea are common in cold oceanic environments such as polar seas.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even more significant are the large numbers of archaea found throughout the world's oceans in non-extreme habitats among the <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> community (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">picoplankton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Karner_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karner-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these archaea can be present in extremely high numbers (up to 40% of the microbial biomass), almost none of these species have been isolated and studied in <a href="/wiki/Pure_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure culture">pure culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, our understanding of the role of archaea in ocean ecology is rudimentary, so their full influence on global <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemical</a> cycles remains largely unexplored.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some marine Thermoproteota are capable of <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a>, suggesting these organisms may affect the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these oceanic Thermoproteota may also use other sources of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vast numbers of archaea are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> that cover the <a href="/wiki/Sea_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea floor">sea floor</a>, with these organisms making up the majority of living cells at depths over 1 meter below the ocean bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been demonstrated that in all oceanic surface sediments (from 1000- to 10,000-m water depth), the impact of viral infection is higher on archaea than on bacteria and virus-induced lysis of archaea accounts for up to one-third of the total microbial biomass killed, resulting in the release of ~0.3 to 0.5 gigatons of carbon per year globally.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_chemical_cycling">Role in chemical cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Role in chemical cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></div> <p>Archaea recycle elements such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> through their various habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29753224_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29753224-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaea carry out many steps in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>. This includes both reactions that remove nitrogen from ecosystems (such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>-based respiration and <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a>) as well as processes that introduce nitrogen (such as nitrate assimilation and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers recently discovered archaeal involvement in <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> oxidation reactions. These reactions are particularly important in the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaea also appear crucial for ammonia oxidation in soils. They produce <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>, which other microbes then oxidize to <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>. Plants and other organisms consume the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-LeiningerUrich2006_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeiningerUrich2006-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">sulfur cycle</a>, archaea that grow by oxidizing <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> compounds release this element from rocks, making it available to other organisms, but the archaea that do this, such as <i>Sulfolobus</i>, produce <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> as a waste product, and the growth of these organisms in abandoned mines can contribute to <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a> and other environmental damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker2003_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker2003-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, methanogen archaea remove hydrogen and play an important role in the decay of organic matter by the populations of microorganisms that act as <a href="/wiki/Decomposer" title="Decomposer">decomposers</a> in anaerobic ecosystems, such as sediments, marshes, and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage-treatment</a> works.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions_with_other_organisms">Interactions with other organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Interactions with other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg/170px-Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg/255px-Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg/340px-Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Methanogenic archaea form a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, living in their gut and helping to digest cellulose.</figcaption></figure> <p>The well-characterized interactions between archaea and other organisms are either <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal</a>. There are no clear examples of known archaeal <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some species of methanogens have been suggested to be involved in <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">infections in the mouth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeum_equitans" title="Nanoarchaeum equitans">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a></i> may be a parasite of another species of archaea, since it only survives and reproduces within the cells of the Crenarchaeon <i><a href="/wiki/Ignicoccus" title="Ignicoccus">Ignicoccus hospitalis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-pnas.org_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas.org-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears to offer no benefit to its <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutualism">Mutualism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mutualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutualism is an interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of the interacting populations. One well-understood example of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a> is the interaction between <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogenic archaea</a> in the digestive tracts of animals that digest <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaban_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaban-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these anaerobic environments, protozoa break down plant cellulose to obtain energy. This process releases hydrogen as a waste product, but high levels of hydrogen reduce energy production. When methanogens convert hydrogen to methane, protozoa benefit from more energy.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In anaerobic protozoa, such as <i>Plagiopyla frontata</i>, <i>Trimyema</i>, <i>Heterometopus</i> and <i>Metopus contortus</i>, archaea reside inside the protozoa and consume hydrogen produced in their <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">hydrogenosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lange2005_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange2005-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaea associate with larger organisms, too. For example, the marine archaean <i><a href="/wiki/Cenarchaeum" title="Cenarchaeum">Cenarchaeum symbiosum</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiont</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponge</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Axinella" title="Axinella">Axinella mexicana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston1996_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston1996-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commensalism">Commensalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Commensalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some archaea are commensals, benefiting from an association without helping or harming the other organism. For example, the methanogen <i><a href="/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii" title="Methanobrevibacter smithii">Methanobrevibacter smithii</a></i> is by far the most common archaean in the <a href="/wiki/Human_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Human flora">human flora</a>, making up about one in ten of the prokaryotes in the human gut.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In termites and in humans, these methanogens may in fact be mutualists, interacting with other microbes in the gut to aid digestion.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaean communities associate with a range of other organisms, such as on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the region of soil that surrounds plant roots (the <a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizosphere (ecology)">rhizosphere</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parasitism">Parasitism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Parasitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Archaea do not have a historical reputation of being pathogens, Archaea are often found with similar genomes to more common pathogen like <i>E. coli,</i><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing metabolic links and evolutionary history with today's pathogens. Archaea have been inconsistently detected in clinical studies because of the lack of categorization of Archaea into more specific species.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_technology_and_industry">Significance in technology and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Significance in technology and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a> archaea, particularly those resistant either to heat or to extremes of acidity and alkalinity, are a source of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that function under these harsh conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egorova_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egorova-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These enzymes have found many uses. For example, thermostable <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerases</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pfu_DNA_polymerase" title="Pfu DNA polymerase">Pfu DNA polymerase</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i>, revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> by allowing the <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> to be used in research as a simple and rapid technique for <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a> DNA. In industry, <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galactosidases" title="Galactosidases">galactosidases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pullulanase" title="Pullulanase">pullulanases</a> in other species of <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus" title="Pyrococcus">Pyrococcus</a></i> that function at over 100 °C (212 °F) allow <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> at high temperatures, such as the production of low <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> milk and <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enzymes from these thermophilic archaea also tend to be very stable in organic solvents, allowing their use in environmentally friendly processes in <a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green chemistry</a> that synthesize organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Egorova_235-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egorova-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stability makes them easier to use in <a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">structural biology</a>. Consequently, the counterparts of bacterial or eukaryotic enzymes from extremophile archaea are often used in structural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast with the range of applications of archaean enzymes, the use of the organisms themselves in biotechnology is less developed. <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogenic archaea</a> are a vital part of <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>, since they are part of the community of microorganisms that carry out <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a> and produce <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">mineral processing</a>, acidophilic archaea display promise for the extraction of metals from <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaea host a new class of potentially useful <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>. A few of these <a href="/wiki/Archaeocin" title="Archaeocin">archaeocins</a> have been characterized, but hundreds more are believed to exist, especially within <i><a href="/wiki/Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea">Haloarchaea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a></i>. These compounds differ in structure from bacterial antibiotics, so they may have novel modes of action. In addition, they may allow the creation of new <a href="/wiki/Selectable_marker" title="Selectable marker">selectable markers</a> for use in archaeal molecular biology.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_methane_production" title="Aerobic methane production">Aerobic methane production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Archaea_genera" title="List of Archaea genera">List of Archaea genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes" title="List of sequenced archaeal genomes">List of sequenced archaeal genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_localization_sequence" title="Nuclear localization sequence">Nuclear localization sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup_protein_domain" title="Stirrup protein domain">Stirrup protein domain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Surprising_Archaea" title="The Surprising Archaea">The Surprising Archaea</a></i> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_a_natural_system_of_organisms:_proposal_for_the_domains_Archaea,_Bacteria,_and_Eucarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya">Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_properties_of_hyperthermophilic_archaea" title="Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea">Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_order_of_bacterial_phyla_(Genome_Taxonomy_Database,_2018)" title="Branching order of bacterial phyla (Genome Taxonomy Database, 2018)">Branching order of bacterial phyla (Genome Taxonomy Database, 2018)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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"Archaeal Antimicrobials: An Undiscovered Country". In Blum P (ed.). <i>Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-27-1"><bdi>978-1-904455-27-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeal+Antimicrobials%3A+An+Undiscovered+Country&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+New+Models+for+Prokaryotic+Biology&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-27-1&rft.aulast=Shand&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=Leyva%2C+KJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland2000" class="citation book cs1">Howland JL (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25LQQRBJI8QC"><i>The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life</i></a>. Oxford University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511183-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511183-5"><bdi>978-0-19-511183-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Surprising+Archaea%3A+Discovering+Another+Domain+of+Life&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511183-5&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25LQQRBJI8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinkoMadigan2005" class="citation book cs1">Martinko JM, Madigan MT (2005). <i>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</i> (11th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-144329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-144329-7"><bdi>978-0-13-144329-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-144329-7&rft.aulast=Martinko&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Madigan%2C+MT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrettKlenk2005" class="citation book cs1">Garrett RA, Klenk H (2005). <i>Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology</i>. WileyBlackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4404-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-4404-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+Evolution%2C+Physiology+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.pub=WileyBlackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4404-9&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Klenk%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavicchioli2007" class="citation book cs1">Cavicchioli R (2007). <i>Archaea: Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. American Society for Microbiology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-391-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-391-8"><bdi>978-1-55581-391-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55581-391-8&rft.aulast=Cavicchioli&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2008" class="citation book cs1">Blum P, ed. (2008). <i>Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-27-1"><bdi>978-1-904455-27-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+New+Models+for+Prokaryotic+Biology&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-27-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipps2008" class="citation book cs1">Lipps G (2008). "Archaeal Plasmids". <i>Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-35-6"><bdi>978-1-904455-35-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeal+Plasmids&rft.btitle=Plasmids%3A+Current+Research+and+Future+Trends&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-35-6&rft.aulast=Lipps&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapp2009" class="citation book cs1">Sapp J (2009). <i>The New Foundations of Evolution: On the Tree of Life</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538850-3"><bdi>978-0-19-538850-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Foundations+of+Evolution%3A+On+the+Tree+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538850-3&rft.aulast=Sapp&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaechter2009" class="citation book cs1">Schaechter M (2009). <i>Archaea (Overview) in The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology</i> (2nd ed.). San Diego and London: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374980-2"><bdi>978-0-12-374980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea+%28Overview%29+in+The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+Microbiology&rft.place=San+Diego+and+London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374980-2&rft.aulast=Schaechter&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">56</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3387" data-mwtitle="En-Archaea-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-Archaea-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-Archaea-article.ogg/En-Archaea-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Archaea-article.ogg" title="File:En-Archaea-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 29 May 2020<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2020-05-29</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html">Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/merge/pdf/OceansofArchaea.pdf">Oceans of Archaea</a> – E.F. DeLong, <i>ASM News</i>, 2003</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_2">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2157&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081128023142/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/archaea.html">Genera of the domain Archaea</a> – list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/12/21_microbes.shtml">Shotgun sequencing finds nanoorganisms</a> – discovery of the ARMAN group of archaea</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genomics">Genomics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Genomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/">Browse any completed archaeal genome at UCSC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/edu/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=taxonListAlpha&domain=Archaea">Comparative Analysis of Archaeal Genomes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216090908/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/edu/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=taxonListAlpha&domain=Archaea">Archived</a> 16 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE's</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Microbial_Genomes_System" title="Integrated Microbial Genomes System">IMG system</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Streptococcus pyogenes"><img alt="Streptococcus pyogenes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg/140px-Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg/210px-Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg/280px-Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_biogeography" title="Microbial biogeography">Microbial biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_genetics" title="Microbial genetics">Microbial genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">Microbial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_phylogenetics" title="Microbial phylogenetics">Microbial phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_population_biology" title="Microbial population biology">Microbial population biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_motility" title="Bacterial motility">Bacterial motility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-and-tumble_motion" title="Run-and-tumble motion">run-and-tumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitching_motility" title="Twitching motility">twitching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding_motility" title="Gliding motility">gliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist_locomotion" title="Protist locomotion">Protist locomotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoeboid_movement" title="Amoeboid movement">amoeboids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria_collective_motion" title="Bacteria collective motion">Bacteria collective motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_the_Winner_hypothesis" title="Kill the Winner hypothesis">Kill the Winner hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_consortium" title="Microbial consortium">Microbial consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cooperation" title="Microbial cooperation">Microbial cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_biodegradation" title="Microbial biodegradation">Microbial biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cyst" title="Microbial cyst">Microbial cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">viral shunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_synergy" title="Microbial synergy">Microbial synergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holobiont" title="Holobiont">holobiont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_microbe_interactions_in_Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans">Host microbe interactions in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_microbiome" title="Plant microbiome">Plant microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_microbiome" title="Root microbiome">Root microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_microbiome" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagrass microbiome">Seagrass microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">Soil microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermosphere" title="Spermosphere">Spermosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Antarctic microorganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_microbiome" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral microbiome">Coral microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent_microbial_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent microbial communities">Hydrothermal vent microbial communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microbial_symbiosis" title="Marine microbial symbiosis">Marine microbial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_oxidation_of_sulfur" title="Microbial oxidation of sulfur">Microbial oxidation of sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycosphere" title="Phycosphere">Phycosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoeukaryote" title="Picoeukaryote">Picoeukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Census_of_Marine_Microbes" title="International Census of Marine Microbes">International Census of Marine Microbes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_microbes" title="Human interactions with microbes">Microbes in human culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiomes_of_the_built_environment" title="Microbiomes of the built environment">Microbiomes of the built environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_oil" title="Microbial oil">Microbial oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_symbiosis_and_immunity" title="Microbial symbiosis and immunity">Microbial symbiosis and immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon-eating_bacteria" title="Nylon-eating bacteria">Nylon-eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">Human microbiome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthma-related_microbes" title="Asthma-related microbes">asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbiosis" title="Dysbiosis">dysbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_microbiota_transplant" title="Fecal microbiota transplant">fecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_microbiota" title="Lung microbiota">lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_microbiology" title="Oral microbiology">mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_flora" title="Skin flora">skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora" title="Vaginal flora">vagina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_microbiome" title="Placental microbiome">placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_microbiome" title="Uterine microbiome">uterus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project" title="Human Microbiome Project">Human Microbiome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_production" title="Protein production">Protein production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_microbial_consortia" title="Synthetic microbial consortia">Synthetic microbial consortia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_microbiology" title="Impedance microbiology">Impedance microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cytology" title="Microbial cytology">Microbial cytology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_DNA_barcoding" title="Microbial DNA barcoding">Microbial DNA barcoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Staining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_biosphere" title="Deep biosphere">Deep biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbial dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microswimmer" title="Microswimmer">Microswimmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biohybrid_microswimmer" title="Biohybrid microswimmer">biohybrid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lines_on_the_Antiquity_of_Microbes" title="Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes">Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbially_induced_sedimentary_structure" title="Microbially induced sedimentary structure">Microbially induced sedimentary structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omics" title="Omics">Omics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_factors_affecting_microbial_life" title="Physical factors affecting microbial life">Physical factors affecting microbial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">Siderophore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microorganisms" title="Category:Microorganisms">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prokaryotes:_Archaea_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F3E0E0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaea_classification" title="Template talk:Archaea classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaea classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prokaryotes:_Archaea_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a> classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadesarchaea" title="Hadesarchaea">Hadesarchaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Hadarchaeia" <ul><li>"Hadarchaeales"</li></ul></li> <li>"Persephonarchaeia"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Hydrothermarchaeota"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Hydrothermarchaeia" <ul><li>"Hydrothermarchaeles"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Methanobacteriota"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriales" title="Methanobacteriales">Methanobacteriales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanococci" title="Methanococci">Methanococci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanococcales" title="Methanococcales">Methanococcales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanopyri" title="Methanopyri">Methanopyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Theionarchaeia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermococci" title="Thermococci">Thermococci</a> <ul><li>"Methanofastidiosales"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermococcales" title="Thermococcales">Thermococcales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacteriota (page does not exist)">Halobacteriota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoglobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeoglobi">Archaeoglobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoglobales" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeoglobales">Archaeoglobales</a></li> <li>"Mnemosynellales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halobacteriales" title="Halobacteriales">Halobacteriales</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Hikarchaeia" <ul><li>"Hikarchaeales"</li></ul></li> <li>"Methanocellia" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanocellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanocellales">Methanocellales</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Methanoliparia" <ul><li>"Methanoliparales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanomicrobia" title="Methanomicrobia">Methanomicrobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanomicrobiales" title="Methanomicrobiales">Methanomicrobiales</a></li></ul></li> <li>Methanonatronarchaeia <ul><li>Methanonatronarchaeales</li></ul></li> <li>Methanosarcinia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a></li> <li>Methanotrichales</li></ul></li> <li>"Syntropharchaeia" <ul><li>"Methanophagales"</li> <li>"Syntropharchaeales"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoplasmatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoplasmatota (page does not exist)">Thermoplasmatota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Izemarchaea" <ul><li>"Thermoprofundales"</li></ul></li> <li>"Poseidoniia" <ul><li>"Poseidoniales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasmata" title="Thermoplasmata">Thermoplasmata</a> <ul><li>"Aciduliprofundales"</li> <li>"Gimiplasmatales"</li> <li>"Lunaplasmatales"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanomassiliicoccales" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanomassiliicoccales">Methanomassiliicoccales</a></li> <li>"Natronoplasmatales"</li> <li>"Sysuiplasmatales"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasmatales" title="Thermoplasmatales">Thermoplasmatales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DPANN" title="DPANN">DPANN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Aenigmarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aenigmarchaeota">Aenigmatarchaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Aenigmatarchaeia"</li></ul></li> <li>"Altarchaeota" <ul><li>"Altarchaeia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Diapherotrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapherotrites">Iainarchaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Iainarchaeia"</li></ul></li> <li>"Huberarchaeota" <ul><li>"Huberarchaeia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Micrarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrarchaeota">Micrarchaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Micrarchaeia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanohaloarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanohaloarchaeota">Nanohalarchaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Nanohalarchaeia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Nanoarchaeia"</li> <li>"Nanohalobiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"Undinarchaeota" <ul><li>"Undinarchaeia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TACK" title="TACK">TACK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thermoproteota" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Korarchaeia">Korarchaeia</a> <ul><li>"Korarchaeales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyarchaeia">Bathyarchaeia</a> <ul><li>"Hecatellales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrososphaeria">Nitrososphaeria</a> <ul><li>"Caldarchaeales"</li> <li>Conexivisphaerales</li> <li>"Geothermarchaeales"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerales" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrososphaerales">Nitrososphaerales</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Culexarchaeia" <ul><li>"Culexarchaeles"</li></ul></li> <li>"Methanomethylicia" <ul><li>"Methanomethylicales"</li> <li>"Nezhaarchaeales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoprotei" title="Thermoprotei">Thermoproteia</a> <ul><li>"Gearchaeales"</li> <li>"Marsarchaeales"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobales" title="Sulfolobales">Sulfolobales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteales" title="Thermoproteales">Thermoproteales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asgard_(Archaea)" title="Asgard (Archaea)">Asgard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Baldrarchaeia"</li> <li>"Freyrarchaeia"</li> <li>"Hermodarchaeia"</li> <li>"Jordarchaeia"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokiarchaeia">Lokiarchaeia</a>" <ul><li>"Helarchaeales"</li> <li>"Lokiarchaeales"</li> <li>"Sigynarchaeales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinarchaeia">Odinarchaeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorarchaeia">Thorarchaeia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota" title="Heimdallarchaeota">Heimdallarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallarchaeia">Heimdallarchaeia</a> <ul><li>"Gerdarchaeales"</li> <li>"Heimdallarchaeales"</li> <li>"Hodarchaeales"</li> <li>"Kariarchaeales"</li></ul></li> <li>"Njordarchaeia"</li> <li>"Sifarchaeia" <ul><li>"Borrarchaeales"</li> <li>"Sifarchaeales"</li></ul></li> <li>"Wukongarchaeia"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source:</li> <li>Alternative views: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Archaea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Archaea">Wikispecies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extremophiles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extremophiles" title="Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophiles" title="Template talk:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extremophiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremophiles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophile" title="Acidophile">Acidophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaliphile" title="Alkaliphile">Alkaliphile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">Capnophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolith" title="Hypolith">Hypolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria" title="Lipophilic bacteria">Lipophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophile" title="Lithophile">Lithophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallotolerant" title="Metallotolerant">Metallotolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmophile" title="Osmophile">Osmophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezophile" title="Piezophile">Piezophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyextremophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyextremophile">Polyextremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammophile" title="Psammophile">Psammophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">Psychrophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">Radioresistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">Thermophile</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">Hyperthermophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile" title="Thermoacidophile">Thermoacidophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">Xerophile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Notable<br />extremophiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus" title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus" title="Thermus thermophilus">Thermus thermophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana" title="Spirochaeta americana">Spirochaeta americana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii" title="Pyrolobus fumarii">Pyrolobus fumarii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermococcus_gammatolerans" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyanidioschyzon_merolae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanidioschyzon merolae">Cyanidioschyzon merolae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galdieria_sulphuraria" title="Galdieria sulphuraria">Galdieria sulphuraria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola" title="Paralvinella sulfincola">Paralvinella sulfincola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_mephisto" title="Halicephalobus mephisto">Halicephalobus mephisto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvinella_pompejana" title="Alvinella pompejana">Pompeii worm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales" title="Acidithiobacillales">Acidithiobacillales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage" title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae" title="Archaeoglobaceae">Archaeoglobaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit" title="Berkeley Pit">Berkeley Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Falls" title="Blood Falls">Blood Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">Helaeomyia petrolei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movile_Cave" title="Movile Cave">Movile Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophic fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase" title="Taq polymerase"><i>Taq</i> polymerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">Thermostability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/29px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/38px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Archaea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10872" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10872">Q10872</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Archaea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Archaea">Archaea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/R">R</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7920">7920</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ARCAK">1ARCAK</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2">2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/151817">151817</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=935939">935939</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/domain/archaea">archaea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2157">2157</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=996421">996421</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5486010">5486010</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=8">8</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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