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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riboviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Riboviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riboviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varidnaviria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varidnaviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Varidnaviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varidnaviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adnaviria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adnaviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Adnaviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adnaviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ribozyviria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribozyviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>Ribozyviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribozyviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subrealm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subrealm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subrealm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subrealm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(virolog%C3%ADa)" title="Dominio (virología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominio (virología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realmo" title="Realmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Realmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_(%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="دامنه (ویروس‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دامنه (ویروس‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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title="Virus">viruses</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (ICTV), which oversees virus taxonomy. Six virus realms are recognized and united by specific <a href="/wiki/Conserved_sequence" title="Conserved sequence">highly conserved</a> traits: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i>, which contains archaeal filamentous viruses with A-form double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes encoding a unique alpha-helical major capsid protein;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i>, which contains all dsDNA viruses that encode the HK97-fold major capsid protein;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i>, which contains all single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses that encode a <a href="/wiki/HUH-tag" title="HUH-tag">HUH superfamily endonuclease</a> and their descendants;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i>, which contains all RNA viruses that encode <a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a> and all viruses that encode <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i>, which contains hepatitis delta-like viruses with circular, negative-sense ssRNA genomes;</li> <li>and <i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i>, which contains all dsDNA viruses that encode a vertical <a href="/wiki/Jelly_roll_fold" title="Jelly roll fold">jelly roll</a> major capsid protein.</li></ul> <p>The rank of realm corresponds to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domain</a> used for cellular life, but differs in that viruses in a realm do not necessarily share a common ancestor based on <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a> nor do the realms share a common <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestor</a>. Instead, realms group viruses together based on specific traits that are highly conserved over time, which may have been obtained on a single occasion or multiple occasions. As such, each realm represents at least one instance of viruses coming into existence. While historically it was difficult to determine deep evolutionary relations between viruses, in the 21st century methods such as <a href="/wiki/Metagenomics" title="Metagenomics">metagenomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryogenic electron microscopy</a> have enabled such research to occur, which led to the establishment of <i>Riboviria</i> in 2018, three realms in 2019, and two in 2020. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of realms consist of a descriptive first part and the suffix -<i>viria</i>, which is the suffix used for virus realms.<sup id="cite_ref-ictvcode_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictvcode-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of <i>Duplodnaviria</i> means "double DNA", referring to dsDNA viruses,<sup id="cite_ref-duplo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duplo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first part of <i>Monodnaviria</i> means "single DNA", referring to ssDNA viruses,<sup id="cite_ref-mono_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first part of <i>Riboviria</i> is taken from <b>ribo</b>nucleic acid (RNA),<sup id="cite_ref-ribo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first part of <i>Varidnaviria</i> means "various DNA".<sup id="cite_ref-vari_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vari-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">viroids</a>, the suffix is designated as -<i>viroidia</i>, and for <a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">satellites</a>, the suffix is -<i>satellitia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ictvcode_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictvcode-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2019 neither viroid nor satellite realms have been designated.<sup id="cite_ref-ictv_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realms">Realms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Realms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplodnaviria"><i>Duplodnaviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duplodnaviria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg/220px-Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg/330px-Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg/440px-Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4382" data-file-height="3897" /></a><figcaption>Illustrated sample of <i>Duplodnaviria</i> virions</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i> contains double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that encode a major capsid protein (MCP) that has the HK97 fold. Viruses in the realm also share a number of other characteristics involving the capsid and capsid assembly, including an icosahedral capsid shape and a terminase enzyme that packages viral DNA into the capsid during assembly. Two groups of viruses are included in the realm: tailed bacteriophages, which infect prokaryotes and are assigned to the order <i><a href="/wiki/Caudovirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudovirales">Caudovirales</a></i>, and herpesviruses, which infect animals and are assigned to the order <i><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirales" title="Herpesvirales">Herpesvirales</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-duplo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duplo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relation between caudoviruses and herpesviruses is not certain, as they may either share a common ancestor or herpesviruses may be a divergent clade from within <i>Caudovirales</i>. A common trait among duplodnaviruses is that they cause latent infections without replication while still being able to replicate in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tailed bacteriophages are ubiquitous worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> important in marine ecology,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the subject of much research.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herpesviruses are known to cause a variety of epithelial diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monodnaviria"><i>Monodnaviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Monodnaviria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i> contains single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses that encode an <a href="/wiki/Endonuclease" title="Endonuclease">endonuclease</a> of the HUH superfamily that initiates <a href="/wiki/Rolling_circle_replication" title="Rolling circle replication">rolling circle replication</a> and all other viruses descended from such viruses. The prototypical members of the realm are called CRESS-DNA viruses and have circular ssDNA genomes. ssDNA viruses with linear genomes are descended from them, and in turn some dsDNA viruses with circular genomes are descended from linear ssDNA viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-mono_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CRESS-DNA viruses include three kingdoms that infect prokaryotes: <i><a href="/wiki/Loebvirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Loebvirae">Loebvirae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sangervirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangervirae">Sangervirae</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Trapavirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapavirae">Trapavirae</a></i>. The kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/Shotokuvirae" title="Shotokuvirae">Shotokuvirae</a></i> contains eukaryotic CRESS-DNA viruses and the atypical members of <i>Monodnaviria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mono_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotic monodnaviruses are associated with many diseases, and they include <a href="/wiki/Papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillomavirus">papillomaviruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyomavirus">polyomaviruses</a>, which cause many cancers,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Geminivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminivirus">geminiviruses</a>, which infect many economically important crops.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Riboviria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i> contains all RNA viruses that encode an <a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a> (RdRp), assigned to the kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae">Orthornavirae</a></i>, and all reverse transcribing viruses, i.e. all viruses that encode a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a> (RT), assigned to the kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/Pararnavirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pararnavirae">Pararnavirae</a></i>. These enzymes are vital in the viral life cycle, as RdRp transcribes viral mRNA and replicates the genome, and RT likewise replicates the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-ribo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Riboviria</i> mostly contains eukaryotic viruses, and most eukaryotic viruses, including most human, animal, and plant viruses, belong to the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most widely known viral diseases are caused by viruses in <i>Riboviria</i>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Influenza_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza virus">influenza viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebolavirus" title="Ebolavirus">ebolaviruses</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">rabies virus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ictv_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the first virus to be discovered, <i><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">Tobacco mosaic virus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverse transcribing viruses are a major source of horizontal gene transfer by means of becoming endogenized in their host's genome, and a significant portion of the human genome consists of this viral DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varidnaviria"><i>Varidnaviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Varidnaviria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2w0c_monomer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2w0c_monomer.png/220px-2w0c_monomer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2w0c_monomer.png/330px-2w0c_monomer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2w0c_monomer.png/440px-2w0c_monomer.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_diagram" title="Ribbon diagram">ribbon diagram</a> of the MCP of <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoalteromonas_virus_PM2" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoalteromonas virus PM2">Pseudoalteromonas virus PM2</a></i>, with the two jelly roll folds colored in red and blue</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i> contains DNA viruses that encode MCPs that have a <a href="/wiki/Jelly_roll_fold" title="Jelly roll fold">jelly roll fold</a> folded structure in which the jelly roll (JR) fold is perpendicular to the surface of the viral capsid. Many members also share a variety of other characteristics, including a minor capsid protein that has a single JR fold, an ATPase that packages the genome during capsid assembly, and a common <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerase</a>. Two kingdoms are recognized: <i><a href="/wiki/Helvetiavirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helvetiavirae">Helvetiavirae</a></i>, whose members have MCPs with a single vertical JR fold, and <i><a href="/wiki/Bamfordvirae" title="Bamfordvirae">Bamfordvirae</a></i>, whose members have MCPs with two vertical JR folds.<sup id="cite_ref-vari_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vari-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marine viruses in <i>Varidnaviria</i> are ubiquitous worldwide and, like tailed bacteriophages, play an important role in marine ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most identified eukaryotic DNA viruses belong to the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-krupovic2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupovic2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable disease-causing viruses in <i>Varidnaviria</i> include <a href="/wiki/Adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenovirus">adenoviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poxvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Poxvirus">poxviruses</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus" title="African swine fever virus">African swine fever virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ictv_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poxviruses have been highly prominent in the history of modern medicine, especially <i>Variola virus</i>, which caused <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many varidnaviruses are able to become endogenized, and a peculiar example of this are <a href="/wiki/Virophage" title="Virophage">virophages</a>, which confer protection for their hosts against <a href="/wiki/Giant_virus" title="Giant virus">giant viruses</a> during infection.<sup id="cite_ref-krupovic2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupovic2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adnaviria"><i>Adnaviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adnaviria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Realm <i>Adnaviria</i> unifies archaeal filamentous viruses with linear A-form double-stranded DNA genomes and characteristic major capsid proteins unrelated to those encoded by other known viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Adnaviria_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adnaviria-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realm currently includes viruses from three families, <i><a href="/wiki/Lipothrixviridae" title="Lipothrixviridae">Lipothrixviridae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rudiviridae" title="Rudiviridae">Rudiviridae</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tristromaviridae" title="Tristromaviridae">Tristromaviridae</a></i>, all infecting hyperthermophilic archaea. The nucleoprotein helix of adnaviruses is composed of asymmetric units containing two MCP molecules, a homodimer in the case of rudivirids and a heterodimer of paralogous MCPs in the case of lipothrixvirids and tristromavirids.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MCPs of ligamenviral particles have a unique α-helical fold first found in the MCP of rudivirid Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2 (SIRV2).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All members of the <i>Adnaviria</i> share a characteristic feature in that the interaction between the MCP dimer and the linear dsDNA genome maintains the DNA in the A form. Consequently, the entire genome adopts the A form in virions. Like many structurally related viruses in the two other realms of dsDNA viruses (<i>Duplodnaviria</i> and <i>Varidnaviria</i>), there is no detectable sequence similarity among the capsid proteins of viruses from different tokiviricete families, suggesting a vast undescribed diversity of viruses in this part of the virosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ribozyviria"><i>Ribozyviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ribozyviria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ribozyviria</i> is characterised by the presence of genomic and antigenomic ribozymes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Deltavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltavirus">Deltavirus</a></i> type. Additional common features include a rod-like structure and a RNA-binding "delta antigen" encoded in the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-prop_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prop-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, virus realms have no genetic relation to each other based on common descent, in contrast to the three domains of cellular life—<a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a>—which share a common ancestor. Likewise, viruses within each realm are not necessarily descended from a common ancestor since realms group viruses together based on highly conserved traits, not common ancestry, which is used as the basis for the taxonomy of cellular life. As such, each virus realm is considered to represent at least one instance of viruses coming into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-exec_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exec-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By realm: </p> <ul><li><i>Adnaviria</i> is of unknown origin, but it has been suggested that viruses of <i>Adnaviria</i> have potentially existed for a long time, as it is thought that they may have infected the last archaeal common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-luca_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luca-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Duplodnaviria</i> is either monophyletic or polyphyletic and may predate the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last universal common ancestor</a> (LUCA) of cellular life. The exact origin of the realm is not known, but the HK97-fold MCP encoded by all members is, outside the realm, only found in <a href="/wiki/Encapsulin" title="Encapsulin">encapsulins</a>, a type of nanocompartment found in bacteria, although the relation between <i>Duplodnaviria</i>, and encapsulins is not fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-duplo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duplo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krupovic_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupovic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-luca_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luca-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Monodnaviria</i> is polyphyletic and appears to have emerged multiple times from bacterial and archaeal circular plasmids, which are extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that live inside of bacteria and archaea and which self-replicate.<sup id="cite_ref-mono_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Riboviria</i> is monophyletic or polyphyletic. The reverse transcriptase of kingdom <i>Pararnavirae</i> likely evolved on a single occasion from a <a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">retrotransposon</a>, a type of self-replicating DNA molecule that replicates via <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcription">reverse transcription</a>. The origin of the RdRp of <i>Orthornavirae</i> is less certain, but they are believed to originate from a bacterial <a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">group II intron</a> that encodes reverse transcriptase or to predate the LUCA being descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a> and precede reverse transcriptases of cellular life.<sup id="cite_ref-ribo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wolf_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-luca_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luca-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A larger study (2022) where new lieneages (phyla) were described, was in favor of the hypothesis that RNA viruses descend from the RNA world, suggesting that retroelements of cellular life originated from an ancestor related to the phylum <i><a href="/wiki/Lenarviricota" title="Lenarviricota">Lenarviricota</a></i> and that members of a newly discovered <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taraviricota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taraviricota (page does not exist)">Taraviricota</a></i> lineage (phylum) would be the ancestors of all RNA viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ribozyviria</i> is of unknown origin. It has been proposed that they may have derived from <a href="/wiki/Retrozyme" title="Retrozyme">retrozymes</a> (a family of <a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">retrotransposons</a>) or a viroid-like element (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">viroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">satellites</a>) with capsid protein capture.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Varidnaviria</i> is either monophyletic or polyphyletic and may predate the LUCA. The kingdom <i>Bamfordvirae</i> is likely derived from the other kingdom <i>Helvetiavirae</i> via <a href="/wiki/Fusion_gene" title="Fusion gene">fusion</a> of two MCPs to have an MCP with two jelly roll folds instead of one. The single jelly roll (SJR) fold MCPs of <i>Helvetiavirae</i> show a relation to a group of proteins that contain SJR folds, including the <a href="/wiki/Cupin_superfamily" title="Cupin superfamily">Cupin superfamily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleoplasmin" title="Nucleoplasmin">nucleoplasmins</a>. Archaeal dsDNA viruses in <i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i> contain just one vertical SJR-MCP, which appears to have been duplicated to two for <i>Halopanivirales</i>, so the MCP of <i>Portogloboviridae</i> likely represents an earlier stage in the evolutionary history of <i>Varidnaviria</i> MCPs.<sup id="cite_ref-vari_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vari-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krupovic_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupovic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-luca_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luca-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another scenario was later proposed in which the <i>Bamfordvirae</i> and <i>Helvetiavirae</i> kingdoms would originate independently suggesting that the <i>Bamfordvirae</i> DJR-MCP protein snow a relation with the bacterial DUF 2961 protein, leading to a revision of the realm <i>Varidnaviria</i>. It is possible that the <i>Bamfordvirae</i> DJR-MCP will evolve from this protein independently, however the origin of the DJR-MCP by duplication of the <i>Helvetiavirae</i> SJR-MCP cannot yet be ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that <i>Helvetiavirae</i> had no involvement in the origin of the <i>Bamfordvirae</i> DJR-MCP and that they probably derive from the class <i><a href="/wiki/Tectiliviricetes" title="Tectiliviricetes">Tectiliviricetes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While the realms generally have no genetic relation to each other, there are some exceptions: </p> <ul><li>Viruses in the family <i><a href="/wiki/Podoviridae" title="Podoviridae">Podoviridae</a></i> in <i>Duplodnaviria</i> encode a DNA polymerase that is related to the DNA polymerases encoded by many members of <i>Varidnaviria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-krupovic2015_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupovic2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eukaryotic viruses in the kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/Shotokuvirae" title="Shotokuvirae">Shotokuvirae</a></i> in <i>Monodnaviria</i> were created on multiple occasions by recombination events that combined the DNA of ancestral plasmids with complementary DNA (cDNA) of positive sense RNA viruses in <i>Riboviria</i>, by which ssDNA viruses in <i>Shotokuvirae</i> obtained capsid proteins from RNA viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-mono_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krupovic_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupovic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The family <i><a href="/wiki/Bidnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidnaviridae">Bidnaviridae</a></i> in <i>Monodnaviria</i> was created via integration of a <a href="/wiki/Parvoviridae" title="Parvoviridae">parvovirus</a> (of <i>Monodnaviria</i>) genome into a <a href="/wiki/Polinton" title="Polinton">polinton</a>, a virus-like self-replicating DNA molecule, which are related to viruses in <i>Varidnaviria</i>. Furthermore, bidnaviruses encode a receptor-binding protein inherited from <a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">reoviruses</a> in the realm <i>Riboviria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subrealm">Subrealm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subrealm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In virology, the second highest taxonomy rank established by the ICTV is subrealm, which is the rank below realm. Subrealms of viruses use the suffix -<i>vira</i>, viroid subrealms use the suffix -<i>viroida</i>, and satellites use the suffix -<i>satellitida</i>. The rank below subrealm is kingdom. As of 2019, no taxa are described at the rank of subrealm.<sup id="cite_ref-ictvcode_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictvcode-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ictv_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the 21st century, it was believed that deep evolutionary relations between viruses could not be discovered due to their high mutation rates and small number of genes making discovering these relations more difficult. Because of this, the highest taxonomic rank for viruses from 1991 to 2017 was order. In the 21st century, however, various methods have been developed that have enabled these deeper evolutionary relationships to be studied, including metagenomics, which has identified many previously unidentified viruses, and comparison of highly conserved traits, leading to the desire to establish higher-level taxonomy for viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-exec_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exec-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In two votes in 2018 and 2019, the ICTV agreed to adopt a 15-rank classification system for viruses, ranging from realm to species.<sup id="cite_ref-exec_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exec-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Riboviria</i> was established in 2018 based on phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent polymerases being monophyletic,<sup id="cite_ref-ribo_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Duplodnaviria</i> was established in 2019 based on increasing evidence that tailed bacteriophages and herpesviruses shared many traits,<sup id="cite_ref-duplo_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duplo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monodnaviria</i> was established in 2019 after the relation and origin of CRESS-DNA viruses was resolved,<sup id="cite_ref-mono_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Varidnaviria</i> was established 2019 based on the shared characteristics of member viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-vari_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vari-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">Minerals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ictvcode-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ictvcode_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ictvcode_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ictvcode_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/about/code">"ICTV Code 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October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses+%28ICTV%29&rft.atitle=ICTV+Code+The+International+Code+of+Virus+Classification+and+Nomenclature&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictv.global%2Fabout%2Fcode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealm+%28virology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duplo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duplo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duplo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duplo_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duplo_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooninDoljaKrupovicVarsani2019" class="citation web cs1">Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Varsani A, Wolf YI, Yutin N, Zerbini M, Kuhn JH (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/2019.004G.zip">"Create a megataxonomic framework, filling all principal/primary taxonomic ranks, for dsDNA viruses encoding HK97-type major capsid proteins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(docx)</span>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201907095">"ICTV Taxonomy history: <i>Riboviria</i>"</a>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</i>. February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft.atitle=ICTV+Taxonomy+history%3A+Riboviria&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictv.global%2Ftaxonomy%2Ftaxondetails%3Ftaxnode_id%3D201907095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealm+%28virology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201907117">"ICTV Taxonomy history: <i>Duplodnaviria</i>"</a>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</i>. March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft.atitle=ICTV+Taxonomy+history%3A+Duplodnaviria&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictv.global%2Ftaxonomy%2Ftaxondetails%3Ftaxnode_id%3D201907117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealm+%28virology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201907161">"ICTV Taxonomy history: <i>Monodnaviria</i>"</a>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</i>. March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft.atitle=ICTV+Taxonomy+history%3A+Monodnaviria&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictv.global%2Ftaxonomy%2Ftaxondetails%3Ftaxnode_id%3D201907161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealm+%28virology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201908702">"ICTV Taxonomy history: <i>Varidnaviria</i>"</a>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</i>. March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft.atitle=ICTV+Taxonomy+history%3A+Varidnaviria&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictv.global%2Ftaxonomy%2Ftaxondetails%3Ftaxnode_id%3D201908702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealm+%28virology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ward CW (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135741">"Progress towards a higher taxonomy of viruses"</a>. <i>Research in Virology</i>. <b>144</b> (6): 419–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0923-2516%2806%2980059-2">10.1016/S0923-2516(06)80059-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135741">7135741</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140287">8140287</a>.</cite><span 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<tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Realm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subrealm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)"><strong>Domain</strong>/Superkingdom</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdom</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Subkingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Infrakingdom/Branch</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Superphylum</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Superdivision (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a></strong>/<strong><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Division (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Subphylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Infraphylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Microphylum</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Superclass</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Class</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Infraclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subterclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Parvclass</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Division (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(taxonomy)" title="Legion (taxonomy)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohort (taxonomy)">Cohort</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Magnorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Superorder</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Order</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Infraorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Parvorder</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(biology)" title="Section (biology)">Section (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">Superfamily</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">Subfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Infrafamily</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Supertribe</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Tribe</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtribe" title="Subtribe">Subtribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Infratribe</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><strong><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">Subgenus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Section (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Series_(botany)" title="Series (botany)">Series (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">Subspecies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">Variety (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">Form (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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