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class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Derivation of binomial names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation_of_binomial_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Codes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Codes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_in_handling_personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_in_handling_personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Differences in handling personal names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_in_handling_personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_binomial_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_binomial_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Writing binomial names </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_binomial_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing binomial names subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_binomial_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Binomial nomenclature</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" > 117 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_binomial" title="Nan binomial – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nan binomial" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomiale_naam" title="Binomiale naam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Binomiale naam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8C%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%9C" title="ክሌስም ስያሜ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሌስም ስያሜ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinemniendlic_nama" title="Twinemniendlic nama – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Twinemniendlic nama" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تسمية ثنائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسمية ثنائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_nomenclatura_binominal" title="Sistema de nomenclatura binominal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sistema de nomenclatura binominal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_binomin%C3%A2l" title="Nom binominâl – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nom binominâl" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বৈজ্ঞানিক নামকৰণ পদ্ধতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৈজ্ঞানিক নামকৰণ পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binominal" title="Nomenclatura binominal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nomenclatura binominal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omboherok%C3%B5iva" title="Omboherokõiva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Omboherokõiva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binominal_nomenklatura" title="Binominal nomenklatura – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Binominal nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="দ্বিপদ নামকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিপদ নামকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CC%8Dk-mi%C3%A2" title="Ha̍k-miâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ha̍k-miâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatajeneng_binomial" title="Tatajeneng binomial – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tatajeneng binomial" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бінамінальная наменклатура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бінамінальная наменклатура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бінамінальная намэнклятура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бінамінальная намэнклятура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5" title="दूपद नाँव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दूपद नाँव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklaturang_binomyal" title="Nomenklaturang binomyal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nomenklaturang binomyal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бинарна номенклатура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бинарна номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomna_nomenklatura" title="Binomna nomenklatura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Binomna nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvadur_dre_zaou_anv" title="Anvadur dre zaou anv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anvadur dre zaou anv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binomial" title="Nomenclatura binomial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nomenclatura binomial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биномла номенклатура – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биномла номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_nomenklatura" title="Biologická nomenklatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologická nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enw_deuenwol" title="Enw deuenwol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enw deuenwol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videnskabeligt_artsnavn" title="Videnskabeligt artsnavn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Videnskabeligt artsnavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سمية علمية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سمية علمية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A4re_Nomenklatur" title="Binäre Nomenklatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Binäre Nomenklatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaarne_nomenklatuur" title="Binaarne nomenklatuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Binaarne nomenklatuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Διωνυμική ονοματολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διωνυμική ονοματολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binominal" title="Nomenclatura binominal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nomenclatura binominal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunoma_nomsistemo" title="Dunoma nomsistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dunoma nomsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatura_binomial" title="Nomenklatura binomial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nomenklatura binomial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="نام علمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام علمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_binominal" title="Nom binominal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom binominal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmn%C3%ADocht_dh%C3%A9th%C3%A9armach" title="Ainmníocht dhéthéarmach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmníocht dhéthéarmach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binomial" title="Nomenclatura binomial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nomenclatura binomial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="દ્વિનામી નામકરણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દ્વિનામી નામકરણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CC%8Dk-mi%C3%A0ng" title="Ho̍k-miàng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ho̍k-miàng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%99%EB%AA%85" title="학명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="학명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="द्विपद नामपद्धति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्विपद नामपद्धति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvojno_nazivlje" title="Dvojno nazivlje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dvojno nazivlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Binomial nomenclature" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomio_a_nomenklatura" title="Binomio a nomenklatura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Binomio a nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_nama_biologi" title="Tata nama biologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tata nama biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%ADnefni" title="Tvínefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tvínefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binomiale" title="Nomenclatura binomiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomenclatura binomiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99" title="שם מדעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם מדעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_jeneng_binomial" title="Tata jeneng binomial – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tata jeneng binomial" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ದ್ವಿಪದ ಹೆಸರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ವಿಪದ ಹೆಸರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბინომიალური ნომენკლატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბინომიალური ნომენკლატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бинарлық номенклатура – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бинарлық номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majina_ya_kisayansi" title="Majina ya kisayansi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majina ya kisayansi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomanklati_binomyal" title="Nomanklati binomyal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nomanklati binomyal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navkirina_dumend" title="Navkirina dumend – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navkirina dumend" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бинардык номенклатура – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бинардык номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomen" title="Binomen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Binomen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C4%81r%C4%81_nomenklat%C5%ABra" title="Binārā nomenklatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Binārā nomenklatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABssenschaftlechen_Numm" title="Wëssenschaftlechen Numm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wëssenschaftlechen Numm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binarin%C4%97_nomenklat%C5%ABra" title="Binarinė nomenklatūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Binarinė nomenklatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_fajok_tudom%C3%A1nyos_neve" title="A fajok tudományos neve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A fajok tudományos neve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биномна номенклатура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биномна номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ദ്വിപദ നാമപദ്ധതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്വിപദ നാമപദ്ധതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="द्विनाम पद्धती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्विनाम पद्धती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89" title="اسم علمى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسم علمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="علمی نوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="علمی نوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanama_binomial" title="Tatanama binomial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tatanama binomial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Fk-mi%C3%A0ng" title="Hŏk-miàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŏk-miàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဒွိနာမစနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒွိနာမစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomiale_nomenclatuur" title="Binomiale nomenclatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Binomiale nomenclatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="द्विपदीय नामकरण पद्धति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="द्विपदीय नामकरण पद्धति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D" title="学名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="学名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nommenclatura_binommiale" title="Nommenclatura binommiale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nommenclatura binommiale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binominal" title="Binominal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Binominal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitskapleg_namn" title="Vitskapleg namn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitskapleg namn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binomiala" title="Nomenclatura binomiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nomenclatura binomiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Кокмутан номенклатур – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кокмутан номенклатур" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binar_nomenklatura" title="Binar nomenklatura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Binar nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਦੁਨਾਵੀਂ ਨਾਮਕਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੁਨਾਵੀਂ ਨਾਮਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سائینسی ناں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائینسی ناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="علمی نوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="علمی نوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binominalne_nazewnictwo_gatunk%C3%B3w" title="Binominalne nazewnictwo gatunków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Binominalne nazewnictwo gatunków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binomial" title="Nomenclatura binomial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nomenclatura binomial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatur%C4%83_binar%C4%83" title="Nomenclatură binară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nomenclatură binară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitan_kamaypaq_suti" title="Mitan kamaypaq suti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mitan kamaypaq suti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биномиальная номенклатура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биномиальная номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomencladura_binomiale" title="Nomencladura binomiale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nomencladura binomiale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclatur" title="Binomial nomenclatur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Binomial nomenclatur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numinclatura_binumiali" title="Numinclatura binumiali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Numinclatura binumiali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්විපද නාමකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්විපද නාමකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Binomial nomenclature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomick%C3%A1_nomenklat%C3%BAra" title="Binomická nomenklatúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Binomická nomenklatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvo%C4%8Dlensko_poimenovanje" title="Dvočlensko poimenovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dvočlensko poimenovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C5%AFminalne_mjanowa%C5%84y" title="Binůminalne mjanowańy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Binůminalne mjanowańy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ناوی زانستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوی زانستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биномна номенклатура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биномна номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binarna_nomenklatura" title="Binarna nomenklatura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Binarna nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_ngaran_biologi" title="Tata ngaran biologi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tata ngaran biologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binominen_nimist%C3%B6" title="Binominen nimistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Binominen nimistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenklatur" title="Binomial nomenklatur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Binomial nomenklatur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangalanang_dalawahan" title="Kangalanang dalawahan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kangalanang dalawahan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="இருசொற் பெயரீடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருசொற் பெயரீடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assa%C9%A3_ussnan" title="Assaɣ ussnan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Assaɣ ussnan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assa%C9%A3_ussnan" title="Assaɣ ussnan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Assaɣ ussnan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="ద్వినామ నామకరణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్వినామ నామకరణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="การตั้งชื่อทวินาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การตั้งชื่อทวินาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kili_adland%C4%B1rma" title="İkili adlandırma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkili adlandırma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біноміальна номенклатура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біноміальна номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دو اسمی نظام تسمیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دو اسمی نظام تسمیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_binomena%C5%82e" title="Nomenclatura binomenałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nomenclatura binomenałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_ph%C3%A1p_hai_ph%E1%BA%A7n" title="Danh pháp hai phần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh pháp hai phần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_sincieus" title="No sincieus – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="No sincieus" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigduha_nga_pag-ngaran" title="Tigduha nga pag-ngaran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigduha nga pag-ngaran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="二名法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="雙名法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雙名法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二名法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Latin name" redirects here. For personal names in the Roman Empire, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a>. For the practice of rendering names in a Latin style, see <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinisation of names</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/220px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/330px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/440px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orcinus_orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcinus orca">Orcinus orca</a>, the orca or the killer whale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5799_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starr_070320-5799_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpg/220px-Starr_070320-5799_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starr_070320-5799_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpg/330px-Starr_070320-5799_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starr_070320-5799_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpg/440px-Starr_070320-5799_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trichocereus_macrogonus_var._pachanoi" title="Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi">Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi</a>, the San Pedro cactus</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammatical forms</a>, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, binominal name, or a scientific name; more informally it is also historically called a Latin name. In the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN), the system is also called binominal nomenclature,<a href="#cite_note-ICZN1999_Chap2Article5-1">[1]</a> with an "n" before the "al" in "binominal", which is not a typographic error, meaning "two-name naming system".<a href="#cite_note-ICZN1999_Glossary-2">[2]</a> The first part of the name – the <a href="/wiki/Generic_name_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic name (biology)">generic name</a> – identifies the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> and within this genus to the species <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurus rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a> is likely the most widely known binomial.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, effectively beginning with his work <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> in 1753.<a href="#cite_note-Knapp-4">[4]</a> But as early as 1622, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici (English, Illustrated exposition of plants) containing many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Binomial nomenclature was introduced in order to provide succinct, relatively stable and verifiable names that could be used and understood internationally, unlike <a href="/wiki/Common_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Common names">common names</a> which are usually different in every language.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn-6">[6]</a> The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) for animals and the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> (ICNafp or ICN). Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes, there are some differences in the terminology they use and their particular rules. In modern usage, the first letter of the generic name is always capitalized in writing, while that of the specific epithet is not, even when derived from a <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a> such as the name of a person or place. Similarly, both parts are <a href="/wiki/Italicize" class="mw-redirect" title="Italicize">italicized</a> in normal text (or underlined in handwriting). Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox (named after botanist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Drummond_(botanist)" title="Thomas Drummond (botanist)">Thomas Drummond</a>) is now written as <a href="/wiki/Phlox_drummondii" title="Phlox drummondii">Phlox drummondii</a>. Often, after a species name is introduced in a text, the generic name is abbreviated to the first letter in subsequent mentions (e.g., P. drummondii). In scientific works, the <a href="#Authority">authority</a> for a binomial name is usually given, at least when it is first mentioned, and the year of publication may be specified. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Patella_vulgata" title="Patella vulgata">Patella vulgata</a> Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who published the name and description for this species; 1758 is the year the name and original description were published (in this case, in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition of the book Systema Naturae</a>).</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Passer_domesticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Passer domesticus">Passer domesticus</a> (Linnaeus, 1758)". The original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; the parentheses indicate that the species is now placed in a different genus. The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus be given, nor the date on which the change was made, although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include such information.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_retroflexus" title="Amaranthus retroflexus">Amaranthus retroflexus</a> L." – "L." is the standard abbreviation used for "Linnaeus".</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides_italica" title="Hyacinthoides italica">Hyacinthoides italica</a> (L.) Rothm." – Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides; the ICNafp does not require that the dates of either publication be specified.</li></ul></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word binomial is composed of two elements: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bi-#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:bi-">bi-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> prefix meaning 'two') and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nomial" class="extiw" title="wikt:nomial">nomial</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> form of nomen, Latin for 'name'). In Medieval Latin, the related word binomium was used to signify one term in a binomial expression in mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In fact, the Latin word binomium may validly refer to either of the epithets in the binomial name, which can equally be referred to as a binomen (pl. binomina).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778), a Swedish botanist, invented the modern system of binomial nomenclature</figcaption></figure> Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long. Together they formed a system of polynomial nomenclature.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy2007-9">[9]</a> These names had two separate functions. First, to designate or label the species, and second, to be a diagnosis or description; however, these two goals were eventually found to be incompatible.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt2004-10">[10]</a> In a simple genus, containing only two species, it was easy to tell them apart with a one-word genus and a one-word specific name; but as more species were discovered, the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy, for instance, Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ("plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike and a <a href="/wiki/Terete" title="Terete">terete</a> <a href="/wiki/Scape_(botany)" title="Scape (botany)">scape</a>"), which we know today as <a href="/wiki/Plantago_media" title="Plantago media">Plantago media</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Such "polynomial names" may sometimes look like binomials, but are significantly different. For example, Gerard's herbal (as amended by Johnson) describes various kinds of spiderwort: "The first is called Phalangium ramosum, Branched Spiderwort; the second, Phalangium non ramosum, Unbranched Spiderwort. The other ... is aptly termed Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum, Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels. The <a href="/wiki/Bauhin" title="Bauhin">Bauhins</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Caspar Bauhin</a> (1560–1624), took some important steps towards the binomial system by pruning the Latin descriptions, in many cases to two words.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonSmithStockdalev-12">[12]</a> The adoption by biologists of a system of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and physician <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778). It was in Linnaeus's 1753 <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> that he began consistently using a one-word trivial name (nomen triviale) after a generic name (genus name) in a system of binomial nomenclature.<a href="#cite_note-Polaszek2009-13">[13]</a> Trivial names had already appeared in his <a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a> (1737) and <a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a> (1751). This trivial name is what is now known as a <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet (botany)">specific epithet</a> (ICNafp) or <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> (ICZN).<a href="#cite_note-Polaszek2009-13">[13]</a> The Bauhins' genus names were retained in many of these, but the descriptive part was reduced to a single word. Linnaeus's trivial names introduced the important new idea that the function of a name could simply be to give a species a unique label, meaning that the name no longer needed to be descriptive. Both parts could, for example, be derived from the names of people. Thus Gerard's Phalangium ephemerum virginianum became <a href="/wiki/Tradescantia_virginiana" title="Tradescantia virginiana">Tradescantia virginiana</a>, where the genus name honoured <a href="/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_Younger" title="John Tradescant the Younger">John Tradescant the Younger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[note 1]</a> an English botanist and gardener.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> A bird in the parrot family was named <a href="/wiki/Red-breasted_parakeet" title="Red-breasted parakeet">Psittacus alexandri</a>, meaning "Alexander's parrot", after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Linnaeus's trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names, and eventually replaced them.<a href="#cite_note-Knapp-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Value">Value</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Value">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_coli_at_10000x,_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/220px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/330px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/440px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>The bacterium <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>, commonly shortened to E. coli</figcaption></figure> The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names that the Codes of <a href="/wiki/Zoological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological nomenclature">Zoological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial nomenclature">Bacterial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virus_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus nomenclature">Viral</a> Nomenclature provide: <ul><li>Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember.<a href="#cite_note-Knapp-4">[4]</a> It corresponds to the noun-adjective form many <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">vernacular names</a> take to indicate a species within a group (for example, 'brown bear' to refer to a particular type of bear),<a href="#cite_note-Stearn-6">[6]</a> as well as the widespread system of <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>(s) used to name people in many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonSmithStockdalev-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Widespread use. The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-van_dyke-17">[16]</a> A few binomials have also entered common speech, such as <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boa_constrictor" title="Boa constrictor">Boa constrictor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurus rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">Aloe vera</a>.</li> <li>Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature code">nomenclature code</a>, generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species.<a href="#cite_note-russel-18">[17]</a> This means the species a binomial name refers to can be clearly identified, as compared to the common names of species which are usually different in every language.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn-6">[6]</a> However, establishing that two names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority can sometimes be difficult, particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries. Therefore, a species may have more than one regularly used name; all but one of these names are "<a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>".<a href="#cite_note-csv-19">[18]</a> Furthermore, within zoology or botany, each species name applies to only one species. If a name is used more than once, it is called a <a href="/wiki/Homonym_(biology)" title="Homonym (biology)">homonym</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petirrojo_(Erithacus_rubecula_superbus_)_(6178023045).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Petirrojo_%28Erithacus_rubecula_superbus_%29_%286178023045%29.jpg/220px-Petirrojo_%28Erithacus_rubecula_superbus_%29_%286178023045%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Petirrojo_%28Erithacus_rubecula_superbus_%29_%286178023045%29.jpg/330px-Petirrojo_%28Erithacus_rubecula_superbus_%29_%286178023045%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Petirrojo_%28Erithacus_rubecula_superbus_%29_%286178023045%29.jpg/440px-Petirrojo_%28Erithacus_rubecula_superbus_%29_%286178023045%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="3063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">Erithacus rubecula superbus</a>, the Tenerife robin or petirrojo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Stability. Although stability is far from absolute, the procedures associated with establishing binomial names, such as the <a href="/wiki/Priority_(biology)" title="Priority (biology)">principle of priority</a>, tend to favor stability.<a href="#cite_note-stevenson-20">[19]</a> For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), the second part of the binomial is kept the same (unless it becomes a homonym). Thus, there is disagreement among botanists as to whether the genera <a href="/wiki/Chionodoxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionodoxa">Chionodoxa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a> are sufficiently different for them to be kept separate. Those who keep them separate give the plant commonly grown in gardens in Europe the name <a href="/wiki/Chionodoxa_siehei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionodoxa siehei">Chionodoxa siehei</a>; those who do not give it the name Scilla siehei.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The siehei element is constant. Similarly, if what were previously thought to be two distinct species are demoted to a lower rank, such as subspecies, the second part of the binomial name is retained as a trinomen (the third part of the new name). Thus, the Tenerife robin may be treated as a different species from the European robin, in which case its name is Erithacus superbus, or as only a subspecies, in which case its name is Erithacus rubecula superbus.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The superbus element of the name is constant, as are its authorship and year of publication.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Problems">edit</a>]</div> Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well. This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus, or to <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)#Gender" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree in gender</a> with the new genus if the specific epithet is an adjective modifying the genus name. Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name, or for the use of uninomials (as used in nomenclature of ranks above species).<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Because genus names are unique only within a nomenclature code, it is possible for homonyms (two or more species sharing the same genus name) to happen, and even the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms. At least 1,258 instances of genus name duplication occur (mainly between zoology and botany).<a href="#cite_note-hemi-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-HHDB-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_classification_and_taxonomy">Relationship to classification and taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship to classification and taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature) is not the same as classification, although the two are related. Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences; in <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a>, species are one of the kinds of item to be classified.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In principle, the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification. This is not the case for binomial names, since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed. Above the rank of genus, binomial nomenclature and classification are partly independent; for example, a species retains its binomial name if it is moved from one family to another or from one order to another, unless it better fits a different genus in the same or different family, or it is split from its old genus and placed in a newly created genus. The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a> includes both nomenclature and classification. Its first stages (sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha taxonomy">alpha taxonomy</a>") are concerned with finding, describing and naming species of living or <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Fortey-28">[27]</a> Binomial nomenclature is thus an important part of taxonomy as it is the system by which species are named. Taxonomists are also concerned with classification, including its principles, procedures and rules.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivation_of_binomial_names">Derivation of binomial names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Derivation of binomial names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names</a></div> A complete binomial name is always treated grammatically as if it were a phrase in the Latin language (hence the common use of the term "Latin name" for a binomial name). However, the two parts of a binomial name can each be derived from a number of sources, of which Latin is only one. These include: <ul><li>Latin, from any period, whether <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">modern</a>. Thus, both parts of the binomial name Homo sapiens are Latin words, meaning "wise" (sapiens) "human/man" (Homo).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Classical Greek</a>. The genus <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a> was named by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> from the Greek word ῥοδόδενδρον, itself derived from rhodon, "rose", and dendron, "tree".<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Greek words are often converted to a Latinized form. Thus coca (the plant from which cocaine is obtained) has the name <a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_coca" title="Erythroxylum coca">Erythroxylum coca</a>. Erythroxylum is derived from the Greek words erythros, red, and xylon, wood.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The Greek ending -ον (-on), when it is neuter, is often converted to the Latin neuter ending -um.<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 2]</a></li> <li>Other languages. The second part of the name <a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_coca" title="Erythroxylum coca">Erythroxylum coca</a> is derived from kuka, the name of the plant in <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Since many dinosaur fossils were found in Mongolia, their names often use <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> words, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia</a> from tarkhi, meaning "brain", or <a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a> meaning "beautiful one".</li> <li>Names of people (often naturalists or biologists). The name <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_campbellii" title="Magnolia campbellii">Magnolia campbellii</a> commemorates two people: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magnol" title="Pierre Magnol">Pierre Magnol</a>, a French botanist, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Campbell_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Campbell (doctor)">Archibald Campbell</a>, a doctor in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></li> <li>Names of places. The lone star tick, <a href="/wiki/Amblyomma_americanum" title="Amblyomma americanum">Amblyomma americanum</a>, is widespread in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></li> <li>Other sources. Some binomial names have been constructed from <a href="/wiki/List_of_taxa_named_by_anagrams" title="List of taxa named by anagrams">taxonomic anagrams</a> or other re-orderings of existing names. Thus the name of the genus <a href="/wiki/Muilla" title="Muilla">Muilla</a> is derived by reversing the name <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Names may also be derived from <a href="/wiki/Jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jokes">jokes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Neal_Evenhuis" title="Neal Evenhuis">Neal Evenhuis</a> described a number of species of flies in a genus he named <a href="/wiki/Pieza" title="Pieza">Pieza</a>, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieza_pi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieza pi (page does not exist)">Pieza pi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieza_rhea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieza rhea (page does not exist)">Pieza rhea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieza_kake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieza kake (page does not exist)">Pieza kake</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieza_deresistans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieza deresistans (page does not exist)">Pieza deresistans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></li></ul> The first part of the name, which identifies the genus, must be a word that can be treated as a Latin <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> noun in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>. It must be unique within the purview of each <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatural_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclatural code">nomenclatural code</a>, but can be repeated between them. Thus <a href="/wiki/Huia_(plant)" title="Huia (plant)">Huia recurvata</a> is an extinct species of plant, found as <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, China,<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Javan_torrent_frog" title="Javan torrent frog">Huia masonii</a> is a species of frog found in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The second part of the name, which identifies the species within the genus, is also treated grammatically as a Latin word. It can have one of a number of forms: <ul><li>The second part of a binomial may be an adjective. If so, the form of the adjective must agree with the genus name in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. Latin nouns can have three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, and many Latin adjectives will have two or three different endings, depending upon the gender of the noun they refer to. The <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a> has the binomial name Passer domesticus. Here domesticus ("domestic") simply means "associated with the house". The <a href="/wiki/Nandina" title="Nandina">sacred bamboo</a> is Nandina domestica<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> rather than Nandina domesticus, since Nandina is feminine whereas Passer is masculine. The tropical fruit <a href="/wiki/Lansium_parasiticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lansium parasiticum">langsat</a> is a product of the plant Lansium parasiticum, since Lansium is neuter. Some common endings for Latin adjectives in the three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) are -us, -a, -um (as in the previous example of domesticus); -is, -is, -e (e.g., tristis, meaning "sad"); and -or -or -us (e.g., minor, meaning "smaller"). For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension#Adjectives" title="Latin declension">Latin declension: Adjectives</a>.</li> <li>The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the nominative case. An example is the binomial name of the lion, which is Panthera leo. Grammatically the noun is said to be in <a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">apposition</a> to the genus name and the two nouns do not have to agree in gender; in this case, Panthera is feminine and leo is masculine.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talauma_hodgsonii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Talauma_hodgsonii.jpg/220px-Talauma_hodgsonii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Talauma_hodgsonii.jpg/330px-Talauma_hodgsonii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Talauma_hodgsonii.jpg/440px-Talauma_hodgsonii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="3670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_hodgsonii" title="Magnolia hodgsonii">Magnolia hodgsonii</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (possessive) case. The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">declension</a> of the noun. Common endings for masculine and neuter nouns are -ii or -i in the singular and -orum in the plural, and for feminine nouns -ae in the singular and -arum in the plural. The noun may be part of a person's name, often the surname, as in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope</a> (Pantholops hodgsonii), the shrub <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_hodgsonii" title="Magnolia hodgsonii">Magnolia hodgsonii</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Olive-backed_pipit" title="Olive-backed pipit">olive-backed pipit</a> (Anthus hodgsoni). The meaning is "of the person named", so Magnolia hodgsonii means "Hodgson's magnolia". The -ii or -i endings show that in each case Hodgson was a man (not the same one); had Hodgson been a woman, hodgsonae would have been used. The person commemorated in the binomial name is not usually (if ever) the person who created the name; for example, Anthus hodgsoni was named by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wallace_Richmond" title="Charles Wallace Richmond">Charles Wallace Richmond</a>, in honour of Hodgson. Rather than a person, the noun may be related to a place, as with <a href="/wiki/Latimeria_chalumnae" class="mw-redirect" title="Latimeria chalumnae">Latimeria chalumnae</a>, meaning "of the <a href="/wiki/Chalumna_River" title="Chalumna River">Chalumna River</a>". Another use of genitive nouns is in, for example, the name of the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>, where coli means "of the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>". This formation is common in parasites, as in <a href="/wiki/Xenos_vesparum" title="Xenos vesparum">Xenos vesparum</a>, where vesparum means "of the wasps", since Xenos vesparum is a parasite of wasps.</li></ul> Whereas the first part of a binomial name must be unique within the purview of each nomenclatural code, the second part is quite commonly used in two or more genera (as is shown by examples of hodgsonii above), but cannot be used more than once within a single genus. The full binomial name must be unique within each code. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codes">Codes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Codes">edit</a>]</div> From the early 19th century onwards it became ever more apparent that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. In the course of time these became <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes" title="Nomenclature codes">nomenclature codes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) governs the naming of animals,<a href="#cite_note-ICZN-43">[41]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> (ICNafp) that of plants (including <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria">International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria</a> (ICNB) that of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>). <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> names are governed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (ICTV), a taxonomic code, which determines taxa as well as names. These codes differ in certain ways, e.g.: <ul><li>"Binomial nomenclature" is the correct term for botany,<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> although it is also used by zoologists.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Since 1961,<a href="#cite_note-ICZN1961_Chap2Article5-46">[44]</a> "binominal nomenclature" is the technically correct term in zoology.<a href="#cite_note-ICZN1999_Chap2Article5-1">[1]</a> A binomial name is also called a binomen (plural binomina) or binominal name.<a href="#cite_note-ICZN1999_Glossary-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Both codes consider the first part of the two-part name for a species to be the "generic name". In the zoological code (ICZN), the second part of the name is a "specific name". In the botanical code (ICNafp), it is a "specific epithet". Together, these two parts are referred to as a "species name" or "binomen" in the zoological code: or "species name", "binomial", or "binary combination" in the botanical code. "Species name" is the only term common to the two codes.</li> <li>The ICNafp, the plant code, does not allow the two parts of a binomial name to be the same (such a name is called a <a href="/wiki/Tautonym" title="Tautonym">tautonym</a>), whereas the ICZN, the animal code, does. Thus the American bison has the binomen Bison bison; a name of this kind would not be allowed for a plant.</li> <li>The starting points, the time from which these codes are in effect (retroactively), vary from group to group. In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> the starting point will often be in 1753 (the year Carl Linnaeus first published <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> the starting point is 1758 (1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus's <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>, 10th Edition, and also <a href="/wiki/Carl_Alexander_Clerck" title="Carl Alexander Clerck">Clerck's</a> Aranei Svecici). <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a> started anew, with a starting point on 1 January 1980.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of terminology for the names of species in the ICZN and ICNafp </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Full name</th> <th>First part</th> <th>Second part </th></tr> <tr> <td>ICZN</td> <td>species name, binomen, binominal name</td> <td>generic name, genus name</td> <td>specific name </td></tr> <tr> <td>ICNafp</td> <td>species name, binary combination, binomial (name)</td> <td>generic name</td> <td>specific epithet </td></tr></tbody></table> Unifying the different codes into a single code, the "BioCode", has been suggested[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>], although implementation is not in sight. (There is also a published code for a different system of biotic nomenclature, which does not use ranks above species, but instead names <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>. This is called <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_in_handling_personal_names">Differences in handling personal names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Differences in handling personal names">edit</a>]</div> As noted above, there are some differences between the codes in how binomials can be formed; for example the ICZN allows both parts to be the same, while the ICNafp does not. Another difference is in how personal names are used in forming specific names or epithets. The ICNafp sets out precise rules by which a personal name is to be converted to a specific epithet. In particular, names ending in a consonant (but not "er") are treated as first being converted into Latin by adding "-ius" (for a man) or "-ia" (for a woman), and then being made genitive (i.e. meaning "of that person or persons"). This produces specific epithets like lecardii for Lecard (male), wilsoniae for Wilson (female), and brauniarum for the Braun sisters.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> By contrast, the ICZN does not require the intermediate creation of a Latin form of a personal name, allowing the genitive ending to be added directly to the personal name.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> This explains the difference between the names of the plant Magnolia hodgsonii and the bird Anthus hodgsoni. Furthermore, the ICNafp requires names not published in the form required by the code to be corrected to conform to it,<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> whereas the ICZN is more protective of the form used by the original author.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_binomial_names">Writing binomial names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing binomial names">edit</a>]</div> By tradition, the binomial names of species are usually typeset in italics; for example, <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-howto-52">[50]</a> Generally, the binomial should be printed in a <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font style</a> different from that used in the normal text; for example, "Several more Homo sapiens fossils were discovered." When handwritten, a binomial name should be underlined; for example, Homo sapiens.<a href="#cite_note-tan-53">[51]</a> The first part of the binomial, the genus name, is always written with an initial capital letter. Older sources, particularly botanical works published before the 1950s, used a different convention: if the second part of the name was derived from a proper noun, e.g., the name of a person or place, a capital letter was used. Thus, the modern form Berberis darwinii was written as Berberis Darwinii. A capital was also used when the name is formed by two nouns in apposition, e.g., Panthera Leo or Centaurea Cyanus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonSmith197223-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[note 3]</a> In current usage, the second part is never written with an initial capital.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> When used with a common name, the scientific name often follows in parentheses, although this varies with publication.<a href="#cite_note-parenth-59">[56]</a> For example, "The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is decreasing in Europe." The binomial name should generally be written in full. The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report, or the same species is mentioned repeatedly; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used, but may then be abbreviated to an initial (and a period/full stop).<a href="#cite_note-merriamwebster-60">[57]</a> For example, a list of members of the genus Canis might be written as "Canis lupus, C. aureus, C. simensis". In rare cases, this abbreviated form has spread to more general use; for example, the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> is often referred to as just E. coli, and <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus rex</a> is perhaps even better known simply as T. rex, these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full genus name has not already been given. The abbreviation "sp." is used when the actual specific name cannot or need not be specified. The abbreviation "spp." (plural) indicates "several species". These abbreviations are not italicised (or underlined).<a href="#cite_note-Springer:_PKR_and_VD_Nair-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jenks-62">[59]</a> For example: "Canis sp." means "an unspecified species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a>", while "Canis spp." means "two or more species of the genus Canis". (These abbreviations should not be confused with the abbreviations "ssp." (zoology) or "subsp." (botany), plurals "sspp." or "subspp.", referring to one or more <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Trinomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinomen">trinomen</a> (zoology) and <a href="/wiki/Infraspecific_name" title="Infraspecific name">infraspecific name</a>.) The abbreviation "<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a>" (i.e., confer in Latin) is used to compare individuals/taxa with known/described species. Conventions for use of the "cf." qualifier vary.<a href="#cite_note-clowes-63">[60]</a> In paleontology, it is typically used when the identification is not confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> For example, "Corvus cf. nasicus" was used to indicate "a fossil bird similar to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_crow" title="Cuban crow">Cuban crow</a> but not certainly identified as this species".<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> In molecular systematics papers, "cf." may be used to indicate one or more undescribed species assumed to be related to a described species. For example, in a paper describing the phylogeny of small benthic freshwater fish called darters, five undescribed putative species (Ozark, Sheltowee, Wildcat, Ihiyo, and Mamequit darters), notable for brightly colored nuptial males with distinctive color patterns,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> were referred to as "Etheostoma cf. spectabile" because they had been viewed as related to, but distinct from, Etheostoma spectabile (orangethroat darter).<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> This view was supported to varying degrees by DNA analysis. The somewhat informal use of taxa names with qualifying abbreviations is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Open_nomenclature" title="Open nomenclature">open nomenclature</a> and it is not subject to strict usage codes. In some contexts, the dagger symbol ("†") may be used before or after the binomial name to indicate that the species is extinct. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authority">Authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Authority">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(zoology)" title="Author citation (zoology)">Author citation (zoology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation (botany)</a></div> In scholarly texts, at least the first or main use of the binomial name is usually followed by the "authority" – a way of designating the scientist(s) who first published the name. The authority is written in slightly different ways in zoology and botany. For names governed by the ICZN the surname is usually written in full together with the date (normally only the year) of publication. One example of author citation of scientific name is: "<a href="/wiki/Amabela" title="Amabela">Amabela Möschler, 1880</a>."<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 4]</a> The ICZN recommends that the "original author and date of a name should be cited at least once in each work dealing with the taxon denoted by that name."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999Recommendation_51a-69">[65]</a> For names governed by the ICNafp the name is generally reduced to a standard abbreviation and the date omitted. The <a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a> maintains an approved list of botanical author abbreviations. Historically, abbreviations were used in zoology too. When the original name is changed, e.g., the species is moved to a different genus, both codes use parentheses around the original authority; the ICNafp also requires the person who made the change to be given. In the ICNafp, the original name is then called the <a href="/wiki/Basionym" title="Basionym">basionym</a>. Some examples: <ul><li>(Plant) <a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_retroflexus" title="Amaranthus retroflexus">Amaranthus retroflexus</a> L. – "L." is the standard abbreviation for "Linnaeus"; the absence of parentheses shows that this is his original name.</li> <li>(Plant) <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides_italica" title="Hyacinthoides italica">Hyacinthoides italica</a> (L.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named the Italian bluebell Scilla italica; that is the basionym. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hugo_Paul_Rothmaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Hugo Paul Rothmaler">Rothmaler</a> later transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides.</li> <li>(Animal) <a href="/wiki/Passer_domesticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Passer domesticus">Passer domesticus</a> (Linnaeus, 1758) – the original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; unlike the ICNafp, the ICZN does not require the name of the person who changed the genus (<a href="/wiki/Mathurin_Jacques_Brisson" title="Mathurin Jacques Brisson">Mathurin Jacques Brisson</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a>) to be given.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_ranks">Other ranks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other ranks">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Special:EditPage/Binomial nomenclature">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological nomenclature">Biological nomenclature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature" title="Trinomial nomenclature">Trinomial nomenclature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infraspecific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspecific name (botany)">Infraspecific name (botany)</a></div> Binomial nomenclature, as described here, is a system for naming species. Implicitly, it includes a system for naming genera, since the first part of the name of the species is a genus name. In a classification system based on ranks, there are also ways of naming ranks above the level of genus and below the level of species. Ranks above genus (e.g., family, order, class) receive one-part names, which are conventionally not written in italics. Thus, the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, belongs to the family <a href="/wiki/Passeridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeridae">Passeridae</a>. Family names are normally based on genus names, although the endings used differ between zoology and botany. Ranks below species receive three-part names, conventionally written in italics like the names of species. There are significant differences between the ICZN and the ICNafp. In zoology, the only formal rank below species is subspecies and the name is written simply as three parts (a trinomen). Thus, one of the subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Olive-backed_pipit" title="Olive-backed pipit">olive-backed pipit</a> is Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii. Informally, in some circumstances, a <a href="/wiki/Form_(zoology)" title="Form (zoology)">form</a> may be appended. For example <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_axyridis" title="Harmonia axyridis">Harmonia axyridis</a> f. spectabilis is the harlequin ladybird in its black or melanic forms having four large orange or red spots. In botany, there are many ranks below species and although the name itself is written in three parts, a "connecting term" (not part of the name) is needed to show the rank. Thus, the American black elder is Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis; the white-flowered form of the ivy-leaved cyclamen is <a href="/wiki/Cyclamen_hederifolium" title="Cyclamen hederifolium">Cyclamen hederifolium</a> f. albiflorum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Glossary of scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid name (botany)">Hybrid name (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation">List of botanists by author abbreviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisms_named_after_famous_people" title="List of organisms named after famous people">List of organisms named after famous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoologists_by_author_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of zoologists by author abbreviation">List of zoologists by author abbreviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_terminology" title="Scientific terminology">Scientific terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">Species description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undescribed_taxon" title="Undescribed taxon">Undescribed taxon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Some sources say that both John Tradescant the Younger and his father, <a href="/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_Elder" title="John Tradescant the Elder">John Tradescant the Elder</a>, were intended by Linnaeus. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The ending "-on" may derive from the neuter Greek ending -ον, as in Rhodoxylon floridum, or the masculine Greek ending -ων, as in Rhodochiton atrosanguineus. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> The modern notation was resisted by some, partly because writing names like Centaurea cyanus can suggest that cyanus is an adjective which should agree with Centaurea, i.e. that the name should be Centaurea cyana, whereas Cyanus is derived from the Greek name for the cornflower.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Here Amabela is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>. It is written in italic form. Followed by the last name of the scientist who discovered it (Heinrich Benno Möschler), a comma, and the year when it was published. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICZN1999_Chap2Article5-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICZN1999_Chap2Article5_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICZN1999_Chap2Article5_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/?frame=1">Chapter 2, Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/">"Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329164629/https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+5.+Principle+of+Binominal+Nomenclature+%26%23124%3B+International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.iczn.org%2Fchapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals%2Farticle-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-ICZN1999_Glossary-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICZN1999_Glossary_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICZN1999_Glossary_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.iczn.org/glossary/">Glossary – "binomen", "nomenclature, binominal"</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.iczn.org/glossary/">"Glossary | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206072152/https://code.iczn.org/glossary/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+%26%23124%3B+International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.iczn.org%2Fglossary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusby1997" class="citation book cs1">Busby, Arthur III; et al. (1997). 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NHM.ac.uk. <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/history-taxonomy/session1/index.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2014. 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Vol. 1961 (1 ed.). London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 11, 148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.50303">10.5962/bhl.title.50303</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170250/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107561#page/33/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+code+of+zoological+nomenclature%2C+adopted+by+the+XV+International+Congress+of+Zoology+%2F+Code+international+de+nomenclature+zoologique%2C+adopt%C3%A9+par+le+XVe+Congr%C3%A8s+international+de+zoologie&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11%2C+148&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=The+International+Trust+for+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.50303&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F107561%23page%2F33%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107561#page/172/mode/1up">p148 Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170250/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107561#page/172/mode/1up">Archived</a> 29 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneath2003" class="citation web cs1">Sneath, P. H. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524070542/http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/Code_history.htm">"A short history of the Bacteriological Code"</a>. The-ICSP.org. International Union of Microbiological Societies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/Code_history.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The-ICSP.org&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+the+Bacteriological+Code&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sneath&rft.aufirst=P.+H.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-icsp.org%2Fmisc%2FCode_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#ICN2012">McNeill et al. 2012</a>, Recommendation 60C </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999</a>, Chap. 7, Article 3.1.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#ICN2012">McNeill et al. 2012</a>, Article 60.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999</a>, Chap. 7, Article 32.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-howto-52"><a href="#cite_ref-howto_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2001/oct2001/howto.pdf">"How to Write Scientific Names of Organisms"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Caribbean+Ornithology&rft.atitle=Fossil+Cuban+crow+Corvus+cf.+nasicus+from+a+late+Quaternary+cave+deposit+in+northern+Matanzas%2C+Cuba&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Orihuela&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbirdscaribbean.org%2Fjco%2Findex.php%2Fjco%2Farticle%2Fview%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageBurr1991" class="citation book cs1">Page, L. M.; Burr, B. M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetofres00lawr">Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. plate 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-24206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-24206-4"><bdi>978-0-547-24206-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peterson+field+guide+to+freshwater+fishes%3A+North+America+north+of+Mexico&rft.pages=plate+52&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-547-24206-4&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rft.au=Burr%2C+B.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldguidetofres00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNearBossuBradburdCarlson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Near, T. J.; Bossu, C. M.; Bradburd, G. S.; Carlson, R. L.; Harrington, R. C.; Hollingsworth, P. R.; Keck, B. P.; Etnier, D. A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr052">"Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)"</a>. Systematic Biology. 60 (5): 565–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr052">10.1093/sysbio/syr052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21775340">21775340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+temporal+diversification+of+darters+%28Percidae%3A+Etheostomatinae%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=565-595&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr052&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21775340&rft.aulast=Near&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.au=Bossu%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Bradburd%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Carlson%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Hollingsworth%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Keck%2C+B.+P.&rft.au=Etnier%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsysbio%252Fsyr052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999Recommendation_51a-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999Recommendation_51a_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999</a>, Recommendation 51a. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers-Smith1988" class="citation book cs1">Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sparrowsstudyofg0000summ">The Sparrows</a>. illustrated by Robert Gillmor. Calton, Staffordshire, England: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85661-048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85661-048-6"><bdi>978-0-85661-048-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sparrows&rft.place=Calton%2C+Staffordshire%2C+England&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=T.+%26+A.+D.+Poyser&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-85661-048-6&rft.aulast=Summers-Smith&rft.aufirst=J.+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsparrowsstudyofg0000summ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyamPankhurst1995" class="citation book cs1">Hyam, R.; Pankhurst, R. J. (1995). Plants and their names: A concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866189-4"><bdi>978-0-19-866189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+and+their+names%3A+A+concise+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866189-4&rft.aulast=Hyam&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonSmith1972" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H. A. (1972). Plant Names Simplified: Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning. Buckenhill, Herefordshire: Landsmans Bookshop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900513-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900513-04-6"><bdi>978-0-900513-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Names+Simplified%3A+Their+Pronunciation+Derivation+%26+Meaning&rft.place=Buckenhill%2C+Herefordshire&rft.pub=Landsmans+Bookshop&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-900513-04-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rft.au=Smith%2C+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999" class="citation book cs1">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature online</a> (4th ed.). The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85301-006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85301-006-7"><bdi>978-0-85301-006-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature+online&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=The+International+Trust+for+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85301-006-7&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted-sites%2Ficzn%2Fcode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ICN2012" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W. F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J. H.; Turland, N. J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507070323/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</a>. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Königstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6"><bdi>978-3-87429-425-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title">the original</a> on 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.place=K%C3%B6nigstein%2C+Germany&rft.series=Regnum+Vegetabile+154&rft.pub=Koeltz+Scientific+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-87429-425-6&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Barrie%2C+F.+R.&rft.au=Buck%2C+W.+R.&rft.au=Demoulin%2C+V.&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W.&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+P.+S.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S.&rft.au=Marhold%2C+K.&rft.au=Prado%2C+J.&rft.au=Prud%27homme+Van+Reine%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.+F.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Turland%2C+N.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrinan2007" class="citation book cs1">Crinan, Alexander, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927205640/http://www.hortax.org.uk/uploads/4/1/3/5/4135326/hortax_plantnames.pdf">Plant Names: A Guide for Horticulturists, Nurserymen, Gardeners and Students</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Hortax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortax">Horticultural Taxonomy Group</a>, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortax.org.uk/uploads/4/1/3/5/4135326/hortax_plantnames.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Names%3A+A+Guide+for+Horticulturists%2C+Nurserymen%2C+Gardeners+and+Students&rft.pub=Horticultural+Taxonomy+Group%2C+Royal+Botanic+Garden+Edinburgh&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hortax.org.uk%2Fuploads%2F4%2F1%2F3%2F5%2F4135326%2Fhortax_plantnames.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinomial+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biological_nomenclature" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biological nomenclature">Biological nomenclature</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_valid_homonyms" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:List of valid homonyms">List of valid homonyms</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/index.html">Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy">NCBI Taxonomy Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Linnaeus bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a> (1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a> (1746)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a> (1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantissa_Plantarum_Altera" title="Mantissa Plantarum Altera">Mantissa Plantarum Altera</a> (1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium" title="Systema Vegetabilium">Systema Vegetabilium</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-135px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a> (Linnaean classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Berlin" title="Andreas Berlin">Andreas Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Falk" title="Johan Peter Falk">Johan Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Pehr Osbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rolander" title="Daniel Rolander">Daniel Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman" title="Göran Rothman">Göran Rothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina von Linné</a> (daughter))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">Students of Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Recognitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Linn%C3%A9" title="Expedition Linné">Expedition Linné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> (including the Linnaeus Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemya" title="Linnaemya">Linnaemya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemyini" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaemyini">Linnaemyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7412_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="7412 Linnaeus">7412 Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus Arboretum">Linnaeus Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">Linnaeus's Hammarby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9a" title="Linnéa">Linnéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Linnaeus_Society" title="Swedish Linnaeus Society">Swedish Linnaeus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Linnean Society of New South Wales">Linnean Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Maine" title="Linneus, Maine">Linneus, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" title="Linneus, Missouri">Linneus, Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Carl Linnaeus">Category</a></li> <li><img 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