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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scandinavia as a concept</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scandinavia_as_a_concept-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scandinavia as a concept subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia_as_a_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance_in_medieval_Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_in_medieval_Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Appearance in medieval Germanic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_in_medieval_Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_influence_on_Sámi_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_influence_on_Sámi_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Possible influence on Sámi languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_influence_on_Sámi_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroduction_of_the_term_Scandinavia_in_the_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction_of_the_term_Scandinavia_in_the_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reintroduction of the term <i>Scandinavia</i> in the 18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction_of_the_term_Scandinavia_in_the_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Nordic_countries_vs._Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Nordic_countries_vs._Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Use of <i>Nordic countries</i> vs. <i>Scandinavia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Nordic_countries_vs._Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Different_meanings_of_the_term_Scandinavian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_meanings_of_the_term_Scandinavian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Different meanings of the term <i>Scandinavian</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_meanings_of_the_term_Scandinavian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>North Germanic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Uralic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sámi_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sámi_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Sámi languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sámi_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Viking Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavian_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Scandinavian unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Recent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scandinavia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinawi%C3%AB" title="Skandinawië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skandinawië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%93%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ስካንዲናቪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስካንዲናቪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إسكندنافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكندنافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandinavia" title="Escandinavia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escandinavia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandinavia" title="Escandinavia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escandinavia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaviya" title="Skandinaviya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skandinaviya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ایسکاندیناوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکاندیناوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скандинавия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скандинавия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Скандынавія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скандынавія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Скандынавія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скандынавія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скандинавия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скандинавия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavija" title="Skandinavija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Skandinavija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandin%C3%A0via" title="Escandinàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escandinàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Скандинави – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Скандинави" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskandinabya" title="Eskandinabya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eskandinabya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandin%C3%A1vie" title="Skandinávie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skandinávie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llychlyn" title="Llychlyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llychlyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinawiska" title="Skandinawiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Skandinawiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaavia" title="Skandinaavia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skandinaavia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σκανδιναβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκανδιναβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandinavia" title="Escandinavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escandinavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavio" title="Skandinavio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skandinavio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskandinavia" title="Eskandinavia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskandinavia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="اسکاندیناوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکاندیناوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavie" title="Scandinavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scandinavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaavje" title="Skandinaavje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skandinaavje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavie" title="Scandinavie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Scandinavie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADoch_Lochlann" title="Críoch Lochlann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Críoch Lochlann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loghlin" title="Loghlin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Loghlin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochlann" title="Lochlann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lochlann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandinavia" title="Escandinavia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escandinavia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ايسکانديناوي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايسکانديناوي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B8%EB%94%94%EB%82%98%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="스칸디나비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스칸디나비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սկանդինավիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սկանդինավիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="स्कैण्डिनेवियाई देश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कैण्डिनेवियाई देश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinawiska" title="Skandinawiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Skandinawiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavija" title="Skandinavija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skandinavija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Скандинави – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Скандинави" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinav%C3%ADa" title="Skandinavía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skandinavía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="סקנדינביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקנדינביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavii" title="Skandinavii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Skandinavii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸ್ಕ್ಯಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಕ್ಯಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სკანდინავია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სკანდინავია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скандинавия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Скандинавия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skand%C3%AEnavya" title="Skandînavya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Skandînavya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Скандинави – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Скандинави" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandin%C4%81vija" title="Skandināvija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skandināvija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavija" title="Skandinavija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skandinavija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavi%C3%AB" title="Scandinavië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Scandinavië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bertu%27a" title="bertu'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bertu'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandin%C3%A1via" title="Skandinávia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skandinávia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Скандинавија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скандинавија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="स्कँडिनेव्हिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्कँडिनेव्हिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სკანდინავია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სკანდინავია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اسكندنافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكندنافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="اسکاندیناوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسکاندیناوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Скандинав – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Скандинав" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စကင်ဒီနေးဗီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စကင်ဒီနေးဗီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikadinavia" title="Sikadinavia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sikadinavia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavi%C3%AB" title="Scandinavië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scandinavië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavie" title="Skandinavie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Skandinavie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="スカンディナヴィア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スカンディナヴィア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinoowien" title="Skandinoowien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skandinoowien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escaundinavie" title="Escaundinavie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Escaundinavie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandin%C3%A0via" title="Escandinàvia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escandinàvia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Скандинавий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Скандинавий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaviya" title="Skandinaviya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skandinaviya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਕੈਂਡੀਨੇਵੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕੈਂਡੀਨੇਵੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سکینڈینیویا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکینڈینیویا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="ស្កង់ឌីណាវី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្កង់ឌីណាវី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandynawia" title="Skandynawia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skandynawia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escandin%C3%A1via" title="Escandinávia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escandinávia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Шкандінавія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шкандінавія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скандинавия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скандинавия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscandin%C3%A0via" title="Iscandinàvia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscandinàvia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavie" title="Scandinavie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scandinavie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اسڪينڊينيويا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسڪينڊينيويا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kandin%C3%A1via" title="Škandinávia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Škandinávia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavija" title="Skandinavija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skandinavija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandanefiyan" title="Iskandanefiyan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iskandanefiyan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سکاندیناڤیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سکاندیناڤیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Скандинавија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скандинавија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavija" title="Skandinavija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skandinavija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skandinavia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavien" title="Skandinavien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skandinavien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="எசுக்காண்டினாவியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுக்காண்டினாவியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skundinavya" title="Skundinavya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Skundinavya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скандинавия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Скандинавия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="స్కాండినేవియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్కాండినేవియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สแกนดิเนเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สแกนดิเนเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skandinavya" title="İskandinavya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskandinavya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Скандинавія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скандинавія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسکینڈینیویا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکینڈینیویا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="شىمالىي ياۋروپا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىمالىي ياۋروپا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandin%C3%A0via" title="Scandinàvia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scandinàvia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavii" title="Skandinavii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Skandinavii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaavia" title="Skandinaavia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Skandinaavia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinoavi%C3%AB" title="Scandinoavië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Scandinoavië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskandinabya" title="Eskandinabya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eskandinabya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="斯堪的纳维亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯堪的纳维亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סקאנדינאוויע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סקאנדינאוויע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="斯堪的納維亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯堪的納維亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skandinavya" title="İskandinavya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İskandinavya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="斯堪的纳维亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯堪的纳维亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Scandinavia" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subregion of Northern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cultural region of Scandinavia. For the peninsula, see <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scandinavia (disambiguation)">Scandinavia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><b>Scandinavia</b></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of the Fennoscandian Peninsula and Denmark, as well as other areas surrounding the Baltic Sea, in March 2002"><img alt="Photo of the Fennoscandian Peninsula and Denmark, as well as other areas surrounding the Baltic Sea, in March 2002" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg/220px-Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg/330px-Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg/440px-Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6800" data-file-height="8800" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Photo of the <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandian</a> Peninsula and Denmark, as well as other areas surrounding the Baltic Sea, in March 2002</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>Official languages</b><sup id="cite_ref-norlang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norlang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loc1717_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loc1717-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Sometimes also: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>Recognized minority languages</b> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a> (official in Sámi administrative areas)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Scandinavian_as_an_ethnic_term_and_as_a_demonym">Scandinavian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-OEDdef_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDdef-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Sometimes also:<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic territories</a> that are not part of Scandinavia: </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.dk" title=".dk">.dk</a>, <a href="/wiki/.no" title=".no">.no</a>, <a href="/wiki/.se" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavia" title="Category:Scandinavia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scandinavia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/500px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>History by country</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Chronological history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Denmark–Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defence_union" title="Scandinavian defence union">Defence Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/17px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/26px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/34px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Faroe_Islands" title="Portal:Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/17px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/26px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/34px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/17px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/26px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/34px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/17px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/26px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/34px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavia" title="Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavia" title="Template talk:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Scandinavia</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Subregion#Europe" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. <i>Scandinavia</i> most commonly refers to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. It can sometimes also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> (which excludes Denmark but includes a part of northern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>). In English usage, Scandinavia is sometimes used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> are sometimes included in Scandinavia for their <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">ethnolinguistic</a> relations with Sweden, Norway and Denmark. While Finland differs from other Nordic countries in this respect, some authors call it Scandinavian due to its economic and cultural similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDdef_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDdef-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geography of the region is varied, from the Norwegian fjords in the west and Scandinavian mountains covering parts of Norway and Sweden, to the low and flat areas of Denmark in the south, as well as archipelagos and lakes in the east. Most of the population in the region live in the more temperate southern regions, with the northern parts having long, cold winters. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> Scandinavian peoples participated in large-scale raiding, conquest, colonization and trading mostly throughout Europe. They also used their <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a> for exploration, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. These exploits saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a> which comprised large parts of Scandinavia and Great Britain, though it was relatively short-lived. Scandinavia was eventually <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianized</a>, and the coming centuries saw various unions of Scandinavian nations, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, which lasted for over 100 years until the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I</a> led Sweden out of the union. Denmark and Norway, as well as <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, were then united until 1814 as <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>. Numerous wars between the nations followed, which shaped the modern borders and led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The most recent Scandinavian union was the <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">union between Sweden and Norway</a>, which ended in 1905. </p><p>In modern times the region has prospered, with the economies of the countries being amongst the strongest in Europe. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Finland all maintain welfare systems considered to be generous, with the economic and social policies of the countries being dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Denmark" title="Geography of Denmark">Geography of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Geography of Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Geography of Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Geography of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galdh%C3%B8piggenFromFannar%C3%A5ki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galdh%C3%B8piggenFromFannar%C3%A5ki.jpg/220px-Galdh%C3%B8piggenFromFannar%C3%A5ki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galdh%C3%B8piggenFromFannar%C3%A5ki.jpg/330px-Galdh%C3%B8piggenFromFannar%C3%A5ki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galdh%C3%B8piggenFromFannar%C3%A5ki.jpg/440px-Galdh%C3%B8piggenFromFannar%C3%A5ki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galdh%C3%B8piggen" title="Galdhøpiggen">Galdhøpiggen</a> is the highest point in Scandinavia and is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied. Notable are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_fjords" title="List of Norwegian fjords">Norwegian fjords</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a> covering much of Norway and parts of Sweden, the flat, low areas in Denmark and the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a> of Finland, Norway and Sweden. Finland and Sweden have many lakes and <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a>, legacies of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">ice age</a>, which ended about ten <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a> ago. </p><p>The southern regions of Scandinavia, which are also the most populous regions, have a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scandinavia extends north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. Many of the Scandinavian mountains have an <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a> climate. </p><p>The climate varies from north to south and from west to east: a marine west coast climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Cfb</a>) typical of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a> dominates in Denmark, the southernmost part of Sweden and along the west coast of Norway reaching north to 65°N, with <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic lift</a> giving more mm/year <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> (<5000 mm) in some areas in western Norway. The central part – from <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> – has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Dfb), which gradually gives way to <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (Dfc) further north and cool marine west coast climate (Cfc) along the northwestern coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Battaglia2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small area along the northern coast east of the <a href="/wiki/North_Cape_(Norway)" title="North Cape (Norway)">North Cape</a> has tundra climate (Et) as a result of a lack of summer warmth. The Scandinavian Mountains block the mild and moist air coming from the southwest, thus northern Sweden and the <a href="/wiki/Finnmarksvidda" title="Finnmarksvidda">Finnmarksvidda</a> plateau in Norway receive little precipitation and have cold winters. Large areas in the Scandinavian mountains have <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a> climate. </p><p>The warmest temperature ever recorded in Scandinavia is 38.0 °C in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5lilla" title="Målilla">Målilla</a> (Sweden).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coldest temperature ever recorded is −52.6 °C in <a href="/wiki/Vuoggatj%C3%A5lme" title="Vuoggatjålme">Vuoggatjålme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjeplog" title="Arjeplog">Arjeplog</a> (Sweden).<sup id="cite_ref-smhi.se_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smhi.se-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coldest month was February 1985 in Vittangi (Sweden) with a mean of −27.2 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-smhi.se_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smhi.se-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southwesterly winds further warmed by <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">foehn wind</a> can give warm temperatures in narrow Norwegian fjords in winter. <a href="/wiki/Tafjord" title="Tafjord">Tafjord</a> has recorded 17.9 °C in January and <a href="/wiki/Sunndal_Municipality" title="Sunndal Municipality">Sunndal</a> 18.9 °C in February. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandinavia_as_a_concept">Scandinavia as a concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scandinavia as a concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_meaning_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Original_meaning_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Original_meaning_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Original_meaning_of_Scandinavia.svg/330px-Original_meaning_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Original_meaning_of_Scandinavia.svg/440px-Original_meaning_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, a formerly Danish region that became Swedish in the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/250px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/330px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/500px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The original areas inhabited (during the Bronze Age) by the peoples now known as Scandinavians included what is now Northern Germany (particularly <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>), all of Denmark, southern Sweden, the southern coast of Norway and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> in Finland while namesake <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> found itself in the centre.</figcaption></figure> <p>The words <i>Scandinavia</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a></i> (<i>Skåne</i>, the southernmost province of Sweden) are both thought to go back to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">Skaðin-awjō</i></span> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">ð</a></i> represented in Latin by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">t</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">d</i></span>), which appears later in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Scedenig</i></span> and in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Skáney</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest identified source for the name <i>Scandinavia</i> is <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, dated to the 1st century AD. </p><p>Various references to the region can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, usually in the form of <i><a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a></i>. It is believed that the name used by Pliny may be of <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> origin, originally denoting Scania.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ska%C3%BE%C3%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaþô">skaðan-</a></i></span>, meaning "danger" or "damage".<sup id="cite_ref-Helle_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helle-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second segment of the name has been reconstructed as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/awj%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/awjō">awjō</a></i></span>, meaning "land on the water" or "island". The name <i>Scandinavia</i> would then mean "dangerous island", which is considered to refer to the treacherous sandbanks surrounding Scania.<sup id="cite_ref-Helle_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helle-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo" title="Skanör med Falsterbo">Skanör</a> in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">skan</i></span>) combined with -<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">ör</i></span>, which means "sandbanks". </p><p>Alternatively, <i>Sca(n)dinavia</i> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Skáney</i></span>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> goddess name <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></i></span>, may be related to Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skadwaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skadwaz">skaðwa-</a></i></span> (meaning "shadow"). John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests that the goddess Skaði may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-MCKINNELL63_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCKINNELL63-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possibility is that all or part of the segments of the name came from the pre-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> people inhabiting the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Giorgio_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giorgio-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modernity, Scandinavia is a peninsula, but between approximately 10,300 and 9,500 years ago the southern part of Scandinavia was an island separated from the northern peninsula, with water exiting the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> through the area where <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> is now located.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance_in_medieval_Germanic_languages">Appearance in medieval Germanic languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appearance in medieval Germanic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin names in Pliny's text gave rise to different forms in medieval Germanic texts. In Jordanes' history of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> (AD 551), the form <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a></i></span> is the name used for their original home, separated by sea from the land of Europe (chapter 1, 4).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where Jordanes meant to locate this quasi-legendary island is still a hotly debated issue, both in scholarly discussions and in the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> discourse of various European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scadinavia</i></span> as the original home of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Langobards</a> appears in <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>' <i>Historia Langobardorum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in other versions of <i>Historia Langobardorum</i> appear the forms <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scadan</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scandanan</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scadanan</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scatenauge</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankish sources used <span title="Old Frankish-language text"><i lang="frk">Sconaowe</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(historian)" title="Æthelweard (historian)">Aethelweard</a>, an Anglo-Saxon historian, used <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Scani</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-North_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, the forms <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Scedenige</i></span> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Scedeland</i></span> are used while the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfredian</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_of_Hedeby" title="Wulfstan of Hedeby">Wulfstan</a>'s travel accounts used the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Sconeg</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-North_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possible_influence_on_Sámi_languages"><span id="Possible_influence_on_S.C3.A1mi_languages"></span>Possible influence on Sámi languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Possible influence on Sámi languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <a href="/wiki/Joik" title="Joik">joik</a> texts written down refer to the world as <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">Skadesi-suolu</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> and <span title="Skolt Sami-language text"><i lang="sms">Skađsuâl</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt Sámi</a>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a>'s island". Svennung considers the Sámi name to have been introduced as a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Svennung_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svennung-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a>" is the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötunn</a> stepmother of <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>. It has been suggested that Skaði to some extent is modelled on a Sámi woman. The name for Skaði's father <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a> is known in Sámi as <span title="Sami languages collective text"><i lang="smi">Čáhci</i></span>, "the waterman"; and her son with Odin, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6mingr" title="Sæmingr">Sæmingr</a>, can be interpreted as a descendant of <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">Saam</i></span>, the Sámi population.<sup id="cite_ref-Mundel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older joik texts give evidence of the old Sámi belief about living on an island and state that the wolf is known as <span title="Sami languages collective text"><i lang="smi">suolu gievra</i></span>, meaning "the strong one on the island". The Sámi <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">place name</a> <span title="Sami languages collective text"><i lang="smi">Sulliidčielbma</i></span> means "the island's threshold" and <i><a href="/wiki/Saariselk%C3%A4" title="Saariselkä">Suoločielgi</a></i> means "the island's back". </p><p>In recent <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> studies, Sámi linguists have examined the initial cluster <span title="Sami languages collective text"><i lang="smi">sk</i></span>- in words used in the Sámi languages and concluded that <span title="Sami languages collective text"><i lang="smi">sk</i></span>- is a <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactic</a> structure of alien origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikio_2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikio_2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction_of_the_term_Scandinavia_in_the_18th_century">Reintroduction of the term <i>Scandinavia</i> in the 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reintroduction of the term Scandinavia in the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark" title="Politics of Denmark">Politics of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Politics of Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skandinavism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/170px-Skandinavism.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/255px-Skandinavism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/340px-Skandinavism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a>—a Norwegian, a Dane and a Swede</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the term <i>Scandinavia</i> used by Pliny the Elder probably originated in the ancient Germanic languages, the modern form <i>Scandinavia</i> does not descend directly from the ancient Germanic term. Rather the word was brought into use in Europe by scholars borrowing the term from ancient sources like Pliny, and was used vaguely for Scania and the southern region of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostergard_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostergard-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was popularised by the linguistic and cultural <a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavist movement</a>, which asserted the common heritage and cultural unity of the Scandinavian countries and rose to prominence in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostergard_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostergard-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular usage of the term in Sweden, Denmark and Norway as a unifying concept became established in the 19th century through poems such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s "I am a Scandinavian" of 1839. After a visit to Sweden, Andersen became a supporter of early political Scandinavism. In a letter describing the poem to a friend, he wrote: "All at once I understood how related the Swedes, the Danes and the Norwegians are, and with this feeling I wrote the poem immediately after my return: 'We are one people, we are called Scandinavians!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". </p><p>The influence of Scandinavism as a Scandinavist political movement peaked in the middle of the 19th century, between the <a href="/wiki/First_Schleswig_War" title="First Schleswig War">First Schleswig War</a> (1848–1850) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> (1864).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Swedish king<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> also proposed a unification of Denmark, Norway and Sweden into a single united kingdom. The background for the proposal was the tumultuous events during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in the beginning of the century. This war resulted in Finland (formerly the eastern third of Sweden) becoming the Russian <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> in 1809 and Norway (<i>de jure</i> in union with Denmark since 1387, although <i>de facto</i> treated as a province) becoming independent in 1814, but thereafter swiftly forced to accept a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Sweden. The dependent territories Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, historically part of Norway, remained with Denmark in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>. Sweden and Norway were thus united under the Swedish monarch, but Finland's inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> excluded any possibility for a political union between Finland and any of the other Nordic countries. </p><p>The end of the Scandinavian political movement came when Denmark was denied the military support promised from Sweden and Norway to annex the (Danish) <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a>, which together with the (German) <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</a> had been in personal union with Denmark. The Second war of Schleswig followed in 1864, a brief but disastrous war between Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (supported by Austria). <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> was conquered by Prussia and after Prussia's success in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> a Prussian-led <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> was created and a new <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a>-balance in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> was established. The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Scandinavian Monetary Union</a>, established in 1873, lasted until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_Nordic_countries_vs._Scandinavia">Use of <i>Nordic countries</i> vs. <i>Scandinavia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use of Nordic countries vs. Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/330px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/500px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#ff0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Scandinavia according to the local definition</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#ff8811; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> The extended usage in English, which includes Iceland and the Faroe Islands, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> and Finland</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on this terminology: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a></div> <p>The term <i>Scandinavia</i> (sometimes specified in English as <i>Continental Scandinavia</i> or <i>mainland Scandinavia</i>) is ordinarily used locally for Denmark, Norway and Sweden as a subset of the Nordic countries (known in Norwegian, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Norden</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Pohjoismaat</i>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <i lang="is">Norðurlöndin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>: <i lang="fo">Norðurlond</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in English usage, the term <i>Scandinavia</i> is sometimes used as a synonym or near-synonym for what are known locally as <i>Nordic countries</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usage in English is different from usage in the Scandinavian languages themselves (which use <i>Scandinavia</i> in the narrow meaning), and by the fact that the question of whether a country belongs to Scandinavia is politicised. People from the Nordic world beyond Norway, Denmark and Sweden may be offended at being either included in or excluded from the category of "Scandinavia".<sup id="cite_ref-olwig_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olwig-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nordic countries</i> is used unambiguously for Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, including their associated territories Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the Åland Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordic_Council_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordic_Council-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a></i> (sometimes <i>Fennoscandinavia</i>) refers to the Fennoscandian Shield (or <i><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shield" title="Baltic Shield">Baltic Shield</a></i>), which includes the Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland and <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, and excludes Denmark and other parts of the wider Nordic world. The terms <i>Fennoscandia</i> and <i>Fennoscandinavia</i> are sometimes used in a political sense to refer to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Different_meanings_of_the_term_Scandinavian">Different meanings of the term <i>Scandinavian</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Different meanings of the term Scandinavian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Scandinavian</i> may be used with two principal meanings, in an ethnic or cultural sense and as a modern and more inclusive <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a>. </p><p>In the ethnic or cultural sense, the term <i>Scandinavian</i> traditionally refers to <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">speakers of Scandinavian languages</a>, who are mainly descendants of the peoples historically known as <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>, but also to some extent of immigrants and others who have been assimilated into that culture and language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this sense the term refers primarily to native <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> as well as descendants of Scandinavian settlers such as the <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islanders" title="Faroe Islanders">Faroese</a>. The term is also used in this ethnic sense, to refer to the modern descendants of the Norse, in studies of linguistics and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-North_Germanic_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Germanic-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally the term Scandinavian is used demonymically to refer to all modern inhabitants or citizens of Scandinavian countries. Within Scandinavia the demonymic term primarily refers to inhabitants or citizens of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In English usage inhabitants or citizens of Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Finland are sometimes included as well. English general dictionaries often define the noun <i>Scandinavian</i> demonymically as meaning any inhabitant of Scandinavia (which might be narrowly conceived or broadly conceived).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a certain ambiguity and political contestation as to which peoples should be referred to as Scandinavian in this broader sense. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Sámi people">Sámi people</a> who live in Norway and Sweden are generally included as Scandinavians in the demonymic sense; the Sámi of Finland may be included in English usage, but usually not in local usage; the Sámi of Russia are not included. However, the use of the term "Scandinavian" with reference to the Sámi is complicated by the historical attempts by Scandinavian majority peoples and governments in Norway and Sweden to assimilate the Sámi people into the Scandinavian culture and languages, making the inclusion of the Sámi as "Scandinavians" controversial among many Sámi. Modern Sámi politicians and organizations often stress the status of the Sámi as a people separate from and equal to the Scandinavians, with their own language and culture, and are apprehensive about being included as "Scandinavians" in light of earlier Scandinavian assimilation policies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two language groups have coexisted on the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> since prehistory—the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a> (Scandinavian languages) and the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most people in Scandinavia today speak Scandinavian languages that evolved from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, originally spoken by ancient Germanic tribes in southern Scandinavia. The Continental Scandinavian languages—<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>—form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> and are considered mutually intelligible. The Insular Scandinavian languages—<a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>—on the other hand, are only partially intelligible to speakers of the continental Scandinavian languages. </p><p>The Uralic languages are linguistically unrelated to the Scandinavian languages. Finnish is the majority language in Finland, and a recognized minority language in Sweden. <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a>, sometimes considered as dialects of Finnish, are recognized minority languages in Sweden and Norway, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a> are indigenous minority languages in Scandinavia, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi people</a> in northern Scandinavia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Germanic_languages">North Germanic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North Germanic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k.PNG/220px-Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k.PNG/330px-Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k.PNG/440px-Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k.PNG 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption> Continental Scandinavian languages: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6262ff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Danish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Norwegian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00009f; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Swedish</div> Insular Scandinavian languages: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ffff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Faroese</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Icelandic</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are traditionally divided into an East Scandinavian branch (Danish and Swedish) and a West Scandinavian branch (Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but because of changes appearing in the languages since 1600 the East Scandinavian and West Scandinavian branches are now usually reconfigured into Insular Scandinavian (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">ö-nordisk</i></span>/<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">øy-nordisk</i></span>) featuring Icelandic and Faroese<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Continental Scandinavian (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Skandinavisk</i></span>), comprising Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.<sup id="cite_ref-Heine_2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heine_2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern division is based on the degree of mutual comprehensibility between the languages in the two branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Torp_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torp-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The populations of the Scandinavian countries, with common Scandinavian roots in language, can—at least with some training—understand each other's <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard languages</a> as they appear in print and are heard on radio and television. </p><p>The reason Danish, Swedish and the two official written versions of Norwegian (<i>Nynorsk</i> and <i>Bokmål</i>) are traditionally viewed as different languages, rather than dialects of one common language, is that each is a well-established standard language in its respective country. </p><p>Danish, Swedish and Norwegian have since medieval times been influenced to varying degrees by <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> and standard German. That influence was due not only to proximity, but also to the rule of Denmark—and later Denmark-Norway—over the German-speaking region of Holstein, and to Sweden's close trade with the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. </p><p>Norwegians are accustomed to variation and may perceive Danish and Swedish only as slightly more distant dialects. This is because they have two official written standards, in addition to the habit of strongly holding on to local dialects. The people of <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Scandinavian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Faroe Islands and Iceland, learning Danish is mandatory. This causes Faroese people as well as Icelandic people to become bilingual in two very distinct North Germanic languages, making it relatively easy for them to understand the other two Mainland Scandinavian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Iceland was under the political control of Denmark until a much later date (1918), very little influence and borrowing from Danish has occurred in the Icelandic language.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icelandic remained the preferred language among the ruling classes in Iceland. Danish was not used for official communications, most of the royal officials were of Icelandic descent and the language of the church and law courts remained Icelandic.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic_languages">Uralic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uralic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finnish">Finnish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sami_languages_large_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sami_languages_large_2.png/220px-Sami_languages_large_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sami_languages_large_2.png/330px-Sami_languages_large_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sami_languages_large_2.png/440px-Sami_languages_large_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Historically verified distribution of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) unrelated to Finnish and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a>, which as <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> are distantly related each other. Owing to the close proximity, there is still a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish and Norwegian languages in Finnish and the Sámi.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapmi_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapmi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on Finnish is also due to the fact that Swedish was the dominant language when Finland was part of Sweden. Finnish-speakers had to learn Swedish in order to advance to higher positions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedish spoken in today's Finland includes a lot of words that are borrowed from Finnish, whereas the written language remains closer to that of Sweden. </p><p>Finland is officially bilingual, with Finnish and Swedish having mostly the same status at national level. Finland's majority population are <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, whose mother tongue is either Finnish (approximately 95%), Swedish or both. The Swedish-speakers live mainly on the coastline starting from approximately the city of <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a> (Sw: Borgå) (in the Gulf of Finland) up to the city of <a href="/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola">Kokkola</a> (Sw: Karleby) (in the Bay of Bothnia).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Swedish-speaking population is spread out in pockets in this coastal stretch and constitutes approximately 5% of the Finnish population.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coastal province of <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a> has a Swedish-speaking majority, whereas plenty of areas on this coastline are nearly unilingually Finnish, like the region of <a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Åland, an autonomous province of Finland situated in the Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden, are entirely Swedish-speaking. Children are taught the other official language at school: for Swedish-speakers this is Finnish (usually from the 3rd grade), while for Finnish-speakers it is Swedish (usually from the 3rd, 5th or 7th grade).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish speakers constitute a <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">language minority</a> in Sweden and Norway. <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a> are Finnish dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Swedish Lapland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Norwegian Lapland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sámi_languages"><span id="S.C3.A1mi_languages"></span>Sámi languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sámi languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a> are indigenous minority languages in Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They belong to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">their own</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a> and are unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a> other than by limited grammatical (particularly lexical) characteristics resulting from prolonged contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapmi_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapmi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sámi is divided into several languages or dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a> is a feature in both Finnish and northern Sámi dialects, but it is not present in southern Sámi, which is considered to have a different language history. According to the Sámi Information Centre of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Parliament_of_Sweden" title="Sámi Parliament of Sweden">Sámi Parliament of Sweden</a>, southern Sámi may have originated in an earlier migration from the south into the Scandinavian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapmi_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapmi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is a recognized minority language in Denmark. Recent migration has added even more languages, apart from Sámi languages and variants of the majority language of a neighboring state, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> Chib/Romanes, <a href="/wiki/Scandoromani" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani">Scandoromani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> are amongst the languages protected in parts of Scandinavia under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_148_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty_148-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more in-depth look at the history of the region, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History of Scandinavia</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_descriptions">Ancient descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key ancient description of Scandinavia was provided by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, though his mentions of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scatinavia</i></span> and surrounding areas are not always easy to decipher. Writing in the capacity of a Roman admiral, he introduces the northern region by declaring to his Roman readers that there are 23 islands "Romanis armis cognitae" ("known to Roman arms") in this area. According to Pliny, the "clarissima" ("most famous") of the region's islands is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scatinavia</i></span>, of unknown size. There live the <i><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></i>. The belief that Scandinavia was an island became widespread among classical authors during the 1st century and dominated descriptions of Scandinavia in classical texts during the centuries that followed. </p><p>Pliny begins his description of the route to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scatinavia</i></span> by referring to the mountain of Saevo (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mons Saevo ibi</i></span>), the Codanus Bay ("Codanus sinus") and the Cimbrian promontory.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographical features have been identified in various ways. By some scholars, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Saevo</i></span> is thought to be the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> coast at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbrian</a> peninsula is thought to be <a href="/wiki/Skagen" title="Skagen">Skagen</a>, the north tip of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, Denmark. As described, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Saevo</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scatinavia</i></span> can also be the same place. </p><p>Pliny mentions Scandinavia one more time: in Book VIII he says that the animal called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">achlis</i></span> (given in the accusative, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">achlin</i></span>, which is not Latin) was born on the island of Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal grazes, has a big upper lip and some mythical attributes. </p><p>The name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandia</a></i></span>, later used as a synonym for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scandinavia</i></span>, also appears in Pliny's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis Historia</a></i></span> (<i>Natural History</i>), but is used for a group of Northern European islands which he locates north of <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scandia</i></span> thus does not appear to be denoting the island Scadinavia in Pliny's text. The idea that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scadinavia</i></span> may have been one of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scandiae</i></span> islands was instead introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 168 AD</span>), a mathematician, geographer and astrologer of Roman Egypt. He used the name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Skandia</i></span> for the biggest, most easterly of the three <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scandiai</i></span> islands, which according to him were all located east of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Helle_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helle-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_Age">Viking Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Viking Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div> <p>The Viking age in Scandinavia lasted from approximately 793–1066 AD and saw Scandinavians participate in large scale raiding, colonization, conquest and trading throughout Europe and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawer_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawer-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer_1995_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer_1995-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period saw a big expansion of Scandinavian-conquered territory and of exploration. Utilizing their advanced <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a>, they reached as far as North America, being the first Europeans to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time Scandinavians were drawn to wealthy towns, monasteries and petty kingdoms overseas in places such as the British Isles, Ireland, the Baltic coast and Normandy, all of which made profitable targets for raids. Scandinavians, primarily from modern day Sweden, known as <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> also ventured east into what is now Russia raiding along river trade routes. During this period unification also took place between different Scandinavian kingdoms culminating in the peak of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a> which included large parts of Scandinavia and Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-annals_R.20_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals_R.20-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This expansion and conquest led to the formation of several kingdoms, earldoms and settlements throughout Europe such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Scandinavian York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. The Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland were also settled by the Scandinavians during this time. The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islanders" title="Faroe Islanders">Faroe Islanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a> all emerged from these Scandinavian expansions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During a period of <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a> and state formation in the 10th–13th centuries, numerous <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> were unified into three kingdoms: </p> <ul><li>Denmark, forged from the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Denmark" title="Lands of Denmark">lands of Denmark</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a> and Scania (<a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5neland" title="Skåneland">Skåneland</a>) on the Scandinavian Peninsula)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sweden, forged from the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">lands of Sweden</a> on the Scandinavian Peninsula (including most of modern Finland, but excluding the provinces <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality" title="Älvdalen Municipality">Idre and Särna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> of modern-day Sweden)</li> <li>Norway (including Bohuslän, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Idre and Särna on the Scandinavian Peninsula and its island colonies Iceland, Greenland, Faroe Islands, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>)</li></ul> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Sverre_Bagge" title="Sverre Bagge">Sverre Bagge</a>, the divisions into three Scandinavian kingdoms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) makes sense geographically, as forests, mountains, and uninhabited land divided them from one another. Control of Norway was enabled through seapower, whereas control of the great lakes in Sweden enabled control of the kingdom, and control of Jutland was sufficient to control Denmark. The most contested area was the coastline from Oslo to Öresund, where the three kingdoms met.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three Scandinavian kingdoms joined in 1397 in the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> under Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I of Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Möt_medeltiden_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Möt_medeltiden-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden left the union in 1523 under King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a>. In the aftermath of Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union, civil war broke out in Denmark and Norway—the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> followed. When things had settled, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a> was abolished—it assembled for the last time in 1537. A <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, entered into by the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway in 1536, lasted until 1814. Three sovereign <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor states</a> have subsequently emerged from this unequal union: Denmark, Norway and Iceland. </p><p>The borders between Denmark, Norway and Sweden acquired their present shape in the middle of the 17th century: In the 1645 <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Br%C3%B6msebro_(1645)" title="Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)">Treaty of Brömsebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> ceded the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre and Särna, as well as the Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Ösel</a> (in Estonia) to Sweden. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a>, signed in 1658, forced Denmark–Norway to cede the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge, Halland, <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a> and the Norwegian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Båhuslen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> to Sweden. The 1660 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Copenhagen_(1660)" title="Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)">Treaty of Copenhagen</a> forced Sweden to return Bornholm and Trøndelag to Denmark–Norway, and to give up its recent claims to the island <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the east, Finland was a fully incorporated part of Sweden from medieval times until the Napoleonic wars, when it was ceded to Russia. Despite many wars over the years since the formation of the three kingdoms, Scandinavia has been politically and culturally close.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoFinland_2019_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoFinland_2019-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavian_unions">Scandinavian unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scandinavian unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg/220px-Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg/330px-Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg/440px-Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> as a historiographical name refers to the former political union consisting of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, including the Norwegian dependencies of Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The corresponding adjective and <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> is <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dano-Norwegian (disambiguation)">Dano-Norwegian</a>. During Danish rule, Norway kept its separate laws, coinage and army as well as some institutions such as a royal <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a>. Norway's old royal line had died out with the death of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olav IV</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1387, but Norway's remaining a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Norwegian_monarchy" title="History of the Norwegian monarchy">hereditary kingdom</a> became an important factor for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg dynasty</a> of Denmark–Norway in its struggles to win elections as kings of Denmark. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a> (14 January 1814) formally dissolved the Dano-Norwegian union and ceded the territory of Norway proper to the King of Sweden, but Denmark retained Norway's overseas possessions. However, widespread Norwegian resistance to the prospect of a union with Sweden induced the governor of Norway, crown prince Christian Frederick (later <a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian VIII of Denmark</a>), to call a constituent assembly at <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll" title="Eidsvoll">Eidsvoll</a> in April 1814. The assembly drew up a liberal constitution and elected Christian Frederick to the throne of Norway. Following a Swedish invasion during the summer, the peace conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a> (14 August 1814) specified that king Christian Frederik had to resign, but Norway would keep its independence and its constitution within a personal union with Sweden. Christian Frederik formally abdicated on 10 August 1814 and returned to Denmark. The Norwegian parliament <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> elected king <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a> of Sweden as king of Norway on 4 November. </p><p>The Storting <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">dissolved</a> the <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">union between Sweden and Norway</a> in 1905, after which the Norwegians elected Prince Charles of Denmark as king of Norway: he reigned as <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Economy of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Economy of Iceland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy of Norway</a></div> <p>Measured in per capita GDP, the Nordic countries are among the richest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-z763_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z763-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">generous welfare system</a> in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various promotional agencies of the Nordic countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Trekking_Association" title="Norwegian Trekking Association">Norwegian Trekking Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Tourist_Association" title="Swedish Tourist Association">Swedish Tourist Association</a>, and in the United States (<a href="/wiki/The_American-Scandinavian_Foundation" title="The American-Scandinavian Foundation">The American-Scandinavian Foundation</a> established in 1910 by the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish American</a> industrialist Niels Poulsen) serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region. Today, the five Nordic heads of state act as the organization's patrons and according to the official statement by the organization its mission is "to promote the Nordic region as a whole while increasing the visibility of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in New York City and the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official tourist boards of Scandinavia sometimes cooperate under one umbrella, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Tourist_Board" title="Scandinavian Tourist Board">Scandinavian Tourist Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooperation was introduced for the Asian market in 1986, when the Swedish national tourist board joined the Danish national tourist board to coordinate intergovernmental promotion of the two countries. Norway's government entered one year later. All five Nordic governments participate in the joint promotional efforts in the United States through the Scandinavian Tourist Board of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvenland" title="Kvenland">Kvenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_cross_flag" title="Nordic cross flag">Nordic cross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folklore" title="Nordic folklore">Nordic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian colonialism">Scandinavian colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian family name etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-norlang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norlang_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705052009/http://www.norden.org/en/fakta-om-norden-1/language">"Languages"</a>. Nordic Cooperation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/en/fakta-om-norden-1/language">the original</a> on 5 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages&rft.pub=Nordic+Cooperation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fen%2Ffakta-om-norden-1%2Flanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loc1717-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loc1717_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandes2009" class="citation news cs1">Landes, David (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20090701/20404">"Swedish becomes official 'main language'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Local (Se)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174017/http://www.thelocal.se/20090701/20404/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local+%28Se%29&rft.atitle=Swedish+becomes+official+%27main+language%27&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20090701%2F20404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Spraka-i-Norden/Samisk/">"Samisk"</a>. <i>Språkrådet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121053356/https://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Spraka-i-Norden/Samisk/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Samisk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FSpraka-vare%2FSpraka-i-Norden%2FSamisk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDdef-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDdef_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDdef_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224095813/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Scandinavia">"Definition of Scandinavia in English"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Scandinavia">the original</a> on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>A large peninsula in north-western Europe, occupied by Norway and Sweden [...] A cultural region consisting of the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and sometimes also of Iceland, Finland, and the Faroe Islands</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Scandinavia+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2FScandinavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526461/Scandinavia">"Scandinavia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511010214/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526461/Scandinavia">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2009</span>. <q>Scandinavia, historically Scandia, part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, generally held to consist of the two countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway and Sweden, with the addition of Denmark. Some authorities argue for the inclusion of Finland on geologic and economic grounds and of Iceland and the Faroe Islands on the grounds that their inhabitants speak Scandinavian languages related to those of Norway and Sweden and also have similar cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandinavia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F526461%2FScandinavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Nordic-countries">"Nordic countries"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 14 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>The term [Nordic] is sometimes used interchangeably with Scandinavia. [...] Scandinavia is typically defined more restrictively, however, and refers primarily to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Nordic+countries&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNordic-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlderman2019" class="citation news cs1">Alderman, Liz (9 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/09/business/wine-scandinavia-climate-change.html">"Scandinavian Wine? A Warming Climate Tempts Entrepreneurs"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411182907/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/09/business/wine-scandinavia-climate-change.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+Wine%3F+A+Warming+Climate+Tempts+Entrepreneurs&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Alderman&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fwine-scandinavia-climate-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battaglia2019-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia2019_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBattaglia2019" class="citation journal cs1">Battaglia, Steven M. (2 January 2019). "Shifting Weather Patterns in a Warming Arctic: The Scandes Case". <i>Weatherwise</i>. <b>72</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Weawi..72a..23B">2019Weawi..72a..23B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00431672.2019.1538761">10.1080/00431672.2019.1538761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192279229">192279229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weatherwise&rft.atitle=Shifting+Weather+Patterns+in+a+Warming+Arctic%3A+The+Scandes+Case&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192279229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00431672.2019.1538761&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Weawi..72a..23B&rft.aulast=Battaglia&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826081952/http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/1.2484">"Högsta uppmätta temperatur i Sverige"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/1.2484">the original</a> on 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%B6gsta+uppm%C3%A4tta+temperatur+i+Sverige&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smhi.se%2Fklimatdata%2Fmeteorologi%2Ftemperatur%2F1.2484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smhi.se-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smhi.se_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smhi.se_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228105150/http://www.smhi.se/cmp/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=7522&a=20978&l=sv">"Lägsta uppmätta temperatur i Sverige"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smhi.se/cmp/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=7522&a=20978&l=sv">the original</a> on 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4gsta+uppm%C3%A4tta+temperatur+i+Sverige&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smhi.se%2Fcmp%2Fjsp%2Fpolopoly.jsp%3Fd%3D7522%26a%3D20978%26l%3Dsv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlaz.com/phd/cea_phd_abstract.pdf">Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322014704/http://www.carlaz.com/phd/cea_phd_abstract.pdf">Archived</a> 22 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haugen, Einar (1976). <i>The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helle-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helle_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helle_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helle_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnut_Helle2003" class="citation book cs1">Knut Helle (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC"><i>The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47299-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47299-9"><bdi>978-0-521-47299-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171909/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Scandinavia%3A+Prehistory+to+1520&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47299-9&rft.au=Knut+Helle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFBtfXG6fXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCKINNELL63-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCKINNELL63_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_McKinnell2005" class="citation book cs1">John McKinnell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2x2x3neFywC"><i>Meeting the other in Norse myth and legend</i></a>. Ds Brewer. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-042-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-042-8"><bdi>978-1-84384-042-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+the+other+in+Norse+myth+and+legend&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Ds+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-042-8&rft.au=John+McKinnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2x2x3neFywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giorgio-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giorgio_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._F._Del_Giorgio2006" class="citation book cs1">J. F. Del Giorgio (24 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxEnAAAACAAJ"><i>The Oldest Europeans: Who Are We? Where Do We Come From? What Made European Women Different?</i></a>. A J Place. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6898-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-6898-00-4"><bdi>978-980-6898-00-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423131708/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxEnAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oldest+Europeans%3A+Who+Are+We%3F+Where+Do+We+Come+From%3F+What+Made+European+Women+Different%3F&rft.pub=A+J+Place&rft.date=2006-05-24&rft.isbn=978-980-6898-00-4&rft.au=J.+F.+Del+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxEnAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uścinowicz, Szymon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgi.gov.pl/pgi_en/index.php?option=news&task=viewarticle&sid=4&Itemid=2">"How the Baltic Sea was changing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212134140/http://www.pgi.gov.pl/pgi_en/index.php?option=news&task=viewarticle&sid=4&Itemid=2">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Marine Geology Branch, Polish Geological Institute, 9 June 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> (translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Mierow" title="Charles Christopher Mierow">Charles Christopher Mierow</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html"><i>The Origins and Deeds of the Goths</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424044148/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html">Archived</a> 24 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 22 April 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppenbrouwers, Peter (2005). <i>Medieval Peoples Imagined</i>. Working Paper No. 3, Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1871-1693">1871-1693</a>, p. 8: "A second core area was the quasi-legendary 'Isle of Scanza', the vague indication of Scandinavia in classical ethnography, and a veritable 'hive of races and a womb of peoples' according to Jordanes' Gothic History. Not only the Goths were considered to have originated there, but also the Dacians/Danes, the Lombards, and the Burgundians—claims that are still subject to debate."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffart, Walter (2005), "Jordanes's Getica and the disputed authenticity of Gothic origins from Scandinavia". <i>Speculum</i>. A Journal of Medieval Studies 80, 379–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost08/PaulusDiaconus/pau_lan1.html">Historia Langobardorum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923091528/http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost08/PaulusDiaconus/pau_lan1.html">Archived</a> 23 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Bibliotheca Augustana</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/001.php">History of the Langobards</a>, <i>Northvegr Foundation</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406031959/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/001.php">Archived</a> 6 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErik_Björkman1973" class="citation book cs1">Erik Björkman (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKUMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99"><i>Studien zur englischen Philologie</i></a>. Max Niemeyer. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-500-28470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-500-28470-5"><bdi>978-3-500-28470-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423131728/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKUMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+englischen+Philologie&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-3-500-28470-5&rft.au=Erik+Bj%C3%B6rkman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKUMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_North1997" class="citation book cs1">Richard North (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&pg=PA192"><i>Heathen gods in Old English literature</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55183-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55183-0"><bdi>978-0-521-55183-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423131712/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&pg=PA192">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heathen+gods+in+Old+English+literature&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55183-0&rft.au=Richard+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_LKUIqNvPQC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svennung-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svennung_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvennung1963" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Svennung, J. (1963). "Scandinavia und Scandia" [Scandinavia and Scandia]. <i>Lateinisch-nordische Namenstudien</i> (in German). Almqvist & Wiksell/Harrassowitz: <span class="nowrap">54–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lateinisch-nordische+Namenstudien&rft.atitle=Scandinavia+und+Scandia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Svennung&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mundel-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mundel_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMundel2000" class="citation book cs1">Mundel, E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040706090209/http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/medieval/saga/pdf/346-mundal.pdf"><i>Coexistence of Saami and Norse culture – reflected in and interpreted by Old Norse myths</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a>, 11th Saga Conference Sydney 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/medieval/saga/pdf/346-mundal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coexistence+of+Saami+and+Norse+culture+%E2%80%93+reflected+in+and+interpreted+by+Old+Norse+myths&rft.pub=University+of+Bergen%2C+11th+Saga+Conference+Sydney+2000&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mundel&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.usyd.edu.au%2Fdeparts%2Fmedieval%2Fsaga%2Fpdf%2F346-mundal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinsland1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gro_Steinsland" title="Gro Steinsland">Steinsland, Gro</a> (1991). <i>Det hellige bryllup og norrøn kongeideologi. En analyse av hierogami-myten i Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal og Hyndluljóð</i> [<i>The sacred wedding and Norse royal ideology. An analysis of the hierogamy myth in Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal and Hyndluljóð</i>] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Solum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Det+hellige+bryllup+og+norr%C3%B8n+kongeideologi.+En+analyse+av+hierogami-myten+i+Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l%2C+Ynglingatal%2C+H%C3%A1leygjatal+og+Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Solum&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Steinsland&rft.aufirst=Gro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aikio_2004-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aikio_2004_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAikio2004" class="citation book cs1">Aikio, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216031912/http://www.geocities.com/lappmark/Aikio2004.pdf">"An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonen, Jarmo (eds.). <i>Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 63</i> [<i>Etymology, borrowings and developments: Festschrift for Jorma Koivulehto's 70th birthday. Memoirs of the Neophilological Society of Helsinki 63</i>]. Helsinki. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/lappmark/Aikio2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2008. <q>On the basis of Scandinavian loanwords it can be inferred that both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sk-</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-ʃ-</span> were adopted in the west during the early separate development of the Saami languages, but never spread to Kola Saami. These areal features thus emerged in a phase when Proto-Saami began to diverge into dialects anticipating the modern Saami languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+essay+on+substrate+studies+and+the+origin+of+Saami&rft.btitle=Etymologie%2C+Entlehnungen+und+Entwicklungen%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Jorma+Koivulehto+zum+70.+Geburtstag.+M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+N%C3%A9ophilologique+de+Helsinki+63&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Aikio&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Flappmark%2FAikio2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostergard-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostergard_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostergard_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". <i>The Cultural Construction of Norden</i>. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25–71. Also published online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diis.dk/sw13149.asp">Danish Institute for International Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114212929/http://diis.dk/sw13149.asp">Archived</a> 14 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. For the history of cultural Scandinavism, see Oresundstid's articles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02-tekst.htm">The Literary Scandinavism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014412/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02-tekst.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-01-tekst.htm">The Roots of Scandinavism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613201143/https://web.archive.org/web/20071114212929/http://diis.dk/sw13149.asp">Archived</a> 13 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028073547/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572025/Scandinavia.html">"Scandinavia"</a>. <i>Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 1997–2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572025/Scandinavia.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2007</span>. <q>Scandinavia (ancient Scandia), name applied collectively to three countries of northern Europe—Norway, Sweden (which together form the Scandinavian Peninsula) and Denmark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandinavia&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=1997%2F2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761572025%2FScandinavia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/scandinavia">"Scandinavia"</a>. <i>The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219210721/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/scandinavia">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2008</span>. <q>Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway, Sweden—sometimes also considered to include Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, & Finland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandinavia&rft.btitle=The+Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Fscandinavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121034842/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/scandinavia">Scandinavia, proper noun</a>', <i>Lexico: Powered by Oxford</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knut Helle, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118063613/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC&">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>', in <i>The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Volume I: Prehistory to 1520</i>, ed. by Knut Helle, E. I. Kouri, and Jens E. Oleson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 1–14 (pp. 1–4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olwig-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olwig_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olwig, Kenneth R. "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage—Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony". <i>International Journal of Heritage Studies</i>, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 3–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordic_Council-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nordic_Council_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208124953/http://www.norden.org/en/fakta-om-norden-1">"Facts about the Nordic region"</a>. Nordic Council of Ministers & Nordic Council. 1 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/en/fakta-om-norden-1">the original</a> on 8 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+the+Nordic+region&rft.pub=Nordic+Council+of+Ministers+%26+Nordic+Council&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fen%2Ffakta-om-norden-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/69278">Fennoscandia, n.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728143102/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=3520E198D394BEA1BAC928ACCA39289F?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F69278">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Oxford English Dictionary Online</i>, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2019). Accessed 10 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_Germanic-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-North_Germanic_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Kennedy" title="Arthur Garfield Kennedy">Kennedy, Arthur Garfield</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishlanguager00leed">"The Indo-European Language Family"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Donald_Woodward_Lee" title="Donald Woodward Lee">Lee, Donald Woodward</a> (ed.). <i>English Language Reader: Introductory Essays and Exercises</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_%26_Co." title="Dodd, Mead & Co.">Dodd, Mead</a>. <q>North Germanic, or Scandinavian, or Norse, peoples, as they are variously called, became a distinctive people...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family&rft.btitle=English+Language+Reader%3A+Introductory+Essays+and+Exercises&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishlanguager00leed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpaeth1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_Spaeth" title="John Duncan Spaeth">Spaeth, John Duncan Ernst</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924013338623"><i>Old English Poetry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <q>The main divisions of Germanic are: 1. East Germanic, including the Goths, both Ostrogoths and Visigoths. 2. North Germanic, including the Scandinavians, Danes, Icelanders, Swedes, "Norsemen." 3. West Germanic. The Old English (Anglo-Saxons) belong to this division, of which the continental representatives are the Teutonic peoples, High and Low Franks and Saxons, Alemanni, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+Poetry&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Spaeth&rft.aufirst=John+Duncan+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924013338623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Thompson, Stith</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLhPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Our Heritage of World Literature</i></a>. Cordon Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809310913" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809310913"><bdi>978-0809310913</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132224/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLhPAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>The North Germanic, or Scandinavian group, consists of the Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, and Icelanders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Heritage+of+World+Literature&rft.pub=Cordon+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0809310913&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Stith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLhPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordonTaylor1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._V._Gordon" title="E. V. Gordon">Gordon, Eric Valentine</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._R._Taylor" title="A. R. Taylor">Taylor, A. R.</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVQKAQAAIAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Old Norse</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811105-4"><bdi>978-0-19-811105-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132232/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVQKAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Norse was the language spoken by the North Germanic peoples (Scandinavians) from the time when Norse first became differentiated from the speech of the other Germanic peoples</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Old+Norse&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811105-4&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Eric+Valentine&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVQKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRänk1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_R%C3%A4nk" title="Gustav Ränk">Ränk, Gustav</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLvWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Old Estonia, The People and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877501909" title="Special:BookSources/9780877501909"><bdi>9780877501909</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423142202/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLvWAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>Contacts are not impossible also with the Northern Germanic peoples, i.e., with the Scandinavians directly across the sea...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Estonia%2C+The+People+and+Culture&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780877501909&rft.aulast=R%C3%A4nk&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLvWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbourStevenson1990" class="citation book cs1">Barbour, Stephen; Stevenson, Patrick (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFr2IjGftNMC"><i>Variation in German: A Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521357043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521357043"><bdi>978-0521357043</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132240/https://books.google.com/books?id=BFr2IjGftNMC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>For the period when the existence of the Germanic tribes is first clearly recorded by Roman writers, archaeological evidence suggests five tribal groups, with perhaps five incipient distinct Germanic languages, as follows: (1) North Germanic tribes (Scandinavians)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+in+German%3A+A+Critical+Approach+to+German+Sociolinguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0521357043&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFr2IjGftNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Diringer" title="David Diringer">Diringer, David</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFdiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Library" title="Philosophical Library">Philosophical Library</a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Old Norse" was spoken by the North Germanic or Scandinavian peoples</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alphabet%3A+A+Key+to+the+History+of+Mankind&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Diringer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFdiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBollingBloch1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bolling" title="George Bolling">Bolling, George Melville</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bloch_(linguist)" title="Bernard Bloch (linguist)">Bloch, Bernard</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7QoAQAAIAAJ"><i>Language</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America" title="Linguistic Society of America">Linguistic Society of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132223/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7QoAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Northern Germanic peoples, i.e. the Scandinavians...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bolling&rft.aufirst=George+Melville&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7QoAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Jones, Gwyn</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvikings00jone_0"><i>A History of the Vikings</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192801340" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192801340"><bdi>978-0192801340</bdi></a>. <q>North Germanic (Scandinavian) peoples...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0192801340&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvikings00jone_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519233752/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/scandinavian">Scandinavian, noun</a>', <i>Lexico: Powered By Oxford</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Scandinavian" class="extiw" title="mwod:Scandinavian">Scandinavian noun</a>', <i>Merriam-Webster</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/scandinavian">Scandinavian 2. countable noun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127171335/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/scandinavian">Archived</a> 27 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>', <i>Collins Cobuild</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYSsGcGj_voC&q=scandinavian&pg=PA141">Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sámi Ethnic Heritage</a>". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevänen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birgitta Jahreskog, The Sami national minority in Sweden, Rättsfonden, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391026872" title="Special:BookSources/9780391026872">9780391026872</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDirmid_R._F._Collis1990" class="citation book cs1">Dirmid R. F. Collis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Arctic languages: an awakening</i></a>. Unipub. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102661-4"><bdi>978-92-3-102661-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132240/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arctic+languages%3A+an+awakening&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Unipub&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102661-4&rft.au=Dirmid+R.+F.+Collis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUhiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdRoPgAACAAJ"><i>Aschehoug og Gyldendals store norske leksikon: Nar – Pd</i></a>. Kunnskapsforlaget. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-573-0703-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-573-0703-5"><bdi>978-82-573-0703-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132223/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdRoPgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aschehoug+og+Gyldendals+store+norske+leksikon%3A+Nar+%E2%80%93+Pd&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-82-573-0703-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdRoPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World,</i> Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli and Thórhallur Eythórsson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=72768CEEDB6A49E6E7A7224C321A3A45.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=355925">"Variation in subject case marking in Insular Scandinavian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504233812/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=72768CEEDB6A49E6E7A7224C321A3A45.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=355925">Archived</a> 4 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2005), 28: 223–245 Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heine_2006-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heine_2006_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernd_HeineTania_Kuteva2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Heine" title="Bernd Heine">Bernd Heine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tania_Kuteva" title="Tania Kuteva">Tania Kuteva</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EF5wAAAAIAAJ"><i>The changing languages of Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929734-4"><bdi>978-0-19-929734-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132202/https://books.google.com/books?id=EF5wAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+languages+of+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929734-4&rft.au=Bernd+Heine&rft.au=Tania+Kuteva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEF5wAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torp-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torp_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIben_Stampe_SlettenNordisk_Ministerråd2005" class="citation book cs1">Iben Stampe Sletten; Nordisk Ministerråd (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YinXAAAACAAJ"><i>Nordens sprog med rødder og fødder</i></a>. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-893-1041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-893-1041-3"><bdi>978-92-893-1041-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132203/https://books.google.com/books?id=YinXAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordens+sprog+med+r%C3%B8dder+og+f%C3%B8dder&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Nordic+Council+of+Ministers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-893-1041-3&rft.au=Iben+Stampe+Sletten&rft.au=Nordisk+Ministerr%C3%A5d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYinXAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307122939/http://www.norden.org/en/news-and-events/news/urban-misunderstandings">"Urban misunderstandings"</a>, Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/webb/pressrelease/pressrelease.asp?lang=6&id=1183">Faroese and Norwegians best at understanding Nordic neighbours</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225105103/http://www.norden.org/webb/pressrelease/pressrelease.asp?lang=6&id=1183">Archived</a> 25 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Nordisk Sprogråd</i>, Nordic Council, 13 January 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismennt.is/vefir/namskra/g/tungumal/danska/inngangur.html">Aðalnámskrá grunnskóla: Erlend tungumál</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020071650/http://www.ismennt.is/vefir/namskra/g/tungumal/danska/inngangur.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ISMennt, EAN, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmarsdottir2001" class="citation journal cs1">Holmarsdottir, H. B. (2001). "Icelandic: A Lesser-Used Language in the Global Community". <i>International Review of Education</i>. <b>47</b> (3/4): 379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IREdu..47..379H">2001IREdu..47..379H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1017918213388">10.1023/A:1017918213388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142851422">142851422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Education&rft.atitle=Icelandic%3A+A+Lesser-Used+Language+in+the+Global+Community&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=379&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142851422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1017918213388&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001IREdu..47..379H&rft.aulast=Holmarsdottir&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/3/01-Halfdanarson_1-14.pdf">Icelandic Nationalism: A Non-Violent Paradigm?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001152130/http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/3/01-Halfdanarson_1-14.pdf">Archived</a> 1 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In <i>Nations and Nationalities in Historical Perspective</i>. Pisa: Edizioni Plus, 2001, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sapmi-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sapmi_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapmi_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapmi_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Inez Svonni Fjällström (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1185">"A language with deep roots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005152013/http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1185">Archived</a> 5 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<i>Sápmi: Language history</i>, 14 November 2006. Samiskt Informationscentrum Sametinget: "The Scandinavian languages are Northern Germanic languages. [...] Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family. Finnish, Estonian, Livonian and Hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Romaine1995" class="citation book cs1">Suzanne Romaine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp5xiFa_TXQC"><i>Bilingualism</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19539-9"><bdi>978-0-631-19539-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132203/https://books.google.com/books?id=zp5xiFa_TXQC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19539-9&rft.au=Suzanne+Romaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp5xiFa_TXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">"Population and Society"</a>. <i>www.stat.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223155742/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat.fi&rft.atitle=Population+and+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInstitute2020" class="citation web cs1">Institute, Mercator (5 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/swedish_in_finland_2nd.pdf">"The Swedish language in education in Finland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152840/https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/swedish_in_finland_2nd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Swedish+language+in+education+in+Finland&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft.aulast=Institute&rft.aufirst=Mercator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercator-research.eu%2Ffileadmin%2Fmercator%2Fdocuments%2Fregional_dossiers%2Fswedish_in_finland_2nd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOskar_Bandle2005" class="citation book cs1">Oskar Bandle (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC"><i>The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017149-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017149-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017149-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132203/https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+languages%3A+an+international+handbook+of+the+history+of+the+North+Germanic+languages&rft.pages=2115&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005-03&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017149-5&rft.au=Oskar+Bandle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6b7WwBC5tRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1186">www.eng.samer.se – The Sami dialects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120081140/http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1186">Archived</a> 20 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Sapmi: The Sami dialects</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_148-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_148_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures?p_auth=9E1g9uJz">"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 148"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chart+of+signatures+and+ratifications+of+Treaty+148&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fconventions%2Ffull-list%2F-%2Fconventions%2Ftreaty%2F148%2Fsignatures%3Fp_auth%3D9E1g9uJz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder. <i>Naturalis Historia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138&query=book%3D%235&chunk=book,">Book IV, chapter XXXIX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514175826/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138&query=book%3D%235&chunk=book,">Archived</a> 14 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Online version at Persus. Retrieved 2 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder. <i>Naturalis Historia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138&query=book%3D%239">Book VIII, chapter XVII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514143823/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138&query=book%3D%239">Archived</a> 14 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Online version at Persus. Retrieved 2 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mawer-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mawer_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMawer1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Mawer" title="Allen Mawer">Mawer, Allen</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe"><i>The Vikings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1">1</a>. <q>The term 'Viking' is derived from the Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vík</i></span>, a bay, and means 'one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord'. In the 9th and 10th centuries it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking Age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Mawer&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvikings00mawe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer_1995-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer_1995_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Sawyer, Peter H.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owygAAAAMAAJ"><i>Scandinavians and the English in the Viking Age</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/095173394X" title="Special:BookSources/095173394X"><bdi>095173394X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132203/https://books.google.com/books?id=owygAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Viking period is, therefore, best defined as the period when Scandinavians played a large role in the British Isles and western Europe as raiders and conquerors. It is also the period in which Scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered, and in the Atlantic islands...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavians+and+the+English+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=095173394X&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowygAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/oct/20/vikings-settled-north-america-1000-years-ago-solar-storm">"Solar storm confirms Vikings settled in North America exactly 1,000 years ago"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Reuters. 20 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107012357/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/oct/20/vikings-settled-north-america-1000-years-ago-solar-storm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Solar+storm+confirms+Vikings+settled+in+North+America+exactly+1%2C000+years+ago&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2Foct%2F20%2Fvikings-settled-north-america-1000-years-ago-solar-storm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annals_R.20-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-annals_R.20_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, Peter (2001) <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285434-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285434-8">0-19-285434-8</a>. p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOskar_Bandle2002" class="citation book cs1">Oskar Bandle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqkBXIJkkuEC"><i>The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages</i></a>. Mouton De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014876-3"><bdi>978-3-11-014876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+languages%3A+an+international+handbook+of+the+history+of+the+North+Germanic+languages&rft.pub=Mouton+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014876-3&rft.au=Oskar+Bandle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqkBXIJkkuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagge2014" class="citation book cs1">Bagge, Sverre (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFJNAgAAQBAJ"><i>Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5010-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-5010-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423120140/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFJNAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+and+Scepter%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Scandinavian+Kingdoms+from+the+Vikings+to+the+Reformation&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5010-5&rft.aulast=Bagge&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFJNAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Möt_medeltiden-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Möt_medeltiden_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medeltiden.kalmarlansmuseum.se/en/society/the-kalmar-union/">"The Kalmar Union"</a>. <i>Medeltiden</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031250/http://www.medeltiden.kalmarlansmuseum.se/en/society/the-kalmar-union/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medeltiden&rft.atitle=The+Kalmar+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medeltiden.kalmarlansmuseum.se%2Fen%2Fsociety%2Fthe-kalmar-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Treaty of Copenhagen" (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 November 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoFinland_2019-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoFinland_2019_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206081117/https://www.infofinland.fi/en/information-about-finland/basic-information-about-finland/finnish-history">"Finnish history"</a>. <i>InfoFinland</i>. 28 August 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infofinland.fi/en/information-about-finland/basic-information-about-finland/finnish-history">the original</a> on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoFinland&rft.atitle=Finnish+history&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infofinland.fi%2Fen%2Finformation-about-finland%2Fbasic-information-about-finland%2Ffinnish-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kongehuset.no/dt_kongehuset_allAtOnce.asp?ogid=20&mgid=20&gid=51&aid=">The Monarchy: Historical Background</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. The Royal House of Norway. Official site. Retrieved 9 November 2006. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z763-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-z763_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/economy-nordic-region">"The economy in the Nordic Region"</a>. <i>The Nordic Co-operation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nordic+Co-operation&rft.atitle=The+economy+in+the+Nordic+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fen%2Finformation%2Feconomy-nordic-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcWhinney" class="citation web cs1">McWhinney, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp">"The Nordic Model: Pros and Cons"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512154719/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Pros+and+Cons&rft.aulast=McWhinney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Finvesting%2F100714%2Fnordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amscan.org/about.html">About The American-Scandinavian Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029052921/http://www.amscan.org/about.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Official site. Retrieved 2 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitscandinavia.or.jp/en/scandinavia/general_information.aspx">Scandinavian Tourist Board</a>. Official site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117090528/http://www.visitscandinavia.or.jp/en/scandinavia/general_information.aspx">Archived</a> 17 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goscandinavia.com/">The Scandinavian Tourist Board of North America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604225711/http://goscandinavia.com/">Archived</a> 4 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Official Website. Retrieved 2 February 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAatsinkiAnnolaKaarninen2019" class="citation book cs1">Aatsinki, Ulla; Annola, Johanna; Kaarninen, Mervi, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6l-DwAAQBAJ"><i>Families, values, and the transfer of knowledge in Northern societies, 1500-2000</i></a>. Routledge studies in cultural history. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-07757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-07757-0"><bdi>978-0-367-07757-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Families%2C+values%2C+and+the+transfer+of+knowledge+in+Northern+societies%2C+1500-2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+cultural+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-367-07757-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds6l-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarton1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Arnold_Barton" title="H. Arnold Barton">Barton, H. Arnold</a> (1986). <i>Scandinavia in the Revolutionary era, 1760-1815</i>. The Nordic series. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1392-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-1392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+in+the+Revolutionary+era%2C+1760-1815&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.series=The+Nordic+series&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1392-2&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=H.+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBendixsenBringslidVike2017" class="citation book cs1">Bendixsen, Synnøve; Bringslid, Mary Bente; Vike, Halvard, eds. (2017). <i>Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: historical and contemporary approaches</i>. Approaches to social inequality and difference. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Springer_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International">Springer International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59790-4"><bdi>978-3-319-59790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egalitarianism+in+Scandinavia%3A+historical+and+contemporary+approaches&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Approaches+to+social+inequality+and+difference&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-59790-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDerry1979" class="citation book cs1">Derry, T. K. (1979). <i>A history of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland</i>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0835-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-0835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Scandinavia%3A+Norway%2C+Sweden%2C+Denmark%2C+Finland%2C+and+Iceland&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0835-5&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=T.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFulsåsRem2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Narve_Fuls%C3%A5s" title="Narve Fulsås">Fulsås, Narve</a>; Rem, Tore (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_o6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Ibsen, Scandinavia and the making of a world drama</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18777-1"><bdi>978-1-107-18777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibsen%2C+Scandinavia+and+the+making+of+a+world+drama&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18777-1&rft.aulast=Fuls%C3%A5s&rft.aufirst=Narve&rft.au=Rem%2C+Tore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_o6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlørstadLoftsgarden2017" class="citation book cs1">Glørstad, Zanette Tsigaridas; Loftsgarden, Kjetil, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyDZDgAAQBAJ"><i>Viking-age transformations: trade, craft and resources in western Scandinavia</i></a>. Culture, Environment and Adaption in the North. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-7077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-7077-5"><bdi>978-1-4724-7077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking-age+transformations%3A+trade%2C+craft+and+resources+in+western+Scandinavia&rft.place=London&rft.series=Culture%2C+Environment+and+Adaption+in+the+North&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-7077-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyDZDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGronSørensen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gron, Kurt J.; Sørensen, Lasse (August 2018). "Cultural and economic negotiation: a new perspective on the Neolithic Transition of Southern Scandinavia". <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>92</b> (364): <span class="nowrap">958–</span>974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2018.71">10.15184/aqy.2018.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Cultural+and+economic+negotiation%3A+a+new+perspective+on+the+Neolithic+Transition+of+Southern+Scandinavia&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=364&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E958-%3C%2Fspan%3E974&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2018.71&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Gron&rft.aufirst=Kurt+J.&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+Lasse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelle2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Helle" title="Knut Helle">Helle, Knut</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC"><i>The Cambridge history of Scandinavia</i></a>. Vol. 1: Prehistory to 1520. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47299-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47299-9"><bdi>978-0-521-47299-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Scandinavia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47299-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFBtfXG6fXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikkelsenKjeldstadliNyzell2018" class="citation book cs1">Mikkelsen, Flemming; <a href="/wiki/Knut_Kjeldstadli" title="Knut Kjeldstadli">Kjeldstadli, Knut</a>; Nyzell, Stefan, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFs6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Popular struggle and democracy in Scandinavia: 1700-present</i></a>. Palgrave studies in European political sociology. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57855-6"><bdi>978-1-137-57855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+struggle+and+democracy+in+Scandinavia%3A+1700-present&rft.place=London&rft.series=Palgrave+studies+in+European+political+sociology&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-137-57855-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFs6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNissenPetersen1983" class="citation book cs1">Nissen, Henrik S.; Petersen, Thomas Munch-, eds. (1983). <i>Scandinavia during the Second World War</i>. The Nordic series. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1110-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1110-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-1110-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.series=The+Nordic+series&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1110-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNordstrom2023" class="citation book cs1">Nordstrom, Byron J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ti1tEAAAQBAJ"><i>Scandinavia since 1500</i></a> (2nd ed.). Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0931-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0931-4"><bdi>978-1-5179-0931-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+since+1500&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5179-0931-4&rft.aulast=Nordstrom&rft.aufirst=Byron+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dti1tEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖstlingOlsenHeidenblad2020" class="citation book cs1">Östling, Johan; Olsen, Niklas; Heidenblad, David Larsson, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-75949"><i>Histories of knowledge in postwar Scandinavia: actors, arenas, and aspirations</i></a>. Knowledge societies in history. Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-89455-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-89455-9"><bdi>978-0-367-89455-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+knowledge+in+postwar+Scandinavia%3A+actors%2C+arenas%2C+and+aspirations&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.series=Knowledge+societies+in+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-89455-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foapen-20.500.12657-75949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPulsianoWolf1993" class="citation book cs1">Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC"><i>Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Garland reference library of the humanities; Garland encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. New York: <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4787-0"><bdi>978-0-8240-4787-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Garland+reference+library+of+the+humanities%3B+Garland+encyclopedias+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4787-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-XiZO8V4qUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaffieldPriceCollard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profmarkcollard.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Raffield-et-al.-2019-Religion-Brain-Behavior.pdf">"Religious belief and cooperation: a view from Viking-Age Scandinavia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Religion, Brain & Behavior</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2153599X.2017.1395764">10.1080/2153599X.2017.1395764</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-599X">2153-599X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion%2C+Brain+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Religious+belief+and+cooperation%3A+a+view+from+Viking-Age+Scandinavia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2153599X.2017.1395764&rft.issn=2153-599X&rft.aulast=Raffield&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Price%2C+Neil&rft.au=Collard%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofmarkcollard.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2FRaffield-et-al.-2019-Religion-Brain-Behavior.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRom-Jensen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rom-Jensen, Byron (August 2017). "A Model of Social Security?: The political usage of Scandinavia in Roosevelt's New Deal". <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03468755.2017.1336598">10.1080/03468755.2017.1336598</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0346-8755">0346-8755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=A+Model+of+Social+Security%3F%3A+The+political+usage+of+Scandinavia+in+Roosevelt%27s+New+Deal&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03468755.2017.1336598&rft.issn=0346-8755&rft.aulast=Rom-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Salmon" title="Patrick Salmon">Salmon, Patrick</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandinaviagreat0000salm_s2g9"><i>Scandinavia and the great powers, 1890-1940</i></a></span>. Cambridge, U.K.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41161-5"><bdi>978-0-521-41161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+and+the+great+powers%2C+1890-1940&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41161-5&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscandinaviagreat0000salm_s2g9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders2017" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Ruth H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWU6DwAAQBAJ"><i>The languages of Scandinavia: seven sisters of the North</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Press">The University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-49389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-49389-3"><bdi>978-0-226-49389-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+Scandinavia%3A+seven+sisters+of+the+North&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-49389-3&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ruth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWU6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Sawyer" title="Birgit Sawyer">Sawyer, Birgit</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGJrXOjYvQgC"><i>Medieval Scandinavia: from conversion to Reformation, circa 800-1500</i></a>. The Nordic series. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1738-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1738-8"><bdi>978-0-8166-1738-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+from+conversion+to+Reformation%2C+circa+800-1500&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.series=The+Nordic+series&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1738-8&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGJrXOjYvQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Sawyer, P. H.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/P.H.SawyerKingsAndVikingsScandinaviaAndEuropeA.D.7001100"><i>Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe, A.D. 700-1100</i></a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-74180-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-74180-3"><bdi>978-0-416-74180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Vikings%3A+Scandinavia+and+Europe%2C+A.D.+700-1100&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-416-74180-3&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FP.H.SawyerKingsAndVikingsScandinaviaAndEuropeA.D.7001100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSigurðssonKveiland2021" class="citation book cs1">Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Kveiland, Thea (2021). <i>Scandinavia in the age of Vikings</i>. Translated by Kveiland, Thea. Ithaca; London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6049-5"><bdi>978-1-5017-6049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+in+the+age+of+Vikings&rft.place=Ithaca%3B+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6049-5&rft.aulast=Sigur%C3%B0sson&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3n+Vi%C3%B0ar&rft.au=Kveiland%2C+Thea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFooteWilson1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foote" title="Peter Foote">Foote, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_M._Wilson" title="David M. Wilson">Wilson, David M.</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikingachievemen0000foot"><i>The Viking achievement: the society and culture of early medieval Scandinavia</i></a></span>. Great civilizations series. London: <a href="/wiki/Sidgwick_%26_Jackson" title="Sidgwick & Jackson">Sidgwick & Jackson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-35499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-35499-1"><bdi>978-0-283-35499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+achievement%3A+the+society+and+culture+of+early+medieval+Scandinavia&rft.place=London&rft.series=Great+civilizations+series&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-283-35499-1&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Wilson%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvikingachievemen0000foot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinroth2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Winroth" title="Anders Winroth">Winroth, Anders</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E26YDwAAQBAJ"><i>The age of the Vikings</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16929-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16929-3"><bdi>978-0-691-16929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16929-3&rft.aulast=Winroth&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE26YDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinroth2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Winroth" title="Anders Winroth">Winroth, Anders</a> (2012). <i>The conversion of Scandinavia: vikings, merchants, and missionaries in the remaking of Northern Europe</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17026-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17026-9"><bdi>978-0-300-17026-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+conversion+of+Scandinavia%3A+vikings%2C+merchants%2C+and+missionaries+in+the+remaking+of+Northern+Europe&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17026-9&rft.aulast=Winroth&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent">Recent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Recent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoul_AndersenHoff2001" class="citation book cs1">Goul Andersen, Jørgen; Hoff, Jens (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYiHDAAAQBAJ"><i>Democracy and citizenship in Scandinavia</i></a>. Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-67436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-67436-9"><bdi>978-0-333-67436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+citizenship+in+Scandinavia&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-333-67436-9&rft.aulast=Goul+Andersen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rft.au=Hoff%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYiHDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBendixsenBringslidVike2018" class="citation book cs1">Bendixsen, Synnøve K. N.; Bringslid, Mary Bente; Vike, Halvard (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aMxDwAAQBAJ"><i>Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: historical and contemporary perspectives</i></a>. Approaches to social inequality and difference. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59790-4"><bdi>978-3-319-59790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egalitarianism+in+Scandinavia%3A+historical+and+contemporary+perspectives&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Approaches+to+social+inequality+and+difference&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-59790-4&rft.aulast=Bendixsen&rft.aufirst=Synn%C3%B8ve+K.+N.&rft.au=Bringslid%2C+Mary+Bente&rft.au=Vike%2C+Halvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aMxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallie2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gallie, Duncan (February 2003). "The Quality of Working Life: Is Scandinavia Different?". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Sociological_Review" title="European Sociological Review">European Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fesr%2F19.1.61">10.1093/esr/19.1.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7215">0266-7215</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559475">3559475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Quality+of+Working+Life%3A+Is+Scandinavia+Different%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2003-02&rft.issn=0266-7215&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3559475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fesr%2F19.1.61&rft.aulast=Gallie&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenSigurjónssonSkille2019" class="citation book cs1">Green, Ken; Sigurjónsson, Thorsteinn; Skille, Eivind Å, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjdyDwAAQBAJ"><i>Sport in Scandinavia and the Nordic countries</i></a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-68458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-68458-3"><bdi>978-1-351-68458-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+in+Scandinavia+and+the+Nordic+countries&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-68458-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjdyDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hilson, Mary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_xi60bdHXoC"><i>The nordic model: Scandinavia since 1945</i></a>. Contemporary worlds. London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-366-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-366-6"><bdi>978-1-86189-366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nordic+model%3A+Scandinavia+since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.series=Contemporary+worlds&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-366-6&rft.aulast=Hilson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_xi60bdHXoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngebritsen2006" class="citation book cs1">Ingebritsen, Christine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VRPBAF9NcC"><i>Scandinavia in world politics</i></a>. Europe today. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0966-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-0966-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+in+world+politics&rft.place=Lanham&rft.series=Europe+today&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0966-5&rft.aulast=Ingebritsen&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1VRPBAF9NcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKröger1997" class="citation book cs1">Kröger, Teppo (1997). "Local government in Scandinavia: autonomous or integrated into the welfare state?". In Sipilä, Jorma (ed.). <i>Social care services: the key to the Scandinavian welfare model</i>. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85972-403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85972-403-3"><bdi>978-1-85972-403-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Local+government+in+Scandinavia%3A+autonomous+or+integrated+into+the+welfare+state%3F&rft.btitle=Social+care+services%3A+the+key+to+the+Scandinavian+welfare+model&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hants%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Avebury&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85972-403-3&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6ger&rft.aufirst=Teppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLappi-Seppälä2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lappi-Seppälä, Tapio (January 2007). "Penal Policy in Scandinavia". <i>Crime and Justice</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F592812">10.1086/592812</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-3234">0192-3234</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/592812">10.1086/592812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Penal+Policy+in+Scandinavia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=2007-01&rft.issn=0192-3234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F592812%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F592812&rft.aulast=Lappi-Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Tapio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNestingen2008" class="citation book cs1">Nestingen, Andrew K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efv5DsjfCgYC"><i>Crime and fantasy in Scandinavia: fiction, film, and social change</i></a>. New directions in Scandinavian studies. Seattle : Copenhagen: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98803-0"><bdi>978-0-295-98803-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/175218158">175218158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+fantasy+in+Scandinavia%3A+fiction%2C+film%2C+and+social+change&rft.place=Seattle+%3A+Copenhagen&rft.series=New+directions+in+Scandinavian+studies&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F175218158&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98803-0&rft.aulast=Nestingen&rft.aufirst=Andrew+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Defv5DsjfCgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rogerson, Richard (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w12890/w12890.pdf">"Taxation and market work: is Scandinavia an outlier?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Theory" title="Economic Theory">Economic Theory</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00199-006-0164-9">10.1007/s00199-006-0164-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-2259">0938-2259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Theory&rft.atitle=Taxation+and+market+work%3A+is+Scandinavia+an+outlier%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00199-006-0164-9&rft.issn=0938-2259&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fworking_papers%2Fw12890%2Fw12890.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrandFreemanHockerts2015" class="citation journal cs1">Strand, Robert; Freeman, R. Edward; Hockerts, Kai (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2224-6">"Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Scandinavia: An Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Business_Ethics" title="Journal of Business Ethics">Journal of Business Ethics</a></i>. <b>127</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2224-6">10.1007/s10551-014-2224-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4544">0167-4544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+and+Sustainability+in+Scandinavia%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2224-6&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft.aulast=Strand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Freeman%2C+R.+Edward&rft.au=Hockerts%2C+Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10551-014-2224-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America, Globescope Internet Services, Inc. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goscandinavia.com/">the original</a> on 4 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scandinavia%3A+Official+Website+of+the+Scandinavian+Tourist+Boards+in+North+America&rft.pub=Scandinavian+Tourist+Boards+in+North+America%2C+Globescope+Internet+Services%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goscandinavia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/">Nordic Council</a> – official site for co-operation in the Nordic region</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordregio.se/">Nordregio</a> – site established by the Nordic Council of Ministers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207061449/http://www.vifanord.de/index.php?id=1&L=1&rd=243343734">vifanord</a> – a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scandinavia.life/">Expat Scandinavia</a> – site with useful information for expats in Scandinavia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southeastern31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Other regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Himalayan27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian region</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caribbean" title="Greater Caribbean">Greater Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Am.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Americas12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Rim">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By direction: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/40px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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