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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scandinavian_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scandinavian York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cnut_and_his_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cnut_and_his_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cnut and his successors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cnut_and_his_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetic heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Danelaw</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="دانلو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دانلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Данелаг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Данелаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Данэлаг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Данэлаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Ddaenfro" title="Y Ddaenfro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Ddaenfro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelagen" title="Danelagen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Danelagen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelag" title="Danelag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Danelag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Ντέινλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέινλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7" title="دانلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denewet" title="Denewet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Denewet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B8%EB%A1%9C" title="데인로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데인로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Դանելագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դանելագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danal%C3%B6g" title="Danalög – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Danalög" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="دينلو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دينلو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6" title="デーンロウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デーンロウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelagen" title="Danelagen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Danelagen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelagh" title="Danelagh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Danelagh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Денло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Денло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Данелаг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Данелаг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelag" title="Danelag – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Danelag" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelagen" title="Danelagen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Danelagen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelagen" title="Danelagen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Danelagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="เดนลอว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดนลอว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Danelaw" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Данелаг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Данелаг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelagh" title="Danelagh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danelagh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E5%8D%80" title="丹麥區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="丹麥區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q339271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Danelaw" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of England where Danish law applied</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Danelaw</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Between 878 and 890–1066</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:England_878.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="England, 886"><img alt="England, 886" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/250px-England_878.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/500px-England_878.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">England, 886</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Between 878 and 890</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1066</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">Norman England</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Danelaw</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Danelagen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">Danelagen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Dena lagu</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">England</a> between the early tenth century and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> under Anglo-Saxon rule in which <a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danish</a> laws applied. The Danelaw originated in the conquest and occupation of large parts of eastern and northern England by Danish <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> in the late ninth century. The term applies to the areas in which English kings allowed the Danes to keep their own laws following the tenth-century English conquest in return for the Danish settlers' loyalty to the English crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Danelaw" is first recorded in the early 11th century as <i>Dena lage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Danelaw originated from the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> into England in 865, but the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century. With the increase in population and productivity in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, Viking warriors, having sought treasure and glory in the nearby <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, "proceeded to plough and support themselves", in the words of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> for 876.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Danelaw can describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, the king of Wessex, and <a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a>, the Danish warlord, written following Guthrum's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> in 878, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-attenbborough96_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attenbborough96-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the aftermath of the Treaty of Wedmore<sup id="cite_ref-Wedmore_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wedmore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Guthrum's death in 890,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> was formalised, defining the boundaries of their kingdoms, with provisions for peaceful relations between the Danes and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, including allowing the self-governance of the Danes in exchange of loyalty to England.<sup id="cite_ref-attenbborough96_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attenbborough96-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language spoken in England was affected by this clash of cultures, with the emergence of Anglo-Norse dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-e-heritage-danelaw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-heritage-danelaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Danelaw approximately covered <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, the central and eastern <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_Grosses_Heer_892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/England_Grosses_Heer_892.jpg/250px-England_Grosses_Heer_892.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/England_Grosses_Heer_892.jpg/330px-England_Grosses_Heer_892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/England_Grosses_Heer_892.jpg/500px-England_Grosses_Heer_892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Map of England showing the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and Danish districts – from <i>Cassell's History of England,</i> Vol. I – anonymous author and artists</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavian_York">Scandinavian York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scandinavian York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Scandinavian York</a></div> <p>From around 800, there had been waves of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> raids on the coastlines of Britain and Ireland. In 865, instead of raiding, the Danes landed a large army in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, with the intention of conquering the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. The armies of various Danish leaders had collaborated to make one combined force under a leadership that included <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a>, the sons of the legendary Viking leader <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer52_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer52-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined army was described in the annals as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asc865_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc865-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After making peace with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">local East Anglian king</a> in return for horses,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="reference in third paragraph of this section states the EA King (Edmund) was defeated two years later, and article on Edmund does not mention an initial peace or providing horses to the Norse (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Great Heathen Army moved north. In 867 they captured Northumbria and its capital, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> ("Jórvík"), defeating both the recently deposed King <a href="/wiki/Osberht_of_Northumbria" title="Osberht of Northumbria">Osberht of Northumbria</a> and the usurper <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a>. The Danes then placed an Englishman, <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a>, on the throne of Northumbria as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet</a> ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred of Wessex">Æthelred of Wessex</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred</a>, led their army against the Danes at <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, but the Danes refused to leave their fortifications. King <a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> negotiated peace with Ivar, with the Danes keeping Nottingham in exchange for leaving the rest of Mercia alone. </p><p>Under Ivar the Boneless, the Danes continued their invasion in 869 by defeating King <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund of East Anglia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hoxne" title="Hoxne">Hoxne</a> and conquering East Anglia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, the brothers Æthelred and Alfred attempted to stop Ivar by attacking the Danes at <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>. They were repelled with heavy losses. The Danes pursued, and on 7 January 871, Æthelred and Alfred defeated the Danes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a>. The Danes retreated to <a href="/wiki/Old_Basing" title="Old Basing">Basing</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>), where Æthelred attacked and was, in turn, defeated. Ivar was able to follow up this victory with another in March at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marton" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Marton">Meretum</a> (now Marton, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>). </p><p>On 23 April 871, King Æthelred died and Alfred succeeded him as King of Wessex. His army was weak and he was forced to pay tribute to Ivar in order to make peace with the Danes. During this peace, the Danes turned to the north and attacked Mercia, a campaign that lasted until 874. The Danish leader Ivar died during this campaign. Ivar was succeeded by Guthrum, who finished the campaign against Mercia. In ten years, the Danes had gained control over East Anglia, Northumbria and Mercia, leaving just Wessex resisting.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guthrum and the Danes brokered peace with Wessex in 876, when they captured the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>. Alfred laid siege to the Danes, who were forced to surrender after reinforcements were lost in a storm. Two years later, Guthrum again attacked Alfred, surprising him by attacking his forces wintering in <a href="/wiki/Chippenham" title="Chippenham">Chippenham</a>. King Alfred was saved when the Danish army coming from his rear was destroyed by inferior forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cynuit">Battle of Cynuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abels153_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abels153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asc878_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc878-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern location of <i>Cynuit</i> is disputed but suggestions include Countisbury Hill, near <a href="/wiki/Lynmouth" title="Lynmouth">Lynmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, or Kenwith Castle, <a href="/wiki/Bideford" title="Bideford">Bideford</a>, Devon, or <a href="/wiki/Cannington,_Somerset" title="Cannington, Somerset">Cannington</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bridgwater" title="Bridgwater">Bridgwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfred was forced into hiding for a time, before returning in early 878 to gather an army and attack Guthrum at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Edington</a>. The Danes were defeated and retreated to Chippenham, where King Alfred laid siege and soon forced them to surrender. As a term of surrender, King Alfred demanded that Guthrum be <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> a Christian; King Alfred served as his <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> and his sister, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, the Lady of the Mercians, conquered Danish territories in the <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands">Midlands</a> and East Anglia in a series of campaigns in the 910s, and some Danish <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">jarls</a> who submitted were allowed to keep their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking rule ended when <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> was driven out of Northumbria in 954. </p><p>The reasons for the waves of immigration were complex and bound to the political situation in Scandinavia at that time; they occurred when Viking settlers were also establishing their presence in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, France (<a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>), the Baltics, Russia and Ukraine (see <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cnut_and_his_successors">Cnut and his successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cnut and his successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cnut_lands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/330px-Cnut_lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/500px-Cnut_lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/600px-Cnut_lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>'s domains</figcaption></figure> <p>The Danes did not give up their designs on England. From 1016 to 1035, <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a> ruled over a unified English kingdom, itself the product of a resurgent Wessex, as part of his <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a>, together with Denmark, Norway and part of Sweden. Cnut was succeeded in England on his death by his son <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a>, until he died in 1040, after which another of Cnut's sons, <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut_(1020%E2%80%931042)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harthacnut (1020–1042)">Harthacnut</a>, took the throne. Since Harthacnut was already on the Danish throne, this reunited the North Sea Empire. Harthacnut lived only another two years, and from his death in 1042 until 1066 the monarchy reverted to the English line in the form of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>. </p><p>Edward died in January 1066 without an obvious successor, and an English nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Harold_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold II of England">Harold Godwinson</a>, took the throne. Later that year, two rival claimants to the throne led invasions of England in short succession. First, <a href="/wiki/Harald_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald III of Norway">Harald Hardrada</a> of Norway took York in September, but was defeated by Harold at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. Then, three weeks later, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William of Normandy</a> defeated Harold at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, and in December he accepted the submission of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_%C3%86theling" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Ætheling">Edgar the Ætheling</a>, last in the line of Anglo-Saxon royal succession, at <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a>. </p><p>The Danelaw appeared in legislation as late as the early 12th century with the <i><a href="/wiki/Leges_Henrici_Primi" title="Leges Henrici Primi">Leges Henrici Primi</a></i>, where it is referred to as one of the laws together with those of Wessex and Mercia into which England was divided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>793</b> − Viking raid on Lindisfarne<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>800</b> − Waves of Danish assaults on the coastlines of the British Isles. </p><p><b>865</b> − Danish raiders first began to settle in England. Led by the brothers Halfdan and Ivar the Boneless, they wintered in East Anglia, where they demanded and received tribute in exchange for a temporary peace. From there, they moved north and attacked Northumbria, which was in the midst of a civil war between the deposed king Osberht and a usurper Ælla. The Danes used the civil turmoil as an opportunity to capture York, which they sacked and burned. </p><p><b>867</b> − Following the loss of York, Osberht and Ælla formed an alliance against the Danes. They launched a counter-attack, but the Danes killed both Osberht and Ælla and set up a puppet king on the Northumbrian throne. In response, King Æthelred of Wessex, along with his brother Alfred, marched against the Danes, who were positioned behind fortifications in Nottingham, but were unable to draw them into battle. In order to effect peace, King Burgred of Mercia ceded Nottingham to the Danes in exchange for leaving the rest of Mercia undisturbed. </p><p><b>868</b> − Danes captured <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>. </p><p><b>869</b> − Ivar the Boneless returned and demanded tribute from King Edmund of East Anglia. </p><p><b>870</b> − King Edmund refused Ivar's demand. Ivar defeated and captured Edmund at Hoxne, adding East Anglia to the area controlled by the invading Danes. King Æthelred and Alfred attacked the Danes at Reading, but were repulsed with heavy losses. The Danes pursued them. </p><p><b>871</b> − On 7 January, Æthelred and Alfred made their stand at Ashdown (on what is the Berkshire/North Wessex Downs now in Oxfordshire). Æthelred could not be found at the start of battle, as he was busy praying in his tent, so Alfred led the army into battle. Æthelred and Alfred defeated the Danes, who counted among their losses five <a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">jarls</a> (nobles). The Danes retreated and set up fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Old_Basing" title="Old Basing">Basing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a>) in Hampshire, a mere 14 miles (23 km) from Reading. Æthelred attacked the Danish fortifications and was routed. The Danes followed up with another victory in March at Meretum (now Marton, Wiltshire). </p><p>King Æthelred died on 23 April 871 and Alfred took the throne of Wessex. For the rest of the year Alfred concentrated on attacking with small bands against isolated groups of Danes. He was moderately successful in this endeavour and was able to score minor victories against the Danes, but his army was on the verge of collapse. Alfred responded by paying off the Danes for a promise of peace. During the peace, the Danes turned north and attacked Mercia, which they finished off in short order, and captured London in the process. King Burgred of Mercia fought in vain against Ivar the Boneless and his Danish invaders for three years until 874, when he fled to Europe. During Ivar's campaign against Mercia, he died and was succeeded by Guthrum the Old. Guthrum quickly defeated Burgred and placed a puppet on the throne of Mercia. The Danes now controlled East Anglia, Northumbria and Mercia, with only Wessex continuing to resist. </p><p><b>875</b> − The Danes settled in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, well inside Alfred's Kingdom of Wessex, but Alfred quickly made peace with them. </p><p><b>876</b> − The Danes broke the peace when they captured the fortress of Wareham, followed by a similar capture of Exeter in 877. </p><p><b>877</b> − Alfred laid in a siege, while the Danes waited for reinforcements from Scandinavia. Unfortunately for the Danes, the fleet of reinforcements encountered a storm and lost more than 100 ships, and the Danes were forced to return to East Mercia in the north. </p><p><b>878</b> − In January, Guthrum led an attack against Wessex that sought to capture Alfred while he wintered in Chippenham. Another Danish army <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion#Wales" title="Viking expansion">landed in south Wales</a> arrived and moved south with the intent of intercepting Alfred should he flee from Guthrum's forces. However, they stopped during their march to capture a small fortress at Countisbury Hill, held by a Wessex <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a> named <a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda</a>. The Saxons, led by Odda, attacked the Danes while they slept and defeated their superior forces, saving Alfred from being trapped between the two armies. Alfred was forced to go into hiding for the rest of the winter and spring of 878 in the Somerset marshes in order to avoid the superior Danish forces. In the spring, Alfred was able to gather an army and attacked Guthrum and the Danes at Edington. The Danes were defeated and retreated to Chippenham, where the English pursued and laid siege to Guthrum's forces. The Danes were unable to hold out without relief and soon surrendered. Alfred demanded, as a term of the surrender, that Guthrum become baptised as a Christian, which Guthrum agreed to do, with Alfred acting as his godfather. Guthrum was true to his word and settled in East Anglia, at least for a while. </p><p><b>Between 886<sup id="cite_ref-Wedmore_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wedmore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 890,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001223_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> − The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> formally comes into action, establishing the boundaries of the Danelaw and allowed for Danish self-rule in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-attenbborough96_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attenbborough96-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>902</b> − <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> submitted to <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwold of Wessex">Æthelwald</a>. </p><p><b>903</b> − Æthelwald incited the East Anglian Danes into breaking the peace. They ravaged Mercia before winning a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">pyrrhic victory</a> that saw the death of Æthelwald and the Danish King Eohric; this allowed <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> to consolidate power. </p><p><b>911</b> − The English defeated the Danes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a>. The Northumbrians ravaged Mercia but were trapped by Edward and forced to fight. </p><p><b>917</b> − In return for peace and protection, the Kingdoms of Essex and East Anglia accepted Edward the Elder as their <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerain</a> overlord. </p><p>Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, took the <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> of Derby. </p><p><b>918</b> − The borough of Leicester submitted peaceably to Æthelflæd's rule. The people of York promised to accept her as their overlord, but she died before this could come to fruition. She was succeeded by her brother, the Kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex united in the person of King Edward. </p><p><b>919</b> − Norwegian Vikings under King Ragnvald Sygtryggsson of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> took York. </p><p><b>920</b> − Edward was accepted as father and lord by the King of the Scots, by Rægnold, the sons of <a href="/wiki/Eadulf_I_of_Bernicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadulf I of Bernicia">Eadulf</a>, the English, Norwegians, Danes and others all of whom dwelt in Northumbria and the King and people of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> Welsh. </p><p><b>954</b> − King Eric was driven out of Northumbria, his death marking the end of the prospect of a Northern Viking Kingdom stretching from York to Dublin and the Isles. </p><p><b>1002</b> – <a href="/wiki/St._Brice%27s_Day_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Brice's Day massacre">St. Brice's Day massacre</a> of the Danes </p><p><b>1066</b> − <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a> landed with an army, hoping to take control of York and the English crown. He was defeated and killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a>. This event is often cited as the end of the Viking era. The same year, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, himself a descendant of Vikings, successfully took the English throne and became the first Norman king of England. </p><p><b>1069</b> − <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II of Denmark</a> landed with an army, in much the same way as Harald Hardrada. He took control of York after defeating the Norman garrison and inciting a local uprising. King William eventually defeated his forces and devastated the region in the <a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a>. </p><p><b>1075</b> − One of Sweyn's sons, <a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">Cnut</a>, set sail for England to support an English rebellion, but it had been crushed before he arrived, so he settled for plundering the city of York and surrounding area, before returning home.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer17_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1085</b> − Cnut, now king, assembled a fleet for a major invasion against England. Informed of his planned crossing, William hurried back to England to prepare a defence, but internal threats forced Cnut to cancel his plan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than <a href="/wiki/Eystein_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein II of Norway">Eystein II of Norway</a> taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">civil war</a> during <a href="/wiki/King_Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Stephen of England">Stephen's reign</a>, to plunder the east coast of England,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were no serious invasions or raids of England by the Danes after this.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer17_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Five_Boroughs_of_the_Danelaw" title="Five Boroughs of the Danelaw">Five Boroughs of the Danelaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midland_Map_-_5_Boroughs_912_Ad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Midland_Map_-_5_Boroughs_912_Ad.svg/500px-Midland_Map_-_5_Boroughs_912_Ad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Midland_Map_-_5_Boroughs_912_Ad.svg/525px-Midland_Map_-_5_Boroughs_912_Ad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Midland_Map_-_5_Boroughs_912_Ad.svg/700px-Midland_Map_-_5_Boroughs_912_Ad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>The Five Boroughs and the English Midlands in the early 10th century<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The area occupied by the Danelaw was roughly the area to the north of a line drawn between <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, excluding the portion of Northumbria to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Five fortified towns became particularly important in the Danelaw: Leicester, Nottingham, Derby, Stamford and Lincoln, broadly delineating the area now called the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>. These strongholds became known as the <i>Five Boroughs</i>. <i>Borough</i> derives from the Old English word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">burh</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Burg</i></span>, meaning castle), meaning a fortified and walled enclosure containing several households, anything from a large stockade to a fortified town. The meaning has since developed further. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_concepts">Legal concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Danelaw was an important factor in the establishment of a civilian peace in the neighbouring Anglo-Saxon and Viking communities. It established, for example, equivalences in areas of legal contentiousness, such as the amount of reparation that should be payable in <i><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">wergild</a></i>. </p><p>Many of the legalistic concepts were compatible; for example, the Viking <i>wapentake</i>, the standard for land division in the Danelaw, was effectively interchangeable with the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (country subdivision)">hundred</a>. The use of the execution site and cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Walkington_Wold_Burials" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkington Wold Burials">Walkington Wold</a> in east Yorkshire suggests a continuity of judicial practice.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Danelaw, between 30% and 50% of the population in the countryside had the legal status of '<a href="/wiki/Sokeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokeman">sokeman</a>', occupying an intermediate position between the <a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">free tenants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Villein_(feudal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Villein (feudal)">bond tenants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tended to provide more autonomy for the peasants. A sokeman was a free man within the lord's <i>soke</i>, or jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to many scholars, "... the Danelaw was an especially ‘free’ area of Britain because the rank and file of the Danish armies, from whom sokemen were descended, had settled in the area and imported their own social system."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Yorkshire_Place_Names.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/South_Yorkshire_Place_Names.png/220px-South_Yorkshire_Place_Names.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/South_Yorkshire_Place_Names.png/330px-South_Yorkshire_Place_Names.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/South_Yorkshire_Place_Names.png/440px-South_Yorkshire_Place_Names.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a> within present day South Yorkshire, the former Kingdom of Jorvik, showing the lasting legacy of Danish settlement</figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of this period of Scandinavian settlement can still be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">North of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, and is particularly evident in <a href="/wiki/Toponymy_of_England" title="Toponymy of England">place-names</a>, endings such as <i>-howe</i>, <i>-by</i> (meaning "village") or <i>-thorp</i> ("hamlet") having Old Norse origins. There seems to be a remarkable number of <i>Kirby/Kirkby</i> names, thought to stem from Old Norse <i>kirk</i> ("church", compare <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">cirice, cyrice</i> for church) and -<i>by</i> ("village"), some with remains of Anglo-Saxon buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating both a Norse origin and early church building.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> were still somewhat mutually comprehensible. The contact between these languages in the Danelaw caused the incorporation of many Norse words into the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, including the word <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> itself, <i>sky</i> and <i>window,</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person</a> <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> <i>they</i>, <i>them</i> and <i>their</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Old Norse words still survive in the dialects of Northern England.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four of the five boroughs became <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county towns</a>—of the counties of <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. Stamford failed to gain such status—perhaps because of the nearby autonomous territory of <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_heritage">Genetic heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian migration to the United Kingdom">Scandinavian migration to the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> commissioned a genetic survey of the British Isles by a team from <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> led by Professor <a href="/wiki/David_B._Goldstein_(geneticist)" title="David B. Goldstein (geneticist)">David Goldstein</a> for its programme '<a href="/wiki/Blood_of_the_Vikings" title="Blood of the Vikings">Blood of the Vikings</a>'. It concluded that Norse (Norwegian) invaders settled sporadically throughout the British Isles with a particular concentration in certain areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study did not set out to genetically distinguish descendants of Danish Vikings from descendants of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> settlers. That was decided on the basis that the latter two groups originated from areas that overlap each other on the continental North Sea coast (ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Jutland_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutland Peninsula">Jutland Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) and were therefore considered too difficult to genetically distinguish.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 10-year genetic study published in 2020 found evidence of a major influx of Danish settlers into England during the Viking period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major archaeological sites that bear testimony to the Danelaw are few. The most famous is the site at York. Another Danelaw site is the cremation site at Heath Wood, <a href="/wiki/Ingleby,_Derbyshire" title="Ingleby, Derbyshire">Ingleby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. </p><p>Archaeological sites do not bear out the historically defined area as being a real demographic or trade boundary. This could be due to misallocation of the items and features on which this judgement is based as being indicative of either Anglo-Saxon or Norse presence. Otherwise, it could indicate that there was considerable population movement between the areas, or simply that after the treaty was made, it was ignored by one or both sides. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thynghowe" title="Thynghowe">Thynghowe</a> was an important Danelaw meeting place, today located in <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest" title="Sherwood Forest">Sherwood Forest</a>, in Nottinghamshire. The word <i>howe</i> often indicates a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mound</a>. Howe is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> word <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">haugr</i></span> meaning mound.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site's rediscovery was made by Lynda Mallett, Stuart Reddish and John Wood. The site had vanished from modern maps and was essentially lost to history until the local history enthusiasts made their discoveries. Experts think the rediscovered site, which lies amidst the old oaks of an area known as the <a href="/wiki/Birklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Birklands">Birklands</a> in Sherwood Forest, may also yield clues as to the boundary of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo Saxon">Anglo Saxon</a> kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> recently inspected the site and believes it is a national rarity. <a href="/wiki/Thynghowe" title="Thynghowe">Thynghowe</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a place where people came to resolve disputes and settle issues. It is a <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> word, although the site may be older still, perhaps even from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generic_forms_in_British_place_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of generic forms in British place names">List of generic forms in British place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">Stave church</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Subpoena_ad_testificandum" title="Subpoena ad testificandum">Subpoena ad testificandum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valknut" title="Valknut">Valknut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian" title="Anglo-Scandinavian">Anglo-Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Scandinavian York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Northumbria" title="List of monarchs of Northumbria">List of monarchs of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">English language in Northern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in the British Isles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wedmore-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wedmore_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wedmore_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The actual date of the Treaty is not known. The treaty of Alfred and Guthrum ascribes Viking-held London to Alfred, so some historians have suggested that the treaty would not have been finalised until Alfred reoccupied the city in 886. However the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 885 says that "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>the army from East-Anglia broke their peace with Alfred", which might indicate that the treaty had been signed earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001139–140_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001">Lapidge et al. 2001</a>, p. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM._Pons-Sanz2007" class="citation book cs1">M. Pons-Sanz (2007). <i>Norse-derived Vocabulary in late Old English Texts: Wulfstan's Works. A Case Study</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-196-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-196-9"><bdi>978-87-7674-196-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse-derived+Vocabulary+in+late+Old+English+Texts%3A+Wulfstan%27s+Works.+A+Case+Study&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-196-9&rft.au=M.+Pons-Sanz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> word <i>Dene</i> ("Danes") usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a> of any kind; most of the invaders were indeed Danish (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> speakers), but there were Norwegians (West Norse <i>[speakers]</i>) among them as well." Lass, Roger, <i>Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion</i>, p. 187, n. 12. Cambridge University Press, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2001" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Lesley (2001). "Edward the Elder's Danelaw". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21497-1"><bdi>0-415-21497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Elder%27s+Danelaw&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-21497-1&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Richard Hall, <i>Viking Age Archaeology</i> (series <a href="/wiki/Shire_Archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire Archaeology">Shire Archaeology</a>), 2010:22; Gwyn Jones, <i>A History of the Vikings</i>. Revised ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984: 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-attenbborough96-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-attenbborough96_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-attenbborough96_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-attenbborough96_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough1922" class="citation book cs1">Attenborough, F.L. Tr., ed. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#page/96/mode/2up"><i>The laws of the earliest English kings</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">96–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404565459" title="Special:BookSources/9780404565459"><bdi>9780404565459</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+earliest+English+kings&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=9780404565459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flawsofearliesten00grea%23page%2F96%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1995" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Alfred P. (1995). <i>King Alfred the Great</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822989-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822989-5"><bdi>0-19-822989-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-822989-5&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001223-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001223_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001223_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001">Lapidge et al. 2001</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-heritage-danelaw-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e-heritage-danelaw_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/e/england/danelaw/e-heritage-danelaw.htm?showall=1">"Danelaw Heritage"</a>. The Viking Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226015801/http://www.viking.no/e/england/danelaw/e-heritage-danelaw.htm?showall=1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danelaw+Heritage&rft.pub=The+Viking+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viking.no%2Fe%2Fengland%2Fdanelaw%2Fe-heritage-danelaw.htm%3Fshowall%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer52-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sawyer52_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sawyer. <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings.</i> pp. 52–55 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc865-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc865_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASC 865 – English translation at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/657/pg657.html">project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005201716/http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/657/pg657.html/">Archived</a> 5 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flores Historiarum: Rogeri de Wendover, <i>Chronica sive flores historiarum</i>, pp. 298–299. ed. H. Coxe, <a href="/wiki/Rolls_Series" title="Rolls Series">Rolls Series</a>, 84 (4 vols, 1841–42)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haywood, John. <i>The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings</i>, p. 62. Penguin Books. 1995. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, Michael. "Alfred the Great Strikes Back", p. 65. <i>Military History Journal</i>. June 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abels153-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abels153_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbels1998" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard (1998). <i>Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-04047-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-04047-7"><bdi>0-582-04047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+War%2C+Kingship+and+Culture+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-582-04047-7&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc878-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc878_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASC 878 – English translation at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/657/pg657.html">project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005201716/http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/657/pg657.html/">Archived</a> 5 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKendrick1930" class="citation book cs1">Kendrick, T.D. (1930). <i>A History of the Vikings</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/314512470">314512470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314512470&rft.aulast=Kendrick&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadley, D. M. <i>The Northern Danelaw: Its Social Structure, c. 800–1100</i>. p. 310. Leicester University Press. 2000. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesley Abrams, 'Edward the Elder's Danelaw', in N. J. Higham & D. H. Hill eds, <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>, Routledge, 2001, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512165332/http://viking.hgo.se/Files/VikHeri/Viking_Age/expansion.html">"The Viking expansion"</a>. <i>hgo.se</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viking.hgo.se/Files/VikHeri/Viking_Age/expansion.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hgo.se&rft.atitle=The+Viking+expansion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fviking.hgo.se%2FFiles%2FVikHeri%2FViking_Age%2Fexpansion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/lindisfarne-priory/History/viking-raid/">"The Viking Raid on Lindisfarne"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408053931/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/lindisfarne-priory/History/viking-raid/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Viking+Raid+on+Lindisfarne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fplaces%2Flindisfarne-priory%2FHistory%2Fviking-raid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer17-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer17_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer17_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285434-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285434-8"><bdi>0-19-285434-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-285434-8&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBates2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bates_(historian)" title="David Bates (historian)">Bates, David</a> (2016). <i>William the Conqueror</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">457–</span>459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23416-9"><bdi>978-0-300-23416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+the+Conqueror&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23416-9&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForte2005" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Angello (2005). <i>Viking Empires</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925" title="Special:BookSources/0521829925"><bdi>0521829925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Empires&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0521829925&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Angello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falkus & Gillingham and Hill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuckberryHadley2007" class="citation cs2">Buckberry, J.L.; <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Hadley" title="Dawn Hadley">Hadley, D.M.</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3398/">"An Anglo-Saxon Execution Cemetery at Walkington Wold, Yorkshire"</a>, <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>, <b>26</b> (3): 325, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2007.00287.x">10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00287.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10454%2F677">10454/677</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215418/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3398/">archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Anglo-Saxon+Execution+Cemetery+at+Walkington+Wold%2C+Yorkshire&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10454%2F677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2007.00287.x&rft.aulast=Buckberry&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Hadley%2C+D.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F3398%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Day (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/239350/Emma_Day_Thesis.pdf;sequence=1">Sokemen and Freemen in Late Anglo-Saxon East Anglia in Comparative Context</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301115903/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/239350/Emma_Day_Thesis.pdf;sequence=1">Archived</a> 1 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cam.ac.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercedesrochelle.com/wordpress/?p=1062">What is Sac and Soke in Anglo-Saxon England?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110160246/http://www.mercedesrochelle.com/wordpress/?p=1062">Archived</a> 10 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Day (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/239350/Emma_Day_Thesis.pdf;sequence=1">Sokemen and Freemen in Late Anglo-Saxon East Anglia in Comparative Context</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301115903/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/239350/Emma_Day_Thesis.pdf;sequence=1">Archived</a> 1 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 21, cam.ac.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, H.M. & Taylor, Joan, <i>Anglo-Saxon Architecture</i>. Cambridge, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">introduction, Biddulph, Joseph <i>Old Danish of the Old Danelaw</i>. Pontypridd, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897999-48-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897999-48-6">978-1-897999-48-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Loyn,<i> The Vikings in Britain</i> (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1995), 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joan Beal, "English Dialects in the North of England: Morphology and Syntax," in <i>A Handbook of Varieties of English</i> vol. 2, ed. Bernd Kortmann et al. (New York: Martin De Gruyter, 2004) 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katie Wales,<i> Northern English: A Social and Cultural History</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.H. Cowling, <i>The Dialect of Hackness:Northeast Yorkshire</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915), xxi–xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1689955.stm">"ENGLAND | Viking blood still flowing"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101073532/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1689955.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=ENGLAND+%26%23124%3B+Viking+blood+still+flowing&rft.date=2001-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F1689955.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606235749/http://www.geneticarchaeology.com/research/Blood_Of_The_Vikings.asp">"Blood of the Vikings"</a>. <i>Genetic Archaeology</i>. 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span> – via www.nature. com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+the+Viking+world&rft.volume=585&rft.issue=7825&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E390-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F83989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221769227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.585..390M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32939067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2688-8&rft.aulast=Willerslev&rft.aufirst=Margaryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-020-2688-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStahl2004" class="citation web cs1">Stahl, Anke-Beate (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/ebooks/guide-to-scandinavian-origins-of-place-names.pdf">"Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311091259/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/ebooks/guide-to-scandinavian-origins-of-place-names.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Scandinavian+origins+of+place+names+in+Britain&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Anke-Beate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fdocs%2Febooks%2Fguide-to-scandinavian-origins-of-place-names.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170304/http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=1461548&search=all&criteria=thynghowe">"Detailed Result: Thynghowe"</a>. Pastscape. 22 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=1461548&search=all&criteria=thynghowe">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Result%3A+Thynghowe&rft.pub=Pastscape&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastscape.org%2Fhob.aspx%3Fhob_id%3D1461548%26search%3Dall%26criteria%3Dthynghowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald, eds. (2001). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0"><bdi>0-631-22492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-631-22492-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough1922" class="citation book cs1">Attenborough, F.L. Tr, ed. (1922). "Treaties with the Danes". <i>The laws of the earliest English kings</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4296219">4296219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treaties+with+the+Danes&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+earliest+English+kings&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4296219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2001" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Lesley (2001). "Edward the Elder's Danelaw". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21497-1"><bdi>0-415-21497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Elder%27s+Danelaw&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-21497-1&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span> Discusses definitions of "Danelaw".</li> <li><i>Types of Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw</i>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Stenton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank M. Stenton">Frank M. Stenton</a>, London, 1910.</li> <li><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>, Tiger Books International version translated and collated by Anne Savage, 1995.</li> <li><i>Community archaeology at Thynghowe, Birklands, Sherwood Forest</i> by Lynda Mallett, Stuart Reddish, John Baker, Stuart Brookes and Andy Gaunt; Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire, Volume 116 (2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMawer1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Mawer" title="Allen Mawer">Mawer, Allen</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Danelagh"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Danelagh">"Danelagh" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">803–</span>804.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Danelagh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E804&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mawer&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeen-Pettersen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Heen-Pettersen, Aina Margrethe (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue56/10/index.html">"Evidence of Viking trade and 'Danelaw' connections? Inset lead weights from Norway and the western Viking World"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (56). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.56.10">10.11141/ia.56.10</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2825187">11250/2825187</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Viking+trade+and+%27Danelaw%27+connections%3F+Inset+lead+weights+from+Norway+and+the+western+Viking+World&rft.issue=56&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2825187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.56.10&rft.aulast=Heen-Pettersen&rft.aufirst=Aina+Margrethe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue56%2F10%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanelaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stattel, Jake A. (2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anglo-saxon-england/article/abs/legal-culture-in-the-danelaw-a-study-of-iii-aethelred/80EEB3ACC0E6E9A9800D066C42182789">Legal culture in the Danelaw: a study of III Æthelred</a>". <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. <b>48</b>: 163–203.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danelaw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Danelaw</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Danelaw" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Danelaw">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span 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href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Danelaw" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Danelaw">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1689955.stm">News Item: BBC Blood of the Vikings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/index.shtml">BBC Viking History Links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/piro.co.uk/docs/according_to_ancient_custom_-_thynghowe?mode=window&backgroundColor=%23222222">According to Ancient Custom: Research on the possible Origins and Purpose of Thynghowe Sherwood Forest</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span>–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span>–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970</span>–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><br />(865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/250px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/330px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships<br />and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands<br />and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> <br /> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Västergötland Runic Inscription 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_N%C3%B6bbel%C3%B6v_Runestone" title="Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone">Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_heptarchy78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heptarchy" title="Template:Heptarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heptarchy" title="Template talk:Heptarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heptarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heptarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_heptarchy78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">heptarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hwicce" title="Hwicce">Hwicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Saxons" title="Middle Saxons"> Middel Seaxe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclingas" title="Iclingas">Iclingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuwald_of_Bernicia" title="Frithuwald of Bernicia">Frithuwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiglaf_of_Mercia" title="Wiglaf of Mercia">Wiglaf of Mercia</a></li> <li>Lists of monarchs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_East_Anglia" title="List of monarchs of East Anglia">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent" title="List of monarchs of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Mercia" title="List of monarchs of Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Northumbria" title="List of monarchs of Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sussex" title="List of monarchs of Sussex">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regiones" title="Regiones">Regiones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>East Anglia:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely"> Elge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">Gywre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Herstingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icklingham" title="Icklingham">Ikelgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens"> Spalda (Spalding)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens"> Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Essex:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahhingas" title="Brahhingas">Brahhingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire#History" title="Bedfordshire"> Beda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengie" title="Dengie">Daenningas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island"> Caningaege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingatestone" title="Ingatestone">Gegingas</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Surrey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Gillingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_Saxon_tribes_and_the_sub-kingdom" title="Surrey">Godhelmingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havering-atte-Bower" title="Havering-atte-Bower">Haueringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rodings" title="The Rodings">Hroðingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney,_London#Place_name_origin" title="Hackney, London"> Haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Saxons" title="Middle Saxons">Middle Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harringay" title="Harringay"> Haering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_formation_of_Surrey" title="Surrey">Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_formation_of_Surrey" title="Surrey">Tetingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewingas" title="Tewingas">Tewingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waeclingas" title="Waeclingas">Waeclingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooting" title="Tooting">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_Saxon_tribes_and_the_sub-kingdom" title="Surrey">Woccingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddington" title="Paddington"> Pæding-tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#Identified_sub-kings_of_Surrey" title="Surrey"> Frithuwald's Sūþrīge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Dæningas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengie" title="Dengie">Deningei</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Kent:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newenden" title="Newenden">Andredsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newenden" title="Newenden"> Andredes Leag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Boroware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Cantware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent"> Ceasterware </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Eastorege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limenwara" title="Limenwara">Lympne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limenwara" title="Limenwara">Limenwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottingham" title="Mottingham"> Modingahema</a></li> <li><b>Mercia:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvingham" title="Alvingham">Ælfingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbingas" title="Æbbingas">Æbbingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aros%C3%A6te" title="Arosæte">Arosæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Banbury" title="History of Banbury">Banesbyrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beormingas" title="Beormingas">Beormingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bils%C3%A6te" title="Bilsæte">Bilsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilterns%C3%A6te" title="Cilternsæte">Cilternsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duddeston" title="Duddeston">Duddensæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaini" title="Gaini">Gaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrwas" title="Gyrwas">Gyrwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury"> Glestinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husmerae" title="Husmerae">Husmerae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfaras" title="Lindisfaras">Lindisfaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magons%C3%A6te" title="Magonsæte">Magonsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Angles" title="Middle Angles">Middle Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">North Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District"> Pecset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecsaetan" title="Pecsaetan">Pecsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencers%C3%A6te" title="Pencersæte">Pencersæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repton" title="Repton">Reagesate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley" title="Thames Valley"> South Engele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotingas" title="Snotingas">Snotingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southumbrians" title="Southumbrians">Southumbrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaldingas" title="Spaldingas">Spaldingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoppingas" title="Stoppingas">Stoppingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweordora" title="Sweordora">Sweordora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsaete" title="Tomsaete">Tomsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oundle" title="Oundle">Undaium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weorgoran" title="Weorgoran">Weorgoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerne" title="Westerne">Westerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreocens%C3%A6te" title="Wreocensæte">Wreocensæte</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Northumbria:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmetsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Beodarsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds"> Loidis</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Sussex:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haestingas" title="Haestingas">Haestingas</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Wessex:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlingham" title="Arlingham">Eorlingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basingas" title="Basingas">Basingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Brycgstowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dornsaete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewisse" title="Gewisse">Gewisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastening" title="Glastening">Glastening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meonwara" title="Meonwara">Meonwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readingas" title="Readingas">Rēadingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumorsaete" title="Sumorsaete">Sumorsaete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset"> Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunningas" title="Sunningas">Sunningas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltsaete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtwara" title="Wihtwara">Wihtwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest#History" title="New Forest">Ytenes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burghal_Hidage" title="Burghal Hidage">Burghal Hidage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_Supremacy" title="Mercian Supremacy">Mercian Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Hidage" title="Tribal Hidage">Tribal Hidage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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