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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Different Muslim movements through history had linked pacifism with <a href="/wiki/Muslim_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim theology">Muslim theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborn2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Müller2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">warfare</a> has been an integral part of Islamic history both for the defense and the spread of the faith since the time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace is an important aspect of Islam</a>, and Muslims are encouraged to strive for peace and peaceful solutions to all problems. However, the teachings in the Qur'an and Hadith allow for wars to be fought if they can be justified.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to James Turner Johnson, there is no normative tradition of <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a> travel Muhammad struggled non-violently against his opposition in Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-cultures_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultures-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until after the exile that the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">Quranic revelations</a> began to adopt a more <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">offensive perspective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting in self-defense is not only legitimate but considered obligatory upon Muslims, according to the Qur'an. The Qur'an, however, says that should the enemy's hostile behavior cease, then the reason for engaging the enemy also lapses.<sup id="cite_ref-afsaruddin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afsaruddin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan.jpg/220px-Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan.jpg/330px-Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>I am going to give you such a weapon that the police and the army will not be able to stand against it. It is the weapon of the Prophet, but you are not aware of it. That weapon is patience and righteousness. No power on earth can stand against it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badshah_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg/220px-Badshah_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg/330px-Badshah_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace in Islamic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">Egyptian Revolution of 1919</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a> travel, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> struggled <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violently</a> against his opposition in Mecca,<sup id="cite_ref-cultures_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultures-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing a basis for Islamic pacifist schools of thought such as some <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi orders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Hafez_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hafez-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">Warfare</a> in defense of the faith has also been part of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> history since the time of Muhammad,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">violence</a> mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> revelations after their exile from Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Suwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Salim Suwari">Salim Suwari</a>, a philosopher in Islam, came up with a peaceful approach to Islam known as the <a href="/wiki/Suwarian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Suwarian tradition">Suwarian tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborn2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Müller2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senegalese sufi sheykh <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Bamba" title="Amadou Bamba">Amadou Bamba</a> (1850–1927) spearheaded a non-violent resistance movement against French colonialism in West Africa. Amadou Bamba repeatedly rejected calls for jihad against the Europeans, preaching hard work, piety and education as the best means to resist the oppression and exploitation of his people. </p><p>The earliest massive non-violent implementation of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> was brought about by <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> against British occupation in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">Egyptian Revolution of 1919</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul" title="Saad Zaghloul">Zaghloul Pasha</a>, considered the mastermind behind this massive civil disobedience, was a native middle-class, <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Azhar</a> graduate, political activist, judge, parliamentary and ex-Cabinet Minister whose leadership brought Muslim and Christian communities together as well as women into the massive protests. Along with his companions of <a href="/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd Party</a>, who started campaigning in 1914, they have achieved independence of Egypt and a first constitution in 1923. </p><p>According to Margaret Chatterjee, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Islam">Sufi Islam</a>. She states that Gandhi was acquainted with the Sufi <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti Order</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a> gatherings he attended, and was influenced by Sufi values such as humility, selfless devotion, identification with the poor, belief in human brotherhood, the oneness of God, and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Hardiman notes that Gandhi's garb was similar that of Sufi <a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">pirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakirs</a>, which was also noted by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> when he compared Gandhi to a fakir.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Amitabh Pal, Gandhi followed a strand of Hinduism that bore similarities to Sufi Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, several Muslim organizations played a key role in nonviolent resistance against British colonial rule, including Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān and his followers, as well as the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81n_Abdul_Ghaff%C4%81r_Kh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān">Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān</a> (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988) (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: <span lang="ps" dir="rtl">خان عبدالغفار خان</span>), nicknamed Bāchā Khān (Pashto: <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">باچا خان</span></span>, lit. "king of <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">chiefs</a>") or Pāchā Khān (<span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پاچا خان</span></span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence activist</a> against the rule of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. He was a political and spiritual leader known for his <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> opposition, and a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> and devout <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A close friend of <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, Bacha Khan was nicknamed the "Frontier Gandhi" in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RazaAhmad1990_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RazaAhmad1990-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacha Khan founded the <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a> ("Servants of God") movement in 1929, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the colonial authorities against him and his supporters, and they experienced some of the most severe repression of all Indian independence activists.<sup id="cite_ref-Zartman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zartman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>'s demand for the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iloveindia.com_-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iloveindia.com_-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, he felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."<sup id="cite_ref-icdc.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icdc.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After partition, Badshah Khan pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and demanded an autonomous "<a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a>" administrative unit within the country, but he was frequently arrested by the Pakistani government between 1948 and 1954. In 1956, he was again arrested for his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a> program, under which the government announced to merge the former provinces of <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_States_Union" title="Baluchistan States Union">Baluchistan States Union</a> into one single polity of <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>. Badshah Khan also spent much of the 1960s and 1970s either in jail or in exile. Upon his death in 1988 in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> under house arrest, following his will, he was buried at his house in <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalabad, Afghanistan">Jalalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, marching through the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> from Peshawar to Jalalabad, although it was marred by two bomb explosions killing 15 people. Despite the heavy fighting at the time, both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">communist army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Unity_of_Afghanistan_Mujahideen" title="Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>, declared a ceasefire to allow his burial.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palestinian activist <a href="/wiki/Nafez_Assaily" title="Nafez Assaily">Nafez Assaily</a> has been notable for his <a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">bookmobile</a> service in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> dubbed "Library on Wheels for Nonviolence and Peace",<sup id="cite_ref-dV_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dV-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hailed as a "creative Muslim exponent of non-violent activism".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> began in 1987 initially as a nonviolent civil disobedience movement.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of <a href="/wiki/General_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="General strikes">general strikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">Israeli Civil Administration</a> institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, an economic <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> consisting of refusal to work in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses, <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">barricading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearlman attributes the non-violent character of the uprising to the movement's internal organization and its capillary outreach to neighborhood committees that ensured that lethal revenge would not be the response even in the face of Israeli state repression.<sup id="cite_ref-pearlman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearlman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace in Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of peace">Religion of peace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Osborn2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osborn2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborn2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Lynn_Osborn2011" class="citation book cs1">Emily Lynn Osborn (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Our New Husbands Are Here: Households, Gender, and Politics in a West African State from the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule</i></a>. Ohio University Press. pp. 18–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4397-2"><bdi>978-0-8214-4397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+New+Husbands+Are+Here%3A+Households%2C+Gender%2C+and+Politics+in+a+West+African+State+from+the+Slave+Trade+to+Colonial+Rule&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4397-2&rft.au=Emily+Lynn+Osborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vFHBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Müller2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müller2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_Müller2013" class="citation book cs1">Louise Müller (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T890Drkv9AoC&pg=PA207"><i>Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 207–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90360-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Chieftaincy+in+Ghana%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Persistence+of+a+Traditional+Political+Institution+in+West+Africa&rft.pages=207-&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90360-0&rft.au=Louise+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT890Drkv9AoC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300198171/islamic-imperialism">"Islamic Imperialism | Yale University Press"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Imperialism+%26%23124%3B+Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300198171%2Fislamic-imperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lews, Bernard, Islam and the West, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyland2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland" title="Robert G. Hoyland">Hoyland, Robert G.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvmKBAAAQBAJ"><i>In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991636-8"><bdi>978-0-19-991636-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+God%27s+Path%3A+The+Arab+Conquests+and+the+Creation+of+an+Islamic+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991636-8&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvmKBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaegi1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaegi" title="Walter Kaegi">Kaegi, Walter E.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvPVEb17uzkC"><i>Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521484558" title="Special:BookSources/9780521484558"><bdi>9780521484558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Early+Islamic+Conquests&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521484558&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIvPVEb17uzkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zfnv87h/revision/7">"What does pacifism mean in Islam?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+pacifism+mean+in+Islam%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzfnv87h%2Frevision%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2010_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2010_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, James Turner (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoEjpRsvuzUC&pg=PA20">"1"</a>. <i>Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions</i>. Penn State Press. pp. 20–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04214-5"><bdi>978-0-271-04214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Holy+War+Idea+in+Western+and+Islamic+Traditions&rft.pages=20-25&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04214-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=James+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoEjpRsvuzUC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cultures-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cultures_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cultures_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boulding, Elise. "Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History", p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Lawrence. "Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses", p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afsaruddin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afsaruddin_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Afsaruddin, Asma (2007). <i>Views of Jihad Throughout History</i>. Religion Compass 1 (1), pp. 165–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701052717/http://www.forusa.org/fellowship/sept-oct-04/abu-nimer.html">Nonviolence in the Islamic Context by Mohammed Abu Nimer 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafez-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hafez_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafez2010" class="citation book cs1">Hafez, Kai (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkIxwQocXacC&pg=PA208"><i>Radicalism and Political Reform in the Islamic and Western Worlds</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48904-1"><bdi>978-1-139-48904-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicalism+and+Political+Reform+in+the+Islamic+and+Western+Worlds&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48904-1&rft.aulast=Hafez&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkIxwQocXacC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Lawrence. <i>Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses</i>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunes,_Stephen_(1999:42)" class="citation cs2">Zunes, Stephen (1999:42), <i>Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective</i>, Blackwell Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonviolent+Social+Movements%3A+A+Geographical+Perspective&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.au=Zunes%2C+Stephen+%281999%3A42%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2005" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Margaret (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_06rcmT0b7UC&pg=PA119"><i>Gandhi and the Challenge of Religious Diversity: Religious Pluralism Revisited</i></a>. Bibliophile South Asia. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185002460" title="Special:BookSources/9788185002460"><bdi>9788185002460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+the+Challenge+of+Religious+Diversity%3A+Religious+Pluralism+Revisited&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Bibliophile+South+Asia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788185002460&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_06rcmT0b7UC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardiman2003" class="citation book cs1">Hardiman, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWYV5qYZ3-oC&pg=PA171"><i>Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas</i></a>. C. Hurst. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-711-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-711-8"><bdi>978-1-85065-711-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+in+His+Time+and+Ours%3A+The+Global+Legacy+of+His+Ideas&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-711-8&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUWYV5qYZ3-oC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiala2018" class="citation book cs1">Fiala, Andrew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y35KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Pacifism and Nonviolence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27197-0"><bdi>978-1-317-27197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Pacifism+and+Nonviolence&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27197-0&rft.aulast=Fiala&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY35KDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007) Sage Publications <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3618-3">978-0-7619-3618-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RazaAhmad1990-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RazaAhmad1990_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazaAhmad1990" class="citation book cs1">Raza, Moonis; Ahmad, Aijazuddin (1990). <i>An Atlas of Tribal India: With Computed Tables of District-level Data and Its Geographical Interpretation</i>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170222866" title="Special:BookSources/9788170222866"><bdi>9788170222866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Tribal+India%3A+With+Computed+Tables+of+District-level+Data+and+Its+Geographical+Interpretation&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170222866&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=Moonis&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Aijazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zartman-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zartman_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZartman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._William_Zartman" title="I. William Zartman">Zartman, I. William</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fyUV8NnlXhEC&pg=PA284/"><i>Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques</i></a>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-66-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-66-4"><bdi>978-1-929223-66-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacemaking+in+International+Conflict%3A+Methods+%26+Techniques&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-66-4&rft.aulast=Zartman&rft.aufirst=I.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfyUV8NnlXhEC%26pg%3DPA284%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232353/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan">"Abdul Ghaffar Khan"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abdul+Ghaffar+Khan&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F232353%2FKhan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iloveindia.com_-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iloveindia.com_-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/abdul-ghaffar-khan.html">"Abdul Ghaffar Khan"</a>. I Love India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abdul+Ghaffar+Khan&rft.pub=I+Love+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iloveindia.com%2Findian-heroes%2Fabdul-ghaffar-khan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icdc.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icdc.com_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/pakistan/pashtunistan.htm#pashtunistanpoliticsPakistan:">"Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives"</a>. Icdc.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partition+and+Military+Succession+Documents+from+the+U.S.+National+Archives&rft.pub=Icdc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icdc.com%2F~paulwolf%2Fpakistan%2Fpashtunistan.htm%23pashtunistanpoliticsPakistan%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA1E3BF930A15752C0A96E948260">January 23, 1988</a> edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dV-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dV_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minke De Vries, <i>Verso una gratuità feconda. L'avventura ecumenica di Grandchamp</i>, Paoline, 2008 p.173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Levin<i>, West Bank Diary: Middle East Violence as Reported by a Former American Hostage</i>, Hope Publishing House, Pasadena, California 2005 p.xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Margolies Beitler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVd5dJGBYMsC&pg=PR11"><i>The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas</i></a>, Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RobertsGartonAsh2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Garton Ash, Timothy</a>, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC"><i>Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6"><bdi>978-0-19-955201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Resistance+and+Power+Politics%3A+The+Experience+of+Non-violent+Action+from+Gandhi+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955201-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxOQKrCe7UUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1987.stm">BBC: A History of Conflict</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walid Salem, 'Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005,' in Monica den Boer, Jaap de Wilde (eds.), <i>The Viability of Human Security</i>, Amsterdam University Press, 2008 pp. 179–201 p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearlman-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pearlman_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Pearlman, <i>Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement</i>, Cambridge University Press 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Rn3CgDAymEC&pg=PG114">p. 107</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ferguson, John. "War and Peace in the World's Religion", 1978</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_Islam&oldid=1256657080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_Islam&oldid=1256657080</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_politics" title="Category:Islam and politics">Islam and politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism" title="Category:Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_pacifists" title="Category:Muslim pacifists">Muslim pacifists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_violence" title="Category:Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pashto-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pashto-language text">Articles containing Pashto-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 23:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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