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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Component_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Component_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Component categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Component_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodologies_of_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodologies_of_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Methodologies of jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodologies_of_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fields_of_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fields_of_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fields of jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fields_of_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Schools of jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Western_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Western_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence on Western laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Western_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Fiqh</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqah" title="Fiqah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Fiqah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fikh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="فقه إسلامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقه إسلامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9" title="ফিকহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফিকহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%87" title="فیقه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیقه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9" title="ফিকহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিকহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikih" title="Fikih – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Fikih" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D2%A1%D2%BB" title="Фиҡһ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фиҡһ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Фикх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фикх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fikh" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%A4%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AA" title="ފިޤްހު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފިޤްހު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_seadus" title="Islami seadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Islami seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%87" title="Φικχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φικχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikho" title="Fikho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fikho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87" title="فقه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فقه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence_islamique" title="Jurisprudence islamique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jurisprudence islamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%81%84%ED%9D%90" title="피끄흐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피끄흐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C6%99ihu" title="Fiƙihu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fiƙihu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="फ़िक़्ह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़िक़्ह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikuh" title="Fikuh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fikuh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikih" title="Fikih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fikih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D)" title="פיקה (אסלאם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיקה (אסלאם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqih" title="Fiqih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fiqih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A7%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="ფიყჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიყჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D2%9B%D2%BB" title="Фиқһ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фиқһ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhi" title="Fiqhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fiqhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqih" title="Fiqih – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fiqih" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Фикьгьи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Фикьгьи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikhs" title="Fikhs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fikhs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikhas" title="Fikhas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fikhas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fikh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫിഖ്‌ഹ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിഖ്‌ഹ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A7%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="ფიყჰი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფიყჰი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89" title="الفقه الاسلامى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفقه الاسلامى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqah" title="Fiqah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fiqah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqih" title="Fiqih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fiqih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fikh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="イスラム法学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラム法学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਿਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81" title="فقہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فقہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87" title="فقه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فقه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fikh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Фикх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фикх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABk%C3%ABh" title="Fëkëh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fëkëh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A" title="ෆිඛ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆිඛ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81" title="فقہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فقہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فیقھی ئیسلامی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیقھی ئیسلامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Фикх – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фикх" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fikh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqih" title="Fiqih – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fiqih" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D2%BB" title="Фикһ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фикһ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫిఖహ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిఖహ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิกฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิกฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D2%9B%D2%B3" title="Фиқҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фиқҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1k%C4%B1h" title="Fıkıh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fıkıh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fikh" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B3" title="Фікг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фікг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81" title="فقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%82%DA%BE" title="فىقھ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىقھ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="回教法学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="回教法学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯蘭教法學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1q%C4%B1h" title="Fıqıh – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fıqıh" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯蘭教法學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikih" title="Fikih – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Fikih" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q484181#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">‏<span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:فقه">فقه</a></span>‎</span>‎</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">fiqh</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA for Arabic">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[fiqh]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"deep understanding"<br />"full comprehension"</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; padding-top:0.2em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/330px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">Gunpowder empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Islamic_societies" title="Censorship in Islamic societies">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Pacifism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Fiqh</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فقه</span>) is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiqh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiqh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fiqh</i> is often described as the style of human understanding and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his companions). Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i>) of the Quran and <i>Sunnah</i> by Islamic jurists (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is implemented by the rulings (<i><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a></i>) of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas <i>sharia</i> is considered immutable and infallible by Muslims, <i>fiqh</i> is considered fallible and changeable. <i>Fiqh</i> deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam as well as economic and political system. In the modern era, there are four prominent schools (<i><a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'hab</a></i>) of <i>fiqh</i> within <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> practice, plus two (or three) within <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> practice. A person trained in <i>fiqh</i> is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">faqīh</a></i> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <i>fuqaha</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figuratively, <i>fiqh</i> means knowledge about Islamic legal rulings from their sources. Deriving religious rulings from their sources requires the <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i> (an individual who exercises <i>ijtihad</i>) to have a deep understanding in the different discussions of jurisprudence. </p><p>The studies of <i>fiqh</i>, are traditionally divided into <i>Uṣūl al-fiqh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">principles of Islamic jurisprudence</a>, lit. the roots of fiqh, alternatively transliterated as <i>Usool al-fiqh</i>), the methods of legal interpretation and analysis; and <i>Furūʿ al-fiqh</i> (lit. the branches of fiqh), the elaboration of rulings on the basis of these principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Furūʿ al-fiqh</i> is the product of the application of <i>Uṣūl al-fiqh</i> and the total product of human efforts at understanding the divine will. A <i><a href="/wiki/Hukm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukm">hukm</a></i> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <i>aḥkām</i>) is a particular ruling in a given case. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>fiqh</i> is an Arabic term meaning "deep understanding"<sup id="cite_ref-Modarresi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modarresi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 470">: 470 </span></sup> or "full comprehension". Technically it refers to the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources (which are studied in the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">principles of Islamic jurisprudence</a>) and the process of gaining knowledge of Islam through jurisprudence. The historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> describes <i>fiqh</i> as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves connected to obey the law respecting what is required (<i><a href="/wiki/Wajib" class="mw-redirect" title="Wajib">wajib</a></i>), sinful (<i><a href="/wiki/Haraam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraam">haraam</a></i>), recommended (<i><a href="/wiki/Mustahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustahab">mandūb</a></i>), disapproved (<i><a href="/wiki/Makr%C5%ABh" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrūh">makrūh</a></i>), or neutral (<i><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">mubah</a></i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition is consistent amongst the jurists. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, <i>fiqh</i> has also come to mean Islamic jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not thus possible to speak of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> as an expert in the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <i>fiqh</i> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, or of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Abd_El-Razzak_El-Sanhuri" title="Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri">Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri</a> as an expert in the civil law <i>fiqh</i> of Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History of Islamic economics</a></div> <p>According to Sunni Islamic history, Sunni law followed a chronological path of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> → <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Companions</a> → <a href="/wiki/Tabi%E2%80%98un" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi‘un">Followers</a> → <i>Fiqh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maghen-2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maghen-2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and examples of the Prophet passed down as <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>). The first Muslims (the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a> or Companions) heard and obeyed, and passed this essence of Islam<sup id="cite_ref-GRHJWIaM2000:513_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRHJWIaM2000:513-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to succeeding generations (<i><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></i> or successors/followers and successors of successors), as Muslims and Islam spread from West Arabia to the conquered lands north, east, and west,<sup id="cite_ref-RGHIGP2015:223_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RGHIGP2015:223-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was systematized and elaborated.<sup id="cite_ref-GRHJWIaM2000:513_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRHJWIaM2000:513-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of Islamic jurisprudence is "customarily divided into eight periods":<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the first period ending with the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> in 11 AH.<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>second period "characterized by personal interpretations" of the canon by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></i> or companions of Muhammad, lasting until 50 AH.<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>from 50 AH until the early second century AH there was competition between "a traditionalist approach to jurisprudence" in <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">western Arabia</a> where Islam was revealed and a "rationalist approach in Iraq".<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the "golden age of classical Islamic jurisprudence" from the "early second to the mid-fourth century when the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Amman_Message" title="Madhhab">eight "most significant"</a> schools of Sunni and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shi'i</a> jurisprudence emerged."<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>from the mid-fourth century to mid-seventh AH Islamic jurisprudence was "limited to elaborations within the main juristic schools".<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the "dark age" of Islamic jurisprudence stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">fall of Baghdad</a> in the mid-seventh AH (1258 CE) to 1293 AH/1876 CE.</li> <li>In 1293 AH (1876 CE) the Ottomans codified <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> jurisprudence in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Majallah el-Ahkam-i-Adliya</a></i>. Several "juristic revival movements" influenced by "exposure to Western legal and technological progress" followed until the mid-20th century CE. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_El-Razzak_El-Sanhuri" title="Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri">Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri</a> were products of this era.<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Abduh and El-Sanhuri were modernists. 19th century Ottoman Shariah Code was built on the views of the Hanafi school.</li> <li>The most recent era has been that of the "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival#Contemporary_revivalism" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a>", which has been "predicated on rejection of Western social and legal advances" and the development of specifically Islamic states, social sciences, economics, and finance.<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The formative period of Islamic jurisprudence stretches back to the time of the early Muslim communities. During this period, jurists were more concerned with issues of authority and teaching than with theory and methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss_(2002)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss_(2002)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progress in theory and methodology happened with the coming of the early Muslim jurist <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris_ash-Shafi%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i">Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i</a> (767–820), who codified the basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his book <i>ar-Risālah</i>. The book details the four roots of law (<a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a></i>) while specifying that the primary Islamic texts (the Qur'an and the hadith) be understood according to objective rules of interpretation derived from scientific study of the Arabic language.<sup id="cite_ref-weiss-162_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-162-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary sources of law were developed and refined over the subsequent centuries, consisting primarily of juristic preference (<i><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">istihsan</a></i>), laws of the previous prophets (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shara_man_qablana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shara man qablana (page does not exist)">shara man qablana</a></i>), continuity (<i><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">istishab</a></i>), extended analogy (<i><a href="/wiki/Maslaha_mursala" class="mw-redirect" title="Maslaha mursala">maslaha mursala</a></i>), blocking the means (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadd_al-dhari%27ah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadd al-dhari'ah (page does not exist)">sadd al-dhari'ah</a></i>), local customs (<i><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">urf</a></i>), and sayings of a companion of the Prophet (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qawl_al-sahabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qawl al-sahabi (page does not exist)">qawl al-sahabi</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nyazee_(2000)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyazee_(2000)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagram_of_early_scholars">Diagram of early scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagram of early scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/250px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/330px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/500px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Main schools of thought within Sunni Islam, and other prominent streams.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_World_Introduction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Muslim_World_Introduction.svg/250px-Muslim_World_Introduction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Muslim_World_Introduction.svg/330px-Muslim_World_Introduction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Muslim_World_Introduction.svg/500px-Muslim_World_Introduction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>Major Schools of Thought and Theology in Islamic World</figcaption></figure> <p>The Quran set the rights, responsibilities, and rules for people and societies to adhere to, such as dealing in <a href="/wiki/The_Impact_of_Religion_on_International_Negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Impact of Religion on International Negotiations">interest</a>. Muhammad then provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing people how he practically implemented these rules in a society. After the passing of Muhammad, there was a need for jurists, to decide on new legal matters where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadith, example of Muhammad regarding a similar case.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years proceeding Muhammad, the community in Madina continued to use the same rules. People were familiar with the practice of Muhammad and therefore continued to use the same rules. </p><p>The scholars appearing in the diagram below were taught by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_companions" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's companions">Muhammad's companions</a>, many of whom settled in Madina.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-bewley.virtualave.net_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bewley.virtualave.net-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> was written as a consensus of the opinion, of these scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Muwatta</i><sup id="cite_ref-bewley.virtualave.net_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bewley.virtualave.net-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Malik ibn Anas quotes 13 hadiths from Imam <a href="/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Sadiq">Jafar al-Sadiq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muwatta_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muwatta-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aisha also taught her nephew <a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a>. He then taught his son <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Urwah" title="Hisham ibn Urwah">Hisham ibn Urwah</a>, who was the main teacher of <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> whose views many Sunni follow and also taught by Jafar al-Sadiq. <a href="/wiki/Qasim_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr" title="Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr">Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr</a>, Hisham ibn Urwah and Muhammad al-Baqir taught <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a>, Jafar al-Sadiq, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a>, and Malik ibn Anas. </p><p>Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, Imam Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas worked together in <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a> in Medina. Along with Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muhammad al-Baqir, Zayd ibn Ali and over 70 other leading jurists and scholars. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shafi‘i">Al-Shafi‘i</a> was taught by Malik ibn Anas. <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> was taught by Al-Shafi‘i. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> travelled everywhere collecting hadith and his father <a href="/wiki/Ismail_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Ismail ibn Ibrahim">Ismail ibn Ibrahim</a> was a student of Malik ibn Anas.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_Page_67_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_Page_67-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="min-width:40em; font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template talk:Islam scholars diagram"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam scholars diagram"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Islamic scholars</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFFF00;"><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammad">Muhammad, The final Messenger of God</a>(570–632 the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>, taught the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, and advised his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Masud">Abdullah ibn Masud</a> (died 653) taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;"><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (607–661) fourth caliph taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;"><a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>'s daughter taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Abd Allah ibn Abbas</a> (618–687) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;"><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a> (610–660) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;"><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (579–644) second caliph taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a> (603–681) taught</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Alqama_ibn_Qays" title="Alqama ibn Qays">Alqama ibn Qays</a> (died 681) taught</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> (626–680) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Qasim_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr" title="Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr">Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr</a> (657–725) taught and raised by Aisha</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a> (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Said_ibn_al-Musayyib" title="Said ibn al-Musayyib">Said ibn al-Musayyib</a> (637–715) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Abdullah ibn Umar</a> (614–693) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a> (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nakha%27i" title="Ibrahim al-Nakha'i">Ibrahim al-Nakha’i</a> taught</td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin</a> (659–712) taught</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Urwah" title="Hisham ibn Urwah">Hisham ibn Urwah</a> (667–772) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a> (died 741) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Salim_ibn_Abd-Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salim ibn Abd-Allah">Salim ibn Abd-Allah</a> ibn Umar taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar ibn Abdul Aziz</a> (682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Hammad_ibn_Abi_Sulayman" title="Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman">Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman</a> taught</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a> (676–733) taught</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Farwah bint al-Qasim">Farwah bint al-Qasim</a> Jafar's mother</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sunni Sufi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a> and originally by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> and taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> (695–740)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_bin_Muhammad_Al-Baqir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir">Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir</a> (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, he taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (711–795) wrote <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta</a>, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a> (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;">Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf">Abu Yusuf</a> (729–798) wrote <a href="/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-fiqh">Usul al-fiqh</a></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shaybani" title="Muhammad al-Shaybani">Muhammad al-Shaybani</a> (749–805)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shafi‘i">al-Shafi‘i</a> (767–820) wrote <a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Risala (book)">Al-Risala</a>, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Ismail ibn Ibrahim">Ismail ibn Ibrahim</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Madini" title="Ali ibn al-Madini">Ali ibn al-Madini</a> (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E2FFB5;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a> (719–775)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a> (745–799)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #00FFB6;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (780–855) wrote <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> (810–870) wrote <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #00FFB6;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj</a> (815–875) wrote <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #00FFB6;"><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a> (815–883/4) founded the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #00FFB6;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isa_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi">Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi</a> (824–892) wrote <a href="/wiki/Jami%60_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami` at-Tirmidhi">Jami` at-Tirmidhi</a> hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> (died 892) wrote early history <a href="/wiki/Futuh_al-Buldan" title="Futuh al-Buldan">Futuh al-Buldan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_the_Nobles" title="Genealogies of the Nobles">Genealogies of the Nobles</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F0D3FF;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majah" title="Ibn Majah">Ibn Majah</a> (824–887) wrote <a href="/wiki/Sunan_ibn_Majah" title="Sunan ibn Majah">Sunan ibn Majah</a> hadith book</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #00FFB6;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dawood">Abu Dawood</a> (817–889) wrote <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a> Hadith Book</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F0D3FF;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni</a> (864- 941) wrote <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a> hadith book followed by <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F0D3FF;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> (838–923) wrote <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari</a> (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F0D3FF;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawayh</a> (923–991) wrote <a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a> jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AFFF38;"><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif Razi">Sharif Razi</a> (930–977) wrote <a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a> followed by Twelver Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F0D3FF;"><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a> (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" title="Ismailism">Ismaili</a> and Twelver Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F0D3FF;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, <a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Alchemy_of_Happiness" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Alchemy of Happiness">The Alchemy of Happiness</a> on Sufism</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F0D3FF;"><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> (1207–1273) wrote <a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwan-e_Shams-e_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi">Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi</a> on Sufism</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E9FF2B;">Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#43FF00;">Key: Taught in Medina</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AFFF38;">Key: Taught in Iraq</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E2FFB5;">Key: Worked in Syria</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#00FFB6;">Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F0D3FF;">Key: Worked in Persia</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the books actually written by these original jurists and scholars, there are very few theological and judicial differences between them. Imam Ahmad rejected the writing down and codifying of the religious rulings he gave. They knew that they might have fallen into error in some of their judgements and stated this clearly. They never introduced their rulings by saying, "Here, this judgement is the judgement of God and His prophet."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also very little text actually written down by Jafar al-Sadiq himself. They all give priority to the Qur'an and the hadith (the practice of Muhammad). They felt that the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad provided people with almost everything they needed. "This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion" (Qur'an 5:3).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These scholars did not distinguish between each other. They were not Sunni or Shia. They felt that they were following the religion of Abraham as described in the Quran "Say: Allah speaks the truth; so follow the religion of Abraham, the upright one. And he was not one of the polytheists" (Qur'an 3:95). </p><p>Most of the differences are regarding Sharia laws devised through <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadiths of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these jurists went to new areas, they were pragmatic and continued to use the same ruling as was given in that area during pre-Islamic times, if the population felt comfortable with it, it was just and they used Ijtihad to deduce that it did not conflict with the Quran or the Hadith. As explained in the <i>Muwatta</i><sup id="cite_ref-bewley.virtualave.net_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bewley.virtualave.net-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Malik ibn Anas.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made it easier for the different communities to integrate into the Islamic State and assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. </p><p>To reduce the divergence, <a href="/wiki/Ash-Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shafi'i">ash-Shafi'i</a> proposed giving priority to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad) and only then look at the consensus of the Muslim jurists (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a></i>) and analogical reasoning (<i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Coulson_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This then resulted in jurists like Muhammad al-Bukhari<sup id="cite_ref-sahih-bukhari.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahih-bukhari.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dedicating their lives to the collection of the correct hadith, in books like <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> (Sahih translates as authentic or correct). They also felt that Muhammad's judgement was more impartial and better than their own. </p><p>These original jurists and scholars also acted as a counterbalance to the rulers. When they saw injustice, all these scholars spoke out against it. As the state expanded outside Madina, the rights of the different communities, as they were constituted in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a> still applied. The Quran also gave additional rights to the citizens of the state and these rights were also applied. Ali, Hassan and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> gave their allegiance to the first three caliphs because they abided by these conditions. Later <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> the fourth caliph wrote in a letter "I did not approach the people to get their oath of allegiance but they came to me with their desire to make me their Amir (ruler). I did not extend my hands towards them so that they might swear the oath of allegiance to me but they themselves extended their hands towards me."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But later as fate would have it (<a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination in Islam</a>) when <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> ruler took power, Husayn ibn Ali the grandson of Muhammad felt that it was a test from God for him and his duty to confront him. Then <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's cousin confronted the Umayyad rulers after Husayn ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Yazid I.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr then took on the Umayyads and expelled their forces from Hijaz and Iraq. But then his forces were depleted in Iraq, trying to stop the Khawarij. The Umayyads then moved in. After a lengthy campaign, in his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother <a href="/wiki/Asma%27_bint_Abu_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Asma' bint Abu Bakr">Asma' bint Abu Bakr</a> the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> the first caliph for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son, she said:<sup id="cite_ref-ummah.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ummah.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free." Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and crucified by the Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Umayyads and led by Hajjaj. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr">Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr</a> the son of Abu Bakr the first caliph and raised by Ali the fourth caliph was also killed by the Umayyads.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> then raised and taught her son Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr who later taught his grandson Jafar al-Sadiq. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Jurisprudence_(Fiqh)_Mausua_Fiqhiya_Kuwaitiya_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Jurisprudence_%28Fiqh%29_Mausua_Fiqhiya_Kuwaitiya_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Jurisprudence_%28Fiqh%29_Mausua_Fiqhiya_Kuwaitiya_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The 45 Volumes/18,500 pages, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Jurisprudence" title="Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence">Al Mausu'ah Al Fiqhiyah Al Kuwaitiyah</a></i>, is the largest printed Fiqh Encyclopedia; it took 40 years to complete and was later translated into Urdu, Tamil, Persian, Malay & Bengali language.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early Umayyad period, there was more community involvement. The Quran and Muhammad's example was the main source of law after which the community decided. If it worked for the community, was just and did not conflict with the Quran and the example of Muhammad, it was accepted. This made it easier for the different communities, with Roman, Persian, Central Asia and North African backgrounds to integrate into the Islamic State and that assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. The scholars in Madina were consulted on the more complex judicial issues. The Sharia and the official more centralized schools of fiqh developed later, during the time of the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Principles of Islamic jurisprudence</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/500px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/960px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems of the world</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The sources of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> in order of importance are <br />Primary sources </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li></ol> <p>Secondary sources<br /> </p> <dl><dd>3. <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a>, i.e. collective reasoning and consensus amongst authoritative Muslims of a particular generation, and its interpretation by Islamic scholars.<br /></dd> <dd>4. <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a>, i.e. independent legal reasoning by Islamic jurists.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-overview_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Majority of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> view <i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></i> as a central Pillar of <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand; <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bukhari">Al-Bukhari</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Hanbalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalites">Hanbalites</a>, etc. rejected <i>Qiyas</i> amongst the Sunnis. Similarly, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi’a</a></i> jurists almost unanimously reject both pure reason and analogical reason; viewing both these methods as subjective.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> gives clear instructions on many issues, such as how to perform the ritual purification (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a></i></span></i>) before the obligatory daily prayers (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a></i></span></i>). On other issues, for example, the Qur'an states one needs to engage in daily prayers (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a></i></span></i>) and fast (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">sawm</a></i></span></i>) during the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">month of Ramadan</a> but further instructions and details on how to perform these duties can be found in the traditions of Muhammad, so <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an and Sunnah">Qur'an and Sunnah</a> are in most cases the basis for (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a></i></span></i>). </p><p>Some topics are without precedent in Islam's early period. In those cases, Muslim jurists (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Fuqaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuqaha">Fuqaha</a></i></span></i>) try to arrive at conclusions by other means. <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> jurists use historical consensus of the community (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></i></span></i>); a majority in the modern era also use <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></i></span></i>) and weigh the harms and benefits of new topics (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Istislah" title="Istislah">Istislah</a></i></span></i>), and a plurality utilizes juristic preference (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></i></span></i>). The conclusions arrived at with the aid of these additional tools constitute a wide array of laws, and its application is called <b>fiqh</b>. Thus, in contrast to the <i>sharia</i>, <i>fiqh</i> is not regarded as <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> and the schools of thought have differing views on its details, without viewing other conclusions as <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilegious</a>. This division of interpretation in more detailed issues has resulted in different schools of thought (<i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'hab</a></i></span></i>). </p><p>This wider concept of <b>Islamic jurisprudence</b> is the source of a range of laws in different topics that guide Muslims in everyday life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Component_categories">Component categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Component categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actions_in_Fiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Actions_in_Fiqh.png/250px-Actions_in_Fiqh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Actions_in_Fiqh.png/330px-Actions_in_Fiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Actions_in_Fiqh.png/500px-Actions_in_Fiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Actions in Islamic Fiqh</figcaption></figure> <p>Islamic jurisprudence (<i>fiqh</i>) covers two main areas: </p> <ol><li>Rules in relation to actions, and,</li> <li>Rules in relation to circumstances surrounding actions.</li></ol> <p>These types of rules can also fall into two groups: </p> <ol><li>Worship (<a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ibadaat</a>)</li> <li>Dealings and transactions (with people) (<a href="/wiki/Muamalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muamalat">Mu`amalaat</a>)</li></ol> <p>Rules in relation to actions ('<i>amaliyya</i> — عملية) or "<a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">decision types</a>" comprise: </p> <ol><li>Obligation (<i><a href="/wiki/Fardh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fardh">fardh</a></i>)</li> <li>Recommendation (<i><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">mustahabb</a></i>)</li> <li>Permissibility (<i><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">mubah</a></i>)</li> <li>Disrecommendation (<i><a href="/wiki/Makrooh" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrooh">makrooh</a></i>)</li> <li>Prohibition (<i><a href="/wiki/Haraam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraam">haraam</a></i>)</li></ol> <p>Rules in relation to circumstances (<i>wadia'</i>) comprise: </p> <ol><li>Condition (<i>shart</i>)</li> <li>Cause (<i>sabab</i>)</li> <li>Preventor (<i>mani</i>)</li> <li>Permit / Enforced (<i>rukhsah, azeemah</i>)</li> <li>Valid / Corrupt / Invalid (<i>sahih, fasid, batil</i>)</li> <li>In time / Deferred / Repeat (<i>adaa, qadaa, i'ada</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodologies_of_jurisprudence">Methodologies of jurisprudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methodologies of jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Principles of Islamic jurisprudence</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a> of the Muslim jurist is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-fiqh">usul al-fiqh</a></i> ("principles of jurisprudence"). </p><p>There are different approaches to the methodology used in jurisprudence to derive Islamic rulings from the primary sources of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> (Islamic law). The main methodologies are those of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> denominations. While both Sunni and <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> (Shia) are divided into smaller sub-schools, the differences among the Shi'ite schools is considerably greater. Ibadites only follow a single school without divisions. </p> <dl><dt>Fatawa</dt></dl> <p>While using court decisions as legal precedents and <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> are central to Western law, the importance of the institution of fatawa (non-binding answers by Islamic legal scholars to legal questions) has been called "central to the development" of Islamic jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:32_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:32-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in part because of a "vacuum" in the other source of Islamic law, <i>qada`</i> (legal rulings by state appointed Islamic judges) after the fall of the last <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the practice in Islam dates back to the time of Muhammad, according to at least one source (Muhammad El-Gamal), it is "modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> system of <i><a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a></i>," and gives the questioner "decisive primary-mover advantage in choosing the question and its wording."<sup id="cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Arguments for and against reform</dt></dl> <p>Each school (<i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a></i>) reflects a unique <i><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">urf</a></i> or culture (a cultural practice that was influenced by traditions), that the classical jurists themselves lived in, when rulings were made. Some suggest that the discipline of <i><a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">isnad</a></i>, which developed to validate <i>hadith</i> made it relatively easy to record and validate also the rulings of jurists. This, in turn, made them far easier to imitate (<i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i>) than to challenge in new contexts. The argument is, the schools have been more or less frozen for centuries, and reflect a culture that simply no longer exists. Traditional scholars hold that religion is there to regulate human behavior and nurture people's moral side and since human nature has not fundamentally changed since the beginning of Islam a call to modernize the religion is essentially one to relax all laws and institutions. </p><p>Early <i><a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">shariah</a></i> had a much more flexible character, and some modern Muslim scholars believe that it should be renewed, and that the classical jurists should lose special status. This would require formulating a new fiqh suitable for the modern world, e.g. as proposed by advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">Islamization of knowledge</a>, which would deal with the modern context. This modernization is opposed by most conservative <i><a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a></i>. Traditional scholars hold that the laws are contextual and consider circumstance such as time, place and culture, the principles they are based upon are universal such as justice, equality and respect. Many Muslim scholars argue that even though technology may have advanced, the fundamentals of human life have not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fields_of_jurisprudence">Fields of jurisprudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fields of jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economical jurisprudence">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adab (behavior)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiene in Islam">Hygienical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of war in Islam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_political_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic political jurisprudence">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_of_jurisprudence">Schools of jurisprudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools of jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></div> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of fiqh thought</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مذهب</span> <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhab</i></span></i>; pl. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مذاهب</span></span> <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">maḏāhib</i></span></i>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhhab_Map2_vectorized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madhhab_Map2_vectorized.svg/220px-Madhhab_Map2_vectorized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madhhab_Map2_vectorized.svg/330px-Madhhab_Map2_vectorized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madhhab_Map2_vectorized.svg/440px-Madhhab_Map2_vectorized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Muslim world with the main <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhabs</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg/330px-Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg/500px-Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg/960px-Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence</figcaption></figure> <p>The schools of <a href="/wiki/Sunnite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnite">Sunni</a> Islam are each named by students of the classical jurist who taught them. The <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> schools (and where they are commonly found) are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kerala" title="Islam in Kerala">Kerala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>); see <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> (minority communities in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qurtubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurtubi">Qurtubi</a> no longer exist.</li></ul> <p>The schools of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Islam comprise: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'fari</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'fari</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (minority communities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> (minority communities in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li></ul> <p>Entirely separate from both the Sunni and Shia traditions, <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Khawarij</a> Islam has evolved its own distinct school. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li></ul> <p>These schools share many of their rulings, but differ on the particular <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> they accept as authentic and the weight they give to analogy or reason (<a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a>) in deciding difficulties. </p><p>The relationship between (at least the Sunni) schools of jurisprudence and the conflict between the unity of the Shariah and the diversity of the schools, was expressed by the 12th century Hanafi scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi">Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi</a>, who wrote: "Our school is correct with the possibility of error, and another school is in error with the possibility of being correct."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Western_laws">Influence on Western laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influence on Western laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Classic_Islamic_law" title="Sharia">Sharia: Classic Islamic law</a></div> <p>A number of important legal <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> were developed by Muslim jurists during the classical period of Islam, known as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. One such institution was the <i><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">Hawala</a></i>, an early <a href="/wiki/Informal_value_transfer_system" title="Informal value transfer system">informal value transfer system</a>, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century. <i>Hawala</i> itself later influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Agency_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency (law)">agency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil laws</a> such as the <i>aval</i> in <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French law</a> and the <i>avallo</i> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, which developed during the 7th–9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Charitable_trust" title="Charitable trust">trusts</a> in the English <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, every <i>Waqf</i> was required to have a <i>waqif</i> (settlor), <i>mutawillis</i> (trustee), <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> (judge) and beneficiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trust law developed in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, during the 12th and 13th centuries, was introduced by Crusaders who may have been influenced by the <i>Waqf</i> institutions they came across in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In classical Islamic jurisprudence, litigants in court may obtain <a href="/wiki/Notarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Notarized">notarized</a> statements from between three and twelve witnesses. When the statements of all witnesses are consistent, the notaries will certify their unanimous testimony in a legal document, which may be used to support the litigant's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notaries serve to free the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">judge</a> from the time-consuming task of hearing the testimony of each eyewitness himself, and their documents serve to legally authenticate each oral testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school requires two notaries to collect a minimum of twelve eyewitness statements in certain legal cases, including those involving unregistered marriages and land disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Makdisi has compared this group of twelve witness statements, known as a <i>lafif</i>, to <a href="/wiki/English_Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="English Common Law">English Common Law</a> jury trials under <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, surmising a link between the king's reforms and the legal system of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. The island had previously been ruled by various Islamic dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodhan_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodhan-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makdisi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other fundamental <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> institutions may have been adapted from similar legal institutions in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and jurisprudence, and introduced to England by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> and the Emirate of Sicily, and by Crusaders during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. In particular, the "royal English <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> protected by the action of <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> is identified with the Islamic <i>Aqd</i>, the English <a href="/wiki/Assize_of_novel_disseisin" title="Assize of novel disseisin">assize of novel disseisin</a> is identified with the Islamic <i>Istihqaq</i>, and the English <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> is identified with the Islamic <i>lafif</i>." John Makdisi speculated that English legal institutions such as "the <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic method">scholastic method</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence">licence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">teach</a>", the "<a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law schools</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> in England and <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">Madrasas</a></i> in Islam" and the "European <a href="/wiki/Commenda" title="Commenda">commenda</a>" (Islamic <i><a href="/wiki/Qirad" title="Qirad">Qirad</a></i>) may have also originated from Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makdisi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The methodology of <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">legal precedent</a> and reasoning by <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></i>) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamal_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamal-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for "the common law as an integrated whole".<sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makdisi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for example, Sunni <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> scholar/preacher <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_%27Ali_al-Barbahari" title="Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari">Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari</a> (d.941) who ruled the streets of Baghdad from 921-941 CE, insisted that "whoever asserts that there is any part of Islam with which the Companions of the Prophet did not provide us has called them [the Companions of the Prophet] liars".<sup id="cite_ref-cook-2000-109_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-2000-109-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fiqh">"fiqh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiqh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fiqh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207723/fiqh">Fiqh</a> Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vogel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vogel_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vogel_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVogel2000" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Frank E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PfDuvnHMGoC&q=vogel+islamic+law"><i>Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110623" title="Special:BookSources/9004110623"><bdi>9004110623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law+and+the+Legal+System+of+Saud%C3%AD%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004110623&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PfDuvnHMGoC%26q%3Dvogel%2Bislamic%2Blaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glasse, Cyril, <i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, Altamira, 2001, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalder2009">Calder 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2014">Schneider 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modarresi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modarresi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Modarresi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_al-Modarresi" title="Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi">Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi</a> (26 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf"><i>The Laws of Islam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Enlight Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0994240989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0994240989"><bdi>978-0994240989</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Islam&rft.pub=Enlight+Press&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0994240989&rft.au=Mohammad+Taqi+al-Modarresi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falmodarresi.com%2Fen%2Fbooks%2Fpdf%2FTheLawsofIslam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy (1957). p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFأنیس1998" class="citation book cs1">أنیس, إبراهیم (1998). <i>المعجم الوسیط</i>. بیروت، لبنان: دارالفکر. p. 731.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B7&rft.place=%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pages=731&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=%D8%A3%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3&rft.aufirst=%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maghen-2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maghen-2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaghen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Maghen, Ze'ev (2003). "Dead Tradition: Joseph Schacht and the Origins of "Popular Practice"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851903770227575">10.1163/156851903770227575</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3399422">3399422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=Dead+Tradition%3A+Joseph+Schacht+and+the+Origins+of+%22Popular+Practice%22&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851903770227575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3399422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Maghen&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRHJWIaM2000:513-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRHJWIaM2000:513_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRHJWIaM2000:513_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GRHJWIaM2000">Hawting, "John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism", 2000</a>: p.513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RGHIGP2015:223-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RGHIGP2015:223_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#RGHIGP2015">Hoyland, <i>In God's Path</i>, 2015</a>: p.223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-2000-109-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cook-2000-109_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2000" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook"><i>The Koran : A Very Short Introduction</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook/page/n122">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192853449" title="Special:BookSources/0192853449"><bdi>0192853449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran+%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0192853449&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoranveryshorti00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MAEGIFLEP2006">El-Gamal, <i>Islamic Finance</i>, 2006</a>: pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss_(2002)-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_(2002)_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Bernard G. (2002). <i>Studies in Islamic Legal Theory</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_G._Weiss" title="Bernard G. Weiss">Bernard G. Weiss</a>, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002. pp. 3, 161.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiss-162-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weiss-162_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Bernard G. (2002). <i>Studies in Islamic Legal Theory</i>, edited by Bernard G. Weiss, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002. p. 162.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyazee_(2000)-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nyazee_(2000)_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nyazee, Imran Ahsan Khan (2000). <i>Islamic Jurisprudence (UsulAI-Fiqh)</i>. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsadulla2009" class="citation book cs1">Asadulla, Abubakr (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMxjJqurmiAC&q=development+of+schools+of+thought+hanifa&pg=PA30"><i>Islam Vs. West</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595501571" title="Special:BookSources/9780595501571"><bdi>9780595501571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Vs.+West&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780595501571&rft.aulast=Asadulla&rft.aufirst=Abubakr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMxjJqurmiAC%26q%3Ddevelopment%2Bof%2Bschools%2Bof%2Bthought%2Bhanifa%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRehman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rehman, Javaid (7 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=es9Sunv_y2MC&q=development+of+schools+of+thought+hanifa&pg=PA20"><i>Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism</i></a>. Hart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841135014" title="Special:BookSources/9781841135014"><bdi>9781841135014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+State+Practices%2C+International+Law+and+the+Threat+from+Terrorism&rft.pub=Hart&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft.isbn=9781841135014&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=Javaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Des9Sunv_y2MC%26q%3Ddevelopment%2Bof%2Bschools%2Bof%2Bthought%2Bhanifa%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021231627/http://bewley.virtualave.net/ulama.html">"ulama"</a>. <i>bewley.virtualave.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bewley.virtualave.net/ulama.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bewley.virtualave.net&rft.atitle=ulama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbewley.virtualave.net%2Fulama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bewley.virtualave.net-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bewley.virtualave.net_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bewley.virtualave.net_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bewley.virtualave.net_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013110055/http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html">"Muwatta"</a>. <i>bewley.virtualave.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bewley.virtualave.net&rft.atitle=Muwatta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbewley.virtualave.net%2Fmuwcont.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coulson_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulson_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulson_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoulson1994" class="citation book cs1">Coulson, Noel James (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC&q=coulson+history+islamic+law"><i>A History of Islamic Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748605149" title="Special:BookSources/9780748605149"><bdi>9780748605149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Law&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780748605149&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.aufirst=Noel+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5Ks31qHlSYC%26q%3Dcoulson%2Bhistory%2Bislamic%2Blaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1993" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, M. Th (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&q=Muwatta+consensus+of+the+opinions+scholars&pg=PA207"><i>E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097910" title="Special:BookSources/9004097910"><bdi>9004097910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9004097910&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVa6oSxzojzoC%26q%3DMuwatta%2Bconsensus%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bopinions%2Bscholars%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŠārôn1986" class="citation book cs1">Šārôn, Moše (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&q=Muwatta+consensus+of+the+opinions+scholars&pg=PA264"><i>Studies in Islamic History and Civilization</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652640147" title="Special:BookSources/9789652640147"><bdi>9789652640147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9789652640147&rft.aulast=%C5%A0%C4%81r%C3%B4n&rft.aufirst=Mo%C5%A1e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_wUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMuwatta%2Bconsensus%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bopinions%2Bscholars%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muwatta-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muwatta_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Al-Muwatta</i> of Imam Malik Ibn Anas, translated by Aisha Bewley (Book #5, Hadith #5.9.23) (Book #16, Hadith #16.1.1) (Book #17, Hadith #17.24.43) (Book #20, Hadith #20.10.40) (Book #20, Hadith #20.11.44) (Book #20, Hadith #20.32.108) (Book #20, Hadith #20.39.127) (Book #20, Hadith #20.40.132) (Book #20, Hadith #20.49.167) (Book #20, Hadith #20.57.190) (Book #26, Hadith #26.1.2) (Book #29, Hadith #29.5.17) (Book #36, Hadith #36.4.5) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html">Al-Muwatta'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013110055/http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_Page_67-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_Page_67_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasyim2006" class="citation book cs1">Hasyim, Syafiq (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mlGgGVCp0UcC&q=aisha+and+qasim+ibn+muhammad&pg=PA67"><i>Understanding Women in Islam</i></a>. Equinox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780191" title="Special:BookSources/9789793780191"><bdi>9789793780191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Women+in+Islam&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789793780191&rft.aulast=Hasyim&rft.aufirst=Syafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmlGgGVCp0UcC%26q%3Daisha%2Band%2Bqasim%2Bibn%2Bmuhammad%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalderMojaddediRippin2003" class="citation book cs1">Calder, Norman; Mojaddedi, Jawid Ahmad; Rippin, Andrew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdjtUTYSL1UC&q=aisha+and+qasim+ibn+muhammad&pg=PA37"><i>Classical Islam</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415240321" title="Special:BookSources/9780415240321"><bdi>9780415240321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Islam&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415240321&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Mojaddedi%2C+Jawid+Ahmad&rft.au=Rippin%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdjtUTYSL1UC%26q%3Daisha%2Band%2Bqasim%2Bibn%2Bmuhammad%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrockoppNeusnerSonn2005" class="citation book cs1">Brockopp, Jonathan E.; Neusner, Jacob; Sonn, Tamara (27 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlqeC1ZFAUEC&q=aisha+and+qasim&pg=PT101"><i>Judaism and Islam in Practice</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134605538" title="Special:BookSources/9781134605538"><bdi>9781134605538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Islam+in+Practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft.isbn=9781134605538&rft.aulast=Brockopp&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+E.&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlqeC1ZFAUEC%26q%3Daisha%2Band%2Bqasim%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/mutmainaa7/people/jafar_al_sadiq.html">"Jafar Al-Sadiq"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jafar+Al-Sadiq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fmutmainaa7%2Fpeople%2Fjafar_al_sadiq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822202122/http://www.ziaraat.org/jafar.php">"IMAM JAFAR BIN MUHAMMAD AS-SADIQ (AS)"</a>. <i>www.ziaraat.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziaraat.org/jafar.php">the original</a> on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ziaraat.org&rft.atitle=IMAM+JAFAR+BIN+MUHAMMAD+AS-SADIQ+%28AS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziaraat.org%2Fjafar.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurzman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kurzman, Charles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&q=Modernist+Islam,+1840-1940:+A+Sourcebook+By+Charles+Kurzman"><i>Modernist Islam, 1840–1940</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195154689" title="Special:BookSources/9780195154689"><bdi>9780195154689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernist+Islam%2C+1840%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195154689&rft.aulast=Kurzman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4OKaz5dzdYC%26q%3DModernist%2BIslam%2C%2B1840-1940%3A%2BA%2BSourcebook%2BBy%2BCharles%2BKurzman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925005700/http://quran.com/5/3">"Surat Al-Ma'idah [5:3] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quran.com/5/3">the original</a> on 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surat+Al-Ma%27idah+%5B5%3A3%5D+-+The+Noble+Qur%27an+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F5%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-5/verse-3/">Quran Surah Al-Maaida ( Verse 3 )</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141107/http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-5/verse-3/">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sahih-bukhari.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sahih-bukhari.com_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBukhari" class="citation web cs1">Bukhari, Sahih. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/">"Sahih Bukhari : Read, Study, Search Online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sahih+Bukhari+%3A+Read%2C+Study%2C+Search+Online&rft.aulast=Bukhari&rft.aufirst=Sahih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahih-bukhari.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nahj ul Balagha Letter 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). The History of Islam V.2. Riyadh: Darussalam. p. 110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-892-88-3" title="Special:BookSources/9960-892-88-3">9960-892-88-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ummah.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ummah.com_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220953/https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/356138-the-advice-of-asmaa-bint-abu-bakr-ra-to-her-son-abdullah-ibn-zubair-ra">"The Advice of Asmaa bint Abu Bakr (ra) to her son Abdullah Ibn Zubair (ra)"</a>. <i>Ummah.com - Muslim Forum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/356138-the-advice-of-asmaa-bint-abu-bakr-ra-to-her-son-abdullah-ibn-zubair-ra">the original</a> on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ummah.com+-+Muslim+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Advice+of+Asmaa+bint+Abu+Bakr+%28ra%29+to+her+son+Abdullah+Ibn+Zubair+%28ra%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ummah.com%2Fforum%2Fforum%2Fgeneral%2Fthe-lounge%2F356138-the-advice-of-asmaa-bint-abu-bakr-ra-to-her-son-abdullah-ibn-zubair-ra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nahj al-Balagha Sermon 71, Letter 27, Letter 34, Letter 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muawiya Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashīd_Riḍā1996" class="citation book cs1">Rashīd Riḍā, Muhammad (1996). <i>The Muhammadan Revelation</i>. Alexandria, VA: Al-Saadawi Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881963-55-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-881963-55-1"><bdi>1-881963-55-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muhammadan+Revelation&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Al-Saadawi+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-881963-55-1&rft.aulast=Rash%C4%ABd+Ri%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrshad_Abdel_Haqq2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_law:_An_Overview_of_Its_Origins_and_Elements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic law: An Overview of Its Origins and Elements (page does not exist)">Irshad Abdel Haqq</a> (2006). Ramadan, Hisham M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&q=Islamic+law%3A+An+Overview+of+Its+Origins+and+Elements&pg=PA1"><i>Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759109919" title="Special:BookSources/9780759109919"><bdi>9780759109919</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islamic+Law%3A+From+Classical+to+Contemporary&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780759109919&rft.au=Irshad+Abdel+Haqq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZS7EaHTQX8C%26q%3DIslamic%2Blaw%253A%2BAn%2BOverview%2Bof%2BIts%2BOrigins%2Band%2BElements%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._Hallaq2005" class="citation book cs1">B. Hallaq, Wael (2005). <i>THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC LAW</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 124, 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80332-8"><bdi>978-0-521-80332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+ORIGINS+AND+EVOLUTION+OF+ISLAMIC+LAW&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=124%2C+127&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80332-8&rft.aulast=B.+Hallaq&rft.aufirst=Wael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, Scott C. (2006). "The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam". <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851906778946341">10.1163/156851906778946341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Principles+of+Muhammad+B.+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl+Al-Bukh%C4%81r%C4%AB+and+Their+Relationship+to+Classical+Salafi+Islam&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=292&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851906778946341&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mansoor Moaddel, <i>Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse</i>, pg. 32. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:32-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAEGIFLEP2006:32_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MAEGIFLEP2006">El-Gamal, <i>Islamic Finance</i>, 2006</a>: p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLakhani2017" class="citation book cs1">Lakhani, M. Ali (2017). <i>Faith and Ethics: The Vision of the Ismaili Imamat</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786733900" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786733900"><bdi>978-1786733900</bdi></a>. <q>The place of the Ismailis within the theological pluralism of the Muslim community is best summarised by their Imam's statement to the International Islamic Conference held in Amman in July 2005: "Our historic adherence is to the Ja'fari madhhab and other madhahib of close affinity, and it continues, under the leadership of the hereditary Ismaili Imam of the time. This adherence is in harmony also with our acceptance of Sufi principles of personal search and balance between the zahir and the spirit or the intellect which the zahir signifies."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Ethics%3A+The+Vision+of+the+Ismaili+Imamat&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786733900&rft.aulast=Lakhani&rft.aufirst=M.+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="JACBMM2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">Brown, Jonathan A.C.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/50"><i>Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/50">50-51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780744209" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780744209"><bdi>978-1780744209</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Muhammad%3A+The+Challenge+and+Choices+of+Interpreting+the+Prophet%27s+Legacy&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780744209&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisquotingmuhamm0000brow%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadr1978" class="citation journal cs1">Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978). "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems". <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i>. <b>26</b> (2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24–25 February 1977). American Society of Comparative Law: 187–198 [196–98]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F839667">10.2307/839667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/839667">839667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Islamic+Law%3A+Its+Relation+to+Other+Legal+Systems&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2+%E2%80%93+Proceedings+of+an+International+Conference+on+Comparative+Law%2C+Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah%2C+24%E2%80%9325+February+1977&rft.pages=187-198+196-98&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F839667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F839667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Badr&rft.aufirst=Gamal+Moursi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>, pp. 1237–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson2003">Hudson 2003</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>, pp. 1244–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Rosen2000" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence Rosen (2000). <i>The Justice of Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 7-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198298847" title="Special:BookSources/9780198298847"><bdi>9780198298847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justice+of+Islam&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780198298847&rft.au=Lawrence+Rosen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRon_Shaham2010" class="citation book cs1">Ron Shaham (2010). <i>The Expert Witness in Islamic Courts</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 4-8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226749358" title="Special:BookSources/9780226749358"><bdi>9780226749358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expert+Witness+in+Islamic+Courts&rft.pages=4-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780226749358&rft.au=Ron+Shaham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaudouin_Dupret2021" class="citation book cs1">Baudouin Dupret (2021). <i>Positive Law from the Muslim World</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 205-210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108960137" title="Special:BookSources/9781108960137"><bdi>9781108960137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Positive+Law+from+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=205-210&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108960137&rft.au=Baudouin+Dupret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Elizabeth_Mayer1985" class="citation book cs1">Ann Elizabeth Mayer, ed. (1985). <i>Property, Social Structure, and Law in the Modern Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY">SUNY</a> Press. p. 54-64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873959889" title="Special:BookSources/9780873959889"><bdi>9780873959889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property%2C+Social+Structure%2C+and+Law+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=54-64&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780873959889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodhan-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodhan_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rodhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4OpT4ZP278C"><i>The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39320-2"><bdi>978-0-230-39320-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+Arab-Islamic+World+in+the+Rise+of+the+West%3A+Implications+for+Contemporary+Trans-Cultural+Relations&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-39320-2&rft.aulast=Al-Rodhan&rft.aufirst=Nayef+R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4OpT4ZP278C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makdisi-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Makdisi, John (1 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol77/iss5/2/">"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law"</a>. <i>North Carolina Law Review</i>. <b>77</b> (5): 1635<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Origins+of+the+Common+Law&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1635&rft.date=1999-06-01&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.unc.edu%2Fnclr%2Fvol77%2Fiss5%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamal-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gamal_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl-Gamal2006" class="citation book cs1">El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicfinancela00elga"><i>Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicfinancela00elga/page/n35">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86414-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86414-3"><bdi>0-521-86414-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Finance%3A+Law%2C+Economics%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-86414-3&rft.aulast=El-Gamal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicfinancela00elga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalder2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Calder, Norman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">"Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">the original</a> on 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law.+Legal+Thought+and+Jurisprudence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Doi, Abd ar-Rahman I., and Clarke, Abdassamad (2008). <i>Shari'ah: Islamic Law</i>. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84200-087-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84200-087-8">978-1-84200-087-8</a> (hardback)</li> <li>Cilardo, Agostino, "Fiqh, History of", in <i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</i> (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 201–206.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahlén2003" class="citation cs2">Dahlén, Ashk (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QARHBQAAQBAJ"><i>Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran</i></a>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415945295" title="Special:BookSources/9780415945295"><bdi>9780415945295</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law%2C+Epistemology+and+Modernity.+Legal+Philosophy+in+Contemporary+Iran&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415945295&rft.aulast=Dahl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Ashk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQARHBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="MAEGIFLEP2006" class="citation book cs1">El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160351/http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf"><i>Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Finance+%3A+Law%2C+Economics%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=El-Gamal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiugc.yolasite.com%2Fresources%2FReference%2520Book%252004%2520-%2520Islamic%2520finance%2C%2520law%2520economics%2520and%2520practice%2C%2520M.%2520El%2520Gamal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaudiosi1988" class="citation journal cs1">Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3909&context=penn_law_review">"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i>. <b>136</b> (4). The University of Pennsylvania Law Review: <span class="nowrap">1231–</span>1261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3312162">10.2307/3312162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312162">3312162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153149243">153149243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+the+Islamic+Law+of+Waqf+on+the+Development+of+the+Trust+in+England_+The+Case+of+Merton+College&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1231-%3C%2Fspan%3E1261&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153149243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3312162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3312162&rft.aulast=Gaudiosi&rft.aufirst=Monica+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3909%26context%3Dpenn_law_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="GRHJWIaM2000" class="citation book cs1">Hawting, G.R. (2000). "16. John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism". <i>The Quest for the Historical Muhammad</i>. New York: Prometheus Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16.+John+Wansbrough%2C+Islam%2C+and+Monotheism&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Muhammad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, A. (2003). <i>Equity and Trusts</i> (3rd ed.). London: Cavendish Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-729-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-729-4"><bdi>978-1-85941-729-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equity+and+Trusts&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cavendish+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85941-729-4&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy1957" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Reuben (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy"><i>The Social Structure of Islam</i></a>. UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09182-4"><bdi>978-0-521-09182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Structure+of+Islam&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09182-4&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialstructureo0000levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Makdisi, John A. (June 1999). "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law". <i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Law_Review" title="North Carolina Law Review">North Carolina Law Review</a></i>. <b>77</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1635–</span>1739.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Origins+of+the+Common+Law&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1635-%3C%2Fspan%3E1739&rft.date=1999-06&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schneider, Irene (2014). "Fiqh". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001">10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356" title="Special:BookSources/9780199739356"><bdi>9780199739356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiqh&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199739356&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiqh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Potz, Richard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011112127">Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011. (Retrieved 28 November 2011.)</li> <li>[Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Jurisprudence of Islam (December 3, 2023). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796">https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halaqa.home.blog/2021/02/12/types-of-hanafi-legal-rulings-ahkam/">Types of Hanafi Legal Rulings (Ahkam)</a></li> <li>[Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Jurisprudence of Islam (December 3, 2023). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796">https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796</a>]</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the 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Islam">Political aspects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">Minority Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Islamic law"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/979949/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fikh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4409409-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Islamic law"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068454">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fiqh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126532014">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fiqh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126532014">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Derecho musulmán"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX526930">Spain</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fiqh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050614932">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="FIKIH"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/fikih">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&oldid=1284708605">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&oldid=1284708605</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a></li><li><a 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