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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisopa_mu_Eritrea" title="Chisopa mu Eritrea – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chisopa mu Eritrea" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e" title="Religion en Érythrée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Érythrée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_u_Eritreji" title="Religija u Eritreji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija u Eritreji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Eritrea" title="Agama di Eritrea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Eritrea" title="Religioni in Eritrea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini_nchini_Eritrea" title="Dini nchini Eritrea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dini nchini Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија во Еритреја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Еритреја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Eritrea" title="Agama di Eritrea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama di Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_i_Eritrea" title="Religion i Eritrea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Religion i Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Erytrei" title="Religia w Erytrei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Erytrei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Eritreia" title="Religião na Eritreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião na Eritreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5" title="Религия в Эритрее – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Эритрее" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Eritrea" title="Feja në Eritrea – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Религија у Еритреји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Религија у Еритреји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Eritreans&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Eritreans">Muslim Eritreans</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_Demographics_of_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Religious_Demographics_of_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Religious_Demographics_of_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Religious_Demographics_of_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Religious_Demographics_of_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Religious_Demographics_of_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Estimates of the religious makeup of the Eritrean population</figcaption></figure><p><b>Religion in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></b> consists of a number of faiths. The two major religions in Eritrea are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. However, the number of adherents of each faith is subject to debate. Estimates of the Christian share of the population range from 47% and 63%, while estimates of the Muslim share of the population range from 37% to 52%.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Eritrean <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> belong to the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, although a minority is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a> and various <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_Protestant_denominations" title="List of the largest Protestant denominations">Protestant denominations</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eritrean <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the officially recognized denominations of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, all other faiths and denominations are in principle required to undergo a registration process; in practice they are not allowed to register.<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncycloGRel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloGRel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faiths_and_denominations">Faiths and denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Faiths and denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two major religions in Eritrea: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (four <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (only the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">school</a>). However, the number of adherents is subject to debate. </p> <ul><li>In the 2010 Eritrea Population and Health Survey, conducted by the Eritrean National Statistics Office and the <a href="/wiki/Fafo_Foundation" title="Fafo Foundation">Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies</a>, 61.4% of all survey respondents reported being Christian (56.3% Orthodox, 4.2% Catholic, and 0.8% Protestant), with 38.4% reporting being Muslim, and the remaining 0.2% adhering to traditional faiths. Among women, who made up 87.6% of those surveyed, 60.7% reported being Christian and 39.0% Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar survey of Eritrean women conducted in 2002, 63.0% reported being Christian (57.8% Orthodox, 4.6% Catholic, and 0.7% Protestant), with 36.6% reporting being Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, Pew Research estimated that, by 2020, 62.9% of the population would be <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, while 36.6% would be <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, with the rest following other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pew based its estimate of Eritrea's religious composition on the 2002 survey referenced above.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom</a>'s 2021 annual report states that the country's population is "split in half between Christians (49 percent) and Muslims (49 percent)".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a 2016 report by <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a>, that organization estimated around 50 percent of Eritrea's population adhered to Islam, and 48 percent followed Christianity, with all remaining religions accounting for two percent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to ACS-Italia estimate, around 52% of Eritrea's population in 2017 adhered to Islam, and 46% followed Christianity, with the remaining 2% of residents practicing other religions, including <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional faiths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2011 edition of the <i>Encyclopedia of Global Religion</i> matches the Pew Research Center estimate of 63% Christian, breaking it down further to: 58% Orthodox; 5% Roman Catholic; and less than 1% Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycloGRel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloGRel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That report further analyzed the regional distribution within Eritrea:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious affiliation in Eritrea </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region<sup id="cite_ref-EncycloGRel_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloGRel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Christians </th> <th>Muslims </th> <th>Other </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maekel_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maekel Region">Maekel Region</a>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ዞባ ማእከል</span></span> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 94%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">94%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Debub_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Region">Debub Region</a>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ዞባ ደቡብ</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 89%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">89%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style=""><1</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gash-Barka_Region" title="Gash-Barka Region">Gash-Barka Region</a>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ዞባ ጋሽ ባርካ</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 63%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">63%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anseba_Region" title="Anseba Region">Anseba Region</a>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ዞባ ዓንሰባ</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 39%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">39%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 61%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">61%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style=""><1</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Red_Sea_Region" title="Northern Red Sea Region">Northern Red Sea Region</a>,<br /><i>Semienawi Keyih Bahri</i> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ዞባ ሰሜናዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 87%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">87%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style=""><1</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Red_Sea_Region" title="Southern Red Sea Region">Southern Red Sea Region</a>,<br /><i>Debubawi Keyih Bahri</i> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 62%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">62%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style=""><1</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_religion_in_Eritrea">History of religion in Eritrea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of religion in Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a>, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a> in northern Ethiopia, arose somewhere around the first or second centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_B._Henze_2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_B._Henze_2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aksumites erected a number of large <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stelae</a>, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times.<sup id="cite_ref-Eospvo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eospvo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 200 years after the kingdom's formation, it adopted <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox Church">Christianity</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eritrea was also one of the first Islamic settlements in Africa, as a group of Muslims facing persecution in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> migrated to the Kingdom of Aksum. <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">Islam spread to Ethiopia and Eritrea</a> around 615 AD with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a>, one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></i> (companions) of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Uthman had been driven out of <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and found shelter at <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a> of Ethiopia under the protection of the Axumite king, <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B8%A5ama_ibn_Abjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aṣḥama ibn Abjar">Aṣḥama ibn Abjar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariam_Dearit_Madonna_of_the_Baobab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mariam_Dearit_Madonna_of_the_Baobab.jpg/220px-Mariam_Dearit_Madonna_of_the_Baobab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mariam_Dearit_Madonna_of_the_Baobab.jpg/330px-Mariam_Dearit_Madonna_of_the_Baobab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mariam_Dearit_Madonna_of_the_Baobab.jpg/440px-Mariam_Dearit_Madonna_of_the_Baobab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Madonna of the <a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">Baobab</a> In 1941 Italian soldiers took refuge in the tree from British planes. The tree was hit but the Italians and the shrine survived.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another great power came in the person of the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> in Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a>, also known as Ahmad Gurey or Gragn. Al-Ghazi led Muslim forces consisting of <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argobba_people" title="Argobba people">Argobba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiya Kingdom">Hadiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e people">Silte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a> soldiers from present-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. In 1530 he began to attack the plateau. Within four years he laid waste to the majority of the Christian highlands, including the Tigray Region of Ethiopia and Eritrea. He converted hundreds of thousands of Christians to Islam by force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Only by surrender and conversion could people save their lives. Only the intervention of the Portuguese transformed the flow of events. They landed at <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> in 1541 and helped the Eritreans and Ethiopians to drive the Imams forces from the plateau. The Muslim forces dispersed, retreated and disappeared. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> was first brought to Eritrea by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> in 1600. In 1632, this order was expelled from Eritrea for wanting to convert the country (an Orthodox country) to Catholicism. In the 19th century the Italians began to bring Eritrea under their sphere of influence and introduced Roman Catholicism again. Missionaries appeared in the 19th century and established the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> churches. These organizations have been allowed to continue to practice. New groups however, have been discouraged from establishing a base in Eritrea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Christianity in Eritrea</a></div> <p>The various estimates shown above place Christianity (all denominations) as the religion of between 47% and 63% of the population of Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewChristian2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncycloGRel_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloGRel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While elsewhere on the continent, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</a> was primarily introduced by European missionaries, this was not the case with the Tigray-Tigrinya people of Eritrea and Tigray Region in neighbouring Ethiopia (or with the Amhara people of Ethiopia). The ancient empire of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> centered in north Tigray and the central highlands of Eritrea had intimate connections with the Mediterranean world in which Christianity grew. Christianity arrived in the Eritrean and Tigrayan area in the 4th century, growing dynamically in the pre-existing Jewish/<a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animistic</a> mixed environment. The Tigrayan-Tigrinyas thus converted to Christianity centuries before most of Europe, thereby establishing one of the oldest state churches in the world. The Eritrean Orthodox have their origins in the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> mission of Syrian <a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, when the first Archbishop was elected for the Aksumite Empire, under <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a> (r. 320–360). Among ecclesiastical buildings, most notable date from the 4th to the 14th centuries; for example <a href="/wiki/Debre_Libanos_(Eritrea)" title="Debre Libanos (Eritrea)">Libanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debre_Bizen" title="Debre Bizen">Bizen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debre_Sina_(Eritrea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Sina (Eritrea)">Sina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/250px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/375px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/500px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Eritrean Orthodox Cathedral</a> in the capital <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> According to surveys, Orthodox Christians make up 56-58% of the population. A large majority of the Christian population of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, which used to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>. The Eritrean Church was <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">recognized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> following independence in 1993, and in 1994 the two neighbouring churches affirmed their respective status.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1998 the former Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Abune_Phillipos" title="Abune Phillipos">Abune Phillipos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> was elevated to the rank of Patriarch. He died in 2004 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abune_Yacob" title="Abune Yacob">Abune Yacob</a>. The reign of Abune Yacob as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Patriarchs of Eritrea">Patriarch of Eritrea</a> was very brief as he died not long after his enthronement, and he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abune_Antonios" title="Abune Antonios">Abune Antonios</a> as 3rd Patriarch of Eritrea. Abune Antonios was elected on 5 March 2004 and enthroned as the third Patriarch of the Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Eritrea on 24 April 2004. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Pope Shenouda III</a> presided at the ceremony in Asmara, together with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a> of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and a Coptic Orthodox Church delegation. Antonios was later formally deposed by the government. However, many believe that Abune Antonios was wrongly deposed and still consider him Patriarch. Many Eritrean Orthodox followers disagree with the Eritrean government making decisions in religious matters.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_Church.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asmara_Church.jpeg/220px-Asmara_Church.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asmara_Church.jpeg/330px-Asmara_Church.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asmara_Church.jpeg/440px-Asmara_Church.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_Eritrea_-_St_George%27s_Episcopal_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asmara%2C_Eritrea_-_St_George%27s_Episcopal_Church.jpg/220px-Asmara%2C_Eritrea_-_St_George%27s_Episcopal_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asmara%2C_Eritrea_-_St_George%27s_Episcopal_Church.jpg/330px-Asmara%2C_Eritrea_-_St_George%27s_Episcopal_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asmara%2C_Eritrea_-_St_George%27s_Episcopal_Church.jpg/440px-Asmara%2C_Eritrea_-_St_George%27s_Episcopal_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>St. George's Episcopal Church, Asmara, Eritrea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a></div> <p>Catholics make up 4-5% of the Eritrean population.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewChristian2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncycloGRel_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloGRel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a> and Roman Catholic Church has dioceses of Asmara, <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barentu,_Eritrea" title="Barentu, Eritrea">Barentu</a>. Catholics in Eritrea mainly follow the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> variant of the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> is also used. There are four territorial jurisdictions in the country known as <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchies</a>. Before the era of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, Roman Catholicism was already introduced into the country by Saint <a href="/wiki/Justin_de_Jacobis" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin de Jacobis">Justin de Jacobis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Vincentian Fathers</a>. Today the church is a distinctly Eritrean church, using the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez language</a> in the liturgy, although <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Masses</a> continue to be celebrated also in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for the small Italian and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italo-Eritrean</a> community, mainly in Asmara. When Eritrea was an Italian colony, all the colonists and the Italian military were of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>: in 1940 they constituted 11% of the total population. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a> was their main church. So, in the early 1940s, Catholicism was the religion of nearly 28% of people in the colony of Italian Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Eritrea" title="Protestantism in Eritrea">Protestantism in Eritrea</a></div> <p>Protestants, sometimes known by the slang name <i><a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay</a></i>, in Eritrea make up between less than 1% to 5% of the Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewChristian2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncycloGRel_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloGRel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor church is the Kale Hiywot Church of Eritrea. Protestant denominations include <a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Christian Brethren</a>, Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea. In 1926, Swedish missionaries founded the Evangelical/Lutheran Church of Eritrea. However, there was tension between the Catholic Church as the Roman Catholic Italians resisted and discouraged the spread of Protestantism in their colony and even lay prohibitions and numerous constraints on the activities of the Swedish missionaries. The Lutheran Church of Eritrea and its Swedish and Eritrean missionaries were the ones who translated the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez language</a> only understood by higher clergymen, into the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya language</a> and other local languages and their main goal was to reach and "enlighten" as many people as possible in the world through education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various estimates shown above place Islam as the religion of between 37% and 52% of the population of Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewChristian2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncycloGRel_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloGRel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the total share of the overall population, a 2009 report finds that over 99% of Eritrean Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, with less than 1% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PewMuslimPop2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewMuslimPop2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_moschea_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Asmara%2C_moschea_01.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_moschea_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Asmara%2C_moschea_01.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_moschea_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Asmara%2C_moschea_01.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_moschea_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Great Mosque of Asmara</figcaption></figure><p> The history of Islam in Eritrea can be traced back to the beginnings of the religion in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 615, some followers of Muhammad were said to have arrived at Massawa to seek refuge. Soon, Muslims settled in the coasts of Eritrea and built mosques and other structures. However, it was until the early 8th century when the influence of Islam began to be strongly felt. The late 7th and early 8th centuries witnessed the rise of Islamic kingdoms in the Eritrean coast.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 9th century, Islam had spread to the eastern coasts of Eritrea and some indigenous groups in the region began adopting the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_(8529064326).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The 15th-century Sheikh Hanafi Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a></figcaption></figure><p>In the late 11th century, a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak" title="Sultanate of Dahlak">sultanate</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Dahlak_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahlak archipelago">Dahlak</a>, which was a prosperous kingdom that had trading contacts with Ethiopia, Yemen, India, and Egypt. By the 13th century, numerous nomadic groups in Eritrea began adopting Islam and helped further propagate the faith. By the 15th century, Islam was well established and integrated among many Eritreans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam later spread in Eritrea under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> when ethnic groups like the <a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre people</a> in mainland Eritrea began converting to Islam. Many of the inland Tigres converted to Islam in the 19th century as well as some of the Bilen. In the late 19th century, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yohannes IV of Ethiopia">Emperor Yohannes IV</a>, who was a devoutly Christian Tigrayan, Muslim Tigrayans were forcibly expelled from their homes and found refuge in the nearby northern areas in what is now Eritrea, out of reach of royal Ethiopian authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedhof_Asmara_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Friedhof_Asmara_3.JPG/220px-Friedhof_Asmara_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Friedhof_Asmara_3.JPG/330px-Friedhof_Asmara_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Friedhof_Asmara_3.JPG/440px-Friedhof_Asmara_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> cemetery in Asmara</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">History of the Jews in Eritrea</a></div> <p>It is believed that before Christianity became the official religion of Abyssinia (ancient Eritrea and northern Ethiopia) in the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> had a heavy presence in Eritrea. Those who refused to embrace the new religion were compelled to seek refuge in the mountains of southern Ethiopia. This explains the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> or <i>Falasha</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a>, Ethiopia and southern Tigray. However, there was not much oppression against ethnic <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. </p><p>The present Eritrean Jewish community is believed to be started by <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> attracted by new commercial opportunities driven by Italian colonial expansion in the late 19th century. The Jewish population then later increased from European refugees coming to Eritrea to escape the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> regimes in Europe at the time. Many emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948. During British administration, Eritrea was often used as a location of exile for <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> guerrillas. Among those imprisoned was future Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haim_Corfu" title="Haim Corfu">Haim Corfu</a>, a founder of <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Jerusalem_F.C." title="Beitar Jerusalem F.C.">Beitar Jerusalem</a>. In 1961 the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> began after Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia. It was then that Jews began to leave Eritrea. In the early 1970s, Jewish emigration increased because of ensuing violence between Eritrea and Ethiopia (up to and beyond Eritrea's official declaration of independence in 1993). Judaism is not one of the four religions recognized by the Eritrean government and indeed, as of 2006 there was only one last native Jew left in Eritrea – Sami Cohen, who tends to the <a href="/wiki/Asmara_Synagogue" title="Asmara Synagogue">Asmara Synagogue</a> and cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_affiliation_by_geography_and_by_ethnic_group">Religious affiliation by geography and by ethnic group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious affiliation by geography and by ethnic group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2018 report from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, the population in southern and central Eritrea is primarily Christian, while the population of northern Eritrea is primarily Muslim. According to that same report, the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_people" title="Tigrinya people">Tigrinya</a> ethnic group are primarily Christian, while the <a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashaida_people" title="Rashaida people">Rashaida</a> groups are primarily Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Christians are found in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Highlands" title="Eritrean Highlands">Eritrean Highlands</a> found in southern, central and parts of northern Eritrea. A majority of the Tigrinya who constitute almost 60% of the population are Christian. The majority of the <a href="/wiki/Kunama_people" title="Kunama people">Kunama</a> are Catholic, with a small minority of Muslims and some who practice traditional indigenous religions. Approximately 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Bilen_people" title="Bilen people">Bilen</a> are Christian, the majority being <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Muslims in Eritrea inhabit the eastern, coastal lowlands as well as the western lowlands near the border with <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Most belong to various <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> communities, especially the <a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashaida_people" title="Rashaida people">Rashaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilen_people" title="Bilen people">Bilen</a> ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 5% of the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_people" title="Tigrinya people">Tigrinya</a> are also Muslims; they are known as the <a href="/wiki/Jeberti_people" title="Jeberti people">Jeberti</a>, though they claim a different ethnic background from the Biher-Tigrinya; the Rashaida are an <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> tribe who migrated from the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia in the 19th century. Additionally, the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nara_people" title="Nara people">Nara</a> ethnic minorities also adhere to Islam, as do some of the <a href="/wiki/Kunama_people" title="Kunama people">Kunama</a> Nilotes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_framework_and_restrictions">Legal framework and restrictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legal framework and restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eritrean constitution provides for the freedom of thought, conscience, and belief; and guarantees the right to practice and manifest any religion. The constitution has not been implemented since its ratification in 1997. Since the constitution has not been implemented, the Proclamation to legally standardize and articulate religious institutions and activities is provided in Proclamation No. 73/1995 of 1995. Although Proclamation No. 73/1995 clearly enshrines the strict principle of secularism, it also states that every Eritrean national's right of freedom of thought, conscience and belief is guaranteed and respected by the law. </p><p>However, Proclamation No. 73/1995 also defines that: 1) religious activities are not spread with seduction but with understanding and belief (thus explaining the hostile stance toward new religious movement and evangelical Christian group proselytism); and that 2) religious activities are carried out in accordance with and respects the law of the nation and particularly preserves the peace, stability, and unity of the people and the country. </p><p>Moreover, the Proclamation is also clear on the fact that (due to the secular principles) the relation as between the government and religion and religious institutions, as well as policies that deal with religious institutions should be formulated in accordance with the law. Pursuant to this Proclamation there is the establishment of the Department of Religious Affairs within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. This is tasked with regulating religious activities and institutions. The Proclamation emphasizes that religions and religious institutions must not engage in political activities or comment on political issues which would hamper the secular character of the State. The decree additionally prohibits religious groups from initiating or offering social services based on sectarian parameters. </p><p>The Proclamation requires religious groups to register with the government or cease activities. Members of religious groups that are unregistered or otherwise not in compliance with the law are subject to penalties under the provisional penal code. The Office of Religious Affairs has authority to regulate religious activities and institutions, including approval of the applications of religious groups seeking official recognition. </p><p>Religious groups must renew their registration every year. In 2002, the Roman Catholic Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea (affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a>) were required to submit registration applications and cease religious activities and services until applications were approved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_unregistered_religious_groups">Treatment of unregistered religious groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment of unregistered religious groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 October 1994, the government revoked the business licenses of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%E2%80%99s_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah’s Witnesses">Jehovah’s Witnesses</a> due to their refusal to recognize “the temporal government” and take part in the referendum on independence. Jehovah's Witnesses have also refused to participate in national service. Political neutrality and conscientious objection to military service are key aspects of faith for Jehovah’s Witnesses. While national service in Eritrea does include a civil component, all Eritreans are required to undertake military training and Eritreans cannot generally choose which type of service they will perform. Since the decree was issued, Jehovah’s Witnesses have been barred from obtaining government-issued identity and travel documents (required for legal recognition of marriages or land purchases); or obtaining government jobs; as well as securing business licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Persecution_of_Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifty-four of Jehovah’s Witnesses are currently (2016) imprisoned in Eritrea. Over the past 22 years (since 1994), all except one have been held without formal charges or a hearing. Three have been in prison since 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 27, 2024, Eritrean authorities raided a private home where a peaceful meeting of Jehovah’s Witnesses was being held. The police made 24 arrests: 6 brothers, 16 sisters, and 2 minor children. Three days later, the authorities returned and arrested the 85-year-old sister who lives in the home. The 2 minor children were later released, while the 23 adults were transferred to the Mai Serwa Prison. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=76c">"National Profiles"</a>. <i>www.thearda.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Eritrea". In Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&q=eritrea"><i>Encyclopedia of Global Religion</i></a>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. pp. 354–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2729-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2729-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-2729-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=354-355&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJzAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Deritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606121847/https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf">"Eritrea Population and Health Survey 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UNICEF</i>. August 2013. p. 42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF&rft.atitle=Eritrea+Population+and+Health+Survey+2010&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Feritrea%2FECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR137/FR137.pdf">"Eritrea Demographic and Health Survey 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DHS Program</i>. May 2003. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DHS+Program&rft.atitle=Eritrea+Demographic+and+Health+Survey+2002&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhsprogram.com%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2FFR137%2FFR137.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2015/04/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsAppendixB.pdf">"THE FUTURE OF WORLD RELIGIONS: POPULATION GROWTH PROJECTIONS, 2010-2050 - Appendix B: Data Sources by Country"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pew Research</i>. p. 206<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=THE+FUTURE+OF+WORLD+RELIGIONS%3A+POPULATION+GROWTH+PROJECTIONS%2C+2010-2050+-+Appendix+B%3A+Data+Sources+by+Country&rft.pages=206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2015%2F04%2FPF_15.04.02_ProjectionsAppendixB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acs-italia.org/sites/default/files/PDFlr/ERITREA.pdf">Rapporto Sulla Libertà Religiosa: Eritrea</a> [Report on Religious Freedom: Eritrea] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></i> (Report) (in Italian). 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022083347/https://acs-italia.org/sites/default/files/PDFlr/ERITREA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Rapporto+Sulla+Libert%C3%A0+Religiosa%3A+Eritrea&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facs-italia.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPDFlr%2FERITREA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro-Hay57-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">Archived</a> 23 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Edinburgh: University Press, p. 65 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0106-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0106-6">0-7486-0106-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_B._Henze_2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_B._Henze_2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henze, Paul B. (2005) <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-522-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-522-7">1-85065-522-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eospvo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eospvo_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC"><i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598846546" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598846546"><bdi>978-1598846546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1598846546&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkSk4euA-TEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_ethiopia_and_the_early_islamic_period.html">Aksumite Ethiopia</a>. Workmall.com (24 March 2007). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewChristian2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewChristian2016_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030110812/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/eritrea#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=Sub-Saharan%20Africa&restrictions_year=2016">"Eritrea Religious Demography: Affiliation (web-enabled searchable graphics)"</a>. <i>The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/eritrea#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=Sub-Saharan%20Africa&restrictions_year=2016">the original</a> on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+World+Religions%3A+Population+Growth+Projections%2C+2010-2050&rft.atitle=Eritrea+Religious+Demography%3A+Affiliation+%28web-enabled+searchable+graphics%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Feritrea%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D26%26affiliations_year%3D2010%26region_name%3DSub-Saharan%2520Africa%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabasa2009" class="citation book cs1">Rabasa, Angel (2009). "Ethiopia and Eritrea". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x96UabsFz4AC&pg=PA34"><i>Radical Islam in East Africa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780833046796" title="Special:BookSources/9780833046796"><bdi>9780833046796</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/294064246">294064246</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+and+Eritrea&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam+in+East+Africa&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F294064246&rft.isbn=9780833046796&rft.aulast=Rabasa&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx96UabsFz4AC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2018-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2018_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/">2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a></i> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2018+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Eritrea&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandini, Franco. <i>Gli italiani in Africa, storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943</i> Chapter: Eritrea</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewMuslimPop2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PewMuslimPop2009_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation report cs1">Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf">Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. p. 39<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2009%2F10%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG2010" class="citation book cs1">G, Mussie Tesfagiorgis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC&dq=islam+eritrea&pg=PA147"><i>Eritrea</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-231-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-231-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pages=139-143&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-231-9&rft.aulast=G&rft.aufirst=Mussie+Tesfagiorgis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pReFaFC3fQC%26dq%3Dislam%2Beritrea%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Ed (30 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4955088.stm">"Asmara's last Jew recalls 'good old days'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Asmara%27s+last+Jew+recalls+%27good+old+days%27&rft.date=2006-04-30&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4955088.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/">"2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2018+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/">"Eritrea"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/eritrea-country-information-and-guidance">United Kingdom Home Office’s report paper Fact Finding Mission to Eritrea</a>, pages 7-20. February 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/news/region/eritrea/persecution-of-jw-receives-international-attention/">Persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Eritrea Receives Unprecedented International Attention</a> Retrieved 11 October 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jw.org/en/news/region/eritrea/Raid-Leads-to-Mass-Arrest-of-Witnesses-in-Eritrea/">https://www.jw.org/en/news/region/eritrea/Raid-Leads-to-Mass-Arrest-of-Witnesses-in-Eritrea/</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Africa" title="Baháʼí Faith in Africa">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Traditional Berber religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asase_Ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asase Ya">Bono mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Igbo religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Africa" title="Irreligion in Africa">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoko mythology">Isoko mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi mythology">Khoe/San religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people#Religion_and_beliefs" title="Zulu people">Zulu religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomies</a>, and<br /> other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Religion in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Ceuta">Ceuta</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Puntland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Puntland (page does not exist)">Puntland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Helena">St. Helena</a> (UK)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (Tanzania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&oldid=1250625108#Islam">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Eritrea&oldid=1250625108#Islam</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Category:Religion in Eritrea">Religion in Eritrea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: 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