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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Segmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exoskeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exoskeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Exoskeleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exoskeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moulting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moulting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Moulting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moulting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Internal organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiration_and_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration_and_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Respiration and circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration_and_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Excretory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Optical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Olfaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reproduction and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolutionary history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Last_common_ancestor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_common_ancestor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Last common ancestor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_common_ancestor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_relationships_to_other_animal_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_relationships_to_other_animal_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Evolutionary relationships to other animal phyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_relationships_to_other_animal_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_fossil_arthropods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_fossil_arthropods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Evolution of fossil arthropods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_fossil_arthropods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_classification_of_living_arthropods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_classification_of_living_arthropods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Evolution and classification of living arthropods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_classification_of_living_arthropods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interaction with humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthropod</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleedpotiges" title="Geleedpotiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geleedpotiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliederf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Gliederfüßer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gliederfüßer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%98-%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%99" title="ጋጥመ-ብዙ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋጥመ-ብዙ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84" title="مفصليات الأرجل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مفصليات الأرجل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="সন্ধিপদী প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সন্ধিপদী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymba_ipy_apytimby" title="Mymba ipy apytimby – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mymba ipy apytimby" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%9Fumayaql%C4%B1lar" title="Buğumayaqlılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buğumayaqlılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بوغوم‌آیاق‌لیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوغوم‌آیاق‌لیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="সন্ধিপদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সন্ধিপদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat-kha_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chat-kha tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chat-kha tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%A1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Быуынтығаяҡлылар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Быуынтығаяҡлылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Членістаногія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Членістаногія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Суставаногія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Суставаногія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Членестоноги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Членестоноги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zglavkari" title="Zglavkari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zglavkari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Үетэ хүлтэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үетэ хүлтэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artr%C3%B2podes" title="Artròpodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artròpodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Пай уралли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пай уралли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daghagtiil" title="Daghagtiil – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Daghagtiil" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clenovci" title="Členovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Členovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropodu" title="Artropodu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Artropodu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arthropod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leddyr" title="Leddyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leddyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliederf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Gliederfüßer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gliederfüßer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_bij%C3%A1%C3%A1d_dah%C3%B3l%C3%B3n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Chʼosh bijáád dahólónígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh bijáád dahólónígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BClijalgsed" title="Lülijalgsed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lülijalgsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αρθρόποδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρθρόποδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropodoj" title="Artropodoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artropodoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropodo" title="Artropodo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artropodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بندپایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بندپایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arthropod" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B0ad%C3%BDr" title="Liðadýr – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Liðadýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropodes" title="Arthropodes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arthropodes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artrap%C3%B3d" title="Artrapód – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Artrapód" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artr%C3%B3podos" title="Artrópodos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artrópodos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="સંધિપાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંધિપાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="절지동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절지동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոդվածոտանիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոդվածոտանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सन्धिपाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सन्धिपाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clankono%C5%A1ci" title="Člankonošci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Člankonošci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropodo" title="Artropodo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Artropodo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Arthropod" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropoda" title="Artropoda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Artropoda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropodo" title="Arthropodo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arthropodo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropode" title="Artropode – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Artropode" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Бирæкъахджынтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бирæкъахджынтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B0d%C3%BDr" title="Liðdýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Liðdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99-%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פרוקי-רגליים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוקי-רגליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಸಂಧಿಪದಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಧಿಪದಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფეხსახსრიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეხსახსრიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7" title="آرتھوپوڈا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آرتھوپوڈا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Буынаяқтылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буынаяқтылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melldrosek" title="Melldrosek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Melldrosek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithropodi" title="Arithropodi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Arithropodi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwop%C3%B2d" title="Atwopòd – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Atwopòd" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir%C3%AA%C3%A7ikp%C3%AA" title="Girêçikpê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Girêçikpê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Муунак буттуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Муунак буттуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posmk%C4%81ji" title="Posmkāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Posmkāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoden" title="Arthropoden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arthropoden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariuotakojai" title="Nariuotakojai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nariuotakojai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelidpoetege" title="Gelidpoetege – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gelidpoetege" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropodo" title="Artropodo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Artropodo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dzeltl%C3%A1b%C3%BAak" title="Ízeltlábúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ízeltlábúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Членконоги – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Членконоги" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1" title="ആർത്രോപോഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർത്രോപോഡ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84" title="مفصليات الارجل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مفصليات الارجل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="بندلینگون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بندلینگون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropod" title="Artropod – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Artropod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Үет хөлтөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үет хөлтөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ခြေဆစ်များ သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခြေဆစ်များ သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleedpotigen" title="Geleedpotigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geleedpotigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्थोपोडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अर्थोपोडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E8%B6%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="節足動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="節足動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laspuateten" title="Laspuateten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Laspuateten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leddyr" title="Leddyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leddyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leddyr" title="Leddyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leddyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miilixinximna" title="Miilixinximna – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Miilixinximna" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CA%BBg%CA%BBimoyoqlilar" title="Boʻgʻimoyoqlilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boʻgʻimoyoqlilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1" title="ਆਰਥਰੋਪੋਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਥਰੋਪੋਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%88" title="ارتھروپوڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارتھروپوڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%DA%9A%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%90_%DA%98%D9%88%DB%90" title="بند پښه لرونکې ژوې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بند پښه لرونکې ژوې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddf%C3%B6%C3%B6t" title="Liddfööt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Liddfööt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stawonogi" title="Stawonogi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stawonogi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artr%C3%B3pode" title="Artrópode – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artrópode" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artropode" title="Artropode – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artropode" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillwichaki" title="Sillwichaki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sillwichaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Членкаре – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Членкаре" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Членистоногие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Членистоногие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arthropod" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABmb%C3%ABnyjor%C3%ABt" title="Këmbënyjorët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Këmbënyjorët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arthropod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%8A" title="آرٿروپوڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرٿروپوڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nkono%C5%BEce" title="Článkonožce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Článkonožce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clenono%C5%BEci" title="Členonožci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Členonožci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%8E%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جمگەپێیان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جمگەپێیان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зглавкари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зглавкари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zglavkari" title="Zglavkari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zglavkari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveljalkaiset" title="Niveljalkaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niveljalkaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leddjur" title="Leddjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leddjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arthropoda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="கணுக்காலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணுக்காலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiswermin" title="Tiswermin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiswermin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Буынтыкаяклылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Буынтыкаяклылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆర్థ్రోపోడా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్థ్రోపోడా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์ขาปล้อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ขาปล้อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бандпойҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бандпойҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%CA%BBehokohoko" title="Veʻehokohoko – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Veʻehokohoko" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eklem_bacakl%C4%B1lar" title="Eklem bacaklılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eklem bacaklılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Членистоногі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Членистоногі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81" title="مفصلی پایہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مفصلی پایہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala%C4%8Djaugai%C5%BEed" title="Palačjaugaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anthropod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anthropod (disambiguation)">Anthropod (disambiguation)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anthropoid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anthropoid (disambiguation)">Anthropoid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Arthropods<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">538.8–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:32.153846153846px; width:187.84615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:38.636923076923px; width:180.36307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><small><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Earliest Cambrian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fortunian" title="Fortunian">Fortunian</a>)–Recent</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Arthropoda_collage.png/300px-Arthropoda_collage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Arthropoda_collage.png/450px-Arthropoda_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Arthropoda_collage.png/600px-Arthropoda_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" usemap="#ImageMap_4503ce0a69e7ac9e" resource="/wiki/File:Arthropoda_collage.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_4503ce0a69e7ac9e"><area href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,75" alt="Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris" /><area href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" shape="rect" coords="100,0,200,75" alt="Horseshoe crab" title="Horseshoe crab" /><area href="/wiki/Decapoda" shape="rect" coords="200,0,300,75" alt="Decapoda" title="Decapoda" /><area href="/wiki/Isoxys" shape="rect" coords="0,75,100,150" alt="Isoxys" title="Isoxys" /><area href="/wiki/Arachnid" shape="rect" coords="100,75,200,150" alt="Arachnid" title="Arachnid" /><area href="/wiki/Barnacle" shape="rect" coords="200,75,300,150" alt="Barnacle" title="Barnacle" /><area href="/wiki/Leanchoilia" shape="rect" coords="0,150,100,225" alt="Leanchoilia" title="Leanchoilia" /><area href="/wiki/Centipede" shape="rect" coords="100,150,200,225" alt="Centipede" title="Centipede" /><area href="/wiki/Springtail" shape="rect" coords="200,150,300,225" alt="Springtail" title="Springtail" /><area href="/wiki/Trilobite" shape="rect" coords="0,225,100,300" alt="Trilobite" title="Trilobite" /><area href="/wiki/Millipede" shape="rect" coords="100,225,200,300" alt="Millipede" title="Millipede" /><area href="/wiki/Insect" shape="rect" coords="200,225,300,300" alt="Insect" title="Insect" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Arthropoda" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subkingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">Tactopoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthropoda</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Christian_Gravenhorst" title="Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst">Gravenhorst</a>, 1843<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Muñoz-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subphyla, unplaced genera, and classes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dinocaridida" title="Dinocaridida">Dinocaridida</a>" <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>, sometimes treated as <a href="/wiki/Lobopodia" title="Lobopodia">lobopodians</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerygmachelidae" title="Kerygmachelidae">Kerygmachelidae</a> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pambdelurion" title="Pambdelurion">Pambdelurion</a></i> † (possible lobopodian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mieridduryn" title="Mieridduryn">Mieridduryn</a></i> † (possible <a href="/wiki/Opabiniid" class="mw-redirect" title="Opabiniid">opabiniid</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvibellus" title="Parvibellus">Parvibellus</a></i> † (possible <a href="/wiki/Lobopodia#Siberion_and_similar_taxa" title="Lobopodia">"Siberiid Lobopodian"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opabiniidae" title="Opabiniidae">Opabiniidae</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodonta" title="Radiodonta">Radiodonta</a> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cucumericrus" title="Cucumericrus">Cucumericrus</a></i> † (possible radiodont)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caryosyntrips" title="Caryosyntrips">Caryosyntrips</a></i> † (possible radiodont)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradoriida" title="Bradoriida">Bradoriida</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteropoda" title="Deuteropoda">Deuteropoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artiopoda" title="Artiopoda">Artiopoda</a> † <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trilobita" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobita">Trilobita</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostida" title="Agnostida">Agnostida</a> (possibly trilobites)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nektaspida" title="Nektaspida">Nektaspida</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglaspidida" title="Aglaspidida">Aglaspidida</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheloniellida" title="Cheloniellida">Cheloniellida</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushizheia" title="Bushizheia">Bushizheia</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erratus" title="Erratus">Erratus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fengzhengia" title="Fengzhengia">Fengzhengia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxianhuiida" title="Fuxianhuiida">Fuxianhuiida</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxyida" title="Isoxyida">Isoxyida</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zeng-2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeng-2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiisortoqia" title="Kiisortoqia">Kiisortoqia</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kylinxia" title="Kylinxia">Kylinxia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Zeng-2020_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeng-2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacheira" title="Megacheira">Megacheira</a> † (possibly paraphyletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeliida" title="Habeliida">Habeliida</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnogonida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnogonida">Pycnogonida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacheira" title="Megacheira">Megacheira</a>? †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibasterium" title="Dibasterium">Dibasterium</a></i> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offacolidae" title="Offacolidae">Offacolidae</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosomapoda" title="Prosomapoda">Prosomapoda</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Synziphosurina" title="Synziphosurina">Synziphosurina</a>" (paraphyletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatriata" title="Dekatriata">Dekatriata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasmataspidida" title="Chasmataspidida">Chasmataspidida</a> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houia" title="Houia">Houia</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winneshiekia" title="Winneshiekia">Winneshiekia</a></i> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypterida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypterida">Eurypterida</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnida" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnida">Arachnida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatocopina" title="Phosphatocopina">Phosphatocopina</a> (possible stem mandibulate)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenocarina" title="Hymenocarina">Hymenocarina</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthycarcinoidea" title="Euthycarcinoidea">Euthycarcinoidea</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thylacocephala" title="Thylacocephala">Thylacocephala</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-Pulsipher-2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulsipher-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphyla" title="Symphyla">Symphyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauropoda" title="Pauropoda">Pauropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplopoda">Diplopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilopoda">Chilopoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligostraca" title="Oligostraca">Oligostraca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostracoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracoda">Ostracoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostraca" title="Ichthyostraca">Ichthyostraca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicrustacea" title="Multicrustacea">Multicrustacea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclida" title="Cyclida">Cyclida</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clark-2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copepoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepoda">Copepoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotriocarida" title="Allotriocarida">Allotriocarida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collembola" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembola">Collembola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecta">Insecta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aaveqaspis" title="Aaveqaspis">Aaveqaspis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennettarthra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennettarthra (page does not exist)">Bennettarthra</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambropachycope" title="Cambropachycope">Cambropachycope</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camptophyllia" title="Camptophyllia">Camptophyllia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuandianella" title="Chuandianella">Chuandianella</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goticaris" title="Goticaris">Goticaris</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Waloszek-1990_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waloszek-1990-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrellomorpha" title="Marrellomorpha">Marrellomorpha</a> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parioscorpio" title="Parioscorpio">Parioscorpio</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhynimonstrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhynimonstrum (page does not exist)">Rhynimonstrum</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarotrocercus" title="Sarotrocercus">Sarotrocercus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabopidae" title="Strabopidae">Strabopida</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wingertshellicus" title="Wingertshellicus">Wingertshellicus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhenghecaris" title="Zhenghecaris">Zhenghecaris</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> †</li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="#Diversity">around 1,170,000 species</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Condylipoda <small>Latreille, 1802</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Arthropods</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ARTH</span>-rə-pod</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> <b>Arthropoda</b>. They possess an <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">cuticle</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralization (biology)">mineralised</a> with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, a body with differentiated (<a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">metameric</a>) <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segments</a>, and paired jointed <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a>. In order to keep growing, they must go through stages of <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a>, a process by which they shed their <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> to reveal a new one. They form an extremely diverse group of up to ten million species. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">Haemolymph</a> is the analogue of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> for most arthropods. An arthropod has an <a href="/wiki/Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open circulatory system</a>, with a body cavity called a <a href="/wiki/Haemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocoel">haemocoel</a> through which haemolymph circulates to the interior <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>. Like their exteriors, the internal organs of arthropods are generally built of repeated segments. They have ladder-like <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous systems</a>, with paired <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">ventral</a> <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">nerve cords</a> running through all segments and forming paired <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> in each segment. Their heads are formed by fusion of varying numbers of segments, and their <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a> are formed by fusion of the ganglia of these segments and encircle the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretory</a> systems of arthropods vary, depending as much on their environment as on the <a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">subphylum</a> to which they belong. </p><p>Arthropods use combinations of <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">pigment-pit</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a> for vision. In most species, the ocelli can only detect the direction from which light is coming, and <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">the compound eyes</a> are the main source of information, but the main eyes of <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> are ocelli that can form images and, in a few cases, can swivel to track prey. Arthropods also have a wide range of chemical and mechanical sensors, mostly based on modifications of the many bristles known as <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a> that project through their cuticles. Similarly, their reproduction and development are varied; all <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> species use <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a>, but this is sometimes by indirect transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> via an appendage or the ground, rather than by direct injection. Aquatic species use either internal or <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>. Almost all arthropods lay eggs, with many species giving birth to live young after the eggs have hatched inside the mother; but a few are genuinely <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>. Arthropod hatchlings vary from miniature adults to grubs and <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> that lack jointed limbs and eventually undergo a total <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> to produce the adult form. The level of maternal care for hatchlings varies from nonexistent to the prolonged care provided by <a href="/wiki/Eusociality#In_insects" title="Eusociality">social insects</a>. </p><p>The evolutionary ancestry of arthropods dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> period. The group is generally regarded as <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>, and many analyses support the placement of arthropods with <a href="/wiki/Cycloneuralia" title="Cycloneuralia">cycloneuralians</a> (or their constituent clades) in a superphylum <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a>. Overall, however, the <a href="/wiki/Basal_(evolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (evolution)">basal</a> relationships of animals are not yet well resolved. Likewise, the relationships between various arthropod groups are still actively debated. Today, arthropods contribute to the human food supply both directly as food, and more importantly, indirectly as <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinators</a> of crops. Some species are known to spread severe disease to humans, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>arthropod</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄρθρον">ἄρθρον</a></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">árthron</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πούς">πούς</a></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pous</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">gen.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ποδός</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">podos</i></span>) <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, which together mean "jointed leg",<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the word "arthropodes" initially used in anatomical descriptions by <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier</a> published in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Muñoz-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designation "Arthropoda" appears to have been first used in 1843 by the German zoologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Christian_Gravenhorst" title="Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst">Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst</a> (1777–1857).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Muñoz-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the name has been the subject of considerable confusion, with credit often given erroneously to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Pierre André Latreille</a> or <a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Ernst_von_Siebold" title="Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold">Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold</a> instead, among various others.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Muñoz-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terrestrial arthropods are often called bugs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also occasionally extended to colloquial names for freshwater or marine <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Balmain_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Balmain bug">Balmain bug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Moreton Bay bug">Moreton Bay bug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudbug" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbug">mudbug</a>) and used by physicians and bacteriologists for disease-causing germs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">superbugs</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer-1998_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer-1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but entomologists reserve this term for a narrow category of "<a href="/wiki/True_bugs" class="mw-redirect" title="True bugs">true bugs</a>", insects of the order <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer-1998_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer-1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arthropods are <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmented</a> bodies and jointed limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">cuticles</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, a polymer of <a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine" title="N-Acetylglucosamine">N-Acetylglucosamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cuticle of many crustaceans, <a href="/wiki/Oribatida" title="Oribatida">beetle mites</a>, the clades Penetini and Archaeoglenini inside the beetle subfamily <a href="/wiki/Phrenapatinae" title="Phrenapatinae">Phrenapatinae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and millipedes (except for <a href="/wiki/Polyxenida" title="Polyxenida">bristly millipedes</a>) is also <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. Calcification of the endosternite, an internal structure used for muscle attachments, also occur in some <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">opiliones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pupal cuticle of the fly <i><a href="/wiki/Bactrocera_dorsalis" title="Bactrocera dorsalis">Bactrocera dorsalis</a></i> contains calcium phosphate.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066_zoom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066_zoom.jpg/220px-Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066_zoom.jpg/330px-Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066_zoom.jpg/440px-Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066_zoom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Protaetia_cuprea" title="Protaetia cuprea">Protaetia cuprea</a></i> (copper chafer). <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Beetles</a> are the most diverse order of arthropods.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arthropoda is the largest animal <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> with the estimates of the number of arthropod species varying from 1,170,000 to 5~10 million and accounting for over 80 percent of all known living animal species.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One arthropod <a href="/wiki/Subgroup" title="Subgroup">sub-group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, includes more <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described species</a> than any other <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">taxonomic class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson-1994_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-1994-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of species remains difficult to determine. This is due to the census modeling assumptions projected onto other regions in order to scale up from counts at specific locations applied to the whole world. A study in 1992 estimated that there were 500,000 species of animals and plants in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> alone, of which 365,000 were arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson-1994_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-1994-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are important members of marine, freshwater, land and air <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and one of only two major animal groups that have adapted to life in dry environments; the other is <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>, whose living members are reptiles, birds and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the smallest and largest arthropods are <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smallest_organisms#Arthropods" title="Smallest organisms">smallest</a> belong to the class <a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a>, some of which are less than 100 micrometres (0.0039 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Largest_and_heaviest_animals#Arthropods_(Arthropoda)" title="Largest and heaviest animals">largest</a> are species in the class <a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a>, with the legs of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_spider_crab" title="Japanese spider crab">Japanese spider crab</a> potentially spanning up to 4 metres (13 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-Nielsen-1984_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-1984-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_lobster" title="American lobster">American lobster</a> reaching weights over 20 kg (44 lbs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segmentation">Segmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Segmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tleft" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:192px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:80px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HemimerusHanseni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Segments and tagmata of an arthropod[36]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HemimerusHanseni.jpg/80px-HemimerusHanseni.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HemimerusHanseni.jpg/120px-HemimerusHanseni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HemimerusHanseni.jpg/160px-HemimerusHanseni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_95x5" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:5px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">Head</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_90x17" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:17px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:green;">_______________________</span></div> <div id="annotation_95x37" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:37px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_90x50" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:50px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:black;">_______________________</span></div> <div id="annotation_95x80" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:80px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_90x100" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:100px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:green;">_______________________</span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HemimerusHanseni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HemimerusHanseni.jpg/80px-HemimerusHanseni.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HemimerusHanseni.jpg/120px-HemimerusHanseni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HemimerusHanseni.jpg/160px-HemimerusHanseni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HemimerusHanseni.jpg" title="File:HemimerusHanseni.jpg"> </a></div>Segments and <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(biology)" title="Tagma (biology)">tagmata</a> of an arthropod<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20211214_arthropod_biramous_arthropodized_appendage_morphology_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20211214_arthropod_biramous_arthropodized_appendage_morphology_en.png/300px-20211214_arthropod_biramous_arthropodized_appendage_morphology_en.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20211214_arthropod_biramous_arthropodized_appendage_morphology_en.png/450px-20211214_arthropod_biramous_arthropodized_appendage_morphology_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20211214_arthropod_biramous_arthropodized_appendage_morphology_en.png/600px-20211214_arthropod_biramous_arthropodized_appendage_morphology_en.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a <a href="/wiki/Biramous" class="mw-redirect" title="Biramous">biramous</a> appendage.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu-2021_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu-2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a> of all arthropods are segmented, built from a series of repeated modules. The <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of living arthropods probably consisted of a series of undifferentiated segments, each with a pair of appendages that functioned as limbs. However, all known living and fossil arthropods have grouped segments into <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(biology)" title="Tagma (biology)">tagmata</a> in which segments and their limbs are specialized in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three-part appearance of many <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> bodies and the two-part appearance of <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> is a result of this grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1990102–106_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1990102–106-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no external signs of segmentation in <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthropods also have two body elements that are not part of this serially repeated pattern of segments, an <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">ocular somite</a> at the front, where the mouth and eyes originated,<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ortega-Hernández-2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega-Hernández-2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Telson" title="Telson">telson</a> at the rear, behind the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>. </p><p>Originally it seems that each appendage-bearing segment had two separate pairs of appendages: an upper, unsegmented <a href="/wiki/Exite" class="mw-redirect" title="Exite">exite</a> and a lower, segmented endopod. These would later fuse into a single pair of <a href="/wiki/Biramous" class="mw-redirect" title="Biramous">biramous</a> appendages united by a basal segment (protopod or basipod), with the upper branch acting as a <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a> while the lower branch was used for locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fu-2022_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-2022-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu-2021_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu-2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appendages of most <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a> and some extinct taxa such as <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">trilobites</a> have another segmented branch known as <a href="/wiki/Exopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Exopod">exopods</a>, but whether these structures have a single origin remain controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu-2021_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu-2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some segments of all known arthropods the appendages have been modified, for example to form gills, mouth-parts, <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> for collecting information,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1990102–106_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1990102–106-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or claws for grasping;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arthropods are "like <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Army_knife" title="Swiss Army knife">Swiss Army knives</a>, each equipped with a unique set of specialized tools."<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many arthropods, appendages have vanished from some regions of the body; it is particularly common for abdominal appendages to have disappeared or be highly modified.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:607px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:352px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:600px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alignment of anterior body segments and appendages across various arthropod taxa, based on the observations until the mid 2010s. Head regions in black.[41][47]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png/600px-20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png/900px-20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png/1200px-20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_50x175" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:175px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:Black;"> 0: <b>●</b> Ocular somite </span></div> <div id="annotation_27x195" style="position:absolute; left:27px; top:195px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:DimGray;">1-2...: ∎ Somites of head tagma (head / cephalon / prosoma) </span></div> <div id="annotation_21x215" style="position:absolute; left:21px; top:215px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:DarkGray;">...7-10: ∎ Abdominal somites (further somites omitted) </span></div> <div id="annotation_49x235" style="position:absolute; left:49px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:Crimson;"> P: ∎ Protocerebral somite / appendage </span></div> <div id="annotation_48x255" style="position:absolute; left:48px; top:255px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:Gold;"> D: ∎ Deutocerebral somite / appendage </span></div> <div id="annotation_50x275" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:275px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:CornflowerBlue;"> T: ∎ Tritocerebral somite / appendage </span></div> <div id="annotation_50x295" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:295px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:DarkGrey;"> L: ∎ Walking leg / abdomen </span></div> <div id="annotation_50x325" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:325px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:SlateGrey;"><b>†</b>: Extinct taxa </span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png/600px-20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png/900px-20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png/1200px-20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:20190913_Arthropoda_head_segments_appendages_en.png" title="File:20190913 Arthropoda head segments appendages en.png"> </a></div>Alignment of anterior body segments and appendages across various arthropod taxa, based on the observations until the mid 2010s. Head regions in black.<sup id="cite_ref-Ortega-Hernández-2017_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega-Hernández-2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop-Lamsdell-2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop-Lamsdell-2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div></div> <p>The most conspicuous specialization of segments is in the head. The four major groups of arthropods – <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">sea spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">horseshoe crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a>), <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Symphylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphylan">symphylans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauropod">pauropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oligostracan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligostracan">oligostracans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacostracan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacostracan">malacostracans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiopod">branchiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a>, etc.), and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Trilobita" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobita">Trilobita</a> – have heads formed of various combinations of segments, with appendages that are missing or specialized in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop-Lamsdell-2017_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop-Lamsdell-2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite myriapods and hexapods both having similar head combinations, hexapods are deeply nested within crustacea while myriapods are not, so these traits are believed to have evolved separately. In addition, some extinct arthropods, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Marrella" title="Marrella">Marrella</a></i>, belong to none of these groups, as their heads are formed by their own particular combinations of segments and specialized appendages.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittington-1971_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington-1971-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working out the evolutionary stages by which all these different combinations could have appeared is so difficult that it has long been known as "The <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_head_problem" title="Arthropod head problem">arthropod head problem</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, R. E. Snodgrass even hoped it would not be solved, as he found trying to work out solutions to be fun.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exoskeleton">Exoskeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exoskeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_exoskeleton" title="Arthropod exoskeleton">Arthropod exoskeleton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthropod_cuticle_based_upon_Xvazquez_edited_to_include_english_legend.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arthropod_cuticle_based_upon_Xvazquez_edited_to_include_english_legend.PNG/220px-Arthropod_cuticle_based_upon_Xvazquez_edited_to_include_english_legend.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="556" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arthropod_cuticle_based_upon_Xvazquez_edited_to_include_english_legend.PNG/330px-Arthropod_cuticle_based_upon_Xvazquez_edited_to_include_english_legend.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arthropod_cuticle_based_upon_Xvazquez_edited_to_include_english_legend.PNG/440px-Arthropod_cuticle_based_upon_Xvazquez_edited_to_include_english_legend.PNG 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of an idealized arthropod exoskeleton.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arthropod exoskeletons are made of <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">cuticle</a>, a non-cellular material secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their cuticles vary in the details of their structure, but generally consist of three main layers: the <a href="/wiki/Epicuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicuticle">epicuticle</a>, a thin outer <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxy</a> coat that moisture-proofs the other layers and gives them some protection; the <a href="/wiki/Exocuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocuticle">exocuticle</a>, which consists of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and chemically hardened <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Endocuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocuticle">endocuticle</a>, which consists of chitin and unhardened proteins. The exocuticle and endocuticle together are known as the <a href="/wiki/Procuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Procuticle">procuticle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright-1982_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-1982-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each body segment and limb section is encased in hardened cuticle. The joints between body segments and between limb sections are covered by flexible cuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exoskeletons of most aquatic <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> are <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> extracted from the water. Some terrestrial crustaceans have developed means of storing the mineral, since on land they cannot rely on a steady supply of dissolved calcium carbonate.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomineralization generally affects the exocuticle and the outer part of the endocuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright-1982_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-1982-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two recent hypotheses about the evolution of biomineralization in arthropods and other groups of animals propose that it provides tougher defensive armor,<sup id="cite_ref-Dzik-2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzik-2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it allows animals to grow larger and stronger by providing more rigid skeletons;<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen-2005_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in either case a mineral-organic <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a> exoskeleton is cheaper to build than an all-organic one of comparable strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen-2005_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cuticle may have <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a> (bristles) growing from special cells in the epidermis. Setae are as varied in form and function as appendages. For example, they are often used as sensors to detect air or water currents, or contact with objects; aquatic arthropods use <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feather</a>-like setae to increase the surface area of swimming appendages and to <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeding">filter</a> food particles out of water; aquatic insects, which are air-breathers, use thick <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a>-like coats of setae to trap air, extending the time they can spend under water; heavy, rigid setae serve as defensive spines.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs, some still use <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> pressure to extend them, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, all spiders extend their legs hydraulically and can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moulting">Moulting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moulting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">Ecdysis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicada_climbing_out_of_its_exoskeleton_while_attached_to_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cicada_climbing_out_of_its_exoskeleton_while_attached_to_tree.jpg/220px-Cicada_climbing_out_of_its_exoskeleton_while_attached_to_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cicada_climbing_out_of_its_exoskeleton_while_attached_to_tree.jpg/330px-Cicada_climbing_out_of_its_exoskeleton_while_attached_to_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cicada_climbing_out_of_its_exoskeleton_while_attached_to_tree.jpg/440px-Cicada_climbing_out_of_its_exoskeleton_while_attached_to_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a> climbing out of its <a href="/wiki/Exuviae" title="Exuviae">exuviae</a> while attached to tree</figcaption></figure> <p>The exoskeleton cannot stretch and thus restricts growth. Arthropods, therefore, replace their exoskeletons by undergoing <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a> (moulting), or shedding the old exoskeleton, the <a href="/wiki/Exuviae" title="Exuviae">exuviae</a>, after growing a new one that is not yet hardened. Moulting cycles run nearly continuously until an arthropod reaches full size. The developmental stages between each moult (ecdysis) until sexual maturity is reached is called an <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instar</a>. Differences between instars can often be seen in altered body proportions, colors, patterns, changes in the number of body segments or head width. After moulting, i.e. shedding their exoskeleton, the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the initial phase of moulting, the animal stops feeding and its epidermis releases moulting fluid, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that digests the <a href="/wiki/Endocuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocuticle">endocuticle</a> and thus detaches the old cuticle. This phase begins when the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermis</a> has secreted a new <a href="/wiki/Epicuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicuticle">epicuticle</a> to protect it from the enzymes, and the epidermis secretes the new exocuticle while the old cuticle is detaching. When this stage is complete, the animal makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, and this makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest. It commonly takes several minutes for the animal to struggle out of the old cuticle. At this point, the new one is wrinkled and so soft that the animal cannot support itself and finds it very difficult to move, and the new endocuticle has not yet formed. The animal continues to pump itself up to stretch the new cuticle as much as possible, then hardens the new exocuticle and eliminates the excess air or water. By the end of this phase, the new endocuticle has formed. Many arthropods then eat the discarded cuticle to reclaim its materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because arthropods are unprotected and nearly immobilized until the new cuticle has hardened, they are in danger both of being trapped in the old cuticle and of being attacked by <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>. Moulting may be responsible for 80 to 90% of all arthropod deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-2_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_organs">Internal organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:220px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthropod_body_struct_01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Basic arthropod body structure"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Arthropod_body_struct_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_5x72" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:72px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> = heart</span></span></div> <div id="annotation_5x94" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:94px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> = gut</span></span></div> <div id="annotation_5x116" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:116px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> = brain / <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a></span></span></div> <div id="annotation_5x138" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:138px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;"><span style="color:blue"> O</span></span></span> = eye</span></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthropod_body_struct_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Arthropod_body_struct_01.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="61" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthropod_body_struct_01.png" title="File:Arthropod body struct 01.png"> </a></div>Basic arthropod body structure</div> </div></div> <p>Arthropod bodies are also segmented internally, and the nervous, muscular, circulatory, and excretory systems have repeated components.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthropods come from a lineage of animals that have a <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a>, a membrane-lined cavity between the gut and the body wall that accommodates the internal organs. The strong, segmented limbs of arthropods eliminate the need for one of the coelom's main ancestral functions, as a <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_skeleton" title="Hydrostatic skeleton">hydrostatic skeleton</a>, which muscles compress in order to change the animal's shape and thus enable it to move. Hence the coelom of the arthropod is reduced to small areas around the reproductive and excretory systems. Its place is largely taken by a <a href="/wiki/Hemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocoel">hemocoel</a>, a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> flows.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiration_and_circulation">Respiration and circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Respiration and circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">Hemolymph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocyte">hemocyte</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pone.0028183.g005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pone.0028183.g005.png/220px-Pone.0028183.g005.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pone.0028183.g005.png/330px-Pone.0028183.g005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pone.0028183.g005.png/440px-Pone.0028183.g005.png 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>Respiration and circulation in a <a href="/wiki/Myodocopida" title="Myodocopida">myodocopid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracod</a>. Simplified transverse section through anterior body and carapace, showing gaseous diffusion through the inner lamella of the carapace (yellow arrows)</figcaption></figure> <p>Arthropods have open <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory systems</a>. Most have a few short, open-ended <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>. In chelicerates and crustaceans, the blood carries <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to the tissues, while <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a> use a separate system of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">tracheae</a>. Many crustaceans and a few chelicerates and <a href="/wiki/Tracheata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheata">tracheates</a> use <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_pigment" title="Respiratory pigment">respiratory pigments</a> to assist oxygen transport. The most common respiratory pigment in arthropods is <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a>; this is used by many crustaceans and a few <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>. A few crustaceans and insects use iron-based <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, the respiratory pigment used by <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. As with other invertebrates, the respiratory pigments of those arthropods that have them are generally dissolved in the blood and rarely enclosed in <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">corpuscles</a> as they are in vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-3_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heart is a muscular tube that runs just under the back and for most of the length of the hemocoel. It contracts in ripples that run from rear to front, pushing blood forwards. Sections not being squeezed by the heart muscle are expanded either by elastic <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> or by small <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, in either case connecting the heart to the body wall. Along the heart run a series of paired ostia, non-return valves that allow blood to enter the heart but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-3_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arthropods have a wide variety of respiratory systems. Small species often do not have any, since their high ratio of surface area to volume enables simple diffusion through the body surface to supply enough oxygen. Crustacea usually have gills that are modified appendages. Many arachnids have <a href="/wiki/Book_lung" title="Book lung">book lungs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garwood-2011_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garwood-2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tracheae, systems of branching tunnels that run from the openings in the body walls, deliver oxygen directly to individual cells in many insects, myriapods and <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20200213_Remipedia_Nectiopoda_central_nervous_system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/20200213_Remipedia_Nectiopoda_central_nervous_system.png/220px-20200213_Remipedia_Nectiopoda_central_nervous_system.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/20200213_Remipedia_Nectiopoda_central_nervous_system.png/330px-20200213_Remipedia_Nectiopoda_central_nervous_system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/20200213_Remipedia_Nectiopoda_central_nervous_system.png/440px-20200213_Remipedia_Nectiopoda_central_nervous_system.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Central nervous system of a nectiopod <a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">remipede</a>, showing the presence of both deutocerebrum (dc) and ventral nerve cord (vnc) organized by segmented ganglia. </figcaption></figure> <p>Living arthropods have paired main nerve cords running along their bodies below the gut, and in each segment the cords form a pair of <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> from which <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">sensory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">motor</a> nerves run to other parts of the segment. Although the pairs of ganglia in each segment often appear physically fused, they are connected by <a href="/wiki/Commissure" title="Commissure">commissures</a> (relatively large bundles of nerves), which give arthropod nervous systems a characteristic ladder-like appearance. The brain is in the head, encircling and mainly above the esophagus. It consists of the fused ganglia of the acron and one or two of the foremost segments that form the head – a total of three pairs of ganglia in most arthropods, but only two in chelicerates, which do not have antennae or the ganglion connected to them. The ganglia of other head segments are often close to the brain and function as part of it. In insects these other head ganglia combine into a pair of <a href="/wiki/Subesophageal_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subesophageal ganglia">subesophageal ganglia</a>, under and behind the esophagus. Spiders take this process a step further, as all the <a href="/wiki/Segmental_ganglia" title="Segmental ganglia">segmental ganglia</a> are incorporated into the subesophageal ganglia, which occupy most of the space in the cephalothorax (front "super-segment").<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretory_system">Excretory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Excretory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two different types of arthropod excretory systems. In aquatic arthropods, the end-product of biochemical reactions that <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolise</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, which is so toxic that it needs to be diluted as much as possible with water. The ammonia is then eliminated via any permeable membrane, mainly through the gills.<sup id="cite_ref-Garwood-2011_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garwood-2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All crustaceans use this system, and its high consumption of water may be responsible for the relative lack of success of crustaceans as land animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various groups of terrestrial arthropods have independently developed a different system: the end-product of nitrogen metabolism is <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, which can be excreted as dry material; the <a href="/wiki/Malpighian_tubule_system" title="Malpighian tubule system">Malpighian tubule system</a> filters the uric acid and other nitrogenous waste out of the blood in the hemocoel, and dumps these materials into the hindgut, from which they are expelled as <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-4_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most aquatic arthropods and some terrestrial ones also have organs called <a href="/wiki/Nephridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephridia">nephridia</a> ("little <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>"), which extract other wastes for excretion as <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-4_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tliltocatl_albopilosus_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tliltocatl_albopilosus_1.jpg/220px-Tliltocatl_albopilosus_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tliltocatl_albopilosus_1.jpg/330px-Tliltocatl_albopilosus_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tliltocatl_albopilosus_1.jpg/440px-Tliltocatl_albopilosus_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Long bristles (<a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a>) of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tliltocatl_albopilosus" title="Tliltocatl albopilosus">Tliltocatl albopilosus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantula</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The stiff <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticles</a> of arthropods would block out information about the outside world, except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system. In fact, arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various touch sensors, mostly <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a>, respond to different levels of force, from strong contact to very weak air currents. Chemical sensors provide equivalents of <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a>, often by means of setae. Pressure sensors often take the form of membranes that function as <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrums</a>, but are connected directly to nerves rather than to <a href="/wiki/Auditory_ossicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory ossicle">auditory ossicles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> of most hexapods include sensor packages that monitor <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, moisture and temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-6_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most arthropods lack balance and <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> sensors, and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up. The self-righting behavior of <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a> is triggered when pressure sensors on the underside of the feet report no pressure. However, many <a href="/wiki/Malacostracan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacostracan">malacostracan</a> crustaceans have <a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">statocysts</a>, which provide the same sort of information as the balance and motion sensors of the vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-6_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Proprioceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprioceptor">proprioceptors</a> of arthropods, sensors that report the force exerted by muscles and the degree of bending in the body and joints, are well understood. However, little is known about what other internal sensors arthropods may have.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-6_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical">Optical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Optical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthropoda_montage_(eyes).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arthropoda_montage_%28eyes%29.png/300px-Arthropoda_montage_%28eyes%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arthropoda_montage_%28eyes%29.png/450px-Arthropoda_montage_%28eyes%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arthropoda_montage_%28eyes%29.png/600px-Arthropoda_montage_%28eyes%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>Arthropod eyes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasp_ocelli.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Wasp_ocelli.JPG/250px-Wasp_ocelli.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Wasp_ocelli.JPG/375px-Wasp_ocelli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/Wasp_ocelli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Head of a <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a> with three ocelli (center), and compound eyes at the left and right</figcaption></figure> <p>Most arthropods have sophisticated visual systems that include one or more usually both of <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> and pigment-cup <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a> ("little eyes"). In most cases ocelli are only capable of detecting the direction from which light is coming, using the shadow cast by the walls of the cup. However, the main eyes of <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> are pigment-cup ocelli that are capable of forming images,<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-6_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those of <a href="/wiki/Jumping_spider" title="Jumping spider">jumping spiders</a> can rotate to track prey.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compound eyes consist of fifteen to several thousand independent <a href="/wiki/Ommatidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ommatidia">ommatidia</a>, columns that are usually <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a>. Each ommatidium is an independent sensor, with its own light-sensitive cells and often with its own <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-6_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compound eyes have a wide field of view, and can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the <a href="/wiki/Light_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Light polarization">polarization of light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the relatively large size of ommatidia makes the images rather coarse, and compound eyes are shorter-sighted than those of birds and mammals – although this is not a severe disadvantage, as objects and events within 20 cm (8 in) are most important to most arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-6_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several arthropods have color vision, and that of some insects has been studied in detail; for example, the ommatidia of bees contain receptors for both green and <a href="/wiki/Ultra-violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-violet">ultra-violet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-6_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olfaction">Olfaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Olfaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insect_olfaction" title="Insect olfaction">Insect olfaction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reproduction and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphid-giving-birth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aphid-giving-birth.jpg/200px-Aphid-giving-birth.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aphid-giving-birth.jpg/300px-Aphid-giving-birth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aphid-giving-birth.jpg/400px-Aphid-giving-birth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphid</a> giving birth to live young from an unfertilized egg</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvestmen_mating_(44325686201).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Harvestmen_mating_%2844325686201%29.jpg/200px-Harvestmen_mating_%2844325686201%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Harvestmen_mating_%2844325686201%29.jpg/300px-Harvestmen_mating_%2844325686201%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Harvestmen_mating_%2844325686201%29.jpg/400px-Harvestmen_mating_%2844325686201%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">Harvestmen</a> mating</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A few arthropods, such as <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a>, that is, each can have the organs of both <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sexes</a>. However, individuals of most species remain of one sex their entire lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-7_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and crustaceans can reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>, especially if conditions favor a "population explosion". However, most arthropods rely on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, and parthenogenetic species often revert to sexual reproduction when conditions become less favorable.<sup id="cite_ref-Olive-2001_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olive-2001-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to undergo <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> is widespread among arthropods including both those that reproduce sexually and those that reproduce <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenetically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although meiosis is a major characteristic of arthropods, understanding of its fundamental adaptive benefit has long been regarded as an unresolved problem,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that appears to have remained unsettled. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic</a> arthropods may breed by external fertilization, as for example <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">horseshoe crabs</a> do,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a> remain in the female's body and the <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> must somehow be inserted. All known terrestrial arthropods use internal fertilization. <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">Opiliones</a> (harvestmen), <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>, and some crustaceans use modified appendages such as <a href="/wiki/Gonopod" title="Gonopod">gonopods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opiliones_penis" title="Opiliones penis">penises</a> to transfer the sperm directly to the female. However, most male <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> arthropods produce <a href="/wiki/Spermatophore" title="Spermatophore">spermatophores</a>, waterproof packets of <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>, which the females take into their bodies. A few such species rely on females to find spermatophores that have already been deposited on the ground, but in most cases males only deposit spermatophores when complex <a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a> rituals look likely to be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-7_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimp_nauplius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shrimp_nauplius.jpg/220px-Shrimp_nauplius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shrimp_nauplius.jpg/330px-Shrimp_nauplius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shrimp_nauplius.jpg/440px-Shrimp_nauplius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>The nauplius larva of a <a href="/wiki/Penaeid_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaeid shrimp">penaeid shrimp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most arthropods lay eggs,<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-7_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but scorpions are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparous</a>: they produce live young after the eggs have hatched inside the mother, and are noted for prolonged maternal care.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newly born arthropods have diverse forms, and insects alone cover the range of extremes. Some hatch as apparently miniature adults (direct development), and in some cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Silverfish" title="Silverfish">silverfish</a>, the hatchlings do not feed and may be helpless until after their first moult. Many insects hatch as grubs or <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, which do not have segmented limbs or hardened cuticles, and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphose</a> into adult forms by entering an inactive phase in which the larval tissues are broken down and re-used to build the adult body.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">Dragonfly</a> larvae have the typical cuticles and jointed limbs of arthropods but are flightless water-breathers with extendable jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crustaceans commonly hatch as tiny <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">nauplius</a> larvae that have only three segments and pairs of appendages.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-7_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny_of_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny of insects">Phylogeny of insects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_common_ancestor">Last common ancestor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Last common ancestor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the distribution of shared <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy" title="Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy">plesiomorphic</a> features in extant and fossil taxa, the <a href="/wiki/Last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of all arthropods is inferred to have been as a modular organism with each module covered by its own <a href="/wiki/Sclerite" title="Sclerite">sclerite</a> (armor plate) and bearing a pair of biramous <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">limbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergström-2005_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergström-2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, whether the ancestral limb was <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg#Biramous_and_uniramous" title="Arthropod leg">uniramous or biramous</a> is far from a settled debate. This Ur-arthropod had a <a href="/wiki/Ventral#Dorsal_and_ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> mouth, pre-oral antennae and <a href="/wiki/Ventral#Dorsal_and_ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">dorsal</a> eyes at the front of the body. It was assumed to have been a non-discriminatory <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> feeder, processing whatever sediment came its way for food,<sup id="cite_ref-Bergström-2005_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergström-2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but fossil findings hint that the last common ancestor of both arthropods and <a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a> shared the same specialized mouth apparatus: a circular mouth with rings of teeth used for capturing animal prey.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrella.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marrella.png/220px-Marrella.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marrella.png/330px-Marrella.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marrella.png/440px-Marrella.png 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Marrella" title="Marrella">Marrella</a></i>, one of the puzzling arthropods from the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>It has been proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> animals <i><a href="/wiki/Parvancorina" title="Parvancorina">Parvancorina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spriggina" title="Spriggina">Spriggina</a></i>, from around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=555">555</a> million years ago</span>, were arthropods,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later study shows that their affinities of being origin of arthropods are not reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small arthropods with bivalve-like shells have been found in Early Cambrian fossil beds dating <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=541–539">541 to 539</a> million years ago</span> in China and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Braun-2007_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun-2007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Betts-2014_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betts-2014-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Cambrian <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobite</a> fossils are about 520 million years old, but the class was already quite diverse and worldwide, suggesting that they had been around for quite some time.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman-1999_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-1999-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_Shales" title="Maotianshan Shales">Maotianshan shales</a>, which date back to 518 million years ago, arthropods such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kylinxia" title="Kylinxia">Kylinxia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Erratus" title="Erratus">Erratus</a></i> have been found that seem to represent <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">transitional fossils</a> between stem (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Radiodonta" title="Radiodonta">Radiodonta</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris">Anomalocaris</a></i>) and true arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-phys.org_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phys.org-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeng-2020_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeng-2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fu-2022_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-2022-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-examination in the 1970s of the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> fossils from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=505">505</a> million years ago</span> identified many arthropods, some of which could not be assigned to any of the well-known groups, and thus intensified the debate about the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittington-1979_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington-1979-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whittington-1985_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington-1985-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Marrella" title="Marrella">Marrella</a></i> from the Burgess Shale has provided the earliest clear evidence of <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210310_Kylinxia_zhangi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/20210310_Kylinxia_zhangi.png/220px-20210310_Kylinxia_zhangi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/20210310_Kylinxia_zhangi.png/330px-20210310_Kylinxia_zhangi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/20210310_Kylinxia_zhangi.png/440px-20210310_Kylinxia_zhangi.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kylinxia" title="Kylinxia">Kylinxia</a></i> may be a key transitional fossil between stem-arthropods and true arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-phys.org_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phys.org-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yicaris_dianensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Yicaris_dianensis.jpg/220px-Yicaris_dianensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Yicaris_dianensis.jpg/330px-Yicaris_dianensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Yicaris_dianensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yicaris" title="Yicaris">Yicaris</a></i> is one of the earliest crustaceans that have been discovered.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest fossil of likely <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancrustacean">pancrustacean</a> larvae date from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=514">514</a> million years ago</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, followed by unique taxa like <i><a href="/wiki/Yicaris" title="Yicaris">Yicaris</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wujicaris" title="Wujicaris">Wujicaris</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegna-2020_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegna-2020-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purported pancrustacean/<a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a> affinity of some cambrian arthropods (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Phosphatocopina" title="Phosphatocopina">Phosphatocopina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradoriida" title="Bradoriida">Bradoriida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymenocarina" title="Hymenocarina">Hymenocarine</a> taxa like waptiids)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were disputed by subsequent studies, as they might branch before the <a href="/wiki/Mandibulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandibulate">mandibulate</a> crown-group.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegna-2020_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegna-2020-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the pancrustacean crown-group, only <a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida</a> have Cambrian fossil records.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegna-2020_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegna-2020-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crustacean fossils are common from the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> period onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have remained almost entirely aquatic, possibly because they never developed <a href="/wiki/Excretory_system" title="Excretory system">excretory systems</a> that conserve water.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert-4_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arthropods provide the earliest identifiable fossils of land animals, from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=419">419</a> million years ago</span> in the Late <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Garwood-2011_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garwood-2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and terrestrial tracks from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=450">450</a> million years ago</span> appear to have been made by arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthropods possessed attributes that were easy <a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">coopted</a> for life on land; their existing jointed exoskeletons provided protection against desiccation, support against gravity and a means of locomotion that was not dependent on water.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowen-2000_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowen-2000-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time the aquatic, scorpion-like <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">eurypterids</a> became the largest ever arthropods, some as long as 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnid</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Trigonotarbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonotarbid">trigonotarbid</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeotarbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeotarbus (page does not exist)">Palaeotarbus</a> jerami</i>, from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=420">420</a> million years ago</span> in the Silurian period.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Attercopus" title="Attercopus">Attercopus</a> fimbriunguis</i>, from <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=386">386</a> million years ago</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period, bears the earliest known silk-producing spigots, but its lack of <a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(spider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinneret (spider)">spinnerets</a> means it was not one of the true <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which first appear in the Late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> over <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=299">299</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> periods provide a large number of fossil spiders, including representatives of many modern families.<sup id="cite_ref-Vollrath-2007_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vollrath-2007-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpion</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Dolichophonus" title="Dolichophonus">Dolichophonus</a>,</i> dated back to <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=436">436</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lots of Silurian and Devonian scorpions were previously thought to be <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a>-breathing, hence the idea that scorpions were primitively aquatic and evolved air-breathing <a href="/wiki/Book_lung" title="Book lung">book lungs</a> later on.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However subsequent studies reveal most of them lacking reliable evidence for an aquatic lifestyle,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while exceptional aquatic taxa (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Waeringoscorpio" title="Waeringoscorpio">Waeringoscorpio</a></i>) most likely derived from terrestrial scorpion ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest fossil record of <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapod</a> is obscure, as most of the candidates are poorly preserved and their hexapod affinities had been disputed. An iconic example is the Devonian <i><a href="/wiki/Rhyniognatha_hirsti" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyniognatha hirsti">Rhyniognatha hirsti</a></i>, dated at <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=396–407">396 to 407</a> million years ago</span>, its <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a> are thought to be a type found only in <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">winged insects</a>, which suggests that the earliest insects appeared in the Silurian period.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel-2004_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-2004-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However later study shows that <i>Rhyniognatha</i> most likely represent a myriapod, not even a hexapod.<sup id="cite_ref-Haug-2017_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haug-2017-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unequivocal oldest known hexapod and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtail</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rhyniella" title="Rhyniella">Rhyniella</a></i>, from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=410">410</a> million years ago</span> in the Devonian period, and the <a href="/wiki/Palaeodictyoptera" title="Palaeodictyoptera">palaeodictyopteran</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Delitzschala_bitterfeldensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Delitzschala bitterfeldensis">Delitzschala bitterfeldensis</a></i>, from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=325">325</a> million years ago</span> in the Carboniferous period, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Haug-2017_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haug-2017-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mazon_Creek_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazon Creek fossils">Mazon Creek lagerstätten</a> from the Late Carboniferous, about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=300">300</a> million years ago</span>, include about 200 species, some gigantic by modern standards, and indicate that insects had occupied their main modern <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a> as <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>. Social <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> first appear in the Early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, and advanced social bees have been found in Late Cretaceous rocks but did not become abundant until the Middle <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_relationships_to_other_animal_phyla">Evolutionary relationships to other animal phyla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Evolutionary relationships to other animal phyla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripatoides_indigo2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Peripatoides_indigo2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Peripatoides_indigo2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Peripatoides_indigo2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Peripatoides_indigo2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Peripatoides_indigo2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Peripatoides_indigo2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Velvet_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Velvet worm">velvet worm (Onychophora)</a> is closely related to arthropods<sup id="cite_ref-Budd-1996_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd-1996-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1952 to 1977, zoologist <a href="/wiki/Sidnie_Manton" title="Sidnie Manton">Sidnie Manton</a> and others argued that arthropods are <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a>, in other words, that they do not share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod. Instead, they proposed that three separate groups of "arthropods" evolved separately from common worm-like ancestors: the <a href="/wiki/Chelicerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelicerate">chelicerates</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>; the crustaceans; and the <a href="/wiki/Uniramia" title="Uniramia">uniramia</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Onychophoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Onychophoran">onychophorans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myriapod" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriapod">myriapods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a>. These arguments usually bypassed <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>, as the evolutionary relationships of this class were unclear. Proponents of polyphyly argued the following: that the similarities between these groups are the results of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, as natural consequences of having rigid, segmented <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a>; that the three groups use different chemical means of hardening the cuticle; that there were significant differences in the construction of their compound eyes; that it is hard to see how such different configurations of segments and appendages in the head could have evolved from the same ancestor; and that crustaceans have <a href="/wiki/Biramous" class="mw-redirect" title="Biramous">biramous</a> limbs with separate gill and leg branches, while the other two groups have <a href="/wiki/Uniramous" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniramous">uniramous</a> limbs in which the single branch serves as a leg.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="float:right; width:auto; max-width:100%; border:solid 1px silver; padding:2px; margin:2px; font-size:80%;"> <div style="width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onychophorans</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><br />includes <i><a href="/wiki/Aysheaia" title="Aysheaia">Aysheaia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Peripatus" title="Peripatus">Peripatus</a></i><br />   </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  armored <a href="/wiki/Lobopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobopod">lobopods</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>includes <i><a href="/wiki/Hallucigenia" title="Hallucigenia">Hallucigenia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Microdictyon" title="Microdictyon">Microdictyon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Dinocaridida" title="Dinocaridida">dinocarids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">s.l.</a>)   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Anomalocarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalocarid">anomalocarid</a>-   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>includes modern <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a> as<br />well as extinct animals like<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Kerygmachela" title="Kerygmachela">Kerygmachela</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">like taxa (<a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">s.l.</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Anomalocarididae" title="Anomalocarididae">anomalocarids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">s.s.</a>)   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris">Anomalocaris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">arthropods</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>includes living groups and<br />extinct forms such as <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Simplified summary of Budd's (1996) "broad-scale" cladogram<sup id="cite_ref-Budd-1996_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd-1996-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>Further analysis and discoveries in the 1990s reversed this view, and led to acceptance that arthropods are <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>, in other words they are inferred to share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Budd" title="Graham Budd">Graham Budd</a>'s analyses of <i><a href="/wiki/Kerygmachela" title="Kerygmachela">Kerygmachela</a></i> in 1993 and of <i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i> in 1996 convinced him that these animals were similar to onychophorans and to various Early Cambrian "<a href="/wiki/Lobopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobopod">lobopods</a>", and he presented an "evolutionary family tree" that showed these as "aunts" and "cousins" of all arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd-1996_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd-1996-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budd-1993_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd-1993-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes made the scope of the term "arthropod" unclear, and Claus Nielsen proposed that the wider group should be labelled "<a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a>" ("all the arthropods") while the animals with jointed limbs and hardened cuticles should be called "Euarthropoda" ("true arthropods").<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contrary view was presented in 2003, when Jan Bergström and <a href="/wiki/Hou_Xian-guang" title="Hou Xian-guang">Hou Xian-guang</a> argued that, if arthropods were a "sister-group" to any of the anomalocarids, they must have lost and then re-evolved features that were well-developed in the anomalocarids. The earliest known arthropods ate mud in order to extract food particles from it, and possessed variable numbers of segments with unspecialized appendages that functioned as both gills and legs. Anomalocarids were, by the standards of the time, huge and sophisticated predators with specialized mouths and grasping appendages, fixed numbers of segments some of which were specialized, tail fins, and gills that were very different from those of arthropods. In 2006, they suggested that arthropods were more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Lobopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobopod">lobopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a> than to anomalocarids.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, it was found that tardigrades were more closely related to arthropods than velvet worms.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:2px; margin:2px; font-size:80%;"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudosagitta_maxima_31349361.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pseudosagitta_maxima_31349361.png/70px-Pseudosagitta_maxima_31349361.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pseudosagitta_maxima_31349361.png/105px-Pseudosagitta_maxima_31349361.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pseudosagitta_maxima_31349361.png/140px-Pseudosagitta_maxima_31349361.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polychaeta_(no)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/70px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/105px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/140px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/70px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/105px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/140px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LingulaanatinaAA_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LingulaanatinaAA_%28cropped%29.JPG/70px-LingulaanatinaAA_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LingulaanatinaAA_%28cropped%29.JPG/105px-LingulaanatinaAA_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LingulaanatinaAA_%28cropped%29.JPG/140px-LingulaanatinaAA_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="609" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and close relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg/70px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg/105px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg/140px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="297" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nematomorpha_Somiedo_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nematomorpha_Somiedo_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Nematomorpha_Somiedo_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nematomorpha_Somiedo_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Nematomorpha_Somiedo_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nematomorpha_Somiedo_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Nematomorpha_Somiedo_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Priapulid" class="mw-redirect" title="Priapulid">priapulids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_priapulid_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Adult_priapulid_2.jpg/50px-Adult_priapulid_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Adult_priapulid_2.jpg/75px-Adult_priapulid_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Adult_priapulid_2.jpg/100px-Adult_priapulid_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophorans</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Velvet_worm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Velvet_worm.png/80px-Velvet_worm.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Velvet_worm.png/120px-Velvet_worm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Velvet_worm.png/160px-Velvet_worm.png 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">Tactopoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrades</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/60px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/90px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/120px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euarthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Euarthropoda">Euarthropoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chelicerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelicerate">Chelicerates</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nymphon_signatum_194389384_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg/135px-Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg/180px-Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limulus_polyphemus_(aquarium)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="1983" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/60px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/90px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Apankura.png/105px-Apankura.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Apankura.png/140px-Apankura.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Myriapod" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriapod">Myriapods</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scolopendra_japonica_%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87_%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C_%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scolopendra_japonica_%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87_%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C_%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%A3.jpg/70px-Scolopendra_japonica_%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87_%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C_%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scolopendra_japonica_%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87_%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C_%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%A3.jpg/105px-Scolopendra_japonica_%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87_%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C_%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scolopendra_japonica_%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87_%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C_%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%A3.jpg/140px-Scolopendra_japonica_%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87_%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C_%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="681" /></a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrognathus_corticarius_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Andrognathus_corticarius_A.jpg/100px-Andrognathus_corticarius_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Andrognathus_corticarius_A.jpg/150px-Andrognathus_corticarius_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Andrognathus_corticarius_A.jpg/200px-Andrognathus_corticarius_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:3px double;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_png_by_absurdwordpreferred_d2xqhvd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lobster_png_by_absurdwordpreferred_d2xqhvd.png/70px-Lobster_png_by_absurdwordpreferred_d2xqhvd.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lobster_png_by_absurdwordpreferred_d2xqhvd.png/105px-Lobster_png_by_absurdwordpreferred_d2xqhvd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lobster_png_by_absurdwordpreferred_d2xqhvd.png/140px-Lobster_png_by_absurdwordpreferred_d2xqhvd.png 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1419" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platycheirus_angustatus_(Syrphidae)_-_(male_imago),_Elst_(Gld),_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Platycheirus_angustatus_%28Syrphidae%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg/60px-Platycheirus_angustatus_%28Syrphidae%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Platycheirus_angustatus_%28Syrphidae%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg/90px-Platycheirus_angustatus_%28Syrphidae%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Platycheirus_angustatus_%28Syrphidae%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg/120px-Platycheirus_angustatus_%28Syrphidae%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2"><p>Relationships of Ecdysozoa to each other and to annelids, <i>etc</i>.,<sup id="cite_ref-Telford-2008_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telford-2008-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The contents of the cladogram don't match the phylogeny given in the source: the source does not use Tactopoda, does not include Loricifera in Scalidophora, and doesn't even mention Chaetognatha. (December 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> including euthycarcinoids<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccari-2004_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccari-2004-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>Higher up the "family tree", the <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a> have traditionally been considered the closest relatives of the Panarthropoda, since both groups have segmented bodies, and the combination of these groups was labelled <a href="/wiki/Articulata_Hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulata Hypothesis">Articulata</a>. There had been competing proposals that arthropods were closely related to other groups such as <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priapulid" class="mw-redirect" title="Priapulid">priapulids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a>, but these remained minority views because it was difficult to specify in detail the relationships between these groups. </p><p>In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetic</a> analyses of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequences produced a coherent scheme showing arthropods as members of a <a href="/wiki/Superphylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Superphylum">superphylum</a> labelled Ecdysozoa ("animals that moult"), which contained nematodes, priapulids and tardigrades but excluded annelids. This was backed up by studies of the anatomy and development of these animals, which showed that many of the features that supported the Articulata hypothesis showed significant differences between annelids and the earliest Panarthropods in their details, and some were hardly present at all in arthropods. This hypothesis groups annelids with molluscs and <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> in another superphylum, <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a>. </p><p>If the Ecdysozoa hypothesis is correct, then segmentation of arthropods and annelids either has evolved <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergently</a> or has been inherited from a much older ancestor and subsequently lost in several other lineages, such as the non-arthropod members of the Ecdysozoa.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telford-2008_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telford-2008-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_fossil_arthropods">Evolution of fossil arthropods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Evolution of fossil arthropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deuteropoda" title="Deuteropoda">Deuteropoda</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Arthropod fossil phylogeny<sup id="cite_ref-Edgecombe-2020_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgecombe-2020-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Arthropoda </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:3px double;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lobopodia#Siberion_and_similar_taxa" title="Lobopodia">giant lobopodians</a> † </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:3px double;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lobopodia#Gilled_lobopodians" title="Lobopodia">gilled lobopodians</a> † </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Radiodonta" title="Radiodonta">Radiodonta</a> † </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Deuteropoda" title="Deuteropoda">Deuteropoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megacheira" title="Megacheira">Megacheira</a> † </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Artiopoda" title="Artiopoda">Artiopoda</a> † </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Isoxyida" title="Isoxyida">Isoxyida</a> † </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Summarized <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> of the relationships between extinct arthropod groups. For more, see <a href="/wiki/Deuteropoda" title="Deuteropoda">Deuteropoda</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aside from the four major living groups (<a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelicerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelicerate">chelicerates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myriapod" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriapod">myriapods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a>), a number of fossil forms, mostly from the early Cambrian period, are difficult to place taxonomically, either from lack of obvious affinity to any of the main groups or from clear affinity to several of them. <i><a href="/wiki/Marrella" title="Marrella">Marrella</a></i> was the first one to be recognized as significantly different from the well-known groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittington-1971_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington-1971-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern interpretations of the basal, extinct <a href="/wiki/Stem-group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-group">stem-group</a> of Arthropoda recognised the following groups, from most basal to most crownward:<sup id="cite_ref-Ortega-Hernández-2016_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega-Hernández-2016-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edgecombe-2020_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgecombe-2020-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lobopodia#Siberion_and_similar_taxa" title="Lobopodia">"Giant" or "Siberiid Lobopodians"</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jianshanopodia" title="Jianshanopodia">Jianshanopodia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Siberion" title="Siberion">Siberion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Megadictyon" title="Megadictyon">Megadictyon</a></i>, are the most basal <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">grade</a> in the total-group Arthropoda.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lobopodia#Gilled_lobopodians" title="Lobopodia">"Gilled Lobopodians"</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kerygmachela" title="Kerygmachela">Kerygmachela</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pambdelurion" title="Pambdelurion">Pambdelurion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i>, are the second most basal grade.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Radiodonta" title="Radiodonta">Radiodonta</a>, which traditionally known as anomalocaridids come in third position, and are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>.</li> <li>A possible "upper stem-group" assemblage of more uncertain position<sup id="cite_ref-Edgecombe-2020_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgecombe-2020-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but contained within <a href="/wiki/Deuteropoda" title="Deuteropoda">Deuteropoda</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Ortega-Hernández-2016_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega-Hernández-2016-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Fuxianhuiida" title="Fuxianhuiida">Fuxianhuiida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megacheira" title="Megacheira">Megacheira</a>, and multiple "bivalved forms" including <a href="/wiki/Isoxyida" title="Isoxyida">Isoxyida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymenocarina" title="Hymenocarina">Hymenocarina</a>.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deuteropoda" title="Deuteropoda">Deuteropoda</a> is a recently established clade uniting the crown-group (living) arthropods with these possible "upper stem-group" fossils taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-Ortega-Hernández-2016_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega-Hernández-2016-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clade is defined by important changes to the structure of the head region such as the appearance of a differentiated <a href="/wiki/Deutocerebrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutocerebrum">deutocerebral</a> appendage pair, which excludes more basal taxa like radiodonts and "gilled lobopodians".<sup id="cite_ref-Ortega-Hernández-2016_126-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega-Hernández-2016-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Controversies remain about the positions of various extinct arthropod groups. Some studies recover Megacheira as closely related to chelicerates, while others recover them as outside the group containing Chelicerate and Mandibulata as stem-group euarthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Aria-2022_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aria-2022-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The placement of the <a href="/wiki/Artiopoda" title="Artiopoda">Artiopoda</a> (which contains the extinct trilobites and similar forms) is also a frequent subject of dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenner-2006_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenner-2006-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main hypotheses position them in the clade <a href="/wiki/Arachnomorpha" title="Arachnomorpha">Arachnomorpha</a> with the Chelicerates. However, one of the newer hypotheses is that the chelicerae have originated from the same pair of appendages that evolved into antennae in the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a>, which would place trilobites, which had antennae, closer to Mandibulata than Chelicerata, in the clade <a href="/wiki/Antennulata" title="Antennulata">Antennulata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aria-2022_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aria-2022-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fuxianhuiida" title="Fuxianhuiida">fuxianhuiids</a>, usually suggested to be stem-group arthropods, have been suggested to be Mandibulates in some recent studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Aria-2022_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aria-2022-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hymenocarina" title="Hymenocarina">Hymenocarina</a>, a group of bivalved arthropods, previously thought to have been stem-group members of the group, have been demonstrated to be mandibulates based on the presence of mandibles.<sup id="cite_ref-Edgecombe-2020_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgecombe-2020-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Radiodonts, Opabiniids, Gilled Lobopodians and the more traditional Lobopodians are all examples of basal stem-group arthropod lineages from the Cambrian</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anomalocaris (Radiodonta)"><img alt="Anomalocaris (Radiodonta)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/270px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/405px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/540px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris">Anomalocaris</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Radiodonta" title="Radiodonta">Radiodonta</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Opabinia (Opabiniidae)"><img alt="Opabinia (Opabiniidae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png/357px-20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png/535px-20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png/713px-20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Opabiniidae" title="Opabiniidae">Opabiniidae</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20191022_Kerygmachela_kierkegaardi_without_lobopods.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kerygmachela (Kerygmachelidae)"><img alt="Kerygmachela (Kerygmachelidae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/20191022_Kerygmachela_kierkegaardi_without_lobopods.png/238px-20191022_Kerygmachela_kierkegaardi_without_lobopods.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/20191022_Kerygmachela_kierkegaardi_without_lobopods.png/357px-20191022_Kerygmachela_kierkegaardi_without_lobopods.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/20191022_Kerygmachela_kierkegaardi_without_lobopods.png/475px-20191022_Kerygmachela_kierkegaardi_without_lobopods.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kerygmachela" title="Kerygmachela">Kerygmachela</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Kerygmachelidae" title="Kerygmachelidae">Kerygmachelidae</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facivermis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Facivermis (Luolishaniidae)"><img alt="Facivermis (Luolishaniidae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Facivermis.png/151px-Facivermis.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Facivermis.png/227px-Facivermis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Facivermis.png/302px-Facivermis.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Facivermis" title="Facivermis">Facivermis</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Luolishaniidae" title="Luolishaniidae">Luolishaniidae</a>)</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Marrellomorphs, megacherians, funxianhuiids and phosphatocopines are some examples of Cambrian arthropods whose classification remains difficult</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrella.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Marrella (Marrellomorpha)"><img alt="Marrella (Marrellomorpha)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marrella.png/193px-Marrella.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marrella.png/290px-Marrella.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marrella.png/386px-Marrella.png 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Marrella" title="Marrella">Marrella</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Marrellomorpha" title="Marrellomorpha">Marrellomorpha</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20191027_Leanchoilia_superlata.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Leanchoilia (Megacheira)"><img alt="Leanchoilia (Megacheira)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/20191027_Leanchoilia_superlata.png/300px-20191027_Leanchoilia_superlata.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/20191027_Leanchoilia_superlata.png/450px-20191027_Leanchoilia_superlata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/20191027_Leanchoilia_superlata.png/600px-20191027_Leanchoilia_superlata.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Leanchoilia" title="Leanchoilia">Leanchoilia</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Megacheira" title="Megacheira">Megacheira</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20211117_Fuxianhuia_protensa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fuxianhuia (Fuxianhuiida)"><img alt="Fuxianhuia (Fuxianhuiida)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20211117_Fuxianhuia_protensa.png/371px-20211117_Fuxianhuia_protensa.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20211117_Fuxianhuia_protensa.png/556px-20211117_Fuxianhuia_protensa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20211117_Fuxianhuia_protensa.png/742px-20211117_Fuxianhuia_protensa.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Fuxianhuia" title="Fuxianhuia">Fuxianhuia</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Fuxianhuiida" title="Fuxianhuiida">Fuxianhuiida</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dabashanella_sp.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dabashanella (Phosphatocopina)"><img alt="Dabashanella (Phosphatocopina)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dabashanella_sp.png/233px-Dabashanella_sp.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dabashanella_sp.png/349px-Dabashanella_sp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dabashanella_sp.png/466px-Dabashanella_sp.png 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabashanella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabashanella (page does not exist)">Dabashanella</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphatocopina" title="Phosphatocopina">Phosphatocopina</a>)</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Other examples of now extinct arthropod groups include</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20201229_Acutiramus_cummingsi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Acutiramus (Eurypterida)"><img alt="Acutiramus (Eurypterida)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20201229_Acutiramus_cummingsi.png/245px-20201229_Acutiramus_cummingsi.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20201229_Acutiramus_cummingsi.png/367px-20201229_Acutiramus_cummingsi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20201229_Acutiramus_cummingsi.png/489px-20201229_Acutiramus_cummingsi.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Acutiramus" title="Acutiramus">Acutiramus</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">Eurypterida</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apankura.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Apankura (Euthycarcinoidea)"><img alt="Apankura (Euthycarcinoidea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Apankura.png/300px-Apankura.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Apankura.png/450px-Apankura.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Apankura.png/600px-Apankura.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apankura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apankura (page does not exist)">Apankura</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Euthycarcinoidea" title="Euthycarcinoidea">Euthycarcinoidea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TrimerusDelphinocephalus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trimerus (Artiopoda)"><img alt="Trimerus (Artiopoda)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/TrimerusDelphinocephalus.jpg/265px-TrimerusDelphinocephalus.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/TrimerusDelphinocephalus.jpg/397px-TrimerusDelphinocephalus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/TrimerusDelphinocephalus.jpg/530px-TrimerusDelphinocephalus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6018" data-file-height="3410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Trimerus" title="Trimerus">Trimerus</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Artiopoda" title="Artiopoda">Artiopoda</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concavicaris_georgeorum.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Concavicaris (Thylacocephala)"><img alt="Concavicaris (Thylacocephala)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Concavicaris_georgeorum.png/213px-Concavicaris_georgeorum.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Concavicaris_georgeorum.png/320px-Concavicaris_georgeorum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Concavicaris_georgeorum.png/426px-Concavicaris_georgeorum.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concavicaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concavicaris (page does not exist)">Concavicaris</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Thylacocephala" title="Thylacocephala">Thylacocephala</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_classification_of_living_arthropods">Evolution and classification of living arthropods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Evolution and classification of living arthropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_arthropod_orders" title="List of arthropod orders">List of arthropod orders</a></div> <p>The phylum Arthropoda is typically <a href="/wiki/Scientific_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific classification">subdivided</a> into four <a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">subphyla</a>, of which one is <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Artiopoda" title="Artiopoda">Artiopods</a></b> are an extinct group of formerly numerous <a href="/wiki/Marine_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine animal">marine animals</a> that disappeared in the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, though they were in decline prior to this killing blow, having been reduced to one order in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian extinction</a>. They contain groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Trilobita" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobita">trilobites</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates</a></b> comprise the marine <a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">sea spiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">horseshoe crabs</a>, along with the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvestmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvestmen">harvestmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a> and related organisms characterized by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Chelicerae" title="Chelicerae">chelicerae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> just above/in front of the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_mouthparts" title="Arthropod mouthparts">mouthparts</a>. Chelicerae appear in scorpions and horseshoe crabs as tiny <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a> that they use in feeding, but those of spiders have developed as <a href="/wiki/Fang" title="Fang">fangs</a> that inject <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></b> comprise <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauropod">pauropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphylan">symphylans</a>, characterized by having numerous <a href="/wiki/Body_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Body segment">body segments</a> each of which bearing one or two pairs of legs (or in a few cases being legless). All members are exclusively terrestrial.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustaceans</a></b> comprise <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacostracan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacostracan">malacostracans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalocaridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalocaridan">cephalocaridans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiopod">branchiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remipedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Remipedes">remipedes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a>. Most groups are primarily <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> (two notable exceptions being <a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a> and hexapods, which are both purely <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a>) and are characterized by having <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg#Biramous_and_uniramous" title="Arthropod leg">biramous</a> appendages. The most abundant group of pancrustaceans are the terrestrial hexapods, which comprise <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">diplurans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springtails" class="mw-redirect" title="Springtails">springtails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">proturans</a>, with six <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Thorax (arthropod anatomy)">thoracic</a> legs.</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogeny</a> of the major extant arthropod groups has been an area of considerable interest and dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies strongly suggest that Crustacea, as traditionally defined, is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>, with Hexapoda having evolved from within it,<sup id="cite_ref-Regier-2010_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regier-2010-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vonReumont-2011_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonReumont-2011-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that Crustacea and Hexapoda form a clade, <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a>. The position of <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> and Pancrustacea remains unclear as of April 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. In some studies, Myriapoda is grouped with Chelicerata (forming <a href="/wiki/Myriochelata" title="Myriochelata">Myriochelata</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-Hassanin-2006_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassanin-2006-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other studies, Myriapoda is grouped with Pancrustacea (forming <a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Regier-2010_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regier-2010-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Myriapoda may be sister to Chelicerata plus Pancrustacea.<sup id="cite_ref-vonReumont-2011_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonReumont-2011-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following cladogram shows the internal relationships between all the living <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a> of arthropods as of the late 2010s,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lozano-Fernandez-2019_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lozano-Fernandez-2019-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the estimated timing for some of the clades:<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Arthropoda</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pycnogonida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnogonida">Pycnogonida</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Prosomapoda" title="Prosomapoda">Prosomapoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arachnida" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnida">Arachnida</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chilopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilopoda">Chilopoda</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Symphyla" title="Symphyla">Symphyla</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Dignatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignatha">Dignatha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pauropoda" title="Pauropoda">Pauropoda</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Diplopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplopoda">Diplopoda</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Oligostraca" title="Oligostraca">Oligostraca</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #bd59a5;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid #bd59a5;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ostracoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracoda">Ostracoda</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostraca" title="Ichthyostraca">Ichthyostraca</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Altocrustacea </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Multicrustacea" title="Multicrustacea">Multicrustacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #bd59a5;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Copepoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepoda">Copepoda</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotriocarida" title="Allotriocarida">Allotriocarida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #bd59a5;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Athalassocarida </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #bd59a5;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Labiocarida </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #bd59a5;border-bottom:2px solid #bd59a5;border-top:0;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Elliplura </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #edcb58;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid #edcb58;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Collembola" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembola">Collembola</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Cercophora </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #edcb58;border-bottom:2px solid #edcb58;border-top:0;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Insecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecta">Insecta</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">440 mya</span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">470 mya</span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">493 mya</span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style=""><div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:47%;"><a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:87%;"><a href="/wiki/Entognath" class="mw-redirect" title="Entognath">Entognaths</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subphyla</th> <th>Classes</th> <th>Members</th> <th>Example species </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pycnogonida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnogonida">Pycnogonida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arachnida" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnida">Arachnida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">sea spiders</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">horseshoe crabs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvestmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvestmen">harvestmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solifuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Solifuge">solifuges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> etc.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/160px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/240px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/320px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2514" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Platycryptus_undatus" title="Platycryptus undatus">Platycryptus undatus</a></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arachnida" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnida">Arachnida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Araneae">Araneae</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Symphyla" title="Symphyla">Symphyla</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pauropoda" title="Pauropoda">Pauropoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diplopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplopoda">Diplopoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chilopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilopoda">Chilopoda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Symphyla" title="Symphyla">pseudocentipedes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hexamerocerata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamerocerata">hexameroceratans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetramerocerata" title="Tetramerocerata">tetrameroceratans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polyxenida" title="Polyxenida">bristle millipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oniscomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oniscomorpha">pill millipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydesmida" title="Polydesmida">flat-backed millipedes</a>, etc.<br /><a href="/wiki/Scutigeromorpha" title="Scutigeromorpha">scutigeromorphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithobiomorpha" title="Lithobiomorpha">lithobiomorphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scolopendromorpha" title="Scolopendromorpha">Scolopendromorphs</a>, etc.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archispirostreptus-Gigas-Amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Archispirostreptus-Gigas-Amphitheatre.jpg/160px-Archispirostreptus-Gigas-Amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Archispirostreptus-Gigas-Amphitheatre.jpg/240px-Archispirostreptus-Gigas-Amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Archispirostreptus-Gigas-Amphitheatre.jpg/320px-Archispirostreptus-Gigas-Amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Archispirostreptus_gigas" title="Archispirostreptus gigas">Archispirostreptus gigas</a></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Diplopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplopoda">Diplopoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirostreptida" title="Spirostreptida">Spirostreptida</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">Crustacea</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ostracoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracoda">Ostracoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Copepoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepoda">Copepoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a><br /></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ostracoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracoda">seed shrimp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocaridans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">tongue worms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish lice">fish lice</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, etc.<br /><a href="/wiki/Calanoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Calanoid">calanoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclopoida" title="Cyclopoida">cyclopoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misophrioida" title="Misophrioida">misophrioids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siphonostomatoida" title="Siphonostomatoida">siphonostomatoids</a>, etc.<br /><a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeleton shrimp">skeleton shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodlice" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlice">woodlice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, etc.<br /><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">horseshoe shrimp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fairy_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy shrimp">fairy shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadpole_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadpole shrimp">tadpole shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_flea" class="mw-redirect" title="Water flea">water fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam_shrimp" title="Clam shrimp">clam shrimp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">remipedes</a><br /></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg/160px-Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg/240px-Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg/320px-Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5659" data-file-height="3777" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ocypode_ceratophthalma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocypode ceratophthalma">Ocypode ceratophthalma</a></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecta">Insecta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Entognatha" title="Entognatha">Entognatha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Springtails" class="mw-redirect" title="Springtails">springtails</a>, etc.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturnia_pavonia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Saturnia_pavonia_01.jpg/160px-Saturnia_pavonia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Saturnia_pavonia_01.jpg/240px-Saturnia_pavonia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Saturnia_pavonia_01.jpg/320px-Saturnia_pavonia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3626" data-file-height="2406" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Saturnia_pavonia" title="Saturnia pavonia">Saturnia pavonia</a></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Insecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecta">Insecta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interaction with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods in culture">Arthropods in culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects as food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_food_stall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Insect_food_stall.JPG/220px-Insect_food_stall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Insect_food_stall.JPG/330px-Insect_food_stall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Insect_food_stall.JPG/440px-Insect_food_stall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Insects and scorpions on sale in a food stall in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a> have long been part of human cuisine, and are now raised commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects and their grubs are at least as nutritious as meat, and are eaten both raw and cooked in many cultures, though not most European, Hindu, and Islamic cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooked <a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantulas</a> are considered a delicacy in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the <a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa Indians</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, after the highly irritant hairs – the spider's main defense system – are removed.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans also <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy#Unintentional_ingestion" title="Entomophagy">unintentionally eat</a> arthropods in other foods,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and food safety regulations lay down acceptable contamination levels for different kinds of food material.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Minilivestock" class="mw-redirect" title="Minilivestock">minilivestock</a>, is now emerging in <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> as an ecologically sound concept.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_butterfly_breeding" title="Commercial butterfly breeding">Commercial butterfly breeding</a> provides Lepidoptera stock to <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house_(conservatory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly house (conservatory)">butterfly conservatories</a>, educational exhibits, schools, research facilities, and cultural events. </p><p>However, the greatest contribution of arthropods to human food supply is by <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>: a 2008 study examined the 100 crops that FAO lists as grown for food, and estimated pollination's economic value as €153 billion, or 9.5 per cent of the value of world agricultural production used for human food in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides pollinating, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, which is the basis of a rapidly growing industry and international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The red dye <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>, produced from a Central American species of insect, was economically important to the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the region was under <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> control, it became <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>'s second most-lucrative export,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now regaining some of the ground it lost to synthetic competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a>, a resin secreted by a species of insect native to southern Asia, was historically used in great quantities for many applications in which it has mostly been replaced by synthetic resins, but it is still used in <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a>. The blood of horseshoe crabs contains a clotting agent, <a href="/wiki/Limulus_Amebocyte_Lysate" class="mw-redirect" title="Limulus Amebocyte Lysate">Limulus Amebocyte Lysate</a>, which is now used to test that <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> and kidney machines are free of dangerous <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and to detect <a href="/wiki/Spinal_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal meningitis">spinal meningitis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Forensic entomology</a> uses evidence provided by arthropods to establish the time and sometimes the place of death of a human, and in some cases the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently insects have also gained attention as potential sources of drugs and other medicinal substances.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative simplicity of the arthropods' body plan, allowing them to move on a variety of surfaces both on land and in water, have made them useful as models for <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotics</a>. The redundancy provided by segments allows arthropods and <a href="/wiki/Biomimesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimesis">biomimetic</a> robots to move normally even with damaged or lost appendages.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:5px"> <caption>Diseases transmitted by insects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Disease<sup id="cite_ref-Hill,_D.-1997_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill,_D.-1997-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Insect</th> <th>Cases per year</th> <th>Deaths per year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> mosquito</td> <td align="center">267 M</td> <td align="center">1 to 2 M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aedes" title="Aedes">Aedes</a></i> mosquito</td> <td align="center">?</td> <td align="center">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aedes" title="Aedes">Aedes</a></i> mosquito</td> <td align="center">4,432</td> <td align="center">1,177 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">Filariasis</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Culex" title="Culex">Culex</a></i> mosquito</td> <td align="center">250 M</td> <td align="center">unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although arthropods are the most numerous phylum on Earth, and thousands of arthropod species are venomous, they inflict relatively few serious bites and stings on humans. Far more serious are the effects on humans of diseases like <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> carried by <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">blood-sucking</a> insects. Other blood-sucking insects infect livestock with diseases that kill many animals and greatly reduce the usefulness of others.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill,_D.-1997_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill,_D.-1997-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Ticks</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Tick_paralysis" title="Tick paralysis">tick paralysis</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a>-borne diseases in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few of the closely related <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a> also infest humans, causing intense itching,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others cause <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species of arthropods, principally insects but also mites, are agricultural and forest pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Kogan-1999_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kogan-1999-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mite <i><a href="/wiki/Varroa_destructor" title="Varroa destructor">Varroa destructor</a></i> has become the largest single problem faced by <a href="/wiki/Beekeeper" title="Beekeeper">beekeepers</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to control arthropod pests by large-scale use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> have caused long-term effects on human health and on <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing arthropod <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">resistance</a> to pesticides has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a> using a wide range of measures including <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kogan-1999_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kogan-1999-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">Predatory</a> mites may be useful in controlling some mite pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Shultz-2001_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shultz-2001-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_lobe" title="Dorsal lobe">Dorsal lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_paleontology" title="Invertebrate paleontology">Invertebrate paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibeasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Minibeasts">Minibeasts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand">Museum of New Zealand</a> notes that "in everyday conversation", <i>bug</i> "refers to land arthropods with at least six legs, such as insects, spiders, and centipedes".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a chapter on "Bugs That Are Not Insects", entomologist Gilbert Walbauer specifies centipedes, millipedes, arachnids (spiders, <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">daddy longlegs</a>, scorpions, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Chigger">chiggers</a> and ticks) as well as the few terrestrial crustaceans (<a href="/wiki/Sowbug" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowbug">sowbugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pillbug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillbug">pillbugs</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer-1998a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer-1998a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but argues that "including legless creatures such as worms, slugs, and snails among the bugs stretches the word too much".<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer-1998_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer-1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It would be too bad if the question of head segmentation ever should be finally settled; it has been for so long such fertile ground for theorizing that arthropodists would miss it as a field for mental exercise."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The fossil was originally named <i>Eotarbus</i> but was renamed when it was realized that a <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> arachnid had already been named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eotarbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eotarbus (page does not exist)">Eotarbus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a mention of insect contamination in an international food quality standard, see sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3 of Codex 152 of 1985 of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples of quantified acceptable insect contamination levels in food see the last entry (on "Wheat Flour") and the definition of "Extraneous material" in <i>Codex Alimentarius</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the standards published by the FDA.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Martínez-Muñoz-2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martínez-Muñoz-2023_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Hutchinson Radius. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989wlbs.book.....G">1989wlbs.book.....G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-174271-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-174271-3"><bdi>978-0-09-174271-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Life%3A+The+Burgess+Shale+and+the+Nature+of+History&rft.pub=Hutchinson+Radius&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989wlbs.book.....G&rft.isbn=978-0-09-174271-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthropod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refRuppert" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, E. E.; R. S. Fox; R. D. Barnes (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821"><i>Invertebrate Zoology</i></a> (7th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brooks/Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks/Cole">Brooks/Cole</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025982-1"><bdi>978-0-03-025982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-03-025982-1&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft.au=R.+S.+Fox&rft.au=R.+D.+Barnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780030259821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthropod" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Arthropod</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arthropod" class="extiw" title="wikt:arthropod">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="q:Arthropod">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Arthropods" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Arthropods">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Arthropoda" class="extiw" title="b:Dichotomous Key/Arthropoda">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="extiw" title="species:Arthropoda">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360" class="extiw" title="d:Q1360">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/164">"<i>Arthropod</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EArthropod%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230000000000%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthropod" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360#P830" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/fasulo/vector/chapter_07.htm">Venomous Arthropods</a> chapter in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>/<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences" title="Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences">Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences</a> National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821005914/http://www.insectlifeforms.com/Phylums488/JOINTED_LEGGED_ANIMALS_ARTHROPODA_6050_488.aspx">Arthropods – Arthropoda</a> Insect Life Forms</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Template talk:Animalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_animal_phyla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div id="Bilateria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinella" title="Salinella">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br />within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthropods</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div> <dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd> <dd>Potentially <a href="/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Arthropoda_classes_by_subphylum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arthropods" title="Template:Arthropods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arthropods" title="Template talk:Arthropods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arthropods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arthropods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Arthropoda_classes_by_subphylum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthropoda</a> classes by subphylum</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">Pycnogonida (sea spiders)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Euchelicerata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euchelicerata">Euchelicerata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">Chilopoda (centipedes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphyla" title="Symphyla">Symphyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauropoda" title="Pauropoda">Pauropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">Diplopoda (millipedes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">Ostracoda (seed shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida (tongue worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura (fish lice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura (coneheads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">Collembola (springtails)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta (insects)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>italic</i> are paraphyletic groups</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Arthropoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1360">Q1360</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/">Arthropoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=20">20</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/3">3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/164">164</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ARTHP">1ARTHP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:2">2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a068518a-257a-4dbb-8425-b6faaef7d56b">a068518a-257a-4dbb-8425-b6faaef7d56b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/54">54</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47120">47120</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235">235</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=82696">82696</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MilliBase" title="MilliBase">MilliBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1065">1065</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6656">6656</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/3ccd1beb-10c5-4af0-861d-4030f74d80a8">3ccd1beb-10c5-4af0-861d-4030f74d80a8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=632179">632179</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=18891">18891</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/">arthropoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1065">1065</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021279-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85008134">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arthropodes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098608n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arthropodes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098608n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570835">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="členovci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116875&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Artrópodos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525394">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294973505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&oldid=1259413569">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&oldid=1259413569</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arthropods" 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Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 7.89% 268.134 48 Template:Citation"," 7.45% 253.404 3 Template:Sfnp"," 6.32% 214.690 1 Template:Animalia"," 6.22% 211.465 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.099","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21610723,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdrain,_J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonSchiffbauerJacquetLamsdell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonTrewin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAria2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey,_S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes,_R._S._K.Calow,_P.Olive,_P.Golding,_D.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBengtson,_S.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergströmHou2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernsteinHopfMichod1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBettsTopperValentineSkovsted2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraddyMarkus_Poschmann,_M.Tetlie,_O._E.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraunChen,_J.Waloszek,_D.Maas,_A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudd,_G.E.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudd,_G._E.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudd2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuddButterfield,_N._J.Jensen,_S.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarapelliLiòNardivan_der_Wath2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen,_J.-Y.Edgecombe,_G._D.Ramsköld,_L.Zhou,_G.-Q.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkFeldmannSchramSchweitzer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCodex_commission_for_food_hygiene1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen,_B._L.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowen,_R.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaleyAntcliffeDragePates2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDossey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop,_J._A.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlopLamsdell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgecombe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelGrimaldi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFayersTrewinMorrissey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuLeggDaleyBudd2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGallai,_N.Salles,_J.-M.Settele,_J.Vaissière,_B._E.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallaiSallesSetteleVaissiere2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía-BellidoCollins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarwoodEdgecombe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarwoodSutton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillott1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiribetEdgecombe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiribetRichter,_S.Edgecombe,_G._D.Wheeler,_W._C.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaessner1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanDennisSonenshine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorham1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravenhorst1843\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_D._Edgecombe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallCastner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassanin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaugHaug2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaugMaasHaugWaloszek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegnaLuqueWolfe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHejnolScholtz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill,_D.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouBergström,_J.Jie,_Y.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouSiveterAldridgeSiveter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardEdgecombeLeggPisani2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Behan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeram1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJong,_D._D.Morse,_R._A.Eickwort,_G._C.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazuo_TsuchiyaShinya_AoiKatsuyoshi_Tsujita2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlenerman,_PaulLipworth,_Brian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoganCroftSutherst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKovoor1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKühlRust2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabandeiraEble2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabandieraEdgecombe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeggSuttonEdgecombe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinGonGehlingBabcock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuEdgecombeSchmidtBond2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLourenço2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowenstamWeiner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLozano-FernandezGiacomelliFlemingChen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez-Muñoz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeever2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMenamin,_M.A.S2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfLuckmann1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisof2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohrbeckMartínez_ArbizuGlatzel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoysiukCaron2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen,_C.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;FlynnWilliamsYuHarvey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlive,_P._J._W.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtega-Hernández2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtega-HernándezJanssenBudd2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtega-HernándezLeggBraddy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsakabe,_M.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaoletti2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry,_D._A.Brown,_R._H._J.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatesLerosey-AubrilDaleyKier2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeelStein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisani,_D.Poling,_L._L.Lyons-Weiler_M.Hedges,_S._B.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoschmannDunlopKamenzScholtz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter,_M._F.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulsipherAndersonWrightKluessendorf2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegierShultzZwickHussey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRongLinSuiWang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt-Nielsen1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt-RhaesaBartolomaeus,_T.Lemburg,_C.Ehlers,_U.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurkoMazurLogsdon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwentnerComboschNelsonGiribet2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelden1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldenShear,_W._A.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShubin,_NeilTabin,_C.Carroll,_Sean2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShultz,_J._W.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkovstedBrockPaterson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpagna,_J._C.Goldman_D._I.Lin_P.-C.Koditschek_D._E.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelfordBourlat,_S.J.Economou,_A.Papillon,_D.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThanukos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumanRiddiford1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnger,_L.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaccari,_N.E.Edgecombe,_G.D.Escudero,_C.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_RoyRakBudilFatka2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVollrathSelden,_P._A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVölkelEisner,_M.Weible,_K._J.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainwrightBiggs,_W._D.Gosline,_J._M.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaloszekMüller1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeil2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittington,_H.B.Geological_Survey_of_Canada1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittington1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickins,_J._F.Lee,_D._O\u0026#039;C.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolffScholtz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXian-GuangSiveterAldridgeSiveter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuanXiaoParsleyZhou2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZengZhaoNiuZhu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhaiWilliamsSiveterSiveter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangSiveter,_D._J.Waloszek,_D.Maas,_A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_ReumontJennerWillsDell\u0026#039;Ampio2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFØdegaard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"refRuppert\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 4,\n [\"Animalia\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated image\"] = 3,\n [\"Annotation\"] = 18,\n [\"Arthropods\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Blue\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Clade\"] = 39,\n [\"Clade labels\"] = 1,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EOL\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"ITIS\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 4,\n [\"Life on Earth\"] = 1,\n [\"Ma\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"MirrorH\"] = 5,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 5,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 4,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n 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