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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions - Wikipedia
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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_functioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corresponding_Secretaries_and_other_key_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corresponding_Secretaries_and_other_key_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Corresponding Secretaries and other key leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corresponding_Secretaries_and_other_key_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Board members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1830 through 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1830_through_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionary_stations_in_1855" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_stations_in_1855"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Missionary stations in 1855</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_stations_in_1855-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Southern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Eastern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Pacific_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Pacific_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>North Pacific Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_Indians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_Indians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>North American Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Recruitment efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_North_American_Missions_to_the_Indians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_North_American_Missions_to_the_Indians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other North American Missions to the Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_North_American_Missions_to_the_Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_with_indigenous_preachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_with_indigenous_preachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Work with indigenous preachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_with_indigenous_preachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational,_social,_and_medical_roles_served_by_ABCFM_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational,_social,_and_medical_roles_served_by_ABCFM_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Educational, social, and medical roles served by ABCFM missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational,_social,_and_medical_roles_served_by_ABCFM_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ABCFM_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ABCFM_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ABCFM in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ABCFM_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ABCFM_in_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ABCFM_in_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ABCFM in the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ABCFM_in_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionaries_sponsored_by_ABCFM,_listed_by_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionaries_sponsored_by_ABCFM,_listed_by_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Missionaries sponsored by ABCFM, listed by location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missionaries_sponsored_by_ABCFM,_listed_by_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Missionaries sponsored by ABCFM, listed by location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Missionaries_sponsored_by_ABCFM,_listed_by_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Southern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Eastern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Pacific_Ocean_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Pacific_Ocean_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>North Pacific Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Pacific_Ocean_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_Indians_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_Indians_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>North American Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_Indians_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_workers_affiliated_with_the_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_workers_affiliated_with_the_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indigenous workers affiliated with the Board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_workers_affiliated_with_the_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_Kong-l%C3%AD-h%C5%8De" title="Bí-kok Kong-lí-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Kong-lí-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Williams_College_-_Haystack_Monument.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Williams_College_-_Haystack_Monument.JPG/220px-Williams_College_-_Haystack_Monument.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Williams_College_-_Haystack_Monument.JPG/330px-Williams_College_-_Haystack_Monument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Williams_College_-_Haystack_Monument.JPG/440px-Williams_College_-_Haystack_Monument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Haystack Monument at <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown, Massachusetts</a> commemorates the event in 1806 that inspired the board's creation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Morning_Star_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/New_Morning_Star_1884.jpg/220px-New_Morning_Star_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/New_Morning_Star_1884.jpg/330px-New_Morning_Star_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/New_Morning_Star_1884.jpg/440px-New_Morning_Star_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>In 1884, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions issued shares to finance its ship <i>Morning Star</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</b> (<b>ABCFM</b>) was among the first American Christian missionary organizations. It was created in 1810 by recent graduates of <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>. In the 19th century it was the largest and most important of American missionary organizations and consisted of participants from Protestant Reformed traditions such as Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and German Reformed churches. </p><p>Before 1870, the ABCFM consisted of Protestants of several denominations, including Congregationalists and Presbyterians. However, due to secessions caused by the issue of slavery and by the fact that <a href="/wiki/New_School_Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="New School Presbyterian">New School Presbyterian</a>-affiliated missionaries had begun to support the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Board_of_Foreign_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions">Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions</a>, after 1870 the ABCFM became a Congregationalist body.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Board (as it was frequently known) continued to operate as a largely Congregationalist entity until the 1950s. In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational Christian church">Congregational Christian church</a> merged with the German <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church" title="Evangelical and Reformed Church">Evangelical and Reformed Church</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>. As a part of the organizational merger associated with this new denomination, the ABCFM ceased to be independent. It merged operations with other missions entities to form the United Church Board for World Ministries, an agency of the United Church of Christ. </p><p>Other organizations that draw inspiration from the ABCFM include <a href="/wiki/InterVarsity_Christian_Fellowship" title="InterVarsity Christian Fellowship">InterVarsity Christian Fellowship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a>, and the Missionary Society of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="National Association of Congregational Christian Churches">National Association of Congregational Christian Churches</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_functioning">Organization and functioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization and functioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ABCFM conducted an annual meeting with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prudential_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prudential Committee (page does not exist)">Prudential Committee</a> (aka Executive Committee)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that took care of day-to-day business. It elected a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corresponding_Secretary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corresponding Secretary (page does not exist)">Corresponding Secretary</a> to produce written documents, and a Treasurer to receive donations. It also had <a href="/wiki/Board_members" class="mw-redirect" title="Board members">board members</a>. </p><p>The ABCFM held its first meeting on September 5, 1810, and elected <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Worcester" title="Samuel Worcester">Samuel Worcester</a> as corresponding secretary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corresponding_Secretaries_and_other_key_leaders">Corresponding Secretaries and other key leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Corresponding Secretaries and other key leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Worcester_(theologian)" title="Samuel Worcester (theologian)">Samuel Worcester</a> was the first corresponding secretary, starting in 1810.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Evarts" title="Jeremiah Evarts">Jeremiah Evarts</a>, corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1821 to 1831<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the 1822 annual meeting, board members elected officers: Evarts as corresponding secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Treadwell" title="John Treadwell">John Treadwell</a> as president, and Rev. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyman" title="Joseph Lyman">Joseph Lyman</a> as vice president. The Prudential Committee consisted of <a href="/wiki/William_Reed_(politician)" title="William Reed (politician)">William Reed</a>, Rev. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woods_(theologian)" title="Leonard Woods (theologian)">Leonard Woods</a>, Jeremiah Evarts, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Hubbard_(Christian_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Hubbard (Christian missionary) (page does not exist)">Samuel Hubbard</a>, and Rev. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Fay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren Fay (page does not exist)">Warren Fay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius" title="Elias Cornelius">Elias Cornelius</a> became corresponding secretary, serving Dec 1831 – February 1832 (his death)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_B._Wisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin B. Wisner (page does not exist)">Benjamin B. Wisner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Anderson" title="Rufus Anderson">Rufus Anderson</a> (1796–1880) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Greene_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Greene (minister) (page does not exist)">David Greene</a> (1797–1866) became "coequal" secretaries in 1832. When Wisner died (February 9, 1835), <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jessup_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Jessup Armstrong (page does not exist)">William Jessup Armstrong</a> took his place.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anderson, Greene, and Armstrong led as coequals from 1835 to 1846, with Anderson as foreign secretary, Armstrong as domestic secretary, and David Greene as secretary for <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Indian_missions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Indian missions (page does not exist)">American Indian missions</a> and editor of the <i>Missionary Herald</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rufus Anderson continued as foreign secretary until 1866. Armstrong died in a shipwreck between Boston and New Jersey in 1846.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selah_B._Treat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selah B. Treat (page does not exist)">Selah B. Treat</a> was elected in 1843 as recording secretary. Rufus Anderson, Rev. <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Greene_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Greene (minister) (page does not exist)">David Greene</a>, and Rev. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Armstrong (page does not exist)">William J. Armstrong</a> were listed as "Secretaries for Correspondence." (President and vice president were listed respectively as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a> LL. D. and Hon. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_S._Williams_(theologian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas S. Williams (theologian) (page does not exist)">Thomas S. Williams</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By 1858, <a href="/wiki/George_Warren_Wood" title="George Warren Wood">George Warren Wood</a> was sole corresponding secretary, with Rev. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a> as President and abolitionist <a href="/wiki/William_Jessup" title="William Jessup">William Jessup</a> as Vice-President.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins had been the President of <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> since 1836.</li> <li>By 1866, Rev. <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._G._Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. G. Clark (page does not exist)">Nathan George Clark</a> and Rev <a href="/wiki/George_Warren_Wood" title="George Warren Wood">G. W. Wood</a> had joined Rufus Anderson and Selah Treat as corresponding secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood, as ABCFM Secretary in New York City, held his position from 1850 to 1871. Clark assumed the position of Foreign Secretary when Anderson left in 1866 and remained Foreign Secretary until 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Note: After some secessions due to the slavery issue and the movement of <a href="/wiki/New_School_Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="New School Presbyterian">New School Presbyterian</a>-affiliated missionaries to the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Board_of_Foreign_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions">Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions</a>, the ABCFM was left as a Congregationalist body after 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>In 1896, <a href="/wiki/James_L._Barton" title="James L. Barton">James Levi Barton</a> became secretary when N.G. Clark died,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he retired in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1899, <a href="/wiki/James_L._Barton" title="James L. Barton">James L. Barton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judson_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judson Smith (page does not exist)">Judson Smith</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Daniels (page does not exist)">Charles H. Daniels</a> are the three Corresponding Secretaries of the ABCFM according to <i>The Congregational Yearbook</i>. It also lists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_M._Lamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles M. Lamson (page does not exist)">Charles M. Lamson</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Willis_James&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. Willis James (page does not exist)">D. Willis James</a> as ABCFM president and vice president, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Riggs" title="Henry H. Riggs">Henry H. Riggs</a>' brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Wilson_Riggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Wilson Riggs (page does not exist)">Ernest Wilson Riggs</a> (former president of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_College" title="Euphrates College">Euphrates College</a> 1910–1921 and <a href="/wiki/Near_East_Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East Relief">Near East Relief</a> worker) joined <a href="/wiki/James_Levi_Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="James Levi Barton">James Levi Barton</a> as associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1921 to 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Note: After 1930, the ABCFM revised its constitution to create the position of "Executive Vice-President" to provide a position that was "first among equals" amongst ABCFM secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Field_Goodsell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Field Goodsell (page does not exist)">Frank Field Goodsell</a> was the first Executive Vice-President of the ABCFM, which he led from 1930 to 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alford_Carleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alford Carleton (page does not exist)">Alford Carleton</a> served as executive vice president of the board from 1954 to 1970.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Note: when the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church" title="Evangelical and Reformed Church">Evangelical and Reformed Church</a> merged with the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational Christian Church">Congregational Christian Church</a> in 1957, the Congregationalist-affiliated ABCFM merged with the E&R affiliated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_International_Missions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of International Missions (page does not exist)">Board of International Missions</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to become the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> denomination's <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Church_Board_of_World_Ministries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Church Board of World Ministries (page does not exist)">United Church Board of World Ministries</a> under Carleton<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 29, 1961, the ABCFM formally concluded. On July 1, 2000, a UCC restructure renamed UCBWM became "Wider Church Ministries" under the UCC's covenanted ministries structure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_members">Board members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Board members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV" title="Timothy Dwight IV">Timothy Dwight</a></li></ul> <p>In 1826, the American Board absorbed 26 members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Foreign_Missionary_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Foreign Missionary Society (page does not exist)">United Foreign Missionary Society</a> (UFMS) into its board.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salem_Harbor_Caravan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Salem_Harbor_Caravan.jpg/250px-Salem_Harbor_Caravan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Salem_Harbor_Caravan.jpg/375px-Salem_Harbor_Caravan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Salem_Harbor_Caravan.jpg/500px-Salem_Harbor_Caravan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>The Judsons, Newells, and Luther Rice set sail for India from <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a> on the <i>Caravan</i> on February 19, 1812.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1806, five students from <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> took shelter from a thunderstorm in a haystack. At the <a href="/wiki/Haystack_Prayer_Meeting" title="Haystack Prayer Meeting">Haystack Prayer Meeting</a>, they came to the common conviction that "the field is the world" and inspired the creation of the ABCFM four years later. The objective of the ABCFM was to spread Christianity worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalist</a> in origin, the ABCFM also accepted missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> (1812–70), <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Dutch-Reformed</a> (1819–57) and other denominations. </p><p>In 1812, the ABCFM sent its first missionaries – <a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Judson" title="Adoniram Judson">Adoniram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Hasseltine_Judson" title="Ann Hasseltine Judson">Ann Hasseltine Judson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nott" title="Samuel Nott">Samuel</a> and Roxana Peck Nott; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Newell" title="Samuel Newell">Samuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Newell" title="Harriet Newell">Harriet Newell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hall_(missionary)" title="Gordon Hall (missionary)">Gordon Hall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luther_Rice" title="Luther Rice">Luther Rice</a>—to British India. Between 1812 and 1840, they were followed by missionaries to the following people and places: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> area), <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">northern Ceylon</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Sandwich Islands</a> (Hawaii); east Asia: China, Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>); the Middle East: (<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">the Holy Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)); and Africa: Western Africa—<a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a>—and Southern Africa—among the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fight_against_Indian_removal">The fight against Indian removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The fight against Indian removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Evarts" title="Jeremiah Evarts">Jeremiah Evarts</a> served as treasurer, 1812–20, and as corresponding secretary from 1821 until his death in 1831. Under his leadership, the board in 1821 expanded the role of women: it authorized <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Stetson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Stetson (page does not exist)">Ellen Stetson</a>, the first unmarried female missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Betsey_Stockton" title="Betsey Stockton">Betsey Stockton</a>, the first unmarried female overseas missionary and the first African-American missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evarts led the organization's efforts to place missionaries with American Indian tribes in the Southeastern United States. He also led the ABCFM's extensive fight against <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> policies in general and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> of 1830 in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1830_through_1860">1830 through 1860</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1830 through 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1830s, based on its experiences, the ABCFM prohibited unmarried people from entering the mission field. They required couples to have been engaged at least two months prior to setting sail. To help the missionaries find wives, they maintained a list of women who were "missionary-minded": "young, pious, educated, fit and reasonably good-looking."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy against sending single women as missionaries was not strictly followed and was reversed in 1868. The secretary post was offered to <a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius" title="Elias Cornelius">Elias Cornelius</a> in October 1831, but he became ill and died in February 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Anderson" title="Rufus Anderson">Rufus Anderson</a> was the General Secretary of the Board from 1832 through the mid-1860s. His legacy included administrative gifts, setting of policy, visiting around the world, and chronicling the work of the ABCFM in books. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rufus_Anderson,_engraving_by_J._C._Buttre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rufus_Anderson%2C_engraving_by_J._C._Buttre.jpg/220px-Rufus_Anderson%2C_engraving_by_J._C._Buttre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rufus_Anderson%2C_engraving_by_J._C._Buttre.jpg/330px-Rufus_Anderson%2C_engraving_by_J._C._Buttre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rufus_Anderson%2C_engraving_by_J._C._Buttre.jpg/440px-Rufus_Anderson%2C_engraving_by_J._C._Buttre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>Rufus Anderson (1796–1880)</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1810 and 1840, the ABCFM sought firstly to proclaim the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus Christ. At home and abroad, the Board and its supporters undertook every effort to exhort the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> community, to train a cadre of agents, and to send forth laborers into the mission field. As a leader in the United Front and early federal American voluntary associations, the Board influenced the nineteenth-century mission movement.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionary_stations_in_1855">Missionary stations in 1855</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Missionary stations in 1855"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1850, the American Board had sent 157 ordained, male missionaries to foreign posts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The January 1855 issue of the <i>Missionary Herald</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed the Current missions of the Board as follow: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mission to Gaboon (<a href="/wiki/Baraka,_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraka, Gabon">Baraka</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olandebenk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olandebenk (page does not exist)">Olandebenk</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nengenenge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nengenenge (page does not exist)">Negenenge</a> station, one outstation at <a href="/wiki/Nomba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomba">Nomba</a>)</li> <li>Mission to Zulus (<a href="/wiki/Mapumulo" title="Mapumulo">Mapumulo</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Groutville" title="Groutville">Umvoti</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esidumbini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esidumbini (page does not exist)">Esidumbini</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Umsunduzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Umsunduzi">Umsunduzi</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Itafamasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itafamasi (page does not exist)">Itafamasi</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain" title="Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Inanda,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal">Inanda</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Umlazi" title="Umlazi">Umlazi</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Ifumi" title="Ifumi">Ifumi</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Amahlongwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Amahlongwa">Amahlongwa</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ifafa (page does not exist)">Ifafa</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umtwalumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umtwalumi (page does not exist)">Umtwalumi</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (Chilesso station)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mission to Greece (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Jews (<a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mission to Armenians (<a href="/wiki/Bebek,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Bebek, Istanbul">Bebek</a> (Constantinople) station, <a href="/wiki/Pera_(Beyo%C4%9Flu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pera (Beyoğlu)">Pera</a> (Constantinople) station, <a href="/wiki/Hask%C3%B6y,_Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Hasköy, Beyoğlu">Hass-keuy</a> (Constantinople) station, <a href="/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" title="Kumkapı">Koom-kapoo</a> (Constantinople) station, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Marash" class="mw-redirect" title="Marash">Marash</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Aintab" class="mw-redirect" title="Aintab">Aintab</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Talas,_Turkey" title="Talas, Turkey">Talas, Turkey</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Tokat</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Marsovan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsovan">Marsovan</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Ezroom</a> station, and <a href="/wiki/Arapgir" title="Arapgir">Arabkir</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Syria (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Abeih" class="mw-redirect" title="Abeih">Abeih</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Hasbeiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasbeiya">Hasbeiya</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Trablous</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> station, and outstations at <a href="/wiki/Bhamdoun" title="Bhamdoun">Bhamdoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kfarshima" title="Kfarshima">Kfarshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rashaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibl_al-Saqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibl al-Saqi">Ibel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiam">Khiam</a>)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Diarbekir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarbekir">Diarbekir</a> station, and an out-station at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hainee (page does not exist)">Hainee</a>)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Nestorians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorians">Nestorians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> station [also known as Oroomaih] and nearby <a href="/wiki/Sir,_West_Azerbaijan" title="Sir, West Azerbaijan">Seir</a> station; <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCksekova" title="Yüksekova">Gawar</a> station; and outstations at <a href="/wiki/Gug_Tappeh,_Urmia" title="Gug Tappeh, Urmia">Geog Tapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordushahi" title="Ordushahi">Ardeshai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopurghan" title="Sopurghan">Supergan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dizaj-e_Takyeh" title="Dizaj-e Takyeh">Dizza Takha</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Asia">Southern Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Ahmednagar (American Marathi Mission <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Ahmednuggur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmednuggur">Ahmednuggur</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Bhingar" title="Bhingar">Bhingar</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Seroor" class="mw-redirect" title="Seroor">Seroor</a> station, and outstations at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wudualey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wudualey (page does not exist)">Wudualey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevasa" title="Nevasa">Newasse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Nevasa_taluka" title="List of villages in Nevasa taluka">Dedgaum</a>)</li> <li>Mission to Satara (<a href="/wiki/Satara_(city)" title="Satara (city)">Satara</a> station and <a href="/wiki/Mahabulishwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabulishwar">Mahabulishwar</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_State" title="Kolhapur State">Kolapoor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kolapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolapoor">Kolapoor</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Madras ( <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royapoorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royapoorum (page does not exist)">Royapoorum</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chintadrepettah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chintadrepettah (page does not exist)">Chintadrepettah</a> station, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Town">Black Town</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Madura (<a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura East</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madura_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madura Fort (page does not exist)">Madura Fort</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dindiguel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dindiguel (page does not exist)">Dindiguel East</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dindiguel_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dindiguel West (page does not exist)">Dindiguel West</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periacoolum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periacoolum (page does not exist)">Periacoolum</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumungalum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirumungalum (page does not exist)">Tirumungalum</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasumalie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasumalie (page does not exist)">Pasumalie</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandahasalie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandahasalie (page does not exist)">Mandahasalie</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirupoovanum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirupoovanum (page does not exist)">Tirupoovanum</a> station, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sivagunga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sivagunga (page does not exist)">Sivagunga</a> station)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">Mission to Ceylon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tillipally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tillipally (page does not exist)">Tillipally</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baticotta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baticotta (page does not exist)">Baticotta</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Oodooville" class="mw-redirect" title="Oodooville">Oodooville</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manepy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manepy (page does not exist)">Manepy</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Panditeripo" class="mw-redirect" title="Panditeripo">Panditeripo</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavagacherry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chavagacherry (page does not exist)">Chavagacherry</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oodoopitty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oodoopitty (page does not exist)">Oodoopitty</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Varany" title="Varany">Varany</a> station, and outstations at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caradive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caradive (page does not exist)">Caradive</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valany (page does not exist)">Valany</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poongerdive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poongerdive (page does not exist)">Poongerdive</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaits (page does not exist)">Kaits</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atchoovaley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atchoovaley (page does not exist)">Atchoovaley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Asia">Eastern Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eastern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mission to Canton (<a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Canton</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Amoy (<a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Fuh-Chau (<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Shanghai (Shanghai station)</li> <li>Mission to Hong Kong/South China (Hong Kong and Canton stations)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Pacific_Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North Pacific Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mission to Micronesia (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rono_Kittie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rono Kittie (page does not exist)">Rono Kittie</a> station (<a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalong_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalong Point (page does not exist)">Shalong Point</a> station (<a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kosrae" title="Kosrae">Strong's Island</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to Hawaii (<a href="/wiki/Kailua,_Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii">Kailua</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Kealakekua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kealakekua">Kealakekua</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)" title="Kohala (mountain)">Kohala</a> station, and <a href="/wiki/Waimea,_Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii">Waimea</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahaina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahaina">Lahaina</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Lahainaluna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahainaluna">Lahainaluna</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Wailuku" class="mw-redirect" title="Wailuku">Wailuku</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluaaha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaluaaha (page does not exist)">Kaluaaha</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Punahou" class="mw-redirect" title="Punahou">Punahou</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Ewa_District,_Hawaii" title="Ewa District, Hawaii">Ewa</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Waialua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waialua">Waialua</a> station, and <a href="/wiki/Kaneohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaneohe">Kaneohe</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waimea,_Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii">Waimea</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Koloa" class="mw-redirect" title="Koloa">Koloa</a> station, and <a href="/wiki/Waioli_Mission_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Waioli Mission District">Waioli</a> station)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_American_Indians">North American Indians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: North American Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mission to Choctaws (<a href="/wiki/Eagletown,_Oklahoma" title="Eagletown, Oklahoma">Stockbridge</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelock_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheelock (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">Wheelock</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pine_Ridge_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pine Ridge (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">Pine Ridge</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_Water_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Water (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">Good Water</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Land (page does not exist)">Good Land</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Bennington,_Oklahoma" title="Bennington, Oklahoma">Bennington</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Pleasant_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Pleasant (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">Mount Pleasant</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenox_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenox (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">Lenox</a> station, and outstations at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Zion,_Indian_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Zion, Indian Territory (page does not exist)">Mount Zion</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Chito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Chito (page does not exist)">Bok Chito</a></li> <li>Mission to Cherokees (<a href="/wiki/Brainerd_Mission" title="Brainerd Mission">Brainerd Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Mission_CDP,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Mission CDP, Oklahoma">Dwight</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee%27s_Creek_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee's Creek (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">Lee's Creek</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Oklahoma" title="Fairfield, Oklahoma">Fairfield</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Oklahoma" title="Park Hill, Oklahoma">Park Hill</a> station, and an outstation at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_Creek_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honey Creek (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">Honey Creek</a>)</li> <li>Mission to Dakotas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yellow Medicine (page does not exist)">Yellow Medicine</a> station and <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Hope_(Christian_Mission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Hope (Christian Mission) (page does not exist)">New Hope</a> station) Also Lake Harriet, Shakopee, Lac qui Parle stations.</li> <li>Mission to Ojibwas (<a href="/wiki/Bad_River_Band_of_the_Lake_Superior_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians">Bad River</a> station) (Also...[Leech Lake 1832-1843][LaPointe Mission 1830-1850] [Yellow Lake Mission 1833-1836] [Sandy Lake Mission 1832-1833] [Pokegama Mission 1836–1846 (on Snake River in Minnesota] [Red Lake Mission 1843-1848 in conjunction with Western Evangelical Mission Association] [Bad River/Odanah 1846-abt 1878; mission was taken over by Presbyterian Missions in 1870s])</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Senecas</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Cattaraugus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Cattaraugus (page does not exist)">Upper Cattaraugus</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Cattaraugus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Cattaraugus (page does not exist)">Lower Cattaraugus</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Alleghany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Alleghany (page does not exist)">Upper Alleghany</a> station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Alleghany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Alleghany (page does not exist)">Lower Alleghany</a> station, and an outstation at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Town,_NY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Town, NY (page does not exist)">Old Town</a>)</li> <li>Mission to Tuscaroras (<a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_Reservation" title="Tuscarora Reservation">Tuscarora</a> station and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Hope,_NY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Hope, NY (page does not exist)">Mount Hope</a> station)</li> <li>Mission to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abenaquis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abenaquis (page does not exist)">Abenaquis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abenaquis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abenaquis (page does not exist)">St. Francis</a> station)</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment_efforts">Recruitment efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recruitment efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthodox, <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarian</a> and evangelical in their theology, speakers to the annual meetings of the Board challenged their audiences to give of their time, talent and treasure in moving forward the global project of spreading Christianity. At first reflective of late colonial "occasional" sermons, the annual meeting addresses gradually took on the quality of "anniversary" sermons. The optimism and cooperation of post-<a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennialism</a> held a major place in the scheme of the Board sermons. </p><p>After having listened to such sermons and been influenced at colleges, college and seminary students prepared to proclaim the gospel in foreign cultures. Their short dissertations and pre-departure sermons reflected both the outlook of annual Board sermons and sensitivity to host cultures. Once the missionaries entered the field, optimism remained yet was tempered by the realities of pioneering mission work in a different milieu. Many of the Board agents sought—through eclectic dialogue and opportunities as they presented themselves, as well as itinerant preaching—to bring the cultures they met, observed, and lived in to bear upon the message they shared. The missionaries found the audiences to be similar to Americans in their responses to the gospel message. Some rejected it outright, others accepted it, and a few became Christian proclaimers themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_North_American_Missions_to_the_Indians">Other North American Missions to the Indians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other North American Missions to the Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the North American missions of the ABCFM north or west of the displaced Southeast tribes were the 1823 <a href="/wiki/Mission_House_(Mackinac_Island)" title="Mission House (Mackinac Island)">Mackinaw Mission</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan" title="Northern Michigan">Northern Michigan</a>), the Green Bay mission (Michigan Territory at Green Bay), the Dakota mission (Michigan Territory/Iowa Territory/Minnesota Territory primarily along the Mississippi and the Minnesota (St. Peters) Rivers), the Ojibwe mission (Michigan Territory/Wisconsin Territory/Minnesota Territory/ Wisconsin at La Pointe and Odanah, Yellow Lake, Pokegama Lake, Sandy Lake, Fond du Lac, and Red Lake), and the Whitman mission in Oregon. </p><p>Missionaries of the Dakota mission experienced the explosion of Dakota violence in August 1862 at the start of the U.S.-Dakota War. Some of them attended the imprisoned Dakota and accompanied the exiled Dakota when they were forced out of Minnesota in 1863, especially those of the Williamson and Riggs families. </p><p>The Dakota mission translated the Bible into Dakota and produced a dictionary and a schoolbook. The Ojibwe mission translated the New Testament into Ojibwe and produced a number of schoolbooks, but used a now-abandoned notation style to do so. Both were among the first to render these languages in print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_with_indigenous_preachers">Work with indigenous preachers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Work with indigenous preachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indigenous preachers associated with the Board proclaimed an orthodox message, but they further modified the presentation beyond how the missionaries had developed subtle differences with the home leaders. Drawing upon the positive and negative aspects of their own cultures, the native <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelists</a> steeped their messages in <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> texts and themes. At times, indigenous workers had spectacular or unexpected results. On many occasions, little fruit resulted from their labors. Whatever the response, the native preachers worked on—even in the midst of persecution—until <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> or natural death took them. </p><p>Native preachers and other indigenous people assisted Board missionaries in Bible translation efforts. The act of translating the Scriptures into a mother tongue reflected a sensitivity to culture and a desire to work within the host society. Second only to the verbal proclamation of the Gospel, Bible translation took place in all sorts of settings: among ancient Christian churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenians</a> and the Assyrian [Nestorian] church; cultures with a written language and a written religious heritage, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a></i>; and creating written languages in cultures without them, such as among the <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> people in Hawaii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational,_social,_and_medical_roles_served_by_ABCFM_missionaries"><span id="Educational.2C_social.2C_and_medical_roles_served_by_ABCFM_missionaries"></span>Educational, social, and medical roles served by ABCFM missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Educational, social, and medical roles served by ABCFM missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Printing and literacy played crucial roles in the process of Bible translation. Similarly, the press runs and literacy presentations contributed significantly to the social involvement exhibited by the Board. To a greater or lesser extent, education, medicine, and social concerns supplemented the preaching efforts by missionaries. Schools provided ready-made audiences for preachers. Free, or <a href="/wiki/Lancasterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancasterian">Lancasterian</a>, schools provided numerous students. Boarding students in missionary homes allowed them to witness Christian life in the intimacy of the family. </p><p>Education empowered indigenous people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="controversial statement contradicted by many contemporary Indigenous leaders' statements (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mostly later than 1840, it enabled them to develop their own church leaders and take a greater role in their communities. Board missionaries established some form of education at every station. A number of Board missionaries also received some medical training before leaving for the field. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Ida_Scudder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida Scudder">Ida Scudder</a>, were trained as physicians but ordained as missionaries and concentrated on the task of preaching. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Parker_(physician)" title="Peter Parker (physician)">Peter Parker</a>, sought to practice both the callings of missionary and medical practitioner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ABCFM_in_China">ABCFM in China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ABCFM in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Missionary_Society" title="Netherlands Missionary Society">Netherlands Missionary Society</a>, the Americans were the next to venture into the mission field of China. The Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, representing the Congregational Churches of the United States, sent out Revs. <a href="/wiki/David_Abeel" title="David Abeel">David Abeel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Coleman_Bridgman" title="Elijah Coleman Bridgman">Elijah Coleman Bridgman</a> in 1829. They were received in February 1830 by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a>. These men worked first among the Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>. From 1842 to his death in 1846, Mr. Abeel devoted himself to establishing a mission in <a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a> (modern Xiamen). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABCFM_compound_in_Fuzhou.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ABCFM_compound_in_Fuzhou.jpeg/250px-ABCFM_compound_in_Fuzhou.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ABCFM_compound_in_Fuzhou.jpeg/375px-ABCFM_compound_in_Fuzhou.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ABCFM_compound_in_Fuzhou.jpeg/500px-ABCFM_compound_in_Fuzhou.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>View of ABCFM compound in <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, ca.1911–1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The American Board followed with many other appointments in rapid succession. Revs. <a href="/wiki/Ira_Tracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ira Tracy">Ira Tracy</a> and Samuel Wells Williams (1812–1884), followed in 1833, settling at Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. In the same year Revs. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_(missionary)" title="Stephen Johnson (missionary)">Stephen Johnson (missionary)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Munson" title="Samuel Munson">Samuel Munson</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. There were four great centers from which smaller stations were maintained. These were <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, in connection with which were fifteen churches; North China, embracing Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Kalgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalgan">Kalgan</a>, Tianjin, <a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a>, with smaller stations in the various districts of the center missions; Hong Kong; and <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, with two stations in the midst of districts filled with <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> cultivation and staffed by missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Band_(China)" title="Oberlin Band (China)">Oberlin Band</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>. </p><p>At Tengzhou missionaries established a college, over which Dr. <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Mateer" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin Mateer">Calvin Mateer</a> presided. Tengzhou was one of the centers for Chinese literary competitive examinations. Mateer believed that the light of modern science shown in contrast with "superstition" would prove effective. He and his wife taught <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, natural philosophy, and history. He trained young men to be teachers all over North China. The young men whom he had trained in Biblical instruction began native ministry. Drs. <a href="/wiki/John_Livingstone_Nevius" class="mw-redirect" title="John Livingstone Nevius">John Livingstone Nevius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Corbett" title="Hunter Corbett">Hunter Corbett</a> (1862–1918) co-operated in this latter work, by giving a <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> education to candidates for ministry during a portion of each year at <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>. </p><p>At its principal stations in China, the Society maintained large medical dispensaries and hospitals, boarding schools for boys and girls, colleges for native students, and other agencies for effecting the purposes of the mission. It also helped create <a href="/wiki/The_Canton_Hospital" title="The Canton Hospital">the Canton Hospital</a>. As of 1890 it had twenty-eight missionaries, sixteen lady agents, ten medical missionaries, four ordained native ministers, one hundred and five unordained native helpers, nearly one thousand communicants, and four hundred and fifty pupils in its schools.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ABCFM_in_the_Middle_East">ABCFM in the Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: ABCFM in the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ABCFM founded many colleges and schools in the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the American College of Sofia in Bulgaria is the successor to a Boys' School founded by the ABCFM in 1860 in Plovdiv and a Girls' School in Stara Zagora in 1863. They were combined in Samokov, Bulgaria in 1871, and moved to Sofia in the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missionaries_sponsored_by_ABCFM,_listed_by_location"><span id="Missionaries_sponsored_by_ABCFM.2C_listed_by_location"></span>Missionaries sponsored by ABCFM, listed by location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Missionaries sponsored by ABCFM, listed by location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_2">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Robinson_Buck" title="Theresa Robinson Buck">Theresa Robinson Buck</a> (1912–1965), nurse missionary in Southern <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Floyd_Cushman" title="Mary Floyd Cushman">Mary Floyd Cushman</a> (1870–1965), Chilesso, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (1922 to 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bennett_McCord" title="James Bennett McCord">James Bennett McCord</a> (1870–1950), <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Wilcox" title="William Cullen Wilcox">William Cullen Wilcox</a> (1850–1928) with wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_Belle_Clary_Wilcox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ida Belle Clary Wilcox (page does not exist)">Ida Belle Clary Wilcox</a> (1858–1940), <a href="/wiki/Inanda,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal">Inanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, South Africa (1881 to 1887); they arranged for Black South Africans to own land, and as a result they were driven out of South Africa in 1918.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_King" title="Jonas King">Jonas King</a> (1792–1869), Athens, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_H._Markham" title="Reuben H. Markham">Reuben H. Markham</a> (1887–1949), <a href="/wiki/Samokov" title="Samokov">Samokov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Matthews" title="Mary L. Matthews">Mary Louisa Matthews</a> (1864–1950), <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> (Monastir), <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (formally European Turkey) (1888 to 1920)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Asia_2">Western Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_C._Bush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline C. Bush (page does not exist)">Caroline C. Bush</a> (1847–1919) <a href="/wiki/Harpoot" title="Harpoot">Harpoot</a>, Ottoman Empire<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davidson_Christie" title="Thomas Davidson Christie">Thomas Davidson Christie</a> (1843–1931) Central Turkey (1877 to 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gallup_Cochran" title="Joseph Gallup Cochran">Joseph Gallup Cochran</a> (1817–1871), with wife Deborah Wilson Plumb, <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir,_West_Azerbaijan" title="Sir, West Azerbaijan">Seir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Crane_(clergy)" title="Oliver Crane (clergy)">Oliver Crane</a> (1822–1896), Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Jane_Dean" title="Nancy Jane Dean">Nancy Jane Dean</a> (1837–1926), <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, Qajar Iran</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Amos_Farnsworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson Amos Farnsworth (page does not exist)">Wilson Amos Farnsworth</a> (1822–1912) with wife Caroline Elizabeth Palmer (1825–1913), Caesarea, Ottoman Empire (1854 to 1903)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelia_Fisk" title="Fidelia Fisk">Fidelia Fisk</a> (1816–1864), <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, Qajar Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(missionary)" title="William Goodell (missionary)">William Goodell</a> (1792–1867) <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon (Syria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Graffam" title="Mary Louise Graffam">Mary Louise Graffam</a> (1871–1921), <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, Ottoman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Grant" title="Asahel Grant">Asahel Grant</a> (1807–1844), with wife Judith Grant, <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Perkins" title="Justin Perkins">Justin Perkins</a> (1805–1869), with wife Charlotte Bass, mission to <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Schneider (page does not exist)">Benjamin Schneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> (1834 to 1849), and <a href="/wiki/Aintab" class="mw-redirect" title="Aintab">Aintab</a> (? to 1877), Ottoman Empire<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinna_Shattuck" title="Corinna Shattuck">Corinna Shattuck</a> (1848–1910), <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Ussher" title="Clarence Ussher">Clarence Ussher</a> (1870–1955), <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Van_Lennep" title="Mary E. Van Lennep">Mary E. Van Lennep</a> (1821–1844), Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>), Ottoman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._White_(missionary)" title="George E. White (missionary)">George E. White</a> (1861–1946), Marsovan, Ottoman Empire</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Asia_2">Southern Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Southern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Beach_Bradley" title="Dan Beach Bradley">Dan Beach Bradley</a> (1804–1873), Thailand (Siam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Farrar" title="Cynthia Farrar">Cynthia Farrar</a> (1795–1862), Mumbai (Bombay) and <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>, India (1827 to 1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hall_(missionary)" title="Gordon Hall (missionary)">Gordon Hall</a> (1784–1826), Mumbai (Bombay)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asa_Hemenway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asa Hemenway (page does not exist)">Asa Hemenway</a> (1810–1892) with wife Lucia Hunt Hemenway (1810–1864), Thailand (Siam) (1839 to 1850)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Judson" title="Adoniram Judson">Adoniram Judson</a> (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850), first U.S. missionary to Myanmar (Burma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scudder_Sr." title="John Scudder Sr.">John Scudder Sr.</a> (1793–1855), patriarch of <a href="/wiki/The_Scudder_family_of_missionaries_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scudder family of missionaries in India">the Scudder family of missionaries in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miron_Winslow" title="Miron Winslow">Miron Winslow</a> (1789–1864), <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Asia_2">Eastern Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eastern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Ament" title="William Scott Ament">William Scott Ament</a> (1851–1909), controversial missionary to China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Coleman_Bridgman" title="Elijah Coleman Bridgman">Elijah Coleman Bridgman</a> (1801–1861), first U.S. missionary to China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Parker_(physician)" title="Peter Parker (physician)">Peter Parker (physician)</a> (1804–1888), Canton, China (1834 to 1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Ball" title="Dyer Ball">Dyer Ball</a> (1796–1866), Singapore (1838 to 1841)/Hong Kong (1843 to 1845)/Canton, China (1845 to 1866)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Frances_Buckhout_McVay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Frances Buckhout McVay (page does not exist)">Mary Frances Buckhout McVay</a> (1910–2010) Wen Shan Girls School, IngTai (Yongtai), China (1939 to 1941)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gulick" title="Sidney Gulick">Sidney Lewis Gulick</a> (1860–1945) Kyoto, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luella_Miner" title="Luella Miner">Luella Miner</a>, (1861–1935) Beijing, China</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hudson_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hudson Roberts (page does not exist)">James Hudson Roberts</a> (1851–1945), Beijing and <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Shelton" title="Albert Shelton">Albert Shelton</a> (1875–1922), <a href="/wiki/Batang,_Sichuan" title="Batang, Sichuan">Batang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson_Smith" title="Arthur Henderson Smith">Arthur Henderson Smith</a> (1845–1932), 54 years in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vrooman" title="Daniel Vrooman">Daniel Vrooman</a> (1818–1895) Canton, China (1852 to 1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Daniel_Tenney" title="Charles Daniel Tenney">Charles Daniel Tenney</a>, (1857–1930), China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Bement" title="Lucy Bement">Lucy Bement</a> (1868–1940), China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Hager" title="Charles Robert Hager">Charles Robert Hager</a> (1851–1917), Hong Kong/Canton, China (1883 to 1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Adolous_Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Adolous Nelson (page does not exist)">Charles Adolous Nelson</a> (1860–1951), Canton, China (1892 to 1922)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Pacific_Ocean_2">North Pacific Ocean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: North Pacific Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorrin_Andrews" title="Lorrin Andrews">Lorrin Andrews</a> (1795–1868), <a href="/wiki/Lahaina,_Hawaii" title="Lahaina, Hawaii">Lahaina, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Armstrong_(Hawaii_missionary)" title="Richard Armstrong (Hawaii missionary)">Richard Armstrong</a> (1805–1860), Maui and Oahu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_I" title="Hiram Bingham I">Hiram Bingham I</a> (1789–1869), <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Coan" title="Titus Coan">Titus Coan</a> (1801–1882), <a href="/wiki/Haili_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Haili Church">Haili Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McEwen_Hyde" title="Charles McEwen Hyde">Charles McEwen Hyde</a> (1832–1899), Honolulu, Oahu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Belden_Lyman" title="David Belden Lyman">David Belden Lyman</a> (1803–1884), <a href="/wiki/Haili_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Haili Church">Haili Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lyons" title="Lorenzo Lyons">Lorenzo Lyons</a> (1807–1886), <a href="/wiki/Imiola_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Imiola Church">Imiola Church</a>, Hawaii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Willis_Tenney_Smith" title="Abigail Willis Tenney Smith">Abigail Willis Tenney Smith</a> (1809–1885), Molokai, Honolulu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsey_Stockton" title="Betsey Stockton">Betsey Stockton</a> (c. 1798–1865), former slave, <a href="/wiki/Lahaina,_Hawaii" title="Lahaina, Hawaii">Lāhainā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> (Sandwich Islands) (1822 to 1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Thurston" title="Asa Thurston">Asa Thurston</a> (1787–1868), Kailua-Kona, Hawaii</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_Indians_2">North American Indians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: North American Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sabin_Butrick" title="Daniel Sabin Butrick">Daniel Sabin Butrick</a> (1789–1851), Cherokee Nation (1810s to 1850s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar_(missionary)" title="John Dunbar (missionary)">John Dunbar</a> (1804–1857), <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Montague_Ferry" title="William Montague Ferry">William Montague Ferry</a> (1796–1867), Mackinaw Mission, Michigan Territory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Return_Riggs" title="Stephen Return Riggs">Stephen Return Riggs</a> (1812–1883), <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a> (1837 to 1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephas_Washburn" title="Cephas Washburn">Cephas Washburn</a> (1793–1860), Cherokee Nation (1818 to 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Whitman" title="Marcus Whitman">Marcus Whitman</a> (1802–1847) with wife <a href="/wiki/Narcissa_Whitman" title="Narcissa Whitman">Narcissa Prentiss Whitman</a> (1808–1847), <a href="/wiki/Flathead_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Flathead people">Flathead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a> nations, Oregon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Worcester" title="Samuel Worcester">Samuel Worcester</a>, missionary to Cherokee Nation 1820s–50s</li></ul></div> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Ayer_(1829%E2%80%931848)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic Ayer (1829–1848) (page does not exist)">Frederic Ayer (1829–1848)</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Taylor_Ayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Taylor Ayer (page does not exist)">Elisabeth Taylor Ayer</a> (1828–1848) Mackinaw Mission, La Pointe (Frederic only), Sandy Lake (Frederic only), Yellow Lake, Pokegama Lake, Fond du Lac (Minn), Red Lake. All but Mackinaw were specifically Ojibwe missions; Mackinaw served a number of Great Lakes tribes. The Ayers also served under Am. Missionary Assoc. at Atlanta post-Civil War to serve freedmen Frederic 1865-1867 and Elisabeth 1865-1868.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_F._Ely_and_Catherine_Ely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund F. Ely and Catherine Ely (page does not exist)">Edmund F. Ely and Catherine Ely</a>Ojibwe missions at Sandy Lake, Fond du Lac, Pokegama, La Pointe.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Hall_and_Betsy_Parker_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherman Hall and Betsy Parker Hall (page does not exist)">Sherman Hall and Betsy Parker Hall</a> LaPointe Ojibwe mission</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Boutwell_and_Hester_Crooks_Boutwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Boutwell and Hester Crooks Boutwell (page does not exist)">William Boutwell and Hester Crooks Boutwell</a>Leech Lake & Pokegama Lake Ojibwe missions.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Blatchford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Blatchford (page does not exist)">Henry Blatchford</a> Pokegama Lake, La Pointe & Odanah Ojibwe missions</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabrina_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabrina Stevens (page does not exist)">Sabrina Stevens</a> Yellow Lake & Pokegama Lake. Previously associated with Ohio missions to Maumee at Black River.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Wheeler_and_Harriet_Wood_Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Wheeler and Harriet Wood Wheeler (page does not exist)">Leonard Wheeler and Harriet Wood Wheeler</a> La Pointe & Odanah Ojibwe missions.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Seymour_and_Jane_Leavitt_Seymour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Seymour and Jane Leavitt Seymour (page does not exist)">John Seymour and Jane Leavitt Seymour</a> Mackinaw, Yellow Lake, and Pokegama Missions to Ojibwe.</li> <li>Orrin Coe--hired man at Pokegama Mission, later participant in AMA mission at Red Lake with Ayer.</li> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_workers_affiliated_with_the_Board">Indigenous workers affiliated with the Board</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Indigenous workers affiliated with the Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Babajee (b. 1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Fa" title="Liang Fa">Liang Fa</a> (1789–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malo" title="David Malo">David Malo</a> (1795–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Opukahaia" title="Henry Opukahaia">Henry Opukahaia</a> (c. 1792–1818; also known as ʻŌpūkahaʻia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puaaiki" title="Puaaiki">Puaaiki</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1785–1844)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asaad_Shidiak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asaad Shidiak (page does not exist)">Asaad Shidiak</a> (c. 1797–c. 1832; also known as Asaad Esh Shidiak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hulu_Mahoe" title="Joel Hulu Mahoe">Joel Hulu Mahoe</a> (1830–1890) second full-Hawaiian to be ordained.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Blatchford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Blatchford (page does not exist)">Henry Blatchford</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> mission did translations and lay preaching beginning at Pokegama (Minnesota) in 1836, was ordained eventually and worked at the Odanah mission until he died in the late 19th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdul_Kadir" title="Abdullah Abdul Kadir">Abdullah Abdul Kadir</a> (1797–1854), known as "Munshi Abdullah", was a Malayan scholar and translator under the employ of Alfred North, an ABCFM missionary stationed in Singapore.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Beach_Bradley" title="Dan Beach Bradley">Dan Beach Bradley</a> (Siam, 1834, resigned 1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_Prayer_Meeting" title="Haystack Prayer Meeting">Haystack Prayer Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christian missions">History of Christian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Band_(China)" title="Oberlin Band (China)">Oberlin Band (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_missionary_societies_in_China_during_the_19th_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century">Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Board_missionaries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American Board missionaries in China">List of American Board missionaries in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missionaries_to_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Missionaries to Hawaii">List of Missionaries to Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Boards_of_the_Congregational_Church" title="Woman's Boards of the Congregational Church">Woman's Boards of the Congregational Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160906092924/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467">"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions archives, 1810–1961: Guide"</a>. <i>Houghton Library, Harvard College Library</i>. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 US. July 7, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467">the original</a> on September 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>. <q>After some secessions due to the slavery issue and the formation by the Presbyterian Church of its own foreign mission board, the ABCFM was left as a Congregationalist body after 1870.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houghton+Library%2C+Harvard+College+Library&rft.atitle=American+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions.+American+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions+archives%2C+1810%E2%80%931961%3A+Guide&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foasis.lib.harvard.edu%2Foasis%2Fdeliver%2F~hou01467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxfield2001" class="citation web cs1">Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">"THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS"</a>. Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">the original</a> on March 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The ABCFM held its first meeting on 5 September 1810, and elected Samuel Worcester corresponding secretary." ... The Prudential Committee (the Executive Committee of the ABCFM)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+FORMATION+AND+EARLY+HISTORY+of+the+AMERICAN+BOARD+OF+COMMISSIONERS+FOR+FOREIGN+MISSIONS&rft.pub=Charles+A.+Maxfield+%281995+Dissertation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maxfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxfieldbooks.com%2Fabcfm.html%23S4a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxfield2001" class="citation web cs1">Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">"THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS"</a>. Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">the original</a> on March 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Evarts" title="Jeremiah Evarts">Jeremiah Evarts</a>, corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1821 to 1831,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+FORMATION+AND+EARLY+HISTORY+of+the+AMERICAN+BOARD+OF+COMMISSIONERS+FOR+FOREIGN+MISSIONS&rft.pub=Charles+A.+Maxfield+%281995+Dissertation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maxfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxfieldbooks.com%2Fabcfm.html%23S4a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FMQPAAAAIAAJ&q=anson%20phelps%20president%20ABCFM&pg=PA338"><i>The Missionary Herald</i></a> (Volume XVIII, No. 11 (November 1822) ed.). Boston: Samuel T. Armstrong. 1822. p. 338<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Board then made choice of the following officers, for the ensuing year...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Herald&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=338&rft.edition=Volume+XVIII%2C+No.+11+%28November+1822%29&rft.pub=Samuel+T.+Armstrong&rft.date=1822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMQPAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Danson%2520phelps%2520president%2520ABCFM%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxfield2001" class="citation web cs1">Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">"THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS"</a>. Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">the original</a> on March 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Elias Cornelius (1794–1832) accepted the position of corresponding secretary late in December 1831, left almost immediately on a fund raising tour, and died at Hartford, 12 February 1832</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+FORMATION+AND+EARLY+HISTORY+of+the+AMERICAN+BOARD+OF+COMMISSIONERS+FOR+FOREIGN+MISSIONS&rft.pub=Charles+A.+Maxfield+%281995+Dissertation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maxfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxfieldbooks.com%2Fabcfm.html%23S4a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxfield2001" class="citation web cs1">Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">"THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS"</a>. Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">the original</a> on March 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+FORMATION+AND+EARLY+HISTORY+of+the+AMERICAN+BOARD+OF+COMMISSIONERS+FOR+FOREIGN+MISSIONS&rft.pub=Charles+A.+Maxfield+%281995+Dissertation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maxfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxfieldbooks.com%2Fabcfm.html%23S4a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxfield2001" class="citation web cs1">Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232931/http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">"THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS"</a>. Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxfieldbooks.com/abcfm.html#S4a">the original</a> on March 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"From 1835 to 1846 the Board had a period of stable leadership under the direction of Anderson, Greene, and Armstrong. In the division of labor of three co-equal secretaries, Rufus Anderson was foreign secretary, Benjamin Wisner and then William Armstrong were domestic secretaries, and David Greene was secretary for American Indian missions and editor of the <i>Missionary Herald</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+FORMATION+AND+EARLY+HISTORY+of+the+AMERICAN+BOARD+OF+COMMISSIONERS+FOR+FOREIGN+MISSIONS&rft.pub=Charles+A.+Maxfield+%281995+Dissertation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maxfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxfieldbooks.com%2Fabcfm.html%23S4a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcwWAQAAIAAJ&q=Selah+Treat+Rufus+Anderson+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA429"><i>Missionary Herald, Volume 39</i></a>. Boston: Press of Crocker and Brewster. 1843. p. 429<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Herald%2C+Volume+39&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Press+of+Crocker+and+Brewster&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcwWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DSelah%2BTreat%2BRufus%2BAnderson%2BABCFM%2Bsecretary%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPYBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22George%20W.%20Wood%22%20%221858%22%20-ancestry%20presbyterian&pg=PA179"><i>The New York State Register, for 1858</i></a>. New York City: John Disturnell. 1858. p. 179<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2016</span>. <q>N/A</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+State+Register%2C+for+1858&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=John+Disturnell&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPYBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522George%2520W.%2520Wood%2522%2520%25221858%2522%2520-ancestry%2520presbyterian%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJAUAAAAYAAJ&q=George+Warren+Wood+Rufus+Anderson+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA192-IA2"><i>The Missionary Herald</i></a>. Vol. 62. Boston: ABCFM. June 1866. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Herald&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=ABCFM&rft.date=1866-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJAUAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DGeorge%2BWarren%2BWood%2BRufus%2BAnderson%2BABCFM%2Bsecretary%26pg%3DPA192-IA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVg2AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Dr.+N+G+Clark%22+union+college&pg=PA84"><i>Public Opinion: A Comprehensive Summary of Press Throughout the World on All Important Current Topics</i></a>. Vol. 20. New York City: The Public Opinion Company. January 16, 1896. p. 83. <q>In 1866 he was appointed foreign secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, a position which he retained until October, 1894</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Opinion%3A+A+Comprehensive+Summary+of+Press+Throughout+the+World+on+All+Important+Current+Topics&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=The+Public+Opinion+Company&rft.date=1896-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVg2AQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Dr.%2BN%2BG%2BClark%2522%2Bunion%2Bcollege%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshii2004" class="citation book cs1">Ishii, Noriko Kawamura (March 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNOSAgAAQBAJ&q=N.+G.+Clark+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA31"><i>American Women Missionaries at Kobe College, 1873–1909</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 31–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93620-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93620-4"><bdi>978-1-135-93620-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+Missionaries+at+Kobe+College%2C+1873%E2%80%931909&rft.pages=31-36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93620-4&rft.aulast=Ishii&rft.aufirst=Noriko+Kawamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNOSAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DN.%2BG.%2BClark%2BABCFM%2Bsecretary%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshii2004" class="citation book cs1">Ishii, Noriko Kawamura (March 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNOSAgAAQBAJ&q=N.%20G.%20Clark%20Barton%20ABCFM%20secretary&pg=PA36"><i>American Women Missionaries at Kobe College, 1873–1909</i></a>. Routledge. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93620-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93620-4"><bdi>978-1-135-93620-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+Missionaries+at+Kobe+College%2C+1873%E2%80%931909&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93620-4&rft.aulast=Ishii&rft.aufirst=Noriko+Kawamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNOSAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DN.%2520G.%2520Clark%2520Barton%2520ABCFM%2520secretary%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/a-c/barton-james-levi-1855-1936/">"Barton, James Levi (1855-1936)"</a>. <i>History of Missiology</i>. Boston University School of Theology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>He was elected president of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_College" title="Euphrates College">Euphrates College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpoot" title="Harpoot">Harpoot</a>, in 1892, but when his wife's ill health prevented continuing residence in Turkey, Barton became foreign secretary of the ABCFM. First among equals on the board staff, Barton believed that the primary need of indigenous Christian communities was well-trained leadership. Before his retirement in 1927, </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Missiology&rft.atitle=Barton%2C+James+Levi+%281855-1936%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fmissiology%2Fmissionary-biography%2Fa-c%2Fbarton-james-levi-1855-1936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igARAAAAIAAJ&q=J.L.+Barton%22+ABCFM+secretary&pg=PA42"><i>The Congregational Year-book</i></a>. Boston: Congregational sunday School and Publishing Society. 1899. p. 42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congregational+Year-book&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Congregational+sunday+School+and+Publishing+Society&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigARAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DJ.L.%2BBarton%2522%2BABCFM%2Bsecretary%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit1988" class="citation book cs1">Shavit, David (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesinmi0000shav"><i>The United States in the Middle East: a historical dictionary</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25341-6"><bdi>978-0-313-25341-6</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Riggs graduated.. and was ordained in 1910... president of Euphrates College from 1910 to 1921, child welfare director of the Near East Relief in 1920–1921; and associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) from 1921 to 1932.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+in+the+Middle+East%3A+a+historical+dictionary&rft.place=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25341-6&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesinmi0000shav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodsell1959" class="citation book cs1">Goodsell, Fred Field (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89066429689;view=1up;seq=15"><i>You Shall be My Witnesses: An Interpretation of the history of the American Board 1810–1960</i></a> (Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 59-15355 ed.). ABCFM. p. viii<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>the Board's first Executive Vice-President Dr. Fred Field Goodsell"..."When the Constitution of the Board was revised to provide that among its secretaries one should be first among equals, a sort of Prime Minister... That man was Dr. Goodsell... he was called back to Boston to lead the Board... For nineteen years"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Shall+be+My+Witnesses%3A+An+Interpretation+of+the+history+of+the+American+Board+1810%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=viii&rft.edition=Library+of+Congress+Card+Catalog+Number+59-15355&rft.pub=ABCFM&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Goodsell&rft.aufirst=Fred+Field&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89066429689%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congregationallibrary.org/finding-aids/GoodsellFred0881">"Goodsell, Fred Field (1880–1976). Papers, 1928–1972 (bulk)"</a>. <i>History Matters</i>. Congregational Library & Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>In 1930, he moved to Boston where he was made the first Executive Vice-President of the ABCFM. After his retirement in 1948</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Matters&rft.atitle=Goodsell%2C+Fred+Field+%281880%E2%80%931976%29.+Papers%2C+1928%E2%80%931972+%28bulk%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congregationallibrary.org%2Ffinding-aids%2FGoodsellFred0881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalministries.org/timeline_of_mission">"Timeline of Mission"</a>. <i>Global Ministries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>1961 ABCFM merges with Board of International Missions to form the United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Ministries&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalministries.org%2Ftimeline_of_mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728232349/http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/holdings/finding/RG30/SG385/biography.html">"RG 30/385 – Carleton Family Papers 1808 (1853–1973) – 1985"</a>. <i>Oberlin College Archives</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/holdings/finding/RG30/SG385/biography.html">the original</a> on July 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>After serving as president of Aleppo College for seventeen years, Dr. Carleton returned to the United States to serve as executive vice president of the ABCFM. His first major task was to guide the Congregational Church in a merger with the Evangelical and Reformed Church, creating the United Church of Christ. Resulting from this merger, the ABCFM, formerly a branch of the Congregational Church, became the United Church Board of World Ministries. He served as executive vice president of the board from 1954 to 1970.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oberlin+College+Archives&rft.atitle=RG+30%2F385+%E2%80%93+Carleton+Family+Papers+1808+%281853%E2%80%931973%29+%E2%80%93+1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oberlin.edu%2Farchive%2Fholdings%2Ffinding%2FRG30%2FSG385%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinding_Aid_prepared_by:_Brigette_C._Kamsler,_September_2011" class="citation web cs1">Finding Aid prepared by: Brigette C. Kamsler, September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160906092924/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467">"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions archives, 1810–1961: Guide"</a>. <i>Houghton Library, Harvard College Library</i>. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467">the original</a> on September 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>On 29 June 1961 the ABCFM was formally concluded, becoming part of the United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM), an instrumentality of the new denomination. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Herald+Vol+51&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=2-14&rft.pub=T.+R.+Marvin&rft.date=1855&rft.au=ABCFM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJAeAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Nathan%2520Benjamin%2522%2520missionary%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ojibwe missions corrections and additions based on ABCFM transcriptions from Harvard collection, Minnesota Historical Society and on Oberlin Evangelist; Presbyterian Historical Soc. files about Odanah mission and on Oberlin Special Collections files</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend (1890), 233–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, <i>The Annual Report</i>, 1917 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyhBAQAAMAAJ">full text</a>, pp. 62–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.bg/about-acs/history/">"History"</a>. <i>The American College of Sofia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Library+for+International+Research&rft.atitle=Memorial+records+for+Caroline+E.+P.+Farnsworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlir.org%2Farchive%2Forc-exhibit%2Fitems%2Fshow%2Fcollection%2F12%2Fid%2F16874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood" class="citation book cs1">Good, James Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmAUAQAAMAAJ"><i>Life of Rev. Benjamin Schneider, D. D.: A Missionary of the Reformed Church in the United States Through the American Board at Brossa and Aintab, Turkey, 1834-1877</i></a>. Board of foreign missions, Reformed church in the United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Rev.+Benjamin+Schneider%2C+D.+D.%3A+A+Missionary+of+the+Reformed+Church+in+the+United+States+Through+the+American+Board+at+Brossa+and+Aintab%2C+Turkey%2C+1834-1877&rft.pub=Board+of+foreign+missions%2C+Reformed+church+in+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=James+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmAUAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsoWAQAAIAAJ"><i>Missionary Herald, Volume 85</i></a>. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 1889. pp. 184–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Herald%2C+Volume+85&rft.pages=184-186&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsoWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit1990" class="citation book cs1">Shavit, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWdZTaJdc6UC"><i>The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26788-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26788-8"><bdi>978-0-313-26788-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+in+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26788-8&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWdZTaJdc6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McsWAQAAIAAJ"><i>Missionary Herald, Volume 36</i></a>. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 1840. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Herald%2C+Volume+36&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcsWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obits.masslive.com/us/obituaries/masslive/name/mary-mcvay-obituary?id=12328245">"Mary Frances Buckhout McVay Obituary (1910 - 2010)"</a>. <i>Legacy.com</i>. The Republican. February 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legacy.com&rft.atitle=Mary+Frances+Buckhout+McVay+Obituary+%281910+-+2010%29&rft.date=2010-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobits.masslive.com%2Fus%2Fobituaries%2Fmasslive%2Fname%2Fmary-mcvay-obituary%3Fid%3D12328245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bliss, Edwin Munsell, ed. <i>The Encyclopaedia of missions. Descriptive, historical, biographical, statistical. With a full assortment of maps, a complete bibliography, and lists of Bible version, missionary societies, mission stations, and a general index</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924007739273">online vol 1 1891, 724pp</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924063571099">online vol 2 1891, 726pp</a></li> <li>Conroy-Krutz, Emily. <i>Christian Imperialism: Converting the World in the Early American Republic</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.</li> <li>Phillips, Clifton Jackson. <i>Protestant America and the pagan world: the first half century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–1860</i> (Harvard University Press, 1969)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipfandstock.com/store/The_Role_of_the_American_Board_in_the_World_Bicentennial_Reflections_on_the_Organizations_Missionary_Work_18102010">Putney, Clifford (writer of introduction and editor with Burlin, Paul), <i>The Role of the American Board in the World: Bicentennial Reflections on the Organization's Missionary Work, 1810–2010</i> (Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock, 2012)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Strong, William Ellsworth. <i>The Story of the American Board</i> (1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0JAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22+American+Board%22+Missionaries&pg=PR17">online</a>[</li> <li>Varg, Paul A. <i>Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890–1952</i> (Princeton UP, 1958).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions1838" class="citation book cs1">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBY3AAAAYAAJ"><i>Report, Volume 29</i></a>. s.n<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report%2C+Volume+29&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1838&rft.au=American+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBY3AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions1836" class="citation book cs1">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7osPAAAAIAAJ"><i>Annual Report, Volumes 27-31</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report%2C+Volumes+27-31&rft.date=1836&rft.au=American+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7osPAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions1840" class="citation book cs1">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFbOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Annual Report - American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Volumes 31-33</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+-+American+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions%2C+Volumes+31-33&rft.date=1840&rft.au=American+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFbOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Board+of+Commissioners+for+Foreign+Missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/view/759">İdris YÜCEL, "An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American in Asia Minor (1880–1923)", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.</a></li> <li>İdris YÜCEL, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19806387/A_Missionary_Society_at_the_Crossroads_American_Missionaries_on_the_eve_of_the_Turkish_Republic">A Missionary Society at the Crossroad: American Missionaries on the Eve of the Turkish Republic</a>", Journal of Modern Turkish History, Vol 8 Issue 15, Spring 2012.</li> <li>İdris YÜCEL,"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16434466/AN_OVERVIEW_OF_RELIGIOUS_MEDICINE_IN_THE_NEAR_EAST_MISSION_HOSPITALS_OF_THE_AMERICAN_BOARD_IN_ASIA_MINOR_1880-1923_">An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American Board in Asia Minor (1880–1923)</a>", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.</li> <li>İdris YÜCEL, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31749156/Anadoluda_Amerikan_Misyonerli%C4%9Fi_ve_Misyon_Hastaneleri_1880-1934_">Anadolu'da Amerikan Misyonerliği ve Misyon Hastaneleri (1880–1934)</a>, TTK Yayınevi, Ankara 2017.</li> <li>İdris YÜCEL, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330452347_KENDI_BELGELERI_ISIGINDA_AMERKAN_BOARD'IN_OSMANLI_ULKESINDEKI_TESKILATLANMASI">Kendi Belgeleri Işığında Amerikan Board'ın Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Teşkilatlanması</a>, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/div/colleges/glossary.html">Yale Library note</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041020022015/http://ricci.rt.usfca.edu/institution/view.aspx?institutionID=163">Ricci Institute page on the ABCFM in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313182700/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~rizay/abcfm.htm">Bilkent University ABCFM project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116002050/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/organize/americanbcfm.htm">ABCFM records</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska State Historical Society">Nebraska State Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Hough:hou01467">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, ABC 1–91</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congregationallibrary.org/finding-aids/ABCFMOverview">ABCFM Collection overview</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congregationallibrary.org/">Congregational Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/santee_school/">Santee Normal Training School, Woonspe Wankantu, 1881, 1882, 1884, 1885</a>, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Protestant_missions_to_Africa" title="Template:Protestant missions to Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestant_missions_to_Africa" title="Template talk:Protestant missions to Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant_missions_to_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant missions to Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protestant_missions_to_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Allen" title="Roland Allen">Roland Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_(missionary)" title="William Anderson (missionary)">William Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley_Arnot" title="Frederick Stanley Arnot">Frederick Stanley Arnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_(missionary)" title="John Arthur (missionary)">John Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_K._Becker" title="Carl K. Becker">Carl K. Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bill" title="Samuel Bill">Samuel Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Booth_(missionary)" title="Joseph Booth (missionary)">Joseph Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coker" title="Daniel Coker">Daniel Coker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kumler_Flickinger" title="Daniel Kumler Flickinger">Daniel Kumler Flickinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_Fuller" title="Joseph Jackson Fuller">Joseph Jackson Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenfell" title="George Grenfell">George Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hugo_Hahn" title="Carl Hugo Hahn">Carl Hugo Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hardcastle_(1752%E2%80%931818)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hardcastle (1752–1818)">Joseph Hardcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Crane_Hartzell" title="Joseph Crane Hartzell">Joseph Crane Hartzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ittmann" title="Johannes Ittmann">Johannes Ittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Heinrich_Kleinschmidt" title="Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt">Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Nicholl_Laird" title="Margaret Nicholl Laird">Margaret Nicholl Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ignatius_Latrobe" title="Christian Ignatius Latrobe">Christian Ignatius Latrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Livingstone_(n%C3%A9e_Moffat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Livingstone (née Moffat)">Mary Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Murdoch_Mackay" title="Alexander Murdoch Mackay">Alexander Murdoch Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick_(missionary)" title="Joseph Merrick (missionary)">Joseph Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moffat" title="Mary Moffat">Mary Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moffat_(missionary)" title="Robert Moffat (missionary)">Robert Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(minister)" title="Andrew Murray (minister)">Andrew Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Roseveare" title="Helen Roseveare">Helen Roseveare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_(missionary)" title="John Philip (missionary)">John Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orishatukeh_Faduma" title="Orishatukeh Faduma">Orishatukeh Faduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Saker" title="Alfred Saker">Alfred Saker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmelen" title="Heinrich Schmelen">Heinrich Schmelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Sheppard" title="William Henry Sheppard">William Henry Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Slessor" title="Mary Slessor">Mary Slessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKendree_Springer" title="John McKendree Springer">John McKendree Springer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Stevenson" title="Marion Stevenson">Marion Scott Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Studd" title="Charles Studd">Charles Studd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulda_Stumpf" title="Hulda Stumpf">Hulda Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Denys_Taylor" title="John Denys Taylor">John Denys Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bishop)">William Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Viehe" title="Gottlieb Viehe">Gottlieb Viehe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Inland_Mission" title="Africa Inland Mission">Africa Inland Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Baptist Missionary Society">Australian Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Missionary_Society" title="Berlin Missionary Society">Berlin Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Mission,_German_East_Africa" title="Bethel Mission, German East Africa">Bethel Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">BMS World Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo-Balolo_Mission" title="Congo-Balolo Mission">Congo-Balolo Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoes_of_Service" title="Echoes of Service">Echoes of Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Missionary Society">Finnish Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Inland_Mission" title="Livingstone Inland Mission">Livingstone Inland Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Africa" title="Mission Africa">Mission Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Evangelical_Missionary_Society" title="Paris Evangelical Missionary Society">Paris Evangelical Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society" title="Rhenish Missionary Society">Rhenish Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_(Christian_organization)" title="SIM (Christian organization)">SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Society_Partners_in_the_Gospel" title="United Society Partners in the Gospel">USPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEC_International" title="WEC International">WEC International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Global_Alliance" title="Wycliffe Global Alliance">Wycliffe Global Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pivotal events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protestant_missions_to_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestant_missions_to_India" title="Template:Protestant missions to India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestant_missions_to_India" title="Template talk:Protestant missions to India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant_missions_to_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant missions to India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protestant_missions_to_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to India</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Indian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_India" title="List of Protestant missionaries in India">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Oliver_Allen" title="David Oliver Allen">David Oliver Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olaf_Bodding" title="Paul Olaf Bodding">Paul Olaf Bodding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Mary_Brown" title="Edith Mary Brown">Edith Mary Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(missionary)" title="Nathan Brown (missionary)">Nathan Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caldwell" title="Robert Caldwell">Robert Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._E._Rhenius" title="C. T. E. Rhenius">C. T. E. Rhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Carmichael" title="Amy Carmichael">Amy Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Margoschis" title="Arthur Margoschis">Arthur Margoschis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Cook" title="Robert F. Cook">Robert F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Hermann Gundert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Hyde" title="John Nelson Hyde">John Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Stanley_Jones" title="E. Stanley Jones">E. Stanley Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(missionary)" title="Thomas Jones (missionary)">Thomas Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Knill" title="Richard Knill">Richard Knill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Marshman" title="Hannah Marshman">Hannah Marshman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clark_Marshman" title="John Clark Marshman">John Clark Marshman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Marshman" title="Joshua Marshman">Joshua Marshman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Martyn" title="Henry Martyn">Henry Martyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_McGavran" title="Donald McGavran">Donald McGavran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mudge" title="James Mudge">James Mudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volbrecht_Nagel" title="Volbrecht Nagel">Volbrecht Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uglow_Pope" title="George Uglow Pope">George Uglow Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Rice" title="Luther Rice">Luther Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Robinson_(bishop)" title="John Edward Robinson (bishop)">John Edward Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Daniel_Rockey" title="Clement Daniel Rockey">Clement Daniel Rockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Schwarz" title="Christian Friedrich Schwarz">Christian Friedrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scudder_family_of_missionaries_in_India" title="Scudder family of missionaries in India">Scudder Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serampore_Trio" title="Serampore Trio">Serampore Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen_Skrefsrud" title="Lars Olsen Skrefsrud">Lars Olsen Skrefsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Somervell" title="Howard Somervell">Howard Somervell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Staines" title="Graham Staines">Graham Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturge" title="Alfred Sturge">Alfred Sturge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bishop)">William Taylor (bishop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mills_Thoburn" title="James Mills Thoburn">James Mills Thoburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Tyndale-Biscoe" title="Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe">Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ward_(missionary)" title="William Ward (missionary)">William Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paton_(ecumenist)" title="William Paton (ecumenist)">William Paton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Christian_College" title="Andhra Christian College">Andhra Christian College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles_Establishment" title="Eccles Establishment">Eccles Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Missionary_Society_of_Mayurbhanj" title="Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj">Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossner_Theological_College" title="Gossner Theological College">Gossner Theological College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serampore_College" title="Serampore College">Serampore College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Christian_College" title="Scott Christian College">Scott Christian College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi" title="St. Stephen's College, Delhi">St. Stephen's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_College,_Mumbai" title="Wilson College, Mumbai">Wilson College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_International_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="American Baptist International Ministries">American Baptist Foreign Mission Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Baptist Missionary Society">Australian Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Baptist_Mission" title="Canadian Baptist Mission">Canadian Baptist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_Zenana_Missionary_Society" title="Church of England Zenana Missionary Society">Church of England Zenana Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Scottish General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of New Zealand">New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Society_Partners_in_the_Gospel" title="United Society Partners in the Gospel">United Society Partners in the Gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pivotal events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_in_reports_by_Christian_missionaries" title="Ayyavazhi in reports by Christian missionaries">Interactions with Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Protestants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Mohan_Banerjee" title="Krishna Mohan Banerjee">Krishna Mohan Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jashwant_Rao_Chitambar" title="Jashwant Rao Chitambar">Jashwant Rao Chitambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._John" title="P. C. John">P. C. John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Masilamani" title="A. B. Masilamani">A. B. Masilamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Pal" title="Krishna Pal">Krishna Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Premasagar" title="Victor Premasagar">Victor Premasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Singh" title="Bakht Singh">Bakht Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Sundar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhu Sundar Singh">Sadhu Sundar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._D._Tiwari" title="Y. D. Tiwari">Y. D. Tiwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protestant_missions_to_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestant_missions_to_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Protestant missions to the Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestant_missions_to_the_Middle_East" title="Template talk:Protestant missions to the Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant_missions_to_the_Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant missions to the Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protestant_missions_to_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to the Middle East</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minarets_missions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Minarets_missions.jpg/120px-Minarets_missions.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Minarets_missions.jpg/180px-Minarets_missions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Minarets_missions.jpg/240px-Minarets_missions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People, country of origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cronin_(homeopath)" title="Edward Cronin (homeopath)">Edward Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Martyn" title="Henry Martyn">Henry Martyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilias_Trotter" title="Lilias Trotter">Lilias Trotter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jukes_(missionary)" title="Andrew Jukes (missionary)">Andrew Jukes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ernst_Sommer" title="Johann Wilhelm Ernst Sommer">Johann Wilhelm Ernst Sommer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bonar" title="Andrew Bonar">Andrew Bonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dunlop" title="Douglas Dunlop">Douglas Dunlop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Johansson" title="Alma Johansson">Alma Johansson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bliss" title="Daniel Bliss">Daniel Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_Borden" title="William Whiting Borden">William Whiting Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cochran" title="Joseph Cochran">Joseph Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gallup_Cochran" title="Joseph Gallup Cochran">Joseph Gallup Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Jane_Dean" title="Nancy Jane Dean">Nancy Jane Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dunlop" title="Douglas Dunlop">Douglas Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Otis_Dwight" title="Henry Otis Dwight">Henry Otis Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelia_Fisk" title="Fidelia Fisk">Fidelia Fisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(missionary)" title="William Goodell (missionary)">William Goodell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Grant" title="Asahel Grant">Asahel Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Hamlin" title="Cyrus Hamlin">Cyrus Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harris_Jessup" title="Henry Harris Jessup">Henry Harris Jessup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Jordan" title="Samuel M. Jordan">Samuel M. Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McElwee_Miller" title="William McElwee Miller">William McElwee Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Perkins" title="Justin Perkins">Justin Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Eli Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McClure_Thomson" title="William McClure Thomson">William McClure Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Trasher" title="Lillian Trasher">Lillian Trasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Alen_Van_Dyck" title="Cornelius Van Alen Van Dyck">Cornelius Van Alen Van Dyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Marinus_Zwemer" title="Samuel Marinus Zwemer">Samuel Marinus Zwemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Reformed_Fellowship" title="Middle East Reformed Fellowship">Middle East Reformed Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protestant_missions_to_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestant_missions_to_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Protestant missions to Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestant_missions_to_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Protestant missions to Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant_missions_to_Southeast_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant missions to Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protestant_missions_to_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to Southeast Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoniram_judson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Adoniram_judson.jpg/80px-Adoniram_judson.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Adoniram_judson.jpg/120px-Adoniram_judson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Adoniram_judson.jpg/160px-Adoniram_judson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_Missionaries_to_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Protestant Missionaries to Southeast Asia">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Boardman_(missionary)" title="George Boardman (missionary)">George Boardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hall_Boardman" title="Sarah Hall Boardman">Sarah Hall Boardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Judson" title="Adoniram Judson">Adoniram Judson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hasseltine_Judson" title="Ann Hasseltine Judson">Ann Hasseltine Judson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mason_(missionary)" title="Francis Mason (missionary)">Francis Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Grew_Jones" title="Eliza Grew Jones">Eliza Grew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Jones" title="John Taylor Jones">John Taylor Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Chubbuck" title="Emily Chubbuck">Emily Chubbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Beach_Bradley" title="Dan Beach Bradley">Dan Beach Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McGilvary" title="Daniel McGilvary">Daniel McGilvary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Kincaid" title="Eugenio Kincaid">Eugenio Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Landon" title="Margaret Landon">Margaret Landon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Vinton" title="Justus Vinton">Justus Vinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calista_Vinton" title="Calista Vinton">Calista Vinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_International_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="American Baptist International Ministries">American Baptist Foreign Mission Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Presbyterian_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="American Presbyterian Mission">American Presbyterian Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Baptist Missionary Society">Australian Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Evangelical_Mission" title="Borneo Evangelical Mission">Borneo Evangelical Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMF_International" title="OMF International">OMF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEND_International" title="SEND International">SEND International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Portal:Christianity</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463587#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000095139371">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140149677">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50060748">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257765605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06696611?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/102218145">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐9884d96b7‐gcqxx Cached time: 20241127004604 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.663 seconds Real time usage: 1.024 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4096/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 182606/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 21396/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 195401/5000000 bytes Lua time 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