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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reformed Church in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Evangelical and Reformed Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelical_%26_Reformed_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Evangelical_%26_Reformed_Logo.png/200px-Evangelical_%26_Reformed_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Evangelical_%26_Reformed_Logo.png/300px-Evangelical_%26_Reformed_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Evangelical_%26_Reformed_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">E&R</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant">United Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1934</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Church_union" title="Church union">Merger of</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Synod of North America">Evangelical Synod</a> and a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Church in the United States">Reformed Church in the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">2,800 (1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">700,000 (1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Theological_Seminary" title="Lancaster Theological Seminary">Lancaster Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden Seminary">Eden Seminary</a></li> <li>Mission House Seminary (later merged into <a href="/wiki/United_Theological_Seminary_of_the_Twin_Cities" title="United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities">United</a></li> <li>Central Seminary (later merged into Eden)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Evangelical and Reformed Church</b> (<b>E&R</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It was formed in 1934 by the merger of the Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS) with the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Synod of North America">Evangelical Synod of North America</a> (ESNA).<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority within the RCUS remained out of the merger in order to continue the name <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Church in the United States">Reformed Church in the United States</a>. In 1957, the Evangelical and Reformed Church merged with the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="Congregational Christian Churches">Congregational Christian Churches</a> (CC) to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (UCC). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the Reformed Church and Evangelical Synod originated in the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Nearly all their churches in the United States were established by immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In 1934, both bodies united to form the Evangelical and Reformed Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States">Reformed Church in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reformed Church in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Church in the United States">Reformed Church in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reformed Church in the United States, long known as the German Reformed Church, organized its first <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> in 1747 and adopted a constitution in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed tradition</a> was and remains centered in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, particularly the eastern and central counties of that state, and extends west to <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in the first generation of immigration. Early Reformed adherents settled alongside <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">German Baptists</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> neighbors. Some Reformed congregations in Pennsylvania and North Carolina formed union churches with <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, sharing the same building but operating as separate entities, although they frequently shared <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a> and occasionally ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up until the early 19th century, Reformed churches ministered to <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> immigrants with a broadly <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> theology and plain <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revivals</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakenings" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Awakenings">Great Awakenings</a> of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, influenced the development of the Reformed churches, especially in frontier regions. Some of the more radical practitioners of revivalism and/or <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietism</a> defected to <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Church of the United Brethren in Christ">Brethren</a> bodies; still others formed the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_God_General_Conference_(Winebrenner)" title="Churches of God General Conference (Winebrenner)">Churches of God, General Conference</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>, doctrinally <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> group. </p><p>A backlash set in, however, against revivals in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Mercersburg_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercersburg Theology">Mercersburg Theology</a> movement. Named for <a href="/wiki/Mercersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercersburg, Pennsylvania">Mercersburg, Pennsylvania</a>, where the Reformed seminary was located in the mid-19th century, scholarly and ministerial advocates of this position sought to reclaim an older, European sense of the church as a holy society that understood itself as organically related to <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>. This implied a recovery of early Protestant liturgies and a renewed emphasis upon the rite of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, somewhat akin to the <a href="/wiki/Tractarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractarian">Tractarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> but within a Reformation vein. </p><p>Some leaders, however, saw this platform as an attempt to impose <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> practice and understandings in a Protestant setting. This group, centered in southeastern Pennsylvania in close proximity to a large Catholic population in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> and thus motivated by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a>, objected strenuously to the Mercersburg reforms, going so far as to establish a separate seminary now known as <a href="/wiki/Ursinus_College" title="Ursinus College">Ursinus College</a>. After temporarily causing the Ohio Synod to withdraw from the church, tensions mounted until compromises were worked out and parishes of either <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low</a> or <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> persuasion were allowed to practice their preferences peacefully. </p><p>A later group of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Germans who had come from the Russian empire</a>, settling in the late 19th century, took root in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and spread westward across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> region; this group spoke <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for several generations after the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> had thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Americanize" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanize">Americanized</a> themselves, theologically as well as linguistically. These immigrants did not participate in the Mercersburg/Ursinus struggle; their theological persuasion was decidedly <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">confessionalist</a>, holding to a fairly strict interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1910s, a small group of immigrant <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> Reformed congregations joined the RCUS as a separate judicatory, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Magyar</a> synod. The convictions of some members were so strong that a few churches in that group, most of which were in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, defected immediately prior to the 1934 merger, influenced by such strict confessionalism, a belief in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">biblical inerrancy</a>, and a fear of losing their Reformed roots. That group retained the name <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Church in the United States">Reformed Church in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> aside, by the time of the merger talks, the RCUS had mostly joined the American <a href="/wiki/Mainline_(Protestant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (Protestant)">Protestant mainline</a>, sending missionaries overseas and operating health and welfare institutions, including hospitals, orphanages, and nursing homes, throughout much of the United States. Further, the Reformed did some work among <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in Wisconsin. The RCUS' constituency composed slightly over half of the membership of the new denomination in 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America">Evangelical Synod of North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evangelical Synod of North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Synod of North America">Evangelical Synod of North America</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century_2">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Evangelical Synod of North America was founded in 1840 at Gravois Settlement in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, by a union of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> in a manner similar to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_Churches" title="Prussian Union of Churches">Prussian Union</a> in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its early years, this union was known as the German Evangelical Church Association of the West. </p><p>The epicenter of the component Evangelical tradition was and remains within the UCC in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, with a heavy concentration of parishes within a 75-mile radius, in Missouri and Illinois. Elsewhere, Evangelicals tended to settle in large cities of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Rural Evangelical strongholds included southwestern Indiana, southern <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, the ESNA was found primarily in central <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. These concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> settlement also witnessed a large influx of more confessionally-oriented Lutherans, who formed the current-day <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> they believed the Evangelicals represented. Almost all other of the contemporaneous Germans were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>. </p><p>Although their faith was chiefly the product of a forced union by the government in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, the Evangelicals by conviction wished to minimize the centuries-old points of contention between Lutheran and Reformed doctrine and practice. This attitude of moderation was enabled in large measure by the rise of pietism, which stressed a more emotional, less rationalistic approach to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, thus disinclining scholars and pastors toward technicalities or polemics. Many Evangelical parishes were founded by pastors trained in interdenominational missionary societies such as the St. Chrischona Pilgrim Mission in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland, in the early 19th century; they immigrated to the United States to assist settlers fleeing <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> militarism. </p><p>Even to a greater degree than the Reformed, the Evangelicals became most noted among American Protestants for their establishment and staunch support of hospitals, orphanages, and homes for the elderly. Probably most similar among English-speaking Protestant groups to the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, pastors emphasized pietist preaching and <a href="/wiki/Catechizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechizing">catechizing</a> young people for the rite of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, a rite still cherished highly to this day by congregations deriving from ESNA roots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_2">20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting a later generation of immigration, the German language persisted for several generations in most congregations before such services were gradually phased out in the era between <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, due in part to anti-<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> sentiment among some Americans. </p><p>In 1919, they began missionary efforts in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, establishing what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church_in_Honduras" title="Evangelical and Reformed Church in Honduras">Evangelical and Reformed Church in Honduras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of governance, the Evangelicals most resembled American Lutheranism of the time, with high regard for the pastor's authority but essentially <a href="/wiki/Congregational_polity" title="Congregational polity">congregational</a> in structure, with a lay council handling temporal matters such as property and benevolences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_with_Congregational_Christian_Churches">Merger with Congregational Christian Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Merger with Congregational Christian Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957, the Evangelical and Reformed Church joined with the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches to form the UCC. The Rev. <a href="/wiki/James_Elvin_Wagner" title="James Elvin Wagner">James Wagner</a> was the last president of the denomination. Upon the union on June 25 of that year, he became, along with former Congregational Christian general minister <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoskins" title="Fred Hoskins">Fred Hoskins</a>, a co-president of the UCC. He and Hoskins held these positions until 1961, when the UCC constitution was ratified by the Evangelical and Reformed synods and the requisite percentage of CC congregations. About 40 percent of the members in the new denomination were members of the E&R Church, about 2800 churches and 700,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_theology">Organization and theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organization and theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Evangelical and Reformed Church was generally <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyterian</a> in organization,<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it allowed for a great deal of local congregational decision-making than more typical Reformed bodies such as <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a> did. The church organized into some 30 or so regional synods, culminating in a national General Synod that met annually. </p><p>The church used several <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Martin Luther's</a> catechisms, and the early Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>; Evangelical and Reformed leaders allowed great latitude in interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the main, Evangelical and Reformed congregations emphasized piety and service rather than legalistic <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a> or orthodox <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>. Styles of worship ranged from revivalism (especially in Ohio and North Carolina) to a Lutheran-like liturgicism (the Mercersburg Movement found primarily in central Pennsylvania parishes). Generally speaking, the theological outlook of most ministers was largely accepting of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal</a> trends in Protestant doctrine and higher <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a>, although some pockets of conservative revivalistic pietism and confessionalist Calvinism could be found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most Protestant denominations, the Evangelical and Reformed church maintained educational institutions and foreign missions. Affiliated educational institutions included the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Theological_Seminary" title="Lancaster Theological Seminary">Lancaster Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Marshall_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin and Marshall College">Franklin and Marshall College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Crest_College" title="Cedar Crest College">Cedar Crest College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ursinus_College" title="Ursinus College">Ursinus College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmhurst College">Elmhurst College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hood_College" title="Hood College">Hood College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catawba_College" title="Catawba College">Catawba College</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eden_Theological_Seminary" title="Eden Theological Seminary">Eden Theological Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg College">Heidelberg College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. </p><p>An Evangelical and Reformed seminary, Mission House, previously located in <a href="/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin" title="Sheboygan, Wisconsin">Sheboygan, Wisconsin</a>, joined with the school of theology of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yankton_College" title="Yankton College">Yankton College</a>, a Congregational Christian institution, to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Theological_Seminary_of_the_Twin_Cities" title="United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities">United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities</a> in the early 1960s. The seminary set up operations in <a href="/wiki/New_Brighton,_Minnesota" title="New Brighton, Minnesota">New Brighton, Minnesota</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a>. In the early 1930s Central Seminary in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, a previous merger of Ursinus and Heidelberg Seminaries, was merged with Eden Seminary. </p><p>In 1946, in cooperation with three other denominations, it formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Andean_Indian_Mission" title="United Andean Indian Mission">United Andean Indian Mission</a>, an agency that sent missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_members">Famous members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Famous members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list includes members of United Church of Christ congregations of Evangelical and Reformed heritage. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloesch" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Bloesch">Donald Bloesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Walter Brueggemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_Nevin" title="John Williamson Nevin">John Williamson Nevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Niebuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Niebuhr">Richard Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Richard Schweiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Shuster" title="Bud Shuster">Bud Shuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winebrenner" title="John Winebrenner">John Winebrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Paul_Wierwille" title="Victor Paul Wierwille">Victor Paul Wierwille</a> was originally a member before founding <a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li></ul> <p>United States President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> attended Washington D.C.'s Grace Reformed Church, an Evangelical and Reformed congregation. Roosevelt originally belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a> (RCA), a Dutch-American group. Since there were no RCA congregations in Washington, he chose Grace Reformed as perhaps the church most similar liturgically and theologically to Dutch Calvinism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-columbia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church.aspx">"Evangelical and Reformed Church"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evangelical+and+Reformed+Church&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FEvangelical_and_Reformed_Church.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvangelical+and+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222044/http://www.rcus.org/rcus-since1934/">"The History of the RCUS Since the 1934 Merger"</a>. <i>www.rcus.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcus.org/rcus-since1934/">the original</a> on 2018-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rcus.org&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+RCUS+Since+the+1934+Merger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcus.org%2Frcus-since1934%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvangelical+and+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319142423/http://sinodo.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28">"Evangelical and Reformed Church in Honduras"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinodo.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28">the original</a> on 2008-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelical+and+Reformed+Church+in+Honduras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinodo.org%2Fweb%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D15%26Itemid%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvangelical+and+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/court-of-appeals/1953/306-n-y-151-0.html">"CADMAN MEM'L CONG. SOC. OF BROOKLYN v. Kenyon"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=CADMAN+MEM%27L+CONG.+SOC.+OF+BROOKLYN+v.+Kenyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Fnew-york%2Fcourt-of-appeals%2F1953%2F306-n-y-151-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvangelical+and+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>A History of the Evangelical and Reformed Church,</i> David Dunn, et al.; Lowell H. Zuck, foreword. New York: Pilgrim Press, 1990.</li> <li><i>The Shaping of the United Church of Christ: An Essay in the History of American Christianity,</i> Louis H. Gunnemann; Charles Shelby Rooks, ed. Cleveland: United Church Press, 1999.</li> <li><i>Builders of Our Foundations - A History of the First Evangelical Church of the Synod,</i> Henry Bode, D.D.; Webster Groves, Missouri: self-published, 1940</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&oldid=1235152786">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church&oldid=1235152786</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Church_of_Christ" title="Category:United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_organizations_established_in_1934" title="Category:Christian organizations established in 1934">Christian organizations established in 1934</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Christian_denominations" title="Category:Former Christian denominations">Former Christian denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Church_of_Christ_predecessor_churches" title="Category:United Church of Christ predecessor churches">United Church of Christ predecessor churches</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from February 2018">Articles that may contain original research from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2018">Articles needing additional references from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 July 2024, at 22:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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