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<li id="toc-Colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_dukes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_dukes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of dukes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_dukes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Курляндскае і Земгальскае герцагства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Курляндскае і Земгальскае герцагства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%96_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Курляндзкае і Зэмгальскае герцагства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Курляндзкае і Зэмгальскае герцагства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Курландия и Семигалия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курландия и Семигалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh_Kourland" title="Dugelezh Kourland – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh Kourland" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Curl%C3%A0ndia_i_Semig%C3%A0lia" title="Ducat de Curlàndia i Semigàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ducat de Curlàndia i Semigàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Курлянди тата Семигали – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Курлянди тата Семигали" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuronsk%C3%A9_a_zemgalsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Kuronské a zemgalské vévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuronské a zemgalské vévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Kurland_og_Semgallen" title="Hertugdømmet Kurland og Semgallen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hertugdømmet Kurland og Semgallen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Kurland_und_Semgallen" title="Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuramaa_hertsogiriik" title="Kuramaa hertsogiriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuramaa hertsogiriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δουκάτο της Κουρλάνδης και της Σεμιγαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουκάτο της Κουρλάνδης και της Σεμιγαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Curlandia_y_Semigalia" title="Ducado de Curlandia y Semigalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Curlandia y Semigalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklando_Kurlando_kaj_Zemgalio" title="Duklando Kurlando kaj Zemgalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duklando Kurlando kaj Zemgalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دوک‌نشین کورلند و سمیگالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین کورلند و سمیگالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Courlande" title="Duché de Courlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Courlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8-%EC%A0%AC%EA%B0%88%EB%A0%8C_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="쿠를란트-젬갈렌 공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠를란트-젬갈렌 공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կուռլանդական դքսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուռլանդական դքսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Kurlandija_i_Semigalija" title="Kneževina Kurlandija i Semigalija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kneževina Kurlandija i Semigalija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Kurlandia_dan_Semigalia" title="Kadipaten Kurlandia dan Semigalia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Kurlandia dan Semigalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Curlandia_e_Semigallia" title="Ducato di Curlandia e Semigallia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Curlandia e Semigallia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="דוכסות קורלנד וסמיגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות קורלנד וסמיגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzemis_i_Zemga%C4%BCis_Gercogiste" title="Kurzemis i Zemgaļis Gercogiste – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kurzemis i Zemgaļis Gercogiste" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzemes_un_Zemgales_hercogiste" title="Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C5%A1o_ir_%C5%BDiemgalos_kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97" title="Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurf%C3%B6ldi_%C3%A9s_Zemgalei_hercegs%C3%A9g" title="Kurföldi és Zemgalei hercegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurföldi és Zemgalei hercegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdemangan_Courland_dan_Semigallia" title="Perdemangan Courland dan Semigallia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdemangan Courland dan Semigallia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertogdom_Koerland_en_Semgallen" title="Hertogdom Koerland en Semgallen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hertogdom Koerland en Semgallen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="クールラント・ゼムガレン公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クールラント・ゼムガレン公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Kurland_og_Semgallen" title="Hertugdømmet Kurland og Semgallen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertugdømmet Kurland og Semgallen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8met_Kurland_og_Semigallen" title="Hertugdømet Kurland og Semigallen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hertugdømet Kurland og Semigallen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Curl%C3%A0ndia" title="Ducat de Curlàndia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ducat de Curlàndia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Kurlandii_i_Semigalii" title="Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_da_Curl%C3%A2ndia_e_Semig%C3%A1lia" title="Ducado da Curlândia e Semigália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado da Curlândia e Semigália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducatul_Curlandei_%C8%99i_Semigaliei" title="Ducatul Curlandei și Semigaliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ducatul Curlandei și Semigaliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Курляндия и Семигалия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курляндия и Семигалия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Kurlandija_in_Semgalija" title="Vojvodstvo Kurlandija in Semgalija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojvodstvo Kurlandija in Semgalija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војводство Курландија и Семигалија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војводство Курландија и Семигалија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Kurlandija_i_Semigalija" title="Kneževina Kurlandija i Semigalija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kneževina Kurlandija i Semigalija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuurinmaan_ja_Semgallian_herttuakunta" title="Kuurinmaan ja Semgallian herttuakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuurinmaan ja Semgallian herttuakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertigd%C3%B6met_Kurland" title="Hertigdömet Kurland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hertigdömet Kurland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ดัชชีคูร์ลันด์และเซมีกัลเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัชชีคูร์ลันด์และเซมีกัลเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandiya_ve_Semigalya_D%C3%BCkal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kurlandiya ve Semigalya Dükalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurlandiya ve Semigalya Dükalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Герцогство Курляндії і Семигалії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герцогство Курляндії і Семигалії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Courland_v%C3%A0_Semigallia" title="Công quốc Courland và Semigallia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Courland và Semigallia" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&params=56_38_11_N_23_42_55_E_source:kolossus-ptwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°38′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°42′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.63639°N 23.71528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.63639; 23.71528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1561–1795 Polish–Lithuanian vassal state in the Baltics</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the early modern duchy. For the short-lived state founded during World War I, see <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Special:EditPage/Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Duchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia%22">"Duchy of Courland and Semigallia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Duchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Duchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Duchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Duchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Duchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>)</span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Hertigdömet Kurland och Semgallen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1561–1795</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Courland_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Courland and Semigallia"><img alt="Flag of Courland and Semigallia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Courland" title="Flag of Courland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducatus_Curlandi%C3%A6_et_Semigalli%C3%A6_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Courland and Semigallia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Courland and Semigallia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ducatus_Curlandi%C3%A6_et_Semigalli%C3%A6_1.svg/85px-Ducatus_Curlandi%C3%A6_et_Semigalli%C3%A6_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ducatus_Curlandi%C3%A6_et_Semigalli%C3%A6_1.svg/128px-Ducatus_Curlandi%C3%A6_et_Semigalli%C3%A6_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ducatus_Curlandi%C3%A6_et_Semigalli%C3%A6_1.svg/170px-Ducatus_Curlandi%C3%A6_et_Semigalli%C3%A6_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Courland" title="Coat of arms of Courland"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Courland-Semigallia_in_1714.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Courland-Semigallia_in_1714.svg/250px-Courland-Semigallia_in_1714.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Courland-Semigallia_in_1714.svg/375px-Courland-Semigallia_in_1714.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Courland-Semigallia_in_1714.svg/500px-Courland-Semigallia_in_1714.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="542" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in 1714 <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c6debd; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> (1561–1569)<br />and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a><br />(1569–1795)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Mitau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Courlander, Couronian, Courish, Courlandish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Courland">Duke</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1561–1587 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1769–1795 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron">Peter von Biron</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landtag#Baltic_countries" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vilnius_(1561)" title="Treaty of Vilnius (1561)">Treaty of Vilnius</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1561</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Colonial acquisitions</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1637–1690</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 1795</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">27,290 km<sup>2</sup> (10,540 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">~200,000 (1794)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.3/km<sup>2</sup> (18.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">Thaler</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic region</a>, then known as <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and subsequently made part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Polish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of the Polish Kingdom">Crown of the Polish Kingdom</a> from 1569 to 1726<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1726.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 24, 1795, it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>. </p><p>There was also a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">short-lived wartime state</a> with the same name that existed from March 8 to September 22, 1918. Plans for it to become part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a>, subject to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, were thwarted by Germany's surrender of the Baltic region at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area became a part of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> at the end of World War I. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Latvia" title="Category:History of Latvia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History of <span class="fn org label">Latvia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="LIVONIA Vulgo Lyetland"><img alt="LIVONIA Vulgo Lyetland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg/240px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg/360px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg/480px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4318" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Latvia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vends" class="mw-redirect" title="Vends">Vends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Jersika" title="Principality of Jersika">Principality of Jersika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Koknese" title="Principality of Koknese">Principality of Koknese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81lava" title="Tālava">Tālava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish Wars <small>(1600–1629)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian colonization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Governorate" title="Vitebsk Governorate">Vitebsk Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">The First Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern Latvia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic">Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Latvian coup d'état">1934 Latvian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">1940 Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">The Holocaust in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">1944 Soviet re-occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Restoration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Latvian_history" title="Timeline of Latvian history"><b>Chronology</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Latvia 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href="/wiki/File:Double-Denar_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_Steponas_Batoras_monogram_and_Vytis_(Waykimas),_1578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Double-Denar_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_Steponas_Batoras_monogram_and_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_1578.jpg/220px-Double-Denar_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_Steponas_Batoras_monogram_and_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_1578.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Double-Denar_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_Steponas_Batoras_monogram_and_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_1578.jpg/330px-Double-Denar_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_Steponas_Batoras_monogram_and_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_1578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Double-Denar_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_Steponas_Batoras_monogram_and_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_1578.jpg/440px-Double-Denar_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_Steponas_Batoras_monogram_and_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_1578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Double-Denar with monogram of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania">coat of arms of Lithuania</a>, minted in <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Mitau</a>, 1578</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1561, during the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Wars">Livonian Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a> was dismantled and the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> was disbanded. On the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vilnius_(1561)" title="Treaty of Vilnius (1561)">Treaty of Vilnius</a>, the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. On 25 December 1566, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Grodno_(1566)" title="Union of Grodno (1566)">Union of Grodno</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a>. The part of Latvia between the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> became the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a>. It was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kettler">House of Kettler</a> with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann Biron</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron">Peter von Biron</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-archiv.org.lv_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archiv.org.lv-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last Master of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>, became the first <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Courland">duke of Courland</a>. Other members of the Order became the <a href="/wiki/Couronian_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian nobility">Couronian nobility</a>, with the fiefdoms they had hitherto held becoming their estates. In all, Kettler received nearly one-third of the land in the new duchy. <a href="/wiki/Mitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitau">Mitau</a> (Jelgava) was designated as the new capital and a <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a> was to meet there twice a year. </p><p>Several parts of the Courish area did not belong to the Duchy. The Order of Livonia had already loaned the Grobiņa district (on the coast of Baltic Sea) to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Prussia">Duke of Prussia</a>. Another district, the former <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a>, belonged to <a href="/wiki/Duke_Magnus_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Magnus of Holstein">Magnus</a>, son of the king of Denmark. He promised to transfer it to the Duchy of Courland after his death, but this plan failed and only later did <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kettler" title="Wilhelm Kettler">Wilhelm Kettler</a> regain this district. </p><p>Like the other members of the Order, Kettler was German and set about establishing the Duchy along the lines of similar German states. In 1570, he issued the <i>Privilegium Gotthardinum</i>, which allowed the landholders to <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">enserf</a> the native peasantry on their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Gotthard Kettler died in 1587, his sons, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kettler" title="Friedrich Kettler">Friedrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kettler" title="Wilhelm Kettler">Wilhelm</a>, became the dukes of Courland. They divided the Duchy into two parts in 1596. Friedrich controlled the eastern part, <a href="/wiki/Semigalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Semigalia">Semigalia</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zemgale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemgale">Zemgale</a></i>), with his residence in Mitau (<a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a>). Wilhelm owned the western part, Courland (<i>Kurzeme</i>), with his residence in Goldingen (<a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a>). Wilhelm regained the Grobiņa district when he married the daughter of the Duke of Prussia. He also paid out and regained control over the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Pilten" title="District of Pilten">District of Pilten</a>, but eventually, it fell to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Here he developed <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalworking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyards</a>, and the new ships delivered the goods of Courland to other countries. </p><p>However, relations between the duke and the landowners were quite hostile. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, which was the overlord of the Duchy of Courland, supported the landowners. Wilhelm expressed his disappointment with the landowners, but this ended with his removal from the duke's seat in 1616. Finally, Wilhelm left Courland and spent the rest of his life abroad. Thus, Friedrich became the only duke of Courland after 1616. </p><p>From 1600 to 1629, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> conducted a war with its main battlefields around <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. As a result, Sweden gained control of what is today central and northern <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia_(1629%E2%80%931721)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)">Swedish Livonia</a>. The Commonwealth retained the eastern part of the Duchy of Livonia, thereafter called <a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a> in Polish. Courland was also involved in this war, but did not suffer severe damage. </p><p>Under the next duke, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kettler" title="Jacob Kettler">Jacob Kettler</a>, the Duchy reached the peak of its prosperity. During his travels in Western Europe, Jacob became a eager proponent of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> ideas. Metalworking and shipbuilding became much more developed, and powder mills began producing gunpowder. Trading relations developed not only with nearby countries but also with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>. Jacob established the merchant fleet of the Duchy of Courland, with its main harbours in <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Libau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization">Colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Curonian colonisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian colonization of the Americas</a></div> <p>In 1651 the Duchy established its first <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> in Africa, <a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">St. Andrews Island</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a>, and founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jakob_(Gambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Jakob (Gambia)">Jacob Fort</a> there. The main export goods included ivory, gold, furs and spices. Soon afterwards, in 1652, Courlanders established another colony, in <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. There the main export goods included sugar, tobacco, coffee and spices. </p><p>However, during this time, the Duchy of Courland remained an object of interest for both Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1655 the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy, starting the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Swedish–Polish war</a> (1655–1660). The Swedish army captured Duke Jacob (1658–1660). During this period, the Dutch took over both of Courland's colonies that lacked supplies and manpower, and the merchant fleet and factories suffered destruction. This war ended with the peace <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Oliwa">Treaty of Oliwa</a> (1660). Courland regained Tobago on the basis of the treaty and held it until 1689. Duke Jacob set about restoring the fleet and factories, but the Duchy of Courland never again reached its pre-war level of prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-latgale.academy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latgale.academy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg/220px-Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg/330px-Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg/440px-Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in 1740</figcaption></figure> <p>When Jacob died in 1682, his son, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Casimir_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Casimir Kettler">Friedrich Casimir</a>, became the next duke. During his reign production continued to decrease. The duke himself was more interested in glamorous celebrations and spent more money than he had. This forced him to sell Tobago to the British. During this period, the Commonwealth increased its influence in the political and economic life of the Duchy. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> showed an interest in this area. </p><p>Friedrich Casimir died in 1698. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler">Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler</a>, was only six years old and was under the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> of his uncle Ferdinand – a Polish general. During this time the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721) began between Sweden and Russia with its allies – the Commonwealth, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and Denmark. As a result of the war, Russia took control of Swedish Livonia starting in 1710. In Courland, Russia also had such a strong influence that its ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Pyotr Bestuzhev</a>, became the most powerful man in the duchy. The <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>, received a promise from Friedrich Wilhelm that he would marry one of the daughters of the tsar's brother. By having this promise, Peter the Great wished to increase the influence of Russia in Courland. In 1710, Friedrich Wilhelm married <a href="/wiki/Anna_Ioannovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Ioannovna">Anna Ioannovna</a> (later Empress of Russia), but on his way back from <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a>, he took ill and died. Anna ruled as the duchess of Courland from 1711 to 1730. </p><p>After the death of Friedrich Wilhelm, the next candidate for the seat of duke was <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kettler" title="Ferdinand Kettler">Ferdinand Kettler</a>, who, at the time, lived in <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>. Because the law required the duke to reside within the Duchy, the Diet did not recognize him. Because Ferdinand was the last representative of Kettler's family, a remarkable number of candidates tried to gain the dukedom during this period. One favorite was <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" title="Maurice de Saxe">Maurice de Saxe</a>, natural son of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a>, King of Poland. Saxe had managed to gain support and was even mentioned as marrying <a href="/wiki/Anna_Ioannovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Ioannovna">Anna Ioannovna</a>, Duchess of Courland at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected duke in 1726, but only managed to maintain himself by force of arms till the next year. Russia disliked him and sent an army to western Courland to destroy Maurice's base. When <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine</a> was Empress <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lacy" title="Peter Lacy">Peter Lacy</a> was given responsibility for removing Maurice de Saxe from Courland.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the result Maurice de Saxe had to leave Courland, and Russia increased its influence. This was achieved in good measure due to service of Peter Lacy who was <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">governor of Livonia</a> from 1727 until his death in 1751. Russian influence increased further when <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick August III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a>, in his successful bid to succeed his father on the Polish throne in the 1730s, agreed to grant Anna of Russia her choice of successor to the Courish duchy in exchange for Russian support in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>. (Because of the duchy's position as a vassal of the Commonwealth and Ferdinand Kettler's lack of issue, the duchy would otherwise formally have devolved onto the Polish throne.) Anna appointed <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a> duke of Courland in 1737. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_portrait_of_Ernst_Johann_von_Biron,_Vytis_(Waykimas)_and_the_Polish_Eagle,_1764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coin_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_portrait_of_Ernst_Johann_von_Biron%2C_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29_and_the_Polish_Eagle%2C_1764.jpg/220px-Coin_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_portrait_of_Ernst_Johann_von_Biron%2C_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29_and_the_Polish_Eagle%2C_1764.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coin_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_portrait_of_Ernst_Johann_von_Biron%2C_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29_and_the_Polish_Eagle%2C_1764.jpg/330px-Coin_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_portrait_of_Ernst_Johann_von_Biron%2C_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29_and_the_Polish_Eagle%2C_1764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coin_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_portrait_of_Ernst_Johann_von_Biron%2C_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29_and_the_Polish_Eagle%2C_1764.jpg/440px-Coin_of_the_Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_with_portrait_of_Ernst_Johann_von_Biron%2C_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29_and_the_Polish_Eagle%2C_1764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia with portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">coat of arms of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania">coat of arms of Lithuania</a>, 1764</figcaption></figure> <p>Von Biron received remarkable financial support from Russia and invested it in construction – for example, the <a href="/wiki/Rund%C4%81le_Palace" title="Rundāle Palace">Castle of Ruhenthal</a> projected by the distinguished Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Rastrelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Rastrelli">Bartolomeo Rastrelli</a>. Anna Ivanovna died in 1740, resulting in von Biron's exile to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> the following year. From there, through the Council of the Duke, he continued to control the Duchy, with the agreement of the king of Poland. However, the landowners of Courland disliked the agreement and even refused to follow the regulations of the Council of the Duke. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duke_Louis_Ernest_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> was selected as Biron's successor on June 27, 1741, with the support of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a>, but while he was in <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> to get this title ratified, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth of Russia</a> carried out a coup on December 6, 1741, and he lost the title. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> proclaimed his son, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Joseph_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony">Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony</a>, the next duke. Thus, the Duchy of Courland had two dukes simultaneously thereafter. The situation became extremely tense – one part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landtag_of_Courland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landtag of Courland (page does not exist)">Landtag of Courland</a> accepted von Biron, the other, Carl of Saxony. The Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a> (reigned 1762–1796) solved this situation by recalling Ernst von Biron from exile in 1763. By doing this, she avoided the possible increase of influence of the Commonwealth in Courland. However, political fighting had exhausted Ernst Biron, and he turned the seat of duke over to his son, <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron">Peter von Biron</a>, in 1769. But political tumult continued in Courland. Some landowners supported the Commonwealth, some Russia. Ultimately, Russia determined the further fate of Courland when with its allies it began the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">third division of Poland</a> (1795). Given a "nice recommendation" by Russia, Duke Peter von Biron gave up his rights to Russia in 1795. With the signing of the final document on October 24, 1795, the Duchy of Courland was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and title of Duke of Courland was added to the <a href="/wiki/Tsar#Full_style_of_Russian_Sovereigns" title="Tsar">title of Russian emperors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_dukes">List of dukes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of dukes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table width="98%" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="5%">Portrait </th> <th width="17%">Name </th> <th width="20%">Lifespan </th> <th width="20%">Reign </th> <th width="22%">Consorts </th> <th width="28%">Succession </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotthard_Kettler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gotthard_Kettler.jpg/110px-Gotthard_Kettler.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gotthard_Kettler.jpg/165px-Gotthard_Kettler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gotthard_Kettler.jpg/220px-Gotthard_Kettler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="559" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a> </td> <td>February 2, 1517 – May 17, 1587 </td> <td>November 28, 1561 – May 17, 1587 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Mecklenburg" title="Anna of Mecklenburg">Anna of Mecklenburg</a><br />March 11, 1566<br /><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a><br />3 children </td> <td>First </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FriedrichKettlerKurland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/FriedrichKettlerKurland.JPG/110px-FriedrichKettlerKurland.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/FriedrichKettlerKurland.JPG/165px-FriedrichKettlerKurland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/FriedrichKettlerKurland.JPG/220px-FriedrichKettlerKurland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kettler" title="Friedrich Kettler">Friedrich Kettler</a> </td> <td>November 25, 1569 – August 17, 1642 </td> <td>May 17, 1587 – August 17, 1642 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Magdalena_of_Pomerania" title="Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania">Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania</a><br />March 14, 1600<br />no issue </td> <td>Son of Gotthard Kettler </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Kettler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jacob_Kettler.jpg/110px-Jacob_Kettler.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jacob_Kettler.jpg/165px-Jacob_Kettler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jacob_Kettler.jpg/220px-Jacob_Kettler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kettler" title="Jacob Kettler">Jacob Kettler</a> </td> <td>October 28, 1610 – January 1, 1682 </td> <td>August 17, 1642 – January 1, 1682 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louise_Charlotte_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg">Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg</a><br />October 9, 1645<br />9 children </td> <td>Nephew of Friedrich Kettler </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Casimir_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Frederick_Casimir_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg/110px-Frederick_Casimir_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Frederick_Casimir_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg/165px-Frederick_Casimir_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Frederick_Casimir_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg/220px-Frederick_Casimir_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="4134" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Casimir_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Casimir Kettler">Friedrich Casimir Kettler</a> </td> <td>July 6, 1650 – January 22, 1698 </td> <td>January 1, 1682 – January 22, 1698 </td> <td>(1) <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Amalie_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="Sophie Amalie of Nassau-Siegen">Sophie Amalie of Nassau-Siegen</a><br />October 5, 1675<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a><br />5 children<br />(2) <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sophie_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg">Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg</a><br />April 29, 1691<br />2 children </td> <td>Son of Jacob Kettler </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pesne_Portrait_of_a_young_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pesne_Portrait_of_a_young_man.jpg/110px-Pesne_Portrait_of_a_young_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pesne_Portrait_of_a_young_man.jpg/165px-Pesne_Portrait_of_a_young_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pesne_Portrait_of_a_young_man.jpg/220px-Pesne_Portrait_of_a_young_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="2424" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler">Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler</a> </td> <td>July 19, 1692 – January 21, 1711 </td> <td>January 22, 1698 – January 21, 1711 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna of Russia</a><br />November 11, 1710<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a><br />no issue </td> <td>Son of Frederick Casimir Kettler </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ferdinand_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg/110px-Ferdinand_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ferdinand_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg/165px-Ferdinand_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ferdinand_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Kettler_duke_of_Courland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="4145" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kettler" title="Ferdinand Kettler">Ferdinand Kettler</a> </td> <td>November 1, 1655 – May 4, 1737 </td> <td>January 21, 1711 – May 4, 1737 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Magdalene_of_Saxe-Weissenfels" title="Johanna Magdalene of Saxe-Weissenfels">Johanna Magdalene of Saxe-Weissenfels</a><br />September 20, 1730<br /><a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a><br />no issue </td> <td>Uncle of Frederick William Kettler </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG/110px-Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG/165px-Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG/220px-Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="759" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a> </td> <td>November 23, 1690 – December 29, 1772 </td> <td>June 1737 – 1740 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benigna_Gottlieb_von_Trotha_gt_Treyden" class="mw-redirect" title="Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden">Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden</a><br />1723<br />3 children </td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Ernst_(1718-1788)_Herzog_zu_Braunschweig_-_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_-_Bevern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ludwig_Ernst_%281718-1788%29_Herzog_zu_Braunschweig_-_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_-_Bevern.jpg/110px-Ludwig_Ernst_%281718-1788%29_Herzog_zu_Braunschweig_-_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_-_Bevern.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ludwig_Ernst_%281718-1788%29_Herzog_zu_Braunschweig_-_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_-_Bevern.jpg/165px-Ludwig_Ernst_%281718-1788%29_Herzog_zu_Braunschweig_-_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_-_Bevern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ludwig_Ernst_%281718-1788%29_Herzog_zu_Braunschweig_-_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_-_Bevern.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Ernst_%281718-1788%29_Herzog_zu_Braunschweig_-_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_-_Bevern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="334" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Louis_Ernest_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> </td> <td>September 25, 1718 – May 12, 1788 </td> <td>June 27, 1741 – December 6, 1741 </td> <td>Never married </td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Karl_Christian_of_Saxony_(1733%E2%80%931796),_Duke_of_Courland_and_Semigallia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prince_Karl_Christian_of_Saxony_%281733%E2%80%931796%29%2C_Duke_of_Courland_and_Semigallia.jpg/110px-Prince_Karl_Christian_of_Saxony_%281733%E2%80%931796%29%2C_Duke_of_Courland_and_Semigallia.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prince_Karl_Christian_of_Saxony_%281733%E2%80%931796%29%2C_Duke_of_Courland_and_Semigallia.jpg/165px-Prince_Karl_Christian_of_Saxony_%281733%E2%80%931796%29%2C_Duke_of_Courland_and_Semigallia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prince_Karl_Christian_of_Saxony_%281733%E2%80%931796%29%2C_Duke_of_Courland_and_Semigallia.jpg/220px-Prince_Karl_Christian_of_Saxony_%281733%E2%80%931796%29%2C_Duke_of_Courland_and_Semigallia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1849" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Saxony,_Duke_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland">Karl of Saxony</a> </td> <td>July 13, 1733 – June 16, 1796 </td> <td>November 10, 1758 – 1763 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franciszka_Krasi%C5%84ska" title="Franciszka Krasińska">Franciszka Krasińska</a><br />March 25, 1760<br /><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a><br />2 daughters </td> <td>Appointed by Augustus III, King of Poland </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG/110px-Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG/165px-Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG/220px-Ernst_Johann_von_Biron_111.PNG 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="759" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a> </td> <td>November 23, 1690 – December 29, 1772 </td> <td>1763–1769 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benigna_Gottlieb_von_Trotha_gt_Treyden" class="mw-redirect" title="Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden">Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden</a><br />1723<br />3 children </td> <td>Reappointed by Catherine the Great </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_von_Biron.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_von_Biron.PNG/110px-Peter_von_Biron.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_von_Biron.PNG/165px-Peter_von_Biron.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_von_Biron.PNG/220px-Peter_von_Biron.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron">Peter von Biron</a> </td> <td>February 15, 1724 – January 13, 1800 </td> <td>1769 – March 28, 1795 </td> <td>(1) <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a><br />October 5, 1765<br />1 son (stillborn)<br />(2) <a href="/wiki/Yevdokiya_Borisovna_Yusupova" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevdokiya Borisovna Yusupova">Yevdokiya Borisovna Yusupova</a><br />March 6, 1774<br />Jelgava<br />no issue<br />(3) <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Medem" title="Dorothea von Medem">Dorothea von Medem</a><br />November 6, 1779<br />6 children </td> <td>Son of Ernst Johann von Biron </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapen_hertogen_van_Koerland_Kettler_groot.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater coat of arms of the Dukes of Courland of the Kettler family"><img alt="Greater coat of arms of the Dukes of Courland of the Kettler family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wapen_hertogen_van_Koerland_Kettler_groot.svg/92px-Wapen_hertogen_van_Koerland_Kettler_groot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wapen_hertogen_van_Koerland_Kettler_groot.svg/139px-Wapen_hertogen_van_Koerland_Kettler_groot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wapen_hertogen_van_Koerland_Kettler_groot.svg/185px-Wapen_hertogen_van_Koerland_Kettler_groot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater coat of arms of the Dukes of Courland of the <a href="/wiki/Ketteler" title="Ketteler">Kettler family</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Courland_(Naval).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval Flag of Courland and Semigallia"><img alt="Naval Flag of Courland and Semigallia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Courland_%28Naval%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Courland_%28Naval%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Courland_%28Naval%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Courland_%28Naval%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Courland_%28Naval%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Courland_%28Naval%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval Flag of Courland and Semigallia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurland_Karte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German map of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (about 1600)"><img alt="German map of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (about 1600)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kurland_Karte.jpg/120px-Kurland_Karte.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kurland_Karte.jpg/180px-Kurland_Karte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kurland_Karte.jpg/240px-Kurland_Karte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German map of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (about 1600)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biron_Rezidenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jelgava Palace, the main residence of the dukes"><img alt="Jelgava Palace, the main residence of the dukes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Biron_Rezidenz.jpg/120px-Biron_Rezidenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Biron_Rezidenz.jpg/180px-Biron_Rezidenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Biron_Rezidenz.jpg/240px-Biron_Rezidenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jelgava_Palace" title="Jelgava Palace">Jelgava Palace</a>, the main residence of the dukes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund_Augustus_King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_incorporates_fiefdoms,_Duchies_of_Courland_and_Semigalia_into_the_Crown_1569.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigismund Augustus King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania incorporates fiefdoms, Duchies of Courland and Semigalia into the Crown in 1569"><img alt="Sigismund Augustus King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania incorporates fiefdoms, Duchies of Courland and Semigalia into the Crown in 1569" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sigismund_Augustus_King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_incorporates_fiefdoms%2C_Duchies_of_Courland_and_Semigalia_into_the_Crown_1569.png/77px-Sigismund_Augustus_King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_incorporates_fiefdoms%2C_Duchies_of_Courland_and_Semigalia_into_the_Crown_1569.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sigismund_Augustus_King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_incorporates_fiefdoms%2C_Duchies_of_Courland_and_Semigalia_into_the_Crown_1569.png/116px-Sigismund_Augustus_King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_incorporates_fiefdoms%2C_Duchies_of_Courland_and_Semigalia_into_the_Crown_1569.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sigismund_Augustus_King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_incorporates_fiefdoms%2C_Duchies_of_Courland_and_Semigalia_into_the_Crown_1569.png/155px-Sigismund_Augustus_King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_incorporates_fiefdoms%2C_Duchies_of_Courland_and_Semigalia_into_the_Crown_1569.png 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="3584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sigismund Augustus King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania incorporates fiefdoms, Duchies of Courland and Semigalia into the Crown in 1569</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Courland" title="Coat of arms of Courland">Coat of arms of Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Courland" title="Duchess of Courland">Duchess of Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization of the Americas">Couronian colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_von_Ockel" title="Ernst Friedrich von Ockel">Ernst Friedrich von Ockel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volumina Legum, t. II, Petersburg 1859, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Volumina Legum</i>, t. VI, Petersburg 1860, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/history/how-the-duchy-of-courland-was-briefly-resurrected-in-1918.a271089/">"How the Duchy of Courland was briefly resurrected in 1918"</a>. <i>eng.lsm.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eng.lsm.lv&rft.atitle=How+the+Duchy+of+Courland+was+briefly+resurrected+in+1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fhow-the-duchy-of-courland-was-briefly-resurrected-in-1918.a271089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archiv.org.lv-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archiv.org.lv_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiv.org.lv/hercogiste/index.php?lang=en&id=12">"Duke Gotthard"</a>. <i>archiv.org.lv</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archiv.org.lv&rft.atitle=Duke+Gotthard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiv.org.lv%2Fhercogiste%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palkans, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latgale.academy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latgale.academy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latgale.academy/the-fall-of-the-couronian-colonization/">"The Fall of Curonian Colonization"</a>. <i>History & Culture Academy of Latgale</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Culture+Academy+of+Latgale&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Curonian+Colonization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatgale.academy%2Fthe-fall-of-the-couronian-colonization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGee-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGee1873" class="citation book cs1">McGee, James E. (1873). <i>Sketches of Irish soldiers in every land</i>. New York: Lang, Little & Hillman. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+Irish+soldiers+in+every+land&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Lang%2C+Little+%26+Hillman&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Courland+and+Semigallia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ceaser, Ray A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905120710/http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/duchy.html">Duchy of Courland</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, June 2001.</li> <li>Plakans, Andrejs (1995) <i>The Latvians: A Short History</i>, Hoover Institution Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/Courland/rosenthal.htm">Courland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/courland16411795.html">Courland 1641–1795</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235903/https://www.fotw.info/flags/lv-cour.html">Flags of Courland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717082133/http://www.baltische-ritterschaften.de/Ritterschaften/Kurland/Kurland.htm">Die Kurländische Ritterschaft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.von-stackelberg.de/geschichte/kurland.htm">Ritterschaften der Familie in Kurland</a></li></ul> <table style="border:0px background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:0px;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_hs0l6ibs0asrmapqrheda3do225cfpe"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" coords="218,34,376,54" title="Livonian Confederation" alt="Livonian Confederation" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" coords="13,34,121,54" title="Terra Mariana" alt="Terra Mariana" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Latvian_SSR" coords="718,77,815,98" title="Latvian SSR" alt="Latvian SSR" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia_(1721%E2%80%931917)" coords="507,85,637,105" 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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Province_of_the_Polish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown">Province of<br /> Greater Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski_Voivodeship" title="Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship">Brześć Kujawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship" title="Chełmno Voivodeship">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno_Voivodeship" title="Gniezno Voivodeship">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Inowrocław Voivodeship">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1314%E2%80%931793)" title="Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793)">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_Voivodeship" title="Łęczyca Voivodeship">Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship_(1526%E2%80%931795)" title="Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)">Masovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock_Voivodeship_(1495%E2%80%931793)" title="Płock Voivodeship (1495–1793)">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(14th_century_to_1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_Voivodeship" title="Rawa Voivodeship">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz_Voivodeship_(1339%E2%80%931793)" title="Sieradz Voivodeship (1339–1793)">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia#Within_the_Territory_of_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the administrative division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1619"><img alt="Map indicating the administrative division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1619" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg/125px-Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg/188px-Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg/250px-Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province_of_the_Polish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown">Province of<br /> Lesser Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Voivodeship" title="Belz Voivodeship">Bełz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Bracław Voivodeship">Bracław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Voivodeship" title="Chernihiv Voivodeship">Chernihów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)" title="Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship_(1474%E2%80%931795)" title="Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship_(1513%E2%80%931795)" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)">Podlaskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolian_Voivodeship" title="Podolian Voivodeship">Podolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship" title="Sandomierz Voivodeship">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)">Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Duchy of Siewierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severia" title="Severia">Duchy of Siveria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1619–1635)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of<br /> Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brest_Litovsk_Voivodeship" title="Brest Litovsk Voivodeship">Brest Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Voivodeship" title="Minsk Voivodeship">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstsislaw_Voivodeship" title="Mstsislaw Voivodeship">Mstsislaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek_Voivodeship_(1507%E2%80%931795)" title="Nowogródek Voivodeship (1507–1795)">Nowogródek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po%C5%82ock_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Połock Voivodeship">Połock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Voivodeship" title="Smolensk Voivodeship">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trakai_Voivodeship" title="Trakai Voivodeship">Trakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Voivodeship" title="Vilnius Voivodeship">Vilnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Voivodeship" title="Vitebsk Voivodeship">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Samogitia" title="Duchy of Samogitia">Duchy of Samogitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish Livonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dorpat_Voivodeship" title="Dorpat Voivodeship">Dorpat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parnawa_Voivodeship" title="Parnawa Voivodeship">Parnawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenden_Voivodeship" title="Wenden Voivodeship">Wenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty (1621–1772)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fiefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fiefdoms_of_Poland142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Template:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fiefdoms_of_Poland142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fiefdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval district principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Seniorate Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Duchy of Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sandomierz" title="Duchy of Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wi%C5%9Blica" title="Duchy of Wiślica">Wiślica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Duchy of Poznań">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniezno" title="Duchy of Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kalisz" title="Duchy of Kalisz">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Duchy of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Czersk" title="Duchy of Czersk">Czersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_P%C5%82ock" title="Duchy of Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw_(Middle_Ages)" title="Duchy of Warsaw (Middle Ages)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rawa" title="Duchy of Rawa">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Belz" title="Duchy of Belz">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wizna" title="Duchy of Wizna">Wizna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kuyavia" title="Duchy of Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Duchy of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Duchy of Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bydgoszcz_and_Wyszogr%C3%B3d" title="Duchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród">Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniewkowo" title="Duchy of Gniewkowo">Gniewkowo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Dobrzy%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Dobrzyń (page does not exist)">Dobrzyń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_Land" title="Łęczyca Land">Łęczyca</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sieradz_Land" title="Sieradz Land">Sieradz Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Duchy of Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sieradz" title="Duchy of Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia" title="Duchy of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole" title="Duchy of Opole">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Duchy of Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Duchy of Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubusz" title="Duchy of Lubusz">Lubusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Legnica" title="Duchy of Legnica">Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Jawor" title="Duchy of Jawor">Jawor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Duchy of Żagań">Żagań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bytom" title="Duchy of Bytom">Bytom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lw%C3%B3wek" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lwówek">Lwówek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cieszyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brzeg" title="Duchy of Brzeg">Brzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Siewierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ole%C5%9Bnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Oleśnica">Oleśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Słupsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork_and_Byt%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lębork and Bytów">Lębork and Bytów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other medieval fiefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kopanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Kopanica">Kopanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldership_of_Spisz" title="Eldership of Spisz">Spisz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Che%C5%82m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Chełm (page does not exist)">Chełm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Volodymyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Volodymyr (page does not exist)">Volodymyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Podolia" title="Duchy of Podolia">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Caffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern fiefs of the <br /><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Duchy of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Duchy of Siewierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Duchy of Oświęcim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Duchy of Zator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Troppau" title="Duchy of Troppau">Duchy of Troppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork_and_Byt%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lębork and Bytów">Lębork and Bytów</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="With_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">With the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia&params=56_38_11_N_23_42_55_E_source:kolossus-ptwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°38′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°42′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this 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