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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Biron" title="Petr Biron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petr Biron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_von_Biron" title="Pierre von Biron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre von Biron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Biron" title="Pietro Biron – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietro Biron" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_B%C4%ABrons" title="Pēteris Bīrons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pēteris Bīrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيتر فون بيرون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر فون بيرون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Biron" title="Peter Biron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Biron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ペーター・フォン・ビロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペーター・フォン・ビロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Biron" title="Piotr Biron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr Biron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Пётр (герцог Курляндии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пётр (герцог Курляндии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peter von Biron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Петер фон Бірон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Петер фон Бірон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E9%9A%86" title="彼得·馮·比隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得·馮·比隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q456718#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Peter von Biron</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duke of Courland and Semigallia</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_von_Biron.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_von_Biron.PNG/220px-Peter_von_Biron.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_von_Biron.PNG/330px-Peter_von_Biron.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_von_Biron.PNG/440px-Peter_von_Biron.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hartmann_Barisien" title="Friedrich Hartmann Barisien">Friedrich Hartmann Barisien</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1782</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duke of Courland and Semigallia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1769–1795</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1724-02-15</span>)</span>15 February 1724<br /><a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Mitau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 January 1800<span style="display:none">(1800-01-13)</span> (aged 75)<br />Gellenau Palace, <a href="/wiki/Jeleni%C3%B3w,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Jeleniów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Gellenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Princess Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1765; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1772)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yevdokiya_Yusupova" title="Yevdokiya Yusupova">Eudoxia Borisovna Yusupova</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1774; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1778)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Medem" title="Dorothea von Medem">Dorothea von Medem</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1779)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wilhelmine,_Duchess_of_Sagan" title="Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan">Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Pauline,_Duchess_of_Sagan" title="Princess Pauline, Duchess of Sagan">Pauline, Duchess of Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Joanna_of_Courland" title="Princess Joanna of Courland">Joanna, Duchess of Acerenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Dorothea_of_Courland" title="Princess Dorothea of Courland">Dorothea, Duchess of Sagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Biron" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Biron">Biron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann, Duke of Courland and Semigallia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benigna_Gottlieb_von_Trotha_gt_Treyden" class="mw-redirect" title="Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden">Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biron_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Biron_COA.png/220px-Biron_COA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Biron_COA.png/330px-Biron_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Biron_COA.png/440px-Biron_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Courland">Duke of Courland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Peter von Biron</b> (15 February 1724 – 13 January 1800) was the last duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Courland and Semigallia</a> from 1769 to 1795, when it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_reign">Life and reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_von_Biron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter was born in <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Mitau</i>) as the oldest son of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a>, future Duke of Courland, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Benigna_Gottlieb_von_Trotha_gt_Treyden" class="mw-redirect" title="Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden">Benigna von Trotha</a>. From 1730 until 1740, he and his family lived in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, where his father was a lover and favorite of <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna of Russia</a>. </p><p>When he was 16 years old, he was forced to follow his family into their exile, first to <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk_Governorate" title="Tobolsk Governorate">Tobolsk Governorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, then from 1742 until 1762 in <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>. In 1765, he married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Princess Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Princess Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a>, but the union produced only one son, who was stillborn, in 1766. </p><p>In 1769, he was given the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> by his father. However, he had acted as <i>de facto</i> duke for several years already. In 1770, he gave an oath to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Knighthood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Courland Knighthood (page does not exist)">Courland Knighthood</a>. He was also elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1775, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Petrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Petrina">Academia Petrina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a>. Hoping that the school would grow into a university, he addressed <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> to become professors, but both refused. </p><p>In 1774, he married <a href="/wiki/Yevdokiya_Yusupova" title="Yevdokiya Yusupova">Yevdokiya Yusupova</a>, but the marriage was unsuccessful and they divorced in 1778. In 1779, he married <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Medem" title="Dorothea von Medem">Dorothea von Medem</a>, a marriage that produced 6 children. He was known to have been abusive to at least two of his wives. </p><p>He ceded the government of the duchy and then its territory to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1795, and received in return a high <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a>. This helped him to buy and refurbish for his purposes a palace in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>'s street of <a href="/wiki/Unter_den_Linden" title="Unter den Linden">Unter den Linden</a> (Palais Kurland, bought in 1782). In 1785, he bought <a href="/wiki/Friedrichsfelde_Palace" title="Friedrichsfelde Palace">the park and palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Friedrichsfelde" title="Friedrichsfelde">Friedrichsfelde</a> (part of today's <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Berlin" title="Tierpark Berlin">Tierpark Berlin</a>), which he rebuilt in luxurious beauty. </p><p>In April 1786, he purchased the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Żagań">Sagan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lobkovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobkovic">Lobkovic</a> family, then additionally used the title of Duke of Żagań. In 1795, Russia determined the further fate of Courland when, with its allies, it began the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">third division of Poland</a>. Given a "nice recommendation" by Russia, Duke Peter von Biron gave up his rights to Russia. With the signing of the final document on 28 March 1795, the Duchy of Courland ceased to exist. </p><p>Five years later, after several months of illness, Peter died in <a href="/wiki/Jeleni%C3%B3w,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Jeleniów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Gellenau</a>. First, he was buried in an <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> abbey church, but in 1847, he was reburied in a Lutheran church in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Żagań">Żagań</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesters_of_empress_Anna_Ioanovna_by_V.Jacobi_(1872).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jesters_of_empress_Anna_Ioanovna_by_V.Jacobi_%281872%29.jpg/240px-Jesters_of_empress_Anna_Ioanovna_by_V.Jacobi_%281872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jesters_of_empress_Anna_Ioanovna_by_V.Jacobi_%281872%29.jpg/360px-Jesters_of_empress_Anna_Ioanovna_by_V.Jacobi_%281872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jesters_of_empress_Anna_Ioanovna_by_V.Jacobi_%281872%29.jpg/480px-Jesters_of_empress_Anna_Ioanovna_by_V.Jacobi_%281872%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Jesters of empress Anna Ioannovna. Duke Peter is sitting in the middle in a blue suit with a stick. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Valery_Jacobi" title="Valery Jacobi">Valery Jacobi</a> (1872)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_von_Biron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter married: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Princess Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a> (14 August 1748 – 1782) in 1765; divorced in 1772</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxia_Borisovna_Yusupova" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudoxia Borisovna Yusupova">Princess Eudoxia Borisovna Yusopova</a> (16 May 1743 – 1780) in 1774; divorced in 1778</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Medem" title="Dorothea von Medem">Countess Dorothea von Medem</a> (a member of the old Courland nobility) in 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had six children, of whom two died in infancy. The remaining four were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_von_Sagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmine von Sagan">Princess Wilhelmine</a>, Duchess of Sagan; on Peter's death, it was she who inherited the duchy of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Żagań">Sagan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Herrschaft_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrschaft (territory)">Herrschaft</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1chod" title="Náchod">Náchod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Pauline_Maria_Biron" class="mw-redirect" title="Luise Pauline Maria Biron">Princess Pauline</a> (19 February 1782, Mitau - 8 January 1845, Vienna); married Prince <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hermann_Otto_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Hermann Otto of Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Friedrich Hermann</a>, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a>; on Peter's death, she inherited the <i>Prager Palais</i> and the <i>Herrschaft of Hohlstein and Nettkow</i>, and on Wilhelmine's death she also inherited the duchy of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Żagań">Sagan</a> in Silesia and the <i>Herrschaft of Náchod</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Joanna_of_Courland" title="Princess Joanna of Courland">Princess Joanna</a> (24 June 1783, Würzau - 11 April 1876, Löbichau); married Francesco Ravaschieri Fieschi Squarciafico Pinelli Pignatelli y Aymerich, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Acerenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Acerenza">Duke of Acerenza</a>. In 1806, she inherited the Kurland-Palais in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and on her mother's death inherited the <i>Herrschaft</i> of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6bichau" title="Löbichau">Löbichau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Altenburger_Land" title="Altenburger Land">Altenburgischen</a>. She died without posterity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Biron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothea von Biron">Princess Dorothea</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord">Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord</a>, 2nd duke of Talleyrand and 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Dino" title="Duke of Dino">duke of Dino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> nobleman, Alexander Batowski, was rumoured to be her biological father, but Peter acknowledged her as his own. On Peter's death she inherited the Kurland-Palais in Berlin and the <i>Herrschaft</i> of Deutsch Wartenberg; on her sister Pauline's death in 1845 she also inherited the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Żagań">Sagan</a>.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_von_Biron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/dserve/dserve.exedsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27biron%27%29">"Library archive"</a>. Royal Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+archive&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fdserve%2Fdserve.exedsqIni%3DDserve.ini%26dsqApp%3DArchive%26dsqCmd%3DShow.tcl%26dsqDb%3DPersons%26dsqPos%3D0%26dsqSearch%3D%2528Surname%253D%2527biron%2527%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+von+Biron" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arhivi.lv/index.php?&958">Latvia State Archives</a>, accessed May 2009</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_von_Biron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hugo Weczerka (Hg.): Handbuch der historischen Stätten <i>Schlesien</i>, Stuttgart 1977</li> <li>Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler in Polen: <i>Schlesien</i>, <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Kunstverlag" title="Deutscher Kunstverlag">Deutscher Kunstverlag</a>, 2005</li> <li>Věra Vlčková: <i>Pamětihodnosti panstvί Náchod důchodnίho Jana Müllera</i>. In: Stopami Dějin Náchodska, Nachod 1997</li> <li>Alois Jirasek: <i>Na dvoře vévodském, Historický Obraz</i>. Prag 1953</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_von_Biron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Peter_von_Biron" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Peter von Biron">Peter von Biron</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Peter von Biron </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Biron" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Biron">House of Biron</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 15 February 1724</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 13 January 1800</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duke of Courland</a> </b><br />1769–1795 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Title abolished </b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Duchy incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Loss of title</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duke of Courland</a> </b></i><br />1795–1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Charles II</div> </td></tr> 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102308168">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRC3fcrxctRWYGmjBwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/104209119">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Biron, Petr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0263822&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000181237&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575516105606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=53966">ADK</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/104209119.html?language=en">Deutsche 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