CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Human resource management - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bf081712-06ab-4559-9788-afd73b5d655e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Human_resource_management","wgTitle":"Human resource management","wgCurRevisionId":1258170999,"wgRevisionId":1258170999,"wgArticleId":1023078,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: archived copy as title","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2018","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2017","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","All articles containing potentially dated statements", "Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017","Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from April 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015","Articles with excerpts","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Human resource management"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Human_resource_management","wgRelevantArticleId":1023078,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1056396","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Human resource management - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Human_resource_management rootpage-Human_resource_management skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Human+resource+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Human+resource+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Human+resource+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Human+resource+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precedent_theoretical_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedent_theoretical_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precedent theoretical developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precedent_theoretical_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_development_of_the_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_development_of_the_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Birth and development of the discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_development_of_the_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Business function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_of_Human_resource_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_of_Human_resource_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Functions of Human resource management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions_of_Human_resource_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_of_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_of_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Code of ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_of_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_HR_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_HR_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern HR practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_HR_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern HR practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_HR_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-E-recruiting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-recruiting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>E-recruiting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-recruiting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resources_information_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources_information_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Human resources information systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resources_information_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Virtual management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employer_of_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employer_of_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Employer of record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employer_of_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HRM_consultancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HRM_consultancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>HRM consultancies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HRM_consultancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Careers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Careers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Careers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Professional associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Theory and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human resource management</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menslike_hulpbronbestuur" title="Menslike hulpbronbestuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Menslike hulpbronbestuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إدارة الموارد البشرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة الموارد البشرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_resurslar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_idar%C9%99edilm%C9%99si" title="İnsan resurslarının idarəedilməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan resurslarının idarəedilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="মানব সম্পদ ব্যবস্থাপনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানব সম্পদ ব্যবস্থাপনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82" title="HR мениджмънт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="HR мениджмънт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalistika" title="Personalistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Personalistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalwesen" title="Personalwesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Personalwesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalijuhtimine" title="Personalijuhtimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Personalijuhtimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursos_humanos" title="Recursos humanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Recursos humanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_baliabideen_kudeaketa" title="Giza baliabideen kudeaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza baliabideen kudeaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مدیریت منابع انسانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت منابع انسانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_des_ressources_humaines" title="Gestion des ressources humaines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestion des ressources humaines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A0%81%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%90%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="인적자원관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인적자원관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarkatun_dan%27adam" title="Albarkatun dan'adam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Albarkatun dan'adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մարդկային ռեսուրսների կառավարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդկային ռեսուրսների կառավարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="मानव संसाधन प्रबंधन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव संसाधन प्रबंधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upravljanje_ljudskim_resursima_(ekonomija)" title="Upravljanje ljudskim resursima (ekonomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Upravljanje ljudskim resursima (ekonomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen_sumber_daya_manusia" title="Manajemen sumber daya manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manajemen sumber daya manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestione_delle_risorse_umane" title="Gestione delle risorse umane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gestione delle risorse umane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9" title="ניהול משאבי אנוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניהול משאבי אנוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಾನವ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93kresursu_p%C4%81rvald%C4%ABba" title="Cilvēkresursu pārvaldība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēkresursu pārvaldība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C3%A1ner%C5%91forr%C3%A1s-menedzsment" title="Humánerőforrás-menedzsment – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Humánerőforrás-menedzsment" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Управување со човечки ресурси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Управување со човечки ресурси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengurusan_sumber_manusia" title="Pengurusan sumber manusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengurusan sumber manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хүний нөөцийн менежмент – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүний нөөцийн менежмент" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanresourcesmanagement" title="Humanresourcesmanagement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Humanresourcesmanagement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="मानव संसाधन व्यवस्थापन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानव संसाधन व्यवस्थापन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%B4%E5%8B%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="人事労務管理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人事労務管理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalledelse" title="Personalledelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Personalledelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਵਸੀਲਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਵਸੀਲਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="د بشري منابعو مديريت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بشري منابعو مديريت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarz%C4%85dzanie_zasobami_ludzkimi" title="Zarządzanie zasobami ludzkimi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zarządzanie zasobami ludzkimi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C3%A3o_de_recursos_humanos" title="Gestão de recursos humanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gestão de recursos humanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementul_resurselor_umane" title="Managementul resurselor umane – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Managementul resurselor umane" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Управление персоналом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление персоналом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person%C3%A1lne_mana%C5%BE%C3%A9rstvo" title="Personálne manažérstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Personálne manažérstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upravljanje_%C4%8Dlove%C5%A1kih_virov" title="Upravljanje človeških virov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Upravljanje človeških virov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Менаџмент људских ресурса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Менаџмент људских ресурса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkil%C3%B6st%C3%B6hallinto" title="Henkilöstöhallinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henkilöstöhallinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Human resources" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மனித வள மேலாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித வள மேலாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A3" title="మానవ వనరుల నిర్వహణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవ వనరుల నిర్వహణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="การจัดการทรัพยากรมนุษย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจัดการทรัพยากรมนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_kaynaklar%C4%B1_y%C3%B6netimi" title="İnsan kaynakları yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan kaynakları yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Управління персоналом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Управління персоналом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3n_tr%E1%BB%8B_nh%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Quản trị nhân sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quản trị nhân sự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="人力資源管理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人力資源管理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="人力资源管理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人力资源管理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1056396#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Human_resource_management" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Human_resource_management" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Human_resource_management" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&oldid=1258170999" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Human_resource_management&id=1258170999&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHuman_resource_management"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHuman_resource_management"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Human_resource_management&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_resources_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Human_resource_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1056396" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Approach to the effective management of people in a company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business administration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Management of a business</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">Business entity</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">Corporation sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">Annual general meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">Audit committee</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">Constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvency law">Insolvency law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Corporate title</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">International finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of management</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">Enterprise resource planning</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human resource</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management_for_services" title="Operations management for services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_life-cycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product life-cycle management">Product life-cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Structure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">Business operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">Business statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_administration" title="Template:Business administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_administration" title="Template talk:Business administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Human resource management</b> (<b>HRM</b>) is the strategic and coherent approach to the effective and efficient management of people in a company or organization such that they help their business gain a <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantage</a>. It is designed to maximize <a href="/wiki/Employee_performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee performance management">employee performance</a> in service of an employer's strategic objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (June 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Human resource management is primarily concerned with the management of people within organizations, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a> and <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HR departments are responsible for overseeing <a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">employee-benefits</a> design, employee <a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">recruitment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Training_and_development" title="Training and development">training and development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance_appraisal" title="Performance appraisal">performance appraisal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reward_management" title="Reward management">reward management</a>, such as managing <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">pay</a> and employee benefits systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HR also concerns itself with <a href="/wiki/Organizational_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational change">organizational change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial relations</a>, or the balancing of organizational practices with requirements arising from <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> and governmental <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall purpose of <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> (HR) is to ensure that the organization can achieve success through people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HR professionals manage the <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> of an organization and focus on implementing policies and processes. They can specialize in finding, recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees, as well as maintaining employee relations or benefits. Training and development professionals ensure that employees are trained and have continuous development. This is done through training programs, performance evaluations, and reward programs. Employee relations deals with the concerns of employees when policies are broken, such as in cases involving harassment or discrimination. Managing employee benefits includes developing compensation structures, <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">parental leave</a> programs, discounts, and other benefits. On the other side of the field are HR generalists or <a href="/wiki/Business_partner" title="Business partner">business partners</a>. These HR professionals could work in all areas or be <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">labour relations</a> representatives working with <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">unionized</a> employees. </p><p>HR is a product of the <a href="/wiki/Human_relations_movement" title="Human relations movement">human relations movement</a> of the early 20th century when researchers began documenting ways of creating <a href="/wiki/Business_value" title="Business value">business value</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">strategic management</a> of the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially dominated by transactional work, such as <a href="/wiki/Payroll" title="Payroll">payroll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">benefits</a> administration, but due to <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, company consolidation, technological advances, and further research, HR as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> focuses on strategic initiatives like <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">talent management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Succession_planning" title="Succession planning">succession planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_relations" title="Labor relations">labor relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">diversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(value_and_practice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusion (value and practice)">inclusion</a>. In the current<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> global work environment, most companies focus on lowering <a href="/wiki/Employee_turnover" title="Employee turnover">employee turnover</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Employee_retention" title="Employee retention">retaining</a> the talent and knowledge held by their workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New hiring not only entails a high cost but also increases the risk of a new employee not being able to replace the position of the previous employee adequately. HR departments strive to offer benefits that appeal to workers, thus reducing the risk of losing employee commitment and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological ownership">psychological ownership</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precedent_theoretical_developments">Precedent theoretical developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precedent theoretical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human resources field began to take shape in 19th century Europe. It is built on a simple idea by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> (1771–1858) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> (1791–1871) during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. These men concluded that people were crucial to the success of an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>. They expressed the thought that well-being of employees led to perfect work; without healthy workers, the organization would not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>HR emerged as a specific field in the early 20th century, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a> (1856–1915). Taylor explored what he termed "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>" (sometimes referred to as "Taylorism"), striving to improve economic efficiency in manufacturing jobs. He eventually focused on one of the principal inputs into the manufacturing process—labor—sparking inquiry into workforce productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in London C S Myers inspired by unexpected problems among soldiers who alarmed generals and politicians. During First World War 1914–1918, co-founded the National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP) in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He set seeds for the <a href="/wiki/Human_relations_movement" title="Human relations movement">human relations movement</a>, this movement, on both sides of the Atlantic, built on the research of <a href="/wiki/Elton_Mayo" title="Elton Mayo">Elton Mayo</a> (1880–1949) and others to document through the <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawthorne studies">Hawthorne studies</a> (1924–1932) and other studies how stimuli, unrelated to financial compensation and working conditions, could yield more productive workers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> (1908–1970), <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a> (1890–1947), <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Herzberg" title="Frederick Herzberg">Frederick Herzberg</a> (1923–2000), and <a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a> (1917–1998), forming the basis for studies in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">industrial and organizational psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">organizational behavior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">organizational theory</a>, was interpreted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2017)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> in such a way as to further claims<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> of legitimacy for an applied discipline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_development_of_the_discipline">Birth and development of the discipline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth and development of the discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time there was enough theoretical evidence to make a <a href="/wiki/Business_case" title="Business case">business case</a> for strategic workforce management, changes in the <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">business landscape</a>—à la <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> (1835–1919) and <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John Rockefeller</a> (1839–1937)—and in public policy—à la <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney</a> (1859–1947) and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a> (1858–1943), <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> of 1933 to 1939—had transformed employer-employee relationships, and the HRM discipline became formalized as "<a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_relations" title="Labor relations">labor relations</a>". In 1913 one of the oldest known <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_resource_management_associations" title="List of human resource management associations">professional HR associations</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Personnel_and_Development" title="Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development">Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development</a> (CIPD)—started in England as the Welfare Workers' Association; it changed its name a decade later to the Institute of Industrial Welfare Workers, and again the next decade to Institute of Labour Management before settling upon its current name in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1918 the early <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> state institutions began to implement a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> HRM focus<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside technical management—first in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a> alongside military officers), later (from 1933) in work sites more generally (through <a href="/wiki/Partorg" title="Partorg">partorg</a> posts alongside conventional managers).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, James R. Angell delivered an address to a conference on personnel research in Washington detailing the need for personnel research. This preceded and led to the organization of the Personnel Research Federation. In 1922 the first volume of <i>The Journal of Personnel Research</i> was published, a joint initiative between the National Research Council and the Engineering Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise in the United States, the world's first institution of higher education dedicated to workplace studies—the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_School_of_Industrial_and_Labor_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations">School of Industrial and Labor Relations</a>—formed at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-ILR_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948 what would later become the largest professional HR association—the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Human_Resource_Management" title="Society for Human Resource Management">Society for Human Resource Management</a> (SHRM)—formed as the American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA).<sup id="cite_ref-SHRM_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHRM-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s use of patronage exercised through the "HR Department" equivalent in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Bolshevik Party</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a>, demonstrated the effectiveness and influence of human-resource policies and practices,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stalin himself acknowledged the importance of the human resource,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exemplified in his mass deployment of it, as in the <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">five-year plans</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system. </p><p>During the latter half of the 20th century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2021)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">union</a> membership declined significantly,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while workforce-management specialists continued to expand their influence within organizations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In US, the phrase "industrial and labor relations" came into use to refer specifically to issues concerning <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective representation</a>, and many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (July 2016)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> companies began referring to the proto-HR profession as "personnel administration".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many current HR practices originated with the needs of companies in the 1950s to develop and <a href="/wiki/Employee_retention" title="Employee retention">retain</a> talent.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century, advances in transportation and communications greatly facilitated workforce mobility and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>. Corporations began viewing employees as assets. "Human resources management" consequently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> became the dominant term for the function—the ASPA even changing its name to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-SHRM_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHRM-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">Human capital</a> management" (HCM<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is sometimes used synonymously with "HR", although "human capital" typically refers to a narrower view of human resources; i.e. the knowledge the individuals embody and can contribute to an organization. Other terms sometimes used to describe the HRM field include "organizational management", "manpower management", "talent management", "<b>personnel management</b>", "workforce management", and simply "people management". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several popular media productions have depicted human resource management in operation. The U.S. television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV series)">The Office</a></i>, HR representative <a href="/wiki/Toby_Flenderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Toby Flenderson">Toby Flenderson</a> is sometimes portrayed as a nag because he constantly reminds coworkers of company policies and government regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-running American comic strip <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a></i> frequently portrays sadistic <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_policies" title="Human resource policies">HR policies</a> through the character <a href="/wiki/Catbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Catbert">Catbert</a>, the "evil director of human resources".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An HR manager is the title character in the 2010 Israeli film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Resources_Manager" title="The Human Resources Manager">The Human Resources Manager</a></i>, while an HR intern is the protagonist in 1999 French film <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Resources (film)">Ressources humaines</a></i>. The main character in the BBC sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Dinnerladies_(TV_series)" title="Dinnerladies (TV series)">dinnerladies</a></i>, Philippa, is an HR manager. The protagonist of the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovela</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ana_es_para_siempre" title="Mañana es para siempre">Mañana es para siempre</a></i> is a director of human resources. <i><a href="/wiki/Up_in_the_Air_(2009_film)" title="Up in the Air (2009 film)">Up In the Air</a></i> is centered on corporate "downsizer" Ryan Bingham (George Clooney) and his travels. As the film progresses, HR is portrayed as a data-driven function that deals with people as <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_metrics" title="Human resource metrics">human resource metrics</a>, which can lead to absurd outcomes for real people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_function">Business function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dave_Ulrich" title="Dave Ulrich">Dave Ulrich</a> lists the function of <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> as:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Aligning human resource strategy and <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_metrics" title="Human resource metrics">human resource metrics</a> with business strategy</li> <li>Re-engineering organization processes</li> <li>Listening and responding to employees, and managing transformation and change.</li></ul> <p>At the macro level, HR is in charge of overseeing organizational <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">culture</a>. HR also ensures compliance with <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">employment and labor laws</a> and often oversees employee health, safety, and security. Labor laws may vary from one jurisdiction to the next. In a workplace administered by the federal government, HR managers may need to be familiar with certain crucial federal laws, in order to protect both their company and its employees. In the United States of America, important federal laws and regulations include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938" title="Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938">Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</a>: It establishes a minimum wage and protects the right of certain workers to earn overtime.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Federal Civil Rights Law</a>, 1964: It prohibits workplace <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> and bans the use of race, age, sex, or gender as the basis for decisions to hire or fire workers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Family and Medical Leave Act">Family and Medical Leave Act</a>: It implies that eligible employees may take twelve weeks of unpaid leave for family and medical reasons.</li></ol> <p>An important responsibility of HR is to ensure that a company complies with all laws and regulations, thus protecting the company from legal liability.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In circumstances where employees exercise their legal authorization to negotiate a <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreement" title="Collective agreement">collective bargaining agreement</a>, HR will typically also serve as the company's primary liaison with employee representatives (usually a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor union</a>). Consequently, the HR industry <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbies</a> governmental agencies (e.g., in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a>) to advance its priorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions_of_Human_resource_management">Functions of Human resource management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Functions of Human resource management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>Staffing:</b> The process of the recruitment and selection of employees through the use of interviews, applications and networking. Staffing involves two main factors. The first is to attract talented recruits who meet the organization's requirements, and doing so by using tools such as mass media; the second is to manage hiring resources. Managers can use hiring resources to exercise different strategies.</li> <li><b>Training and Development:</b>It involves a continuous process of training and developing competent and adapted employees. Here, motivation is seen as key to keeping employees highly productive. This includes employee benefits, performance appraisals, and rewards. Employee benefits, appraisals, and rewards are all encouragements to bring forward the best employees.</li> <li><b>Maintenance:</b> involves keeping the employees' commitment and loyalty to the organization. Managing for employee retention involves strategic actions to keep employees motivated and focused so they remain employed and fully productive for the benefit of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some businesses <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalize</a> and form more diverse teams. HR departments have the role of making sure that these teams can function and that people can communicate across cultures and across borders. The discipline may also engage in mobility management, especially for <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>; and it is frequently involved in the <a href="/wiki/Merger_and_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger and acquisition">merger and acquisition</a> process. HR is generally viewed as a support function to the business, helping to minimize costs and reduce risk.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><b>Other Activities</b>: </p> <ul><li><b>Talent Acquisition:</b> focuses on the long-term strategic planning required to identify, attract, and hire the top talent necessary to meet the organization's needs.</li> <li><b>Talent Recruitment:</b> involves identifying, attracting, and hiring suitable candidates to fulfill specific job openings and meet business needs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Talent Management:</b> helps organizations identify key positions vital for long-term success, develop a pool of high-potential employees to fill these roles, and establish a framework for managing performance, developing leaders, retaining talent, and fostering organizational commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Compensation and Benefits:</b> design competitive compensation and benefits packages to attract and retain talent.</li> <li><b>Employee Relations:</b> manage employee relations issues, such as conflict resolution, employee grievances, and workplace investigations.</li> <li><b>Training and Development:</b> develop and implement training programs and professional development opportunities for their employees.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Performance Management:</b> design <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_metrics" title="Human resource metrics">human resource metrics</a> and implementing performance management systems to evaluate employee performance and align it with organizational goals.</li> <li><b>Legal Compliance:</b> ensure that organizations are compliant with labor laws and regulations, including employment standards, workplace safety, and anti-discrimination policies.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a>, trained professionals may perform HR duties. In larger companies, an entire functional group is typically dedicated to the discipline, with staff specializing in various HR tasks and functional <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> engaging in strategic decision-making across the <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>. To train practitioners for the <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>, institutions of higher education, <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional associations</a>, and companies have established programs of study dedicated explicitly to the duties of the function. Academic and practitioner organizations may produce field-specific publications. HR is also a field of research study that is popular within the fields of management and <a href="/wiki/Industrial/organizational_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial/organizational psychology">industrial/organizational psychology</a>.One of the important goal of HRM is establishing with the notion of <i>unitarism</i> (seeing a company as a cohesive whole, in which both employers and employees should work together for a common good) and securing a long-term partnership of employees and employers with common interests.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_of_ethics">Code of ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Code of ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Code of ethics provides a framework for ethical behavior and professional conduct in HRM. It ensures integrity, fairness, and responsibility. Its function is to guide HR professionals and departments in upholding the rights, safety, and interests of all stakeholders. They are generally categorized into the following:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Duties to the Public:</b> HR professionals must act ethically, lawfully, and with integrity. They should report illegal acts, maintain competence, follow best practices, and pursue ongoing professional development.</li> <li><b>Duties to the Profession:</b> HR members should uphold the profession's reputation by avoiding misconduct, following the Code, reporting violations, promoting a positive public image, and cooperating with disciplinary processes.</li> <li><b>Duties to Clients and Employers:</b> HR professionals must prioritize the best interests of their clients and employers, ensure impartiality, avoid conflicts of interest, communicate transparently, keep accurate records, and protect confidentiality.</li> <li><b>Duties to Individuals:</b> HR professionals should advance dignity, equity, health, and safety for all. They must respect privacy, report risks of harm, and avoid discrimination or harassment.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_HR_practices">Modern HR practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern HR practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technology has a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">HR</a> practices. Utilizing technology makes information more accessible within organizations, eliminates time doing administrative tasks, allows businesses to function globally, and cuts costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a> has improved HR practices in the following areas: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-recruiting">E-recruiting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: E-recruiting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruiting</a> has mostly been influenced by information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In past, recruiters relied on <a href="/wiki/Print_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Print ad">printing in publications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word_of_mouth" title="Word of mouth">word of mouth</a> to fill open positions. HR professionals were not able to post a job in more than one location and did not have access to millions of people, causing the lead time of new hires to be drawn out and tiresome. With the use of e-recruiting tools, HR professionals can post jobs and track applicants for thousands of jobs in various locations all in one place. Interview feedback, <a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">background checks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">drug tests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">onboarding</a> can all be viewed online. This helps HR professionals keep track of all of their open jobs and applicants in a way that is faster and easier than before. E-recruiting also helps eliminate limitations of geographic location.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_resources_information_systems">Human resources information systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human resources information systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HR professionals generally handle large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">paperwork</a> on a daily basis, ranging from department transfer requests to confidential employee <a href="/wiki/IRS_tax_forms" title="IRS tax forms">tax forms</a>. Forms must be on file for a considerable period of time. The use of <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management_system" title="Human resource management system">human resources information systems</a> (HRIS) has made it possible for companies to store and retrieve files in an electronic format for people within the organization to access when needed, thereby eliminating the need for physical files and freeing up space within the office. HRIS also allows for information to be accessed in a timelier manner; files can be accessible within seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having all of the information in one place also allows for professionals to analyze data quickly and across multiple locations because the information is in a centralized location. Human resource analytics can improve human resource management.<sup id="cite_ref-p177_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p177-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_management">Virtual management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Virtual management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technology allows HR professionals to train new staff members in a more efficient manner. This gives employees the ability to access <a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">onboarding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Training_and_development" title="Training and development">training programs</a> from virtually anywhere. This eliminates the need of organizing costly <a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-to-face interaction">face-to-face</a> training and onboarding sessions. It allows management's to provide necessary training for job success and monitor progress of their employees through <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">virtual classrooms</a> and computerized testing, predict the risk of employee turnover through data analysis, help HR to formulate relevant talent retention and incentive strategies, improve the personal development of the company,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintain metrics that aid in performance management.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_metrics" title="Human resource metrics">Human resource metrics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_metrics&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_metrics" title="Human resource metrics">Human resource metrics</a> are <a href="/wiki/Performance_indicator" title="Performance indicator">measurements</a> used to determine the value and effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> (HR) initiatives, typically including such areas as <a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">turnover</a>, training, return on human capital, costs of labor, and expenses per employee.</div></div> <p>Virtual management also allows HR departments to quickly complete necessary paperwork for large numbers of new employees and maintain contact with them throughout their entire professional cycle within the organization. Through virtual management, employees gain greater control over their learning and development, feel more engaged with the organizational culture, and can participate in training at a time and place of their choosing, helping them manage their <a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_balance" title="Work–life balance">work–life balance</a> and reducing <a href="/wiki/Layoffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Layoffs">layoffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">turnover</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employer_of_record">Employer of record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Employer of record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An Employer of Record (EOR) is an arrangement in which a third-party organization serves as the official employer for a company's workforce, handling various HR functions such as payroll, tax compliance, and employee benefits, while the client company retains day-to-day management of the workers. This arrangement eliminates the need for an organization to directly engage in HRM matters, allowing it to focus on other priorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HRM_consultancies">HRM consultancies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: HRM consultancies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HRM consultancies are private organizations that offer tailored solutions through specialized expertise for a fee. They design customized human resource strategies and processes to address each company's unique needs. Their services include developing recruitment plans, compensation frameworks, training programs, and performance management systems, all aligned with specific HR practices and the organization's goals and culture. By acting as consultants, they provide targeted solutions that help businesses optimize their workforce and achieve organizational objectives in complex and evolving market conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Careers">Careers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Careers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are half a million HR practitioners in the United States and millions more worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Assoc_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assoc-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief HR Officer</a> or HR Director is the highest ranking HR executive in most companies. He or she typically reports directly to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> and works with the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Directors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Directors">Board of Directors</a> on <a href="/wiki/CEO_succession" title="CEO succession">CEO succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within companies, HR positions generally fall into one of two categories: generalist and specialist. Generalists support employees directly with their questions, grievances, and work on a range of projects within the organization. They "may handle all aspects of human resources work, and thus require an extensive range of knowledge. The responsibilities of human resources generalists can vary widely, depending on their employer's needs." Specialists, conversely, work in a specific HR function. Some practitioners will spend an entire career as either a generalist or a specialist while others will obtain experiences from each and choose a path later. <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_consulting" title="Human resource consulting">Human resource consulting</a> is a related career path where individuals may work as advisers to companies and complete tasks outsourced from companies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some individuals with PhDs in HR and related fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">industrial and organizational psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>, are professors who teach HR principles at colleges and universities. They are most often found in Colleges of Business in departments of HR or Management. Many professors conduct research on topics that fall within the HR domain, such as <a href="/wiki/Financial_compensation" title="Financial compensation">financial compensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">recruitment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_associations">Professional associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Professional associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_resource_management_associations" title="List of human resource management associations">List of human resource management associations</a></div> <p>There are a number of professional associations, some of which offer training and certification. The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Human_Resource_Management" title="Society for Human Resource Management">Society for Human Resource Management</a>, which is based in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, is the largest professional association dedicated to HR,<sup id="cite_ref-Assoc_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assoc-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 285,000 members in 165 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It offers a suite of <a href="/wiki/Professional_in_Human_Resources" title="Professional in Human Resources">Professional in Human Resources</a> (PHR) certifications through its HR Certification Institute. An international provider of specialized certifications is Academy to Innovate HR (AIHR). The <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Personnel_and_Development" title="Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development">Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, is the oldest professional HR association, with its predecessor institution being founded in 1918. </p><p>Several associations also serve specific niches within HR. The Institute of Recruiters (IOR) is a recruitment professional association, offering members education, support and training.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WorldatWork focuses on "total rewards" (i.e., compensation, benefits, work life, performance, recognition, and career development), offering several certifications and training programs dealing with <a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">remuneration</a> and work–life balance. Other niche associations include the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Training_%26_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society for Training & Development">American Society for Training & Development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recognition_Professionals_International" title="Recognition Professionals International">Recognition Professionals International</a>. </p><p>A largely academic organization that is relevant to HR is the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management" title="Academy of Management">Academy of Management</a> that has an HR division. This division is concerned with finding ways to improve the effectiveness of HR.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy publishes several journals devoted in part to research on HR, including <i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management_Journal" title="Academy of Management Journal">Academy of Management Journal</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-amj.aom.org_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amj.aom.org-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management_Review" title="Academy of Management Review">Academy of Management Review</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-amr.aom.org_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amr.aom.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it hosts an annual meeting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ILRschools6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ILRschools6.jpg/250px-ILRschools6.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ILRschools6.jpg/375px-ILRschools6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ILRschools6.jpg/500px-ILRschools6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_School_of_Industrial_and_Labor_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations">School of Industrial and Labor Relations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> was the world's first school for college-level study in HR.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some universities offer programs of study for human resources and related fields. The <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_School_of_Industrial_and_Labor_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations">School of Industrial and Labor Relations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> was the world's first school for college-level study in HR.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It currently offers education at the <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">professional</a> levels, and it operates a joint degree program with the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Curtis_Johnson_Graduate_School_of_Management" title="Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management">Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Resources_University" title="Human Resources University">Human Resources University</a> trains federal employees. </p><p>Many colleges and universities house departments and institutes related to the field, either within a <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business school</a> or in another college. Most business schools offer courses in HR, often in their departments of management. In general, schools of human resources management offer education and research in the HRM field from diplomas to doctorate-level opportunities. The master's-level courses include <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration#Content" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA (HR)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Management" title="Master of Management">MM (HR)</a>, MHRM, MIR, etc. (See <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Human_Resource_Development" title="Master of Science in Human Resource Development">Master of Science in Human Resource Development</a> for curriculum.) Various universities all over the world have taken up the responsibility of training human-resource managers and equipping them with <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">interpersonal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrapersonal">intrapersonal</a> skills so as to relate better at their places of work. As Human resource management field is continuously evolving due to technology advances of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a>, it is essential for universities and colleges to offer courses which are future oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_and_research">Theory and research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theory and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ongoing research investigates the relationship between human research management and performance and includes <a href="/wiki/Organization_studies" title="Organization studies">organization studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">industrial and organizational psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">organizational theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management_science" title="Management science">management science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n540_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n540-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human resource management research can improve human resource management and HR initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-n540_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n540-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect size of human resource management decreases when correcting for past performance of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-n540_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n540-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic and practitioner publications dealing exclusively with HR: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_HR_Review" title="Cornell HR Review">Cornell HR Review</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HR_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="HR Magazine">HR Magazine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Society_for_Human_Resource_Management" title="Society for Human Resource Management">SHRM</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Human Resource Management</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Human Resource Management Review</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>International Journal of Human Resource Management</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Work" title="Perspectives on Work">Perspectives on Work</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Labor_and_Employment_Relations_Association" title="Labor and Employment Relations Association">LERA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Related publications: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management_Journal" title="Academy of Management Journal">Academy of Management Journal</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-amj.aom.org_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amj.aom.org-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management_Review" title="Academy of Management Review">Academy of Management Review</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-amr.aom.org_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amr.aom.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Science_Quarterly" title="Administrative Science Quarterly">Administrative Science Quarterly</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>International Journal of Selection and Assessment</i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Psychology">Journal of Applied Psychology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Management" title="Journal of Management">Journal of Management</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Occupational_and_Organizational_Psychology" title="Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology">Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personnel_Psychology" title="Journal of Personnel Psychology">Journal of Personnel Psychology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organization_Science_(journal)" title="Organization Science (journal)">Organization Science</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Personnel Psychology">Personnel Psychology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration management">Aspiration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_inquiry" title="Domestic inquiry">Domestic inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">Employment agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management_system" title="Human resource management system">Human resource management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">Organizational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realistic_job_preview" title="Realistic job preview">Realistic job preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnason, P. (2009). HRM in changing organizational contexts. In D. G.Collings & G. Wood (Eds.), Human resource management: A critical approach (pp. 19-37). London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collings, D. G., & Wood, G. (2009). Human resource management: A critical approach. In D. G. Colligs & G. Wood (Eds.), Human resource management: A critical approach (pp. 1-16). London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paauwe, J., & Boon, C. (2009). Strategic HRM: A critical review. In D. G. Collings, G. Wood (Eds.) & M.A. Reid, Human resource management: A critical approach (pp. 38-54). London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-introductiontobusiness/chapter/human-resource-management/">"Human Resource Management | Introduction to Business"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Resource+Management+%26%23124%3B+Introduction+to+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fwm-introductiontobusiness%2Fchapter%2Fhuman-resource-management%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Michael2009" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Michael (2009). <i>Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice</i>. Armstrong, Michael, 1928- (Eleventh ed.). London: Kogan Page. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780749457389" title="Special:BookSources/9780749457389"><bdi>9780749457389</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/435643771">435643771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armstrong%27s+handbook+of+human+resource+management+practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Eleventh&rft.pub=Kogan+Page&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F435643771&rft.isbn=9780749457389&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObedgiu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Obedgiu, Vincent (2017-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2016-0267">"Human resource management, historical perspectives, evolution and professional development"</a>. <i>Journal of Management Development</i>. <b>36</b> (8): 986–990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJMD-12-2016-0267">10.1108/JMD-12-2016-0267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-1711">0262-1711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Development&rft.atitle=Human+resource+management%2C+historical+perspectives%2C+evolution+and+professional+development&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=986-990&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJMD-12-2016-0267&rft.issn=0262-1711&rft.aulast=Obedgiu&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%2FJMD-12-2016-0267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cio.com/article/251060/employee-retention-10-strategies-for-retaining-top-talent.html">"Employee retention: 10 strategies for retaining top talent"</a>. <i>CIO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIO&rft.atitle=Employee+retention%3A+10+strategies+for+retaining+top+talent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cio.com%2Farticle%2F251060%2Femployee-retention-10-strategies-for-retaining-top-talent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Ricky. <i>Principles of Management</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Management&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Ricky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkle1980" class="citation book cs1">Merkle, Judith A. (1980-01-01). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managementideolo0000merk"><i>Management and Ideology</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managementideolo0000merk/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03737-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03737-3"><bdi>978-0-520-03737-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+and+Ideology&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03737-3&rft.aulast=Merkle&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanagementideolo0000merk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark O'Sullivan, 2014, <i>What Works at Work</i>, The Starbank Press, Bath, page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayo1945" class="citation web cs1">Mayo, Elton (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106052538/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/30802428/1886432542/name/elton+mayo+++studiu+de+caz.pdf">"Hawthorne and the Western Electric Company"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Harvard Business School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/30802428/1886432542/name/elton+mayo+%2B+studiu+de+caz.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawthorne+and+the+Western+Electric+Company&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Mayo&rft.aufirst=Elton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxa.yimg.com%2Fkq%2Fgroups%2F30802428%2F1886432542%2Fname%2Felton%2Bmayo%2B%252B%2Bstudiu%2Bde%2Bcaz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715093051/http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/history-hr-cipd.aspx">"History of HR and the CIPD"</a>. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/history-hr-cipd.aspx">the original</a> on 2016-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+HR+and+the+CIPD&rft.pub=Chartered+Institute+of+Personnel+and+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipd.co.uk%2Fhr-resources%2Ffactsheets%2Fhistory-hr-cipd.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItani2017" class="citation book cs1">Itani, Sami (22 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tE80DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Ideological Evolution of Human Resource Management: A Critical Look into HRM Research and Practices</i></a>. Critical Management Studies Book Set (2016-2019). Bingley, Yorkshire: Emerald Group Publishing (published 2017). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787433908" title="Special:BookSources/9781787433908"><bdi>9781787433908</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideological+Evolution+of+Human+Resource+Management%3A+A+Critical+Look+into+HRM+Research+and+Practices&rft.place=Bingley%2C+Yorkshire&rft.series=Critical+Management+Studies+Book+Set+%282016-2019%29&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.isbn=9781787433908&rft.aulast=Itani&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtE80DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdichviliZavyalova2015" class="citation book cs1">Ardichvili, Alexandre; Zavyalova, Elena K. (8 May 2015). "HRD in the Former Soviet Union (1917-1990)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPQjCQAAQBAJ"><i>Human Resource Development in the Russian Federation</i></a>. Routledge Studies in Human Resource Development. New York: Routledge (published 2015). p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317815846" title="Special:BookSources/9781317815846"><bdi>9781317815846</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] features of personnel management that were typical for the socialist Soviet Union [...]: Ideologization of all definitions, regulations, concepts, and explanations; linking the fundamental principles of personnel management with the classical works of the Marxist-Leninist theory as well as the obligatory references to the Communist Party documents of various levels [...]; and administrative and even criminal liability for non-working, enshrined as a separate item in the constitution of the USSR.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HRD+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union+%281917-1990%29&rft.btitle=Human+Resource+Development+in+the+Russian+Federation&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Human+Resource+Development&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.isbn=9781317815846&rft.aulast=Ardichvili&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Zavyalova%2C+Elena+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPQjCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119145405/https://www.workforce.com/files/Reasons-and-Plans-for-Personnel-Research-James-R-Angell.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workforce.com/files/Reasons-and-Plans-for-Personnel-Research-James-R-Angell.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workforce.com%2Ffiles%2FReasons-and-Plans-for-Personnel-Research-James-R-Angell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILR-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILR_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/about/">"About Cornell ILR"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_School_of_Industrial_and_Labor_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations">Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Cornell+ILR&rft.pub=Cornell+University+School+of+Industrial+and+Labor+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilr.cornell.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHRM-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SHRM_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHRM_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112745/http://shrm.org/about/">"About SHRM"</a>. Society for Human Resource Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrm.org/about/">the original</a> on 16 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+SHRM&rft.pub=Society+for+Human+Resource+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2014" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Henry E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MC0BAAAQBAJ"><i>Patronal Politics</i></a>. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107073517" title="Special:BookSources/9781107073517"><bdi>9781107073517</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-24</span></span>. <q>Not seen as having the right stuff for high-profile posts such as the one held by Trotsky, Stalin thus occupied a series of relatively low-level positions in the Communist leadership after the revolution. One of these, which he acquired in 1919, was the de facto head of the Communist Party's Organizational Bureau (Orgburo), seen then as a technical body in much the same way a human resources department is seen in a modern institution. [...] Stalin's genius was to recognize that [...] this was precisely the position to occupy. Using his position to influence who was appointed to lower-level party posts, each relatively unimportant in its own right, Stalin systematically advanced people he believed would support him in the future, thereby constructing a large network of political clients within the party and the state which it dominated. [...] This patronalistic mechanism constituted what Robert V. Daniels later called the great 'circular flow of power' that essentially decided Communist Party leadership disputes and solved succession crises from Stalin straight through to Gorbachev. The power to influence lower-level appointments was concentrated, though still largely seen as a technical matter, with the creation of the post of general secretary in 1922, a post-Stalin was in a perfect position to occupy, and he did.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patronal+Politics&rft.series=Problems+of+International+Politics&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107073517&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MC0BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipko2002" class="citation book cs1">Pipko, Simona (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6LnhLxIUlsC"><i>Baltic Winds: Testimony of a Soviet Attorney</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401070960" title="Special:BookSources/9781401070960"><bdi>9781401070960</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-24</span></span>. <q>The Secretariat personified the Stalinist system. [...] It runs the day-to-day affairs of the State as well as the Party. Can you imagine that huge body of bureaucratic anachronism, which was also responsible for the selection and promotion of 'cadres'? The model invented by Stalin to consolidate his power existed up to contemporary time. [...] Stalin had both the time and the ability to shape human resources to his own ends, teaching secrecy, brutality and duplicity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltic+Winds%3A+Testimony+of+a+Soviet+Attorney&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781401070960&rft.aulast=Pipko&rft.aufirst=Simona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6LnhLxIUlsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quoted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalin1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin, Joseph</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evMfBwAAQBAJ"><i>Против фашистского мракобесия и демагогии</i></a> [<i>Against Fascist Obscurantism and Demagoguery</i>]. Directmedia (published 2013). p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785446087181" title="Special:BookSources/9785446087181"><bdi>9785446087181</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-24</span></span>. <q>Надо, наконец, понять, что из всех ценных капиталов, имеющихся в мире, самым ценным и самым решающим капиталом являются люди, кадры. [Finally, one must understand that of all the valuable forms of capital existing in the world, the most precious and the most decisive capital is people, cadres.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Directmedia&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=9785446087181&rft.aulast=Stalin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevMfBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelous1986" class="citation book cs1">Belous, Richard S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RFYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Union Membership Trends: The Implications for Economic Policy and Labor Legislation</i></a>. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>Given the 'continued union membership decline' case vs. the 'rebound in union membership' case, which one is currently the 'general wisdom' within the community of labor-management analysts?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+Membership+Trends%3A+The+Implications+for+Economic+Policy+and+Labor+Legislation&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Belous&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RFYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=human+resource+management%2Cpersonnel+management%2Cindustrial+and+labor+relations%2Cpersonnel+administration&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&corpus=28&smoothing=3">Graphed frequencies of HR jargon in American English</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappelli2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cappelli, Peter (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2015/07/why-we-love-to-hate-hr-and-what-hr-can-do-about-it">"Why We Love to Hate HR ... and What HR Can Do About It"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i> (July–August 2015)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>[...] after World War II, U.S. industry suffered a talent shortage unlike anything since. [...] In that [...] void, modern HR was born, ushering in practices such as coaching, developmental assignments, job rotation, 360-degree feedback, assessment centers, high-potential tracks, and succession plans. They sound routine now, but they were revolutionary then. And they arose from an urgent need to develop and retain talent in the 1950s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Why+We+Love+to+Hate+HR+...+and+What+HR+Can+Do+About+It&rft.issue=July%E2%80%93August+2015&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Cappelli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2015%2F07%2Fwhy-we-love-to-hate-hr-and-what-hr-can-do-about-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2006" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D78K7QIdR3UC">"Human capital management"</a>. <i>A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice</i>. Gale virtual reference library. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780749446314" title="Special:BookSources/9780749446314"><bdi>9780749446314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-19</span></span>. <q>Human capital management (HCM) has been described as 'a paradigm shift' from the traditional approach to human resource management (Kearns, 2005b) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+capital+management&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Human+Resource+Management+Practice&rft.series=Gale+virtual+reference+library&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Kogan+Page+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780749446314&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD78K7QIdR3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2009" class="citation web cs1">O'Brien, Michael (October 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrexecutive.com/HRE/story.jsp?storyId=266686219">"HR's Take on The Office"</a>. Human Resource Executive Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HR%27s+Take+on+The+Office&rft.pub=Human+Resource+Executive+Online&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrexecutive.com%2FHRE%2Fstory.jsp%3FstoryId%3D266686219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2018">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091217143659/http://www.personneltoday.com/blogs/human-resources-guru/2007/08/catbert-shows-tougher-side-to-human-resources.html">"Catbert shows tougher side to human resources"</a>. Personnel Today. 30 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personneltoday.com/blogs/human-resources-guru/2007/08/catbert-shows-tougher-side-to-human-resources.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catbert+shows+tougher+side+to+human+resources&rft.pub=Personnel+Today&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personneltoday.com%2Fblogs%2Fhuman-resources-guru%2F2007%2F08%2Fcatbert-shows-tougher-side-to-human-resources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich1996" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Dave (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanresourcecha00ulri"><i>Human Resource Champions. The next agenda for adding value and delivering results</i></a>. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87584-719-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87584-719-1"><bdi>978-0-87584-719-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34704904">34704904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Resource+Champions.+The+next+agenda+for+adding+value+and+delivering+results&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34704904&rft.isbn=978-0-87584-719-1&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanresourcecha00ulri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisCarnovalis2018" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Robert; Carnovalis, Michael (2018-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corporatecomplianceinsights.com/hr-function-compliance-role/">"The HR Function's Compliance Role"</a>. <i>Corporate Compliance Insights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Compliance+Insights&rft.atitle=The+HR+Function%27s+Compliance+Role&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Carnovalis%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corporatecomplianceinsights.com%2Fhr-function-compliance-role%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816182432/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/toolkits/pages/managingforemployeeretention.aspx">"Managing for Employee Retention"</a>. <i>SHRM</i>. 2019-02-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/toolkits/pages/managingforemployeeretention.aspx">the original</a> on 2021-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SHRM&rft.atitle=Managing+for+Employee+Retention&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2Fresourcesandtools%2Ftools-and-samples%2Ftoolkits%2Fpages%2Fmanagingforemployeeretention.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowers" class="citation web cs1">Towers, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620031940/http://www.towers.fr/essays/hrm.html">"Human Resource Management essays"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towers.fr/essays/hrm.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Resource+Management+essays&rft.aulast=Towers&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.towers.fr%2Fessays%2Fhrm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey2014" class="citation book cs1">Storey, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315740560/new-perspectives-human-resource-management-routledge-revivals-john-storey"><i>New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315740560">10.4324/9781315740560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315740560" title="Special:BookSources/9781315740560"><bdi>9781315740560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Human+Resource+Management+%28Routledge+Revivals%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315740560&rft.isbn=9781315740560&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315740560%2Fnew-perspectives-human-resource-management-routledge-revivals-john-storey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingsMellahi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Collings, David G.; Mellahi, Kamel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053482209000461">"Strategic talent management: A review and research agenda"</a>. <i>Human Resource Management Review</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 304–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hrmr.2009.04.001">10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F683">10379/683</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Strategic+talent+management%3A+A+review+and+research+agenda&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=304-313&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10379%2F683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.hrmr.2009.04.001&rft.aulast=Collings&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft.au=Mellahi%2C+Kamel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1053482209000461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrichYoungerBrockbank2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ulrich, Dave; Younger, Jon; Brockbank, Wayne (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.20247">"The twenty-first-century HR organization"</a>. <i>Human Resource Management</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 829–850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhrm.20247">10.1002/hrm.20247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F61309">2027.42/61309</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management&rft.atitle=The+twenty-first-century+HR+organization&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=829-850&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F61309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhrm.20247&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Younger%2C+Jon&rft.au=Brockbank%2C+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fhrm.20247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NREHDmHdXpAC&pg=PA20">Sonia Bendix (2000 ): The Basics of Labour Relations, p. 20.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cphr.ca/your-career/national-standards/">"Code of Ethics and Rules of Professional Conduct | National Standards"</a>. <i>CPHR/CRHA Canada</i>. n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CPHR%2FCRHA+Canada&rft.atitle=Code+of+Ethics+and+Rules+of+Professional+Conduct+%7C+National+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcphr.ca%2Fyour-career%2Fnational-standards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1. Lepak, David P., and Scott A. Snell. "Virtual HR: Strategic Human Resource Management in the 21st Century." <i>Human Resources Management Review</i> 8.3 (1998): 214-34. Web. 22 February 2016. The current and increased significance of information technology in Human Resources processes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1. Ensher, E. A., Nielson, T. R., & Grant-Vallone, E. (2002). Tales from the Hiring Line: Effects of the Internet and Technology on HR Processes. <i>Organizational Dynamics,</i> <i>31</i>(3), 224-244. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1. Johnson, R. D., & Guetal, H. G. (2012). Transforming HR Through Technology. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.shrm.org/about/foundation/products/documents/hr">https://www.shrm.org/about/foundation/products/documents/hr</a> tech epg- final.pdf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p177-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p177_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngraveCharlwoodKirkpatrickLawrence2016" class="citation journal cs1">Angrave, David; Charlwood, Andy; Kirkpatrick, Ian; Lawrence, Mark; Stuart, Mark (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9505202">"HR and analytics: why HR is set to fail the big data challenge"</a>. <i>Human Resource Management Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1748-8583.12090">10.1111/1748-8583.12090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-5395">0954-5395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=HR+and+analytics%3A+why+HR+is+set+to+fail+the+big+data+challenge&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1748-8583.12090&rft.issn=0954-5395&rft.aulast=Angrave&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Charlwood%2C+Andy&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+Ian&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Mark&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F9505202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanachEl_DiraniFayyad-Kazan2024" class="citation journal cs1">Danach, Kassem; El Dirani, Ali; Fayyad-Kazan, Hasan (2024-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fproceedings2024101018">"Navigating HR 4.0: Harnessing AI for Ethical and Inclusive HR Transformation"</a>. <i>Iscdisd 2023</i>. Basel Switzerland: MDPI: 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fproceedings2024101018">10.3390/proceedings2024101018</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iscdisd+2023&rft.atitle=Navigating+HR+4.0%3A+Harnessing+AI+for+Ethical+and+Inclusive+HR+Transformation&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fproceedings2024101018&rft.aulast=Danach&rft.aufirst=Kassem&rft.au=El+Dirani%2C+Ali&rft.au=Fayyad-Kazan%2C+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fproceedings2024101018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assoc-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assoc_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assoc_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._DeGraff2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jonathan E. DeGraff (21 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211012205/http://cornellhrreview.org/2010/02/21/the-changing-environment-of-professional-hr-associations/">"The Changing Environment of Professional HR Associations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_HR_Review" title="Cornell HR Review">Cornell HR Review</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornellhrreview.org/2010/02/21/the-changing-environment-of-professional-hr-associations/">the original</a> on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+HR+Review&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Environment+of+Professional+HR+Associations&rft.date=2010-02-21&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+DeGraff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcornellhrreview.org%2F2010%2F02%2F21%2Fthe-changing-environment-of-professional-hr-associations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrs/upload/2011-CHRO-Survey-Report.pdf">"The 2011 CHRO Challenge: Building Organizational, Functional, and Personal Talent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cornell Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2011+CHRO+Challenge%3A+Building+Organizational%2C+Functional%2C+and+Personal+Talent&rft.pub=Cornell+Center+for+Advanced+Human+Resource+Studies+%28CAHRS%29&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilr.cornell.edu%2Fcahrs%2Fupload%2F2011-CHRO-Survey-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConaty,_Bill2011" class="citation book cs1">Conaty, Bill, and Ram Charan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talentmasterswhy00cona"><i>The Talent Masters: Why Smart Leaders Put People Before Numbers</i></a>. Crown Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46026-4"><bdi>978-0-307-46026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Talent+Masters%3A+Why+Smart+Leaders+Put+People+Before+Numbers&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-46026-4&rft.aulast=Conaty%2C+Bill&rft.aufirst=and+Ram+Charan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalentmasterswhy00cona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onbenchmark.com/blog-detail/workforce-as-a-service-waas-future-of-hiring">"Workforce-as-a-Service (WaaS)-Future of Hiring"</a>. OnBenchMark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workforce-as-a-Service+%28WaaS%29-Future+of+Hiring&rft.pub=OnBenchMark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onbenchmark.com%2Fblog-detail%2Fworkforce-as-a-service-waas-future-of-hiring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrm.org/about/">SHRM Website: About SHRM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112745/http://shrm.org/about/">Archived</a> 2009-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417094920/https://www.theior.org.uk/">"About IOR"</a>. Institute of Recruiters (IOR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theior.org.uk/">the original</a> on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+IOR&rft.pub=Institute+of+Recruiters+%28IOR%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theior.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220155625/http://aom.org/Divisions-and-Interest-Groups/Human-Resources/Human-Resources-Division.aspx">"Human Resources Division"</a>. <i>aom.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aom.org/Divisions-and-Interest-Groups/Human-Resources/Human-Resources-Division.aspx">the original</a> on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aom.org&rft.atitle=Human+Resources+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faom.org%2FDivisions-and-Interest-Groups%2FHuman-Resources%2FHuman-Resources-Division.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amj.aom.org-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amj.aom.org_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amj.aom.org_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123053325/https://amj.aom.org/">"Academy of Management Journal"</a>. <i>amj.aom.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amj.aom.org/">the original</a> on 23 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amj.aom.org&rft.atitle=Academy+of+Management+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famj.aom.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amr.aom.org-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amr.aom.org_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amr.aom.org_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123025105/https://amr.aom.org/">"Academy of Management Review"</a>. <i>amr.aom.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amr.aom.org/">the original</a> on 23 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amr.aom.org&rft.atitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famr.aom.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/about/">"About Cornell ILR"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_School_of_Industrial_and_Labor_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations">Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Cornell+ILR&rft.pub=Cornell+University+School+of+Industrial+and+Labor+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilr.cornell.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mycourses.renot.co.za/human-resources-courses-of-the-future-in-south-africa/">"HR Courses"</a>. <i>My Courses</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Courses&rft.atitle=HR+Courses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmycourses.renot.co.za%2Fhuman-resources-courses-of-the-future-in-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n540-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n540_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n540_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n540_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuest2011" class="citation journal cs1">Guest, David E. (2011). "Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers: Human Resource Management and Performance". <i>Human Resource Management Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-8583.2010.00164.x">10.1111/j.1748-8583.2010.00164.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Human+resource+management+and+performance%3A+still+searching+for+some+answers%3A+Human+Resource+Management+and+Performance&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-8583.2010.00164.x&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellhrreview.org/">"Cornell HR Review — The Cornell HR Review is a student-run HR publication that provides timely articles, essays, and executive commentary"</a>. <i>cornellhrreview.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cornellhrreview.org&rft.atitle=Cornell+HR+Review+%E2%80%94+The+Cornell+HR+Review+is+a+student-run+HR+publication+that+provides+timely+articles%2C+essays%2C+and+executive+commentary.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellhrreview.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129230447/https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/1217/Pages/default.aspx">"HR Magazine: December 2017 / January 2018"</a>. <i>SHRM</i>. 30 November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/1217/pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SHRM&rft.atitle=HR+Magazine%3A+December+2017+%2F+January+2018&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2Fhr-today%2Fnews%2Fhr-magazine%2F1217%2Fpages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Human Resource Management". <i>Human Resource Management</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28issn%291099-050x">10.1002/(issn)1099-050x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management&rft.atitle=Human+Resource+Management&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28issn%291099-050x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/human-resource-management-review/"><i>Human Resource Management Review</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Resource+Management+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.elsevier.com%2Fhuman-resource-management-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rijh20/current#.Uxhl2YXCyDs">"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"</a>. <i>Taylor & Francis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.atitle=The+International+Journal+of+Human+Resource+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Ftoc%2Frijh20%2Fcurrent%23.Uxhl2YXCyDs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224640/http://leraweb.org/publications/perspectives-work">"Perspectives on Work | LERA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leraweb.org/publications/perspectives-work">the original</a> on 2014-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Work+%26%23124%3B+LERA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleraweb.org%2Fpublications%2Fperspectives-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell" class="citation web cs1">Cornell, Johnson at. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/Administrative-Science-Quarterly.aspx">"Johnson at Cornell - Administrative Science Quarterly"</a>. <i>johnson.cornell.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johnson.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Johnson+at+Cornell+-+Administrative+Science+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Johnson+at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnson.cornell.edu%2FAdministrative-Science-Quarterly.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"International Journal of Selection and Assessment". <i>International Journal of Selection and Assessment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F%28issn%291468-2389">10.1111/(issn)1468-2389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Selection+and+Assessment&rft.atitle=International+Journal+of+Selection+and+Assessment&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F%28issn%291468-2389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/apl/index.aspx">"Journal of Applied Psychology"</a>. <i>apa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apa.org&rft.atitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2Fapl%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jom.sagepub.com/">"Journal of Management"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjom.sagepub.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology". <i>Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F%28issn%292044-8325">10.1111/(issn)2044-8325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+and+Organizational+Psychology&rft.atitle=Journal+of+Occupational+and+Organizational+Psychology&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F%28issn%292044-8325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226020704/http://www.hogrefe.com/periodicals/journal-of-personnel-psychology/">"Journal of Personnel Psychology"</a>. <i>hogrefe.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hogrefe.com/periodicals/journal-of-personnel-psychology/">the original</a> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hogrefe.com&rft.atitle=Journal+of+Personnel+Psychology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hogrefe.com%2Fperiodicals%2Fjournal-of-personnel-psychology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubsonline.informs.org/loi/orsc">"Organization Science - INFORMS"</a>. <i>pubsonline.informs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubsonline.informs.org&rft.atitle=Organization+Science+-+INFORMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubsonline.informs.org%2Floi%2Forsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Personnel Psychology". <i>Personnel Psychology</i>. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F%28issn%291744-6570">10.1111/(issn)1744-6570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personnel+Psychology&rft.atitle=Personnel+Psychology&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F%28issn%291744-6570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+resource+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johnason, P. (2009). HRM in changing organizational contexts. In D. G. Collings & G. Wood (Eds.), Human resource management: A critical approach (pp. 19–37). London: Routledge.</li> <li>E McGaughey, 'A Human is not a Resource' (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3099470">Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge Working Paper 497</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Human resource management</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Human+resource+management">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Human+resource+management&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_resources_management" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human resources management">Human resources management</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Human_resource_management" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Human resource management">Human resource management</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Management" title="Template:Management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Management" title="Template talk:Management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_management_articles" title="Index of management articles">Index of management articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type<br />of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_management" title="Association management">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_management" title="Restaurant management">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Court management">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus,<br />within an<br />organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a><br />(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management" title="Capability management">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On activity or<br />department<br />managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Line_management" title="Line management">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_management" title="Staff management">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting management">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br />approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Technology,_Management,_and_Applied_Engineering" title="Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering">Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_(management)" title="Control (management)">Management control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_development" title="Management development">Management development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">Management fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_system" title="Management system">Management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_psychology" title="Managerial psychology">Managerial psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">Managerialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointy-haired_Boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointy-haired Boss">Pointy-haired Boss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056396#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056396#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056396#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Personalwesen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076000-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Personnel management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85100143">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="人事管理"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574831">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576886">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Personāla vadība"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052768&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ניהול משאבי אנוש"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538627505171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640957">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&oldid=1258170999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&oldid=1258170999</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_resource_management" title="Category:Human resource management">Human resource management</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2018">Articles with dead external links from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_June_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2017">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_October_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_October_2017" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017">Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_geographic_scope_from_April_2021" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from April 2021">Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 14:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-svl76","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.883","walltime":"1.059","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6369,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":207411,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8374,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":229572,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 912.146 1 -total"," 41.82% 381.453 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.25% 193.810 29 Template:Cite_web"," 11.21% 102.281 1 Template:Business_administration"," 10.99% 100.235 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.92% 81.355 10 Template:Fix"," 7.50% 68.382 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.95% 63.392 14 Template:Cite_book"," 6.82% 62.191 1 Template:Excerpt"," 6.02% 54.890 12 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.554","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7296554,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ckrcl","timestamp":"20241122140810","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Human resource management","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_resource_management","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1056396","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1056396","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-27T21:07:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T14:29:14Z","headline":"field in economy"}</script> </body> </html>