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<span>Classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Accounting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Human resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Information technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Research and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restructuring_state_enterprises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restructuring_state_enterprises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Restructuring state enterprises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restructuring_state_enterprises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_process_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_process_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Business process management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_process_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organization and regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization_and_regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization and regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Commercial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Intellectual property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Trade unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Business</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="عمل تجاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمل تجاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9A%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܦܘܠܚܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܚܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negociu" title="Negociu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Negociu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emuh%C3%A3" title="Ñemuhã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemuhã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C9%99ssis%C9%99" title="Müəssisə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müəssisə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ایش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যবসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AC-gia%CC%8Dp" title="Khì-gia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khì-gia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бизнес – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бизнес" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бізнес – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бізнес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Бізнэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бізнэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="बिजनेस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिजनेस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negosyo" title="Negosyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Negosyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бизнес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бизнес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚོང་ལས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚོང་ལས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negoci" title="Negoci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Negoci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhizimusi" title="Bhizimusi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhizimusi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busnes" title="Busnes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Busnes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virksomhed" title="Virksomhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virksomhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerbebetrieb" title="Gewerbebetrieb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewerbebetrieb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negocio" title="Negocio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Negocio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreno" title="Entrepreno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Entrepreno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negozio" title="Negozio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Negozio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کسب‌وکار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کسب‌وکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firme" title="Firme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Firme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriuw" title="Bedriuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bedriuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B3" title="Gnó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gnó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnothachas" title="Gnothachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gnothachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negocio" title="Negocio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Negocio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AE-ngia%CC%8Dp" title="Khî-ngia̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khî-ngia̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85" title="사업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwanci" title="Kasuwanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kasuwanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBoihana" title="ʻoihana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻoihana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Բիզնես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիզնես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="व्यवसाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यवसाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslovanje" title="Poslovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poslovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis" title="Bisnis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bisnis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhwebo" title="Umhwebo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umhwebo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrirt%C3%A6ki" title="Fyrirtæki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrirtæki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="עסק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עסק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis" title="Bisnis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bisnis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бизнес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бизнес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negys" title="Negys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Negys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashara" title="Biashara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biashara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznis" title="Biznis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Biznis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antroupriz" title="Antroupriz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Antroupriz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бизнес – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бизнес" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ທຸລະກິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທຸລະກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotium" title="Negotium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Negotium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uz%C5%86%C4%93mums" title="Uzņēmums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uzņēmums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslas" title="Verslas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Verslas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varotra" title="Varotra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="व्यवसाय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यवसाय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بيزينس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيزينس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perniagaan" title="Perniagaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perniagaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neg%C3%B3cio" title="Negócio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Negócio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бизнес – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бизнес" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrijf" title="Bedrijf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedrijf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="व्यापार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="व्यापार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बनय्‌ज्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बनय्‌ज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9" title="ビジネス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビジネス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ringsliv" title="Næringsliv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Næringsliv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ringsliv" title="Næringsliv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Næringsliv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizinasii" title="Bizinasii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bizinasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadbirkorlik" title="Tadbirkorlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tadbirkorlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کاروبار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاروبار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="سوداگري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوداگري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizniz" title="Bizniz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bizniz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznes" title="Biznes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biznes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neg%C3%B3cio" title="Negócio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Negócio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afacere" title="Afacere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Afacere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakina" title="Wakina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wakina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Бізніс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бізніс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бизнес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бизнес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisinisi" title="Pisinisi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pisinisi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="व्यवसायः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="व्यवसायः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" title="Business – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Business" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznesi" title="Biznesi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biznesi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facenna" title="Facenna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Facenna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="ව්‍යාපාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාපාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" title="Business – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Business" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڪاروبار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاروبار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podnikanie" title="Podnikanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podnikanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslovanje" title="Poslovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poslovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganacsi" title="Ganacsi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ganacsi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کاسبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاسبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бизнис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бизнис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznis" title="Biznis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biznis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis" title="Bisnis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bisnis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiketoiminta" title="Liiketoiminta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liiketoiminta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6retag" title="Företag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Företag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negosyo" title="Negosyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Negosyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வியாபாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியாபாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бизнес – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бизнес" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88" title="ธุรกิจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธุรกิจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Касбукор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Касбукор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fletme" title="İşletme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşletme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleke%C3%A7ilik" title="Telekeçilik – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Telekeçilik" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1bwuanng" title="A̱bwuanng – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱bwuanng" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бізнес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бізнес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کاروبار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاروبار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_doanh" title="Kinh doanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh doanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negosy%C3%B3" title="Negosyó – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Negosyó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" title="企业 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="企业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabindzu" title="Mabindzu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mabindzu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="ביזנעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביזנעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%84%8F" title="生意 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生意" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%84%8F" title="生意 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生意" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagang" title="Dagang – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Dagang" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4830453#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Business" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization engaged in commerce or industry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Business_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Business (disambiguation)">Business (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Business" title="Special:EditPage/Business">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Business%22">"Business"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Business%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Business%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Business%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Business%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Business%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Business</b> is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">buying and selling</a> <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A business entity is not necessarily separate from the owner and the creditors can hold the owner liable for debts the business has acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Taxation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation system">taxation system</a> for businesses is different from that of the corporates. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business. </p><p>A distinction is made in law and public offices between the term business and a <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a>. Colloquially, the terms are used interchangeably. </p><p>Corporations are distinct from with <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a>. They are separate legal entities and provide <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">limited liability</a> for their owners and members. They are subject to <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate tax</a> rates. They are also more complicated and expensive to set up, but offer more protection and benefits for the owners and members.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_business_entities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of business entities">List of business entities</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_law" title="Category:Corporate law">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/200px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/300px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/400px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">By jurisdiction</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillan_company_law" title="Anguillan company law">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_corporate_law" title="Australian corporate law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_company_law" title="British Virgin Islands company law">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_corporate_law" title="Canadian corporate law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_company_law" title="Cayman Islands company law">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_company_law" title="Indian company law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_company_law" title="South African company law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_corporate_law" title="United States corporate law">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law_in_Vietnam" title="Corporate law in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_company_law" title="French company law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_company_law" title="German company law">Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">General corporate forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership" title="Limited liability partnership">Limited liability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_limited_company" title="Private limited company">Private limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_corporation" title="Shelf corporation">Shelf corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">Corporate forms<br />by jurisdiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Europaea" title="Societas Europaea"><i>Societas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_cooperativa_Europaea" title="Societas cooperativa Europaea"><i>Societas cooperativa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SCE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_privata_Europaea" title="Societas privata Europaea"><i>Societas privata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_unius_personae" title="Societas unius personae"><i>Societas unius personae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SUP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping" title="European economic interest grouping">Economic interest grouping <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEIG)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span class="nowrap">UK / Ireland / Commonwealth</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Charitable incorporated organisation">Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) <span style="font-size:85%;">(CIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Scottish charitable incorporated organisation">Scottish charitable incorporated organisation <span style="font-size:85%;">(SCIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company <span style="font-size:85%;">(CIC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society" title="Industrial and provident society">Industrial and provident society <span style="font-size:85%;">(IPS)</span></a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Limited_company" title="Limited company">Limited company <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ltd.)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company limited by guarantee">by guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">by shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_company" title="Proprietary company">proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_company" title="Unlimited company">Unlimited company</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">Benefit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_corporation" title="C corporation">C corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company <span style="font-size:85%;">(LLC)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-profit_limited_liability_company" title="Low-profit limited liability company">Low-profit LLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_LLC" title="Series LLC">Series LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership" title="Limited liability limited partnership">Limited liability limited partnership <span style="font-size:85%;">(LLLP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_corporation" title="S corporation">S corporation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Delaware_statutory_trust" title="Delaware statutory trust">statutory trust</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust" title="Massachusetts business trust">Massachusetts business trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_corporation" title="Nevada corporation">Nevada corporation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktiebolag" title="Aktiebolag"><i>Aktiebolag</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AB)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft"><i>Aktiengesellschaft</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AG)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap" title="Ansvarlig selskap"><i>Ansvarlig selskap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ANS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktieselskab" title="Aktieselskab"><i>Aktieselskab</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(A/S)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksjeselskap" title="Aksjeselskap"><i>Aksjeselskap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung"><i>Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(GmbH)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha"><i>Kabushiki gaisha</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(K.K.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap" title="Naamloze vennootschap"><i>Naamloze vennootschap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(N.V.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osakeyhti%C3%B6" title="Osakeyhtiö"><i>Osakeyhtiö</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%C3%A0_responsabilit%C3%A9_limit%C3%A9e" title="Société à responsabilité limitée"><i>Société à responsabilité limitée</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SARL)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of business entity">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel" title="De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel"><i>De facto</i> and estoppel corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine" title="Internal affairs doctrine">Internal affairs doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">Limited liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag-along_right" title="Tag-along right">Tag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-along_right" title="Drag-along right">Drag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil" title="Piercing the corporate veil">Piercing the corporate veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_ownership" title="Beneficial ownership">Beneficial ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">Corporate registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_agent" title="Registered agent">Registered agent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Company portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_law" title="Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_law" title="Template talk:Corporate law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Forms of business ownership vary by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>, but several common entities exist: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorship</a>, also known as a sole trader, is owned by one person and operates for their benefit. The owner operates the business alone and may hire <a href="/wiki/Employees" class="mw-redirect" title="Employees">employees</a>. A sole proprietor has unlimited <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> for all obligations incurred by the business, whether from <a href="/wiki/Operating_cost" title="Operating cost">operating costs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">judgments</a> against the business. All <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> of the business belong to a sole proprietor, including, for example, a computer infrastructure, any <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> equipment, or retail <a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">fixtures</a>, as well as any <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> owned by the sole proprietor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnership</a> is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are <a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">general partnerships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">limited partnerships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership" title="Limited liability partnership">limited liability partnerships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporations</a>' owners have <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">limited liability</a> and the business has a separate <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> from its owners. Corporations can be either <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">government-owned</a> or privately owned, and they can organize either for profit or as <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a>. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>, who elect a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">privately held</a> by a small group of individuals, or <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly held</a>, with publicly traded <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> listed on a <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> or co-op is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">consumer cooperatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited liability companies">Limited liability companies</a> (LLC) and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from <a href="/wiki/Business_failure" title="Business failure">business failure</a> by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, a general partnership or persons working on their own are usually not as protected.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise</a> is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of twelve <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company limited by guarantee">Company limited by guarantee</a> is commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">insolvent liquidation</a>, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company. This type of company is common in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having <a href="/wiki/Share_capital" title="Share capital">share capital</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">company limited by shares</a> is the most common form of the company used for business ventures. Specifically, a limited company is a "company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested" with corporations being "the most common example of a limited company."<sup id="cite_ref-Black's_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black's-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of company is common in England and many English-speaking countries. A company limited by shares may be a <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded company</a> or a</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">privately held company</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>A company limited by guarantee with a share capital is a hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_company" title="Unlimited company">unlimited company</a> with or without a share capital is a hybrid entity, a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts (if any) of the company are not limited. In this case, the doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply.</li></ul> <p>Less common types of companies are: </p> <ul><li>Most corporations by letters patent are <i><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">corporations sole</a></i> and not companies as the term is commonly understood today.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Charter corporations</a> were the only types of companies before the passing of modern companies legislation. Now they are relatively rare, except for very old companies that still survive (of which there are still many, particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> is a corporation formed by a modern charter).</li> <li>Statutory companies are certain companies that have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction, and are relatively rare today.</li></ul> <p>"Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (<a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public limited company</a>) indicates that its shares are widely held."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some <a href="/wiki/Offshore_jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore jurisdictions">offshore jurisdictions</a> have created special forms of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_company" title="Offshore company">offshore company</a> in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include "<a href="/wiki/Segregated_portfolio_company" title="Segregated portfolio company">segregated portfolio companies</a>" and restricted purpose companies. </p><p>There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world. </p><p>Companies are also sometimes distinguished into <a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">private companies</a> for legal and regulatory purposes. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> which imposes <a href="/wiki/Listing_(finance)" title="Listing (finance)">listing requirements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Listing_Rules" title="Listing Rules">Listing Rules</a> as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and a future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">parent company</a> is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company. The subsidiary company can be allowed to maintain its own board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industry_classification" title="Industry classification">Industry classification</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>, such as the domestication of fish, animals, and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lumber_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumber industry">lumber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry">Mining</a> businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Service businesses</a> offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>, or to other businesses. Interior decorators, beauticians, hair stylists, make-up artists, tanning salons, laundromats, dry cleaners, and pest controllers are service businesses. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a> businesses include <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokerage_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brokerage firm">brokerage firms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_card_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit card company">credit cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance company">insurance companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asset_management_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset management company">asset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment_company" title="Investment company">investment companies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Private-equity_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-equity firm">private-equity firms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private-equity_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-equity fund">private-equity funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">real estate investment trusts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">pension funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Index_fund" title="Index fund">index funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchanges</a>, and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transportation</a> businesses such as <a href="/wiki/Railway_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway company">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping industry">shipping companies</a> deliver <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> and individuals to their destinations for a fee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilities">Utilities</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>. These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">government</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry">Entertainment</a> companies and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Production_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Production house">production houses</a>, mass media companies such as <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable television network">cable television networks</a>, online <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> agencies, <a href="/wiki/Talent_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent agency">talent agencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">mobile media</a> outlets, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper publisher">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Book publishing">book</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine publishing</a> houses. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Sports</a> organizations are involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any activity, experience, or business enterprise focused on sports. They make their profits by selling goods and services that are sports related.</li></ul></li> <li>Industrial <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturers</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a>, either from <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> or from component parts, then export the finished products at a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Tangible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible">tangible</a> goods such as <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus_manufacturing" title="Bus manufacturing">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_device_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical device manufacturing">medical devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass manufacturing">glass</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft manufacturing">aircraft</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a> businesses sell, invest, construct and develop <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">properties</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, residential <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">homes</a>, and other buildings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retailers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wholesaling" title="Wholesaling">wholesalers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distributors</a> act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers; they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounting">Accounting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></div> <p>Accounting is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about <a href="/wiki/Economic_entity" title="Economic entity">economic entities</a><sup id="cite_ref-NP_2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP_2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as businesses and <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>. The modern field was established by the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> mathematician <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> in 1494.<sup id="cite_ref-jkdiwan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkdiwan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounting, which has been called the "language of business",<sup id="cite_ref-wharton-language_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wharton-language-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creditor" title="Creditor">creditors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UW_Dept_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW_Dept-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practitioners of accounting are known as <a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">accountants</a>. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commerce</a></div> <p>Commerce is the process of exchanging goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not just a single activity, but a set of activities that includes trade (buying and selling goods and services) and auxiliary services or aids to trade,<sup id="cite_ref-OXDICT_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OXDICT-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that includes communication and marketing, logistics, finance, banking, insurance, and legal services related to trade. Business is also defined as engaging in commerce, as these are done in all businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_financial_management" title="Strategic financial management">Strategic financial management</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a> is a field that deals with the study of money and <a href="/wiki/Investments" class="mw-redirect" title="Investments">investments</a>. It includes the dynamics of <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)" title="Liability (financial accounting)">liabilities</a> over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Finance#Corporate_finance" title="Finance">context of business and management</a>, finance deals with the problems of ensuring that the firm can safely and profitably carry out its operational and financial objectives; i.e. that it: (1) has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming operational expenses, and (2) can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments. Finance also deals with the <i>long term</i> objective of maximizing the value of the business, while also balancing risk and profitability; this includes the interrelated questions of (1) <a href="/wiki/Capital_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital investment">capital investment</a>, which businesses and projects to invest in; (2) <a href="/wiki/Capital_structure" title="Capital structure">capital structure</a>, deciding on the mix of funding to be used; and (3) <a href="/wiki/Dividend_policy" title="Dividend policy">dividend policy</a>, what to do with "excess" capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">Human resources</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HUMAN_RESOURCES.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HUMAN_RESOURCES.png/224px-HUMAN_RESOURCES.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HUMAN_RESOURCES.png/336px-HUMAN_RESOURCES.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HUMAN_RESOURCES.png/448px-HUMAN_RESOURCES.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Human resources can be defined as division of business that involves finding, screening, <a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">recruiting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a> job applicants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human resources, or HR, is crucial for all businesses to succeed as it helps companies adjust to a fast-moving business environment and the increasing demand for jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Human Resource" was first coined by <a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> in his novel '<i>The Distribution of Wealth'.</i> HR <a href="/wiki/Departmentalization" title="Departmentalization">departments</a> are relatively new as they began developing in the late 20th century. HR departments main goal is to maximize employee productivity and protecting the company from any issues that may arise in the future. Some of the most common activities conducted by those working in HR include increasing innovation and creativity within a company, applying new approaches to work projects, and efficient training and communication with <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employees</a>. </p><p>Two of the most popular subdivisions of HR are <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human Resource Management</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HRM, and <a href="/wiki/Human_Resource_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Resource Information Systems">Human Resource Information Systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or HRIS. The HRM route is for those who prefer an <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">administrative</a> role as it involves oversight of the entirety of the company. HRIS involves the storage and organization of employee <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> including full names, addresses, means of contact, and anything else required by that certain company. </p><p>Some careers of those involved in the Human Resource field include enrollment specialists, HR analyst, recruiter, employment relations manager, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3></div> <p>Many businesses have an Information technology (IT) department, which supports the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and computer systems in support of enterprise goals. The role of a <a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">chief information officer</a> is to lead this department. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> in the United States employs "more than 3,000 team members with advanced computing, analytical and technical skills".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> is the production of <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a> for use or sale using <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> to <a href="/wiki/High_tech_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="High tech manufacturing">high tech</a>, but is most commonly applied to <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industrial</a> production, in which <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> are transformed into <a href="/wiki/Finished_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished good">finished goods</a> on a large scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></div> <p>Marketing is defined by the <a href="/wiki/American_Marketing_Association" title="American Marketing Association">American Marketing Association</a> as <i>"the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Marketing tactics include <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> as well as determining product <a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">pricing</a>. </p><p>With the rise in technology, marketing is further divided into a class called <a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">digital marketing</a>. It is marketing products and services using digital technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></div> <p>Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicaRnD_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicaRnD-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicaRnD_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicaRnD-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a></div> <p>Injuries cost businesses billions of dollars annually.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown how company acceptance and implementation of comprehensive safety and health management systems reduce incidents, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> costs, and workers' compensation claims.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New technologies, like wearable safety devices<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and available online safety training, continue to be developed to encourage employers to invest in protection beyond the "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canary_in_a_coal_mine" class="extiw" title="wikt:canary in a coal mine">canary in the coal mine</a>" and reduce the cost to businesses of protecting their employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales">Sales</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></div> <p>Sales are activity related to selling or the number of goods or services sold in a given time period. Sales are often integrated with all lines of business and are key to a companies' success.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a topical guide, see <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_business_management" title="Outline of business management">Outline of business management</a>.</div> <p>The efficient and effective <a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">operation of a business</a>, and study of this subject, is called <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>. The major branches of management are <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational studies">human resource management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">strategic management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">production management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">service management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">information technology management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them. Whether they are owners or employees, managers administer three primary components of the business's value: financial resources, capital (tangible resources), and <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>. These resources are administered in at least six functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restructuring_state_enterprises">Restructuring state enterprises</h3></div> <p>In recent decades, states modeled some of their <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> and enterprises after business enterprises. In 2003, for example, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> modeled 80% of its <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a> on a company-type management system.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_process_management">Business process management</h3></div> <p>Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of <a href="/wiki/Client_(business)" title="Client (business)">clients</a>. BPM attempts to improve processes continuously. It can, therefore, be described as a "process optimization process". It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient, effective and capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2013)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_regulation">Organization and regulation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm" title="Theory of the firm">Theory of the firm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">Industry self-regulation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_required_to_start_a_business,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg/300px-Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg/450px-Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg/600px-Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Time required to start a business in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most legal <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a> applicable to business. </p><p>The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually: </p> <ul><li>The size and scope of the business firm and its structure, management, and ownership, broadly analyzed in the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm" title="Theory of the firm">theory of the firm</a>. Generally, a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as corporations or (less often) partnerships. In addition, a business that wishes to raise money on a <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.</li> <li>The sector and country. Private profit-making businesses are different from government-owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advantage" title="Tax advantage">Tax advantages</a>. Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason.</li> <li>Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public (or report it to relevant authorities) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.</li> <li>Control and coordination requirements. In function of the risk and complexity of the tasks to organize, a business is organized through a set of formal and informal mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contractual</a> and relational governance can help mitigate <a href="/wiki/Opportunism" title="Opportunism">opportunism</a> as well as support communication and information sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability). Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>, limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">personal liability</a> for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person". This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed. </p><p>Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a <i>sole proprietor</i>, whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity. Depending on the business needs, an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable. </p><p>General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business. </p><p>Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called <a href="/wiki/Double_taxation" title="Double taxation">double taxation</a>, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed. </p><p>In most countries, there are laws that treat small corporations differently from large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment. </p><p>"Going public" through a process known as an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public. This requires the organization as a distinct entity, to disclose information to the public, and adhering to a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">LLC's</a> that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well, such as, for example, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">real estate investment trusts</a> in the US, and <a href="/wiki/Unit_trust" title="Unit trust">unit trusts</a> in the UK. A general partnership cannot "go public". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_law">Commercial law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtownplazala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Downtownplazala.jpg/200px-Downtownplazala.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Downtownplazala.jpg/300px-Downtownplazala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Downtownplazala.jpg/400px-Downtownplazala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">Offices</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> Downtown Financial District</figcaption></figure> <p>A very detailed and well-established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions. The need to regulate trade and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts. The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> dates back to about 1772 BC for example and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a> costs and dealings between merchants and <a href="/wiki/Broker" title="Broker">brokers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "corporation" derives from the Latin <i>corpus</i>, meaning body, and the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> in Iron-Age India accorded legal rights to business entities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many countries, it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Laws can govern the treatment of labour and employee relations, <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">worker protection and safety</a>, discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation, and the minimum wage, as well as <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a>, worker compensation, and working hours and leave. </p><p>Some specialized businesses may also require licenses, either due to laws governing entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments. Professions that require special licenses include law, medicine, piloting aircraft, selling liquor, radio broadcasting, selling investment securities, selling used cars, and roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business. </p><p>Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation, for example, <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utilities</a>, investment securities, banking, insurance, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, and health care providers. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulations">Environmental regulations</a> are also very complex<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and can affect many businesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital">Capital</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png/220px-Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png/330px-Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png/440px-Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">Mexican Stock Exchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a>, Mexico City</figcaption></figure><p> When businesses need to raise money (called <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>), they sometimes offer <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-investopediaCapital_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investopediaCapital-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capital may be raised through private means, by an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> or IPO on a <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in multiple other ways.<sup id="cite_ref-investopediaCapital_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investopediaCapital-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major stock exchanges include the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Hong Kong Stock Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> (the US), the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> (UK), the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> (Japan), and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a> (India). Most countries with capital markets have at least one. </p><p>Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance, such as how executive officers' compensation is determined, and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC) in China. In Singapore, the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and in Hong Kong, it is the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC). </p><p>The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law. It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labor law</a>, health-care law, securities law, mergers and acquisitions, tax law, employee benefit plans, food and drug regulation, intellectual property law on copyrights, patents, trademarks, telecommunications law, and financing. </p><p>Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet, venture capital, bank loans, and debentures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></div> <p>Businesses often have important "<a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>" that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a>, or preservation of <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee's interactions with stakeholders, and competitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_unions">Trade unions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></div> <p>A trade union (or labor union) is an <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation#Labour_unions" title="Political organisation">organization of workers</a> who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better <a href="/wiki/Working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Working conditions">working conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatimesTradeUnion_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatimesTradeUnion-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rank_and_file" class="extiw" title="wikt:rank and file">rank and file</a> members) and negotiates <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and employment law">labor contracts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>) with employers.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatimesTradeUnion_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatimesTradeUnion-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Webb_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may include the negotiation of <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a>, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing, and promotion of workers, benefits, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">workplace safety</a> and policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_business" title="Outline of business">Outline of business</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_accounting_articles" title="Index of accounting articles">List of accounting topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">Big business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_acumen" title="Business acumen">Business acumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_broker" title="Business broker">Business broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_hours" title="Business hours">Business hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_commercial_law" title="Outline of commercial law">Business law topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_mathematics" title="Business mathematics">Business mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_mediator" class="mw-redirect" title="Business mediator">Business mediator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_tourism" title="Business tourism">Business tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_valuation" title="Business valuation">Business valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management_analyst" title="Change management analyst">Change management analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_personhood" title="Corporate personhood">Corporate personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">Cost overrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">List of economics topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance" title="Outline of finance">List of finance topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">Franchising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Government ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">Industry categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of international trade topics">List of international trade topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation program">Job creation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">Limited liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">List of company registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_employers" title="List of largest employers">List of largest employers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_companies" title="List of oldest companies">List of oldest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_companies" title="Lists of companies">Lists of companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">Management information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_production" title="Outline of production">List of production topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_marketing" title="Outline of marketing">List of marketing topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational studies">Organizational studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_real_estate_articles" title="Index of real estate articles">List of real estate topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_shortfall" title="Benefit shortfall">Revenue shortfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareholder_value" title="Shareholder value">Shareholder value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">Small business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of business entity">Types of business entity</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business"><i>American Heritage Dictionary</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Annals&rft.atitle=Control%E2%80%93Trust+Dynamics+in+Organizations%3A+Identifying+Shared+Perspectives+and+Charting+Conceptual+Fault+Lines&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=725-751&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150017645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1941-6520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Fannals.2016.0055&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Chris+P.&rft.au=Sitkin%2C+Sim+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aom.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5465%2Fannals.2016.0055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/assyria/hammurabi.html">"Law Code of Hammurabi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019073504/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/assyria/hammurabi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Code+of+Hammurabi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcadams.posc.mu.edu%2Ftxt%2Fah%2Fassyria%2Fhammurabi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikramaditya_S._Khanna" class="citation web cs1">Vikramaditya S. Khanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095432/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/cbl/Khanna_Ancient_India_informal.pdf">"The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/cbl/Khanna_Ancient_India_informal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+History+of+the+Corporate+Form+in+Ancient+India&rft.au=Vikramaditya+S.+Khanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.yale.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fcbl%2FKhanna_Ancient_India_informal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-investopediaCapital-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-investopediaCapital_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-investopediaCapital_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargrave" class="citation web cs1">Hargrave, Marshall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital.asp#:~:text=Capital%20is%20a%20term%20for,obtained%20from%20special%20financing%20sources.&text=Businesses%20will%20typically%20focus%20on,equity%20capital%2C%20and%20debt%20capital.">"What Is Capital?"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811192131/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital.asp#:~:text=Capital%20is%20a%20term%20for,obtained%20from%20special%20financing%20sources.&text=Businesses%20will%20typically%20focus%20on,equity%20capital%2C%20and%20debt%20capital.">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=What+Is+Capital%3F&rft.aulast=Hargrave&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fc%2Fcapital.asp%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCapital%2520is%2520a%2520term%2520for%2Cobtained%2520from%2520special%2520financing%2520sources.%26text%3DBusinesses%2520will%2520typically%2520focus%2520on%2Cequity%2520capital%252C%2520and%2520debt%2520capital.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/ipo">"What is Ipo? Definition of Ipo, Ipo Meaning"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810180034/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/IPO">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=What+is+Ipo%3F+Definition+of+Ipo%2C+Ipo+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fdefinition%2Fipo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/">"What is Intellectual Property (IP)?"</a>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122002851/https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=What+is+Intellectual+Property+%28IP%29%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fabout-ip%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiatimesTradeUnion-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiatimesTradeUnion_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiatimesTradeUnion_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/Trade-Union">"What is Trade Union? Definition of Trade Union, Trade Union Meaning"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201024124/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/Trade-Union">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=What+is+Trade+Union%3F+Definition+of+Trade+Union%2C+Trade+Union+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fdefinition%2FTrade-Union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbWebb1920" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). <i>History of Trade Unionism</i>. Longmans and Co. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Trade+Unionism&rft.pub=Longmans+and+Co.+London&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Webb%2C+Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness" class="Z3988"></span> ch. I</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Business</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Business" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Business">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Business" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Business">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Business" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Business">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Business" class="extiw" title="q:Business">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Business" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Business">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Business" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Business">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Business" class="extiw" title="v:Business">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Business</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Business">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061963-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Business"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018260">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="企業"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565710">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="מפעלים עסקיים"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292516705171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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