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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_Jewish_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kashrut—Jewish_dietary_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashrut—Jewish_dietary_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Kashrut</i>—Jewish dietary laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashrut—Jewish_dietary_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_dispersion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_dispersion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geographical dispersion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_dispersion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Jewish_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Jewish_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of Jewish cuisine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Jewish_cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of Jewish cuisine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Jewish_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Biblical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmudic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmudic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Talmudic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmudic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_of_meal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_meal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Structure of meal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_meal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_cuisine_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_cuisine_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jewish cuisine variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jewish_cuisine_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jewish cuisine variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jewish_cuisine_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashkenazi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashkenazi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ashkenazi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashkenazi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Soups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bread_and_cake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bread_and_cake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Bread and cake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bread_and_cake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat_and_fats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat_and_fats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Meat and fats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat_and_fats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweets_and_confections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweets_and_confections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Sweets and confections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweets_and_confections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Side dishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardi,_Mizrahi_and_Italian_Jewish_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardi,_Mizrahi_and_Italian_Jewish_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sephardi, Mizrahi and Italian Jewish cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardi,_Mizrahi_and_Italian_Jewish_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shabbat_and_holiday_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shabbat_and_holiday_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shabbat and holiday dishes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shabbat_and_holiday_dishes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shabbat and holiday dishes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shabbat_and_holiday_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shabbat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shabbat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shabbat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shabbat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosh_Hashanah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosh_Hashanah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rosh Hashanah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosh_Hashanah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Kippur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Kippur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Yom Kippur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Kippur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukkot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukkot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sukkot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukkot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanukkah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanukkah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hanukkah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanukkah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Purim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Passover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shavuot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shavuot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Shavuot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shavuot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tisha_B'Av" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tisha_B'Av"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Tisha B'Av</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tisha_B'Av-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Яўрэйская кухня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яўрэйская кухня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Габрэйская кухня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Габрэйская кухня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_jueva" title="Gastronomia jueva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia jueva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Židovská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židovská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8disk_mad" title="Jødisk mad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jødisk mad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCdische_K%C3%BCche" title="Jüdische Küche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüdische Küche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_jud%C3%ADa" title="Gastronomía judía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía judía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_kuirarto" title="Juda kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juda kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="آشپزی یهودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی یهودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_juive" title="Cuisine juive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine juive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="유대 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Հրեական խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեական խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Yahudi" title="Hidangan Yahudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_ebraica" title="Cucina ebraica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina ebraica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="המטבח היהודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח היהודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olah-olahan_Yahudi" title="Olah-olahan Yahudi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olah-olahan Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAjgeha_cih%C3%BB" title="Pêjgeha cihû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêjgeha cihû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDyd%C5%B3_virtuv%C4%97" title="Žydų virtuvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žydų virtuvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Yahudi" title="Masakan Yahudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="ユダヤ料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_%C5%BCydowska" title="Kuchnia żydowska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia żydowska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_judaica" title="Culinária judaica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária judaica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Еврейская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврейская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%A1_kuchy%C5%88a" title="Židovská kuchyňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židovská kuchyňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Јеврејска кухиња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јеврејска кухиња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalainen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Juutalainen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalainen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiska_k%C3%B6ket" title="Judiska köket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judiska köket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Єврейська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єврейська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A8m_th%E1%BB%B1c_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Ẩm thực Do Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:lavender;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/260px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/390px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/520px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulaul%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulaulá language">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishana_Deni" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishana Deni">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzani_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanure_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishanid_Noshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishanid Noshan">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Djerbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Yemenite</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Jewish diaspora languages</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanic language">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkian">Italkian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Gruzinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi">Dzhidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani language">Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani dialect">Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Berber">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 1">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Plagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Plagues">Ten Plagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">Conquest of Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouza">Ouza</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdana_(Judaism)" title="Bagdana (Judaism)">Bagdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estries" title="Estries">Estries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27em" title="Re'em">Re'em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilin" title="Lilin">Lilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Juchne" title="Bar Juchne">Bar Juchne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(demon)" title="Naamah (demon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%27irim" title="Se'irim">Se'irim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxa" title="Broxa">Broxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alukah" title="Alukah">Alukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">Rephaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossele_the_Holy_Miser" title="Yossele the Holy Miser">Yossele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical literature">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish#Literature" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Yemenite_Jewish_literature" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Jewish poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_poetry_from_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_poetry" title="Yemenite Jewish poetry">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Jewish_epic_poetry" title="Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Medieval Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust literature">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niggun" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggun">Niggun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Tat theatre">Judeo-Tat theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews_associated_with_the_visual_arts" title="Lists of Jews associated with the visual arts">List of Jews in the visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_film_directors" title="List of Jewish film directors">List of Jewish film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_American_cinema" title="Jews in American cinema">Jews in American cinema</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology" title="Jewish culture">Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_medicine" title="Jewish medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_mathematicians" title="List of Jewish mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish scientists and philosophers">Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports" title="List of Jews in sports">List of Jews in sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_association_football" title="Jews in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_baseball" title="Jews in baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame">Jewish Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Yom_Kippur_by_Jewish_athletes" title="Observance of Yom Kippur by Jewish athletes">Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other aspects</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal:Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_culture" title="Category:Jewish culture">Category:Jewish culture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_culture" title="Template talk:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Jewish cuisine</b> refers to the worldwide cooking traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>. During its evolution over the course of many centuries, it has been shaped by <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish dietary laws</a> (<i>kashrut</i>), <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish festivals and holidays</a>, and traditions centred around <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. Jewish cuisine is influenced by the economics, agriculture, and culinary traditions of the many countries where Jewish communities have settled and varies widely throughout the entire world. </p><p>The history of Jewish cuisine begins with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">cuisine of the ancient Israelites</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> grew, different styles of Jewish cooking developed. The distinctive styles in Jewish cuisine vary according to each community across the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> diaspora groupings; there are also notable dishes within the culinary traditions of the standalone significant Jewish diaspora communities from <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jewish_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jewish cuisine">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Jewish cuisine">Yemen</a>. </p><p>Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948, and particularly since the late 1970s, a nascent Israeli "<a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion cuisine</a>" has developed. <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli cuisine</a> has adapted a multitude of elements, overlapping techniques and ingredients from the many culinary traditions of the Jewish diaspora. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_Jewish_cuisine">Influences on Jewish cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Influences on Jewish cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashrut—Jewish_dietary_laws"><span id="Kashrut.E2.80.94Jewish_dietary_laws"></span><i>Kashrut</i>—Jewish dietary laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kashrut—Jewish dietary laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosher_Salt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kosher_Salt.JPG/170px-Kosher_Salt.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kosher_Salt.JPG/255px-Kosher_Salt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kosher_Salt.JPG/340px-Kosher_Salt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Coarse salt for koshering meat</figcaption></figure> <p>The laws of keeping <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> (<i>kashrut</i>) have influenced Jewish cooking by prescribing what foods are permitted and how food must be prepared. The word kosher is usually translated as "proper". </p><p>Certain foods, notably <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and almost all <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">insects</a> are forbidden; meat and dairy cannot be eaten together in one dish and a certain period of time must elapse before dairy food can be eaten following a meat dish. The length of time depends on a specific <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhag</a> (tradition). It is most common to wait six hours but some groups wait three or one.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meat must be <a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">ritually slaughtered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salted</a> to remove all traces of blood. </p><p>Observant Jews will eat only meat or poultry that is certified <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>. The meat has to have been slaughtered by a <i><a href="/wiki/Shochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochet">shochet</a></i> (ritual slaughterer) in accordance with Jewish law and must be entirely drained of blood. Before it is cooked, it is soaked in water for half an hour, then placed on a perforated board, sprinkled with coarse salt (which draws out the blood) and left to sit for one hour. At the end of this time, the salt is washed off and the meat is ready for cooking. </p><p>Today, kosher meats purchased from a butcher or supermarket have already undergone the <i>koshering</i> process as described in the previous paragraph and no additional soaking or salting is required. </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i>, meat and poultry must not be eaten with dairy products, nor may they be eaten from plates or with utensils that have been used with dairy products. Therefore, Jews who strictly observe <i>kashrut</i> divide their kitchens into different sections for meat and for dairy, with separate ovens, plates and utensils (or as much as is reasonable, given financial and space constraints; there are procedures to <i>kasher</i> utensils that have touched dairy to allow their use for meat).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRCKosherKitchen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCKosherKitchen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, butter, milk and cream are not used in preparing dishes made with meat or intended to be served together with meat. Oil, <i><a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">pareve</a></i> margarine, rendered <a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">chicken fat</a> (often called <a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">schmaltz</a> in the Ashkenazi tradition), or non-dairy cream substitutes are used instead. </p><p>Despite religious prohibitions, some foods not generally considered kosher have made their way into traditional Jewish cuisine; <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, which was consumed by European Jews at least as far back as the 19th century, is one example.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_dispersion">Geographical dispersion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical dispersion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frito_gaditano-_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Frito_gaditano-_2009.jpg/220px-Frito_gaditano-_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Frito_gaditano-_2009.jpg/330px-Frito_gaditano-_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Frito_gaditano-_2009.jpg/440px-Frito_gaditano-_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pesca%C3%ADto_frito" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescaíto frito">Pescaíto frito</a></i>, originating from the 16th-century Andalusian Jews of Spain and Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>The hearty cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> was based on centuries of living in the cold climate of Central and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, whereas the lighter, "sunnier" cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> was influenced by life in the Mediterranean region. </p><p>Each Jewish community has its traditional dishes, often revolving around specialties from their home country. In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> are a common ingredient and many foods are fried in oil. The idea of frying fish in the stereotypically <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, for example, was introduced to Britain by Sephardic Jewish immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, stews were popular. The Jews of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> specialized in pickles, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter_cake" title="Butter cake">butter cakes</a> and <i>bolas</i> (jamrolls). In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Jews made various kinds of stuffed and stewed fish along with <a href="/wiki/Matzo_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzo ball">matza ball</a> soup or <a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel"><i>lokshen</i> noodles</a>. In <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, Jews ate <i><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tagine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagine">tagine</a></i>. </p><p>Thus, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> meal for Ashkenazi Jews might include stuffed vine leaves, roast beef, pot roast, or chicken, carrots <i><a href="/wiki/Tzimmes" title="Tzimmes">tzimmes</a></i> and potatoes. A traditional Shabbat meal for Sephardi Jews would focus more on salads, <i>couscous</i> and other Middle-Eastern specialties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Jewish_cuisine">History of Jewish cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of Jewish cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_era">Biblical era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usdaemmer1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Usdaemmer1.jpg/170px-Usdaemmer1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Usdaemmer1.jpg/255px-Usdaemmer1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Usdaemmer1.jpg/340px-Usdaemmer1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a> wheat, cultivated in biblical times</figcaption></figure> <p>The daily diet of the average ancient Israelite consisted mainly of bread, cooked grains and legumes. Bread was eaten with every meal. The bread eaten until the end of the Israelite monarchy was mostly made from barley flour. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple era</a>, bread made from wheat flour became predominant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of breads was produced. Probably most common were unleavened flat loaves called <i>ugah</i> or <i>kikkar.</i> Another type was a thin wafer, known as a <i>rakik.</i> A thicker loaf, known as <i>hallah,</i> was made with the best-quality flour, usually for ritual purposes. Bread was sometimes enriched by the addition of flour from legumes (Ezekiel 4:9). </p><p>The Mishna (<a href="/wiki/Hallah_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallah (Talmud)">Hallah</a> 2:2) mentions bread dough made with fruit juice instead of water to sweeten the bread. The Israelites also sometimes added fennel and cumin to bread dough for flavor and dipped their bread in vinegar (Ruth 2:14), olive oil, or sesame oil for extra flavor. </p><p>Vegetables played a smaller, but significant role in the diet. Legumes and vegetables were typically eaten in <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>. Stews made of lentils or beans were common and they were cooked with onion, garlic, and leeks for flavor. Fresh legumes were also roasted, or dried and stored for extended periods, then cooked in a soup or a stew. Vegetables were also eaten uncooked with bread. Lentils were the most important of the legumes and were used to make pottages and soups, as well as fried lentil cakes called <a href="/wiki/Ashishim" title="Ashishim">ashishim</a>. </p><p>The Israelites drank <a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">goat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">sheep's milk</a> when it was available in the spring and summer and ate butter and cheese. They also ate honey, both from bees and <a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">date honey</a>. </p><p>Figs and grapes were the fruits most commonly eaten, while dates, pomegranates, almonds, and other fruits and nuts were eaten more occasionally. </p><p>Wine was the most popular beverage and sometimes other fermented beverages were produced. </p><p>Meat, usually goat and mutton, was eaten rarely by most Israelites and reserved for special occasions, such as celebrations, festival meals, or sacrificial feasts. The wealthy ate meat more frequently and had <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a> available to them. </p><p>Olives were used primarily for their oil, which was used raw and to cook meat and stews. <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a> (usually deer and gazelle), birds, eggs, and fish were also eaten, depending on availability.<sup id="cite_ref-Roden22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roden22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper15_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper15-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jvl_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meat was typically prepared in broths or stews, and sometimes roasted. For long-term storage, meat was smoked, dried, or salted. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Figs.jpg/220px-Figs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Figs.jpg/330px-Figs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Figs.jpg/440px-Figs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">Figs</a>, one of the most frequently mentioned fruits in the Bible</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">Porridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a> were made from ground grain, water, salt, and butter. This mixture also formed the basis for cakes, to which oil, called <i><a href="/wiki/Shemen_(bible)" title="Shemen (bible)">shemen</a></i>, and fruits were sometimes added before baking. </p><p>Most food was eaten fresh and in season. Fruits and vegetables had to be eaten as they ripened and before they spoiled. </p><p>People had to contend with periodic episodes of hunger and famine. Producing enough food required hard and well-timed labor and the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Israel">climatic conditions</a> resulted in unpredictable harvests and the need to store as much food as possible. Thus, grapes were made into raisins and wine, olives were made into oil, figs, beans and lentils were dried and grains were stored for use throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-HAIJ51_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAIJ51-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As fresh milk tended to spoil quickly, the Israelites stored milk in skin containers that caused it to curdle quickly and drank it as thick sour milk which they called <a href="/wiki/Leben_(milk_product)" title="Leben (milk product)">laban</a>. </p><p>Descriptions of typical Israelite meals appear in the Bible. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Samuel">Book of Samuel</a> described the rations <a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a> brought to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s group: bread loaves, wine, butchered sheep, parched grain, raisins, and fig cakes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> described a typical light breakfast: bread dipped in vinegar and parched or roasted grain.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cuisine maintained many consistent traits based on the main products available from the early Israelite period until the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman period</a>, even though new foods became available during this extended time. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> was introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Persian era</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Land_of_Israel#Hellenistic_period_(332-37_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Land of Israel">Hellenistic period</a>, as trade with the <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabateans</a> increased, more spices became available, at least for those who could afford them and more Mediterranean fish were imported into the cities. During the Roman period, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Feinberg12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feinberg12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbolic food of the ancient Israelites continued to be important among <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> after the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in 70 CE and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>. </p><p>Bread, wine and olive oil were seen as direct links to the three main crops of ancient Israel—wheat, grapes and olives. In the Bible, this trio is described as representing the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> response to human needs (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1302.htm#23">Hosea 2:23–24</a>) and, particularly, the need for the seasonal rains vital for the successful cultivation of these three crops. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0511.htm#13">Deuteronomy 11:13–14</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NIOBH_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOBH-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of wine, bread and oil is indicated by their incorporation into <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, with the blessings over wine and bread for <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and holiday meals and at religious ceremonies such as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">weddings</a> and the lighting of Shabbat and festival lights with olive oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Roden22_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roden22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EJF70Bread_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJF70Bread-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Jewish cooking originated in the various communities of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, and modern Jewish cuisine bears little resemblance to what the ancient Israelites ate. However, a few dishes that originated in ancient Israel survive to the present day. Notably among them is <a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">cholent</a>, or <i>hamin</i>, a stew traditionally eaten on Shabbat that is <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">simmered</a> for 12 hours in a way that conforms with Shabbat restrictions. It dates to at least the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. Various diaspora communities created their own variations of the dish based on their local climate and available ingredients, which are eaten today. </p><p>Other foods dating to the ancient Israelites include <i>pastels</i>, or Shabbat meat pies, and <a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">charoset</a>, a sweet fruit and nut paste eaten at the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmudic_era">Talmudic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Talmudic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bread was a staple food and as in the Bible, the meal is designated by the simple term "to eat bread", so the rabbinical law ordains that the blessing pronounced upon bread covers everything else except wine and dessert. Bread was made not only from wheat, but also from barley, rice, millet, lentils, etc. </p><p>Many kinds of fruit were eaten. There was a custom to eat apples during <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while specific fruit and herbs were eaten on holidays and special occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Hashana">Rosh Hashana</a>. Children received nuts and roasted ears of grain especially on the evening of Passover. Olives were so common that they were used as a measure (<i>zayit</i>). </p><p>Meat was eaten only on special occasions, on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and at feasts. The pious kept fine cattle for Shabbat (Beẓah 16a), but various other kinds of dishes, relishes and spices were also on the table. Deer, also, furnished meat, as did pheasant, chickens and pigeons. </p><p>Fermented fish sauce was an important article of commerce, being called "<a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a>" among the Jews, as among the Greeks and Romans. Pliny<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says expressly of a "<i>garum castimoniale</i>" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> garum) that it was prepared according to Jewish law. A specific type of locust was eaten. Eggs were so commonly eaten that the quantity of an egg was used as a measure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The devastation of the <a href="/wiki/Bar-Kokhba_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar-Kokhba revolt">Bar-Kokhba revolt</a> greatly reduced the variety of the local diet. In its aftermath, the amount of imported goods declined and vegetables became a luxury. The typical meal consisted of a slice of bread dipped in olive oil, a soup or <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a> of legumes, and fruits, especially figs. On <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, a small amount of fish and vegetables were eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-jvl_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While pork was prohibited by Jewish laws as described under <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i>, the refusal to eat pork only became central to Jewish identity while under Roman rule. Pork consumption during the Roman period increased and became closely affiliated with Romans not only as a common cuisine but also as a frequently sacrificed animal. Jordan Rosenblum has argued that by not consuming pork, Jews maintained their sense of particularity and even held a silent revolt against the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure_of_meal">Structure of meal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure of meal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first dish was a pickled starter to stimulate the appetite,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the main meal, which ended with a dessert, called in Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θάργημα</span></span>. <i>Afiḳomen</i> is used in the same sense. Tidbits (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">parperet</i></span>) were eaten before and after the meal (Ber. vi. 6). </p><p>Wine was flavored with myrrh<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with honey and pepper, the mixture being called <i>conditum</i>. There was vinegar wine,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wine from Amanus and Cilicia,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> red wine from Saron, Ethiopian wine,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and black wine.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain wines were considered good for the stomach, others not.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was beer from Egypt called <i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_zythos" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian zythos">zythos</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Pes. iii. 1) and beer made from a thorn <i>Spina regia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emphasis was placed on drinking with the meal as eating without drinking (any liquid) causes stomach trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kugel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kugel.jpg/220px-Kugel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kugel.jpg/330px-Kugel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kugel.jpg/440px-Kugel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1919" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lokshen_kugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokshen kugel"><i>Lokshen</i> kugel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Jews were so widely scattered in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> that it is difficult to give a connected account of their mode of living as to food. In Arabic countries the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Halakot_Gedolot" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakot Gedolot">Halakhot Gedolot</a></i> knew some dishes that appear to have been specific Jewish foods, e.g., <i>paspag</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was, perhaps, biscuit. </p><p>According to the <i>Siddur Amram</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the well-known "<i><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">ḥaroset</a></i>" is made in those countries from a mixture of herbs, flour and honey (Arabic,"<i>ḥalikah</i>"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, in his "Sefer Refu'ot",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions dishes that are good for health. He recommends bread baked from wheat that is not too new, nor too old, nor too fine,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further, the meat of the kid, sheep and chicken and the yolks of eggs. Goats' and cows' milk is good, nor are cheese and butter harmful. Honey is good for old people; fish with solid white flesh meat is wholesome; so also are wine and <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruits</a>. Fresh fruits, however, are unwholesome, and he does not recommend garlic or onions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is detailed information about Italian Jewish cookery in the book <i>Massechet Purim</i>. It discusses pies, chestnuts, turtledoves, pancakes, small tarts, gingerbread, ragouts, venison, roast goose, chicken, stuffed pigeons, ducks, pheasants, partridges, quails, macaroons and salad. These were considered luxuries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oppressed medieval Jews enjoyed large meals only on Shabbat, festivals, circumcisions and weddings. For example, the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, according to a letter of Ovadiah Bartinura, 1488, lived on herbs and vegetables only, never tasting meat or wine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, however, meat, fish and cheese were obtainable,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, grapes, fruit and wine.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cold dishes are still relished in the East. Generally, only one dish was eaten, with fresh bread daily.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Jewish dishes frequently mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish literature</a> from the 12th century onward are <i>brätzel</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>lokshen</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>pasteten</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>fladen</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>beleg</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Barscht</i> or <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a> beet soup,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> best known are the <i>berkes</i> or <i>barches</i> (challah) eaten on Shabbat,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>shalet</i> (cholent),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Heine commemorates,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which the Spanish Jews called <i>ani</i> (hamin). Shabbat pudding, <i>kigl</i> or <a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">kugel</a> in Yiddish, is also well known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A5.jpg/220px-%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A5.jpg/330px-%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A5.jpg/440px-%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Chopped liver</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, in particular, Jewish cooking (and the cookbooks that recorded and guided it) evolved in ways that illuminate changes in the role of Jewish women and the Jewish home.<sup id="cite_ref-kitchen_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kitchen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish cuisine has also played a big part in shaping the restaurant scene in the West, in particular in the UK and US.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli cuisine</a> in particular has become a niche food trend in the UK, with Israeli restaurants now opening up sister restaurants in London and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s there were four Jewish bakeries in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> within a few blocks of each other baking <a href="/wiki/Bagels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagels">bagels</a> and other fresh breads. Jewish families purchased <i><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">challah</a></i> loaves for their Sabbath meal at one North Side bakery. There were two kosher meat markets and four <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_delicatessens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish delicatessens (page does not exist)">Jewish delicatessens</a>, one of which began distribution for what would become <a href="/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation" title="Sara Lee Corporation">Sara Lee</a> frozen <a href="/wiki/Cheesecakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheesecakes">cheesecakes</a>. The delis sold sandwiches like <a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">corned beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salami" title="Salami">salami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe ate a type of <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a> cereal called <a href="/wiki/Krupnik_(soup)" title="Krupnik (soup)"><i>krupnik</i></a> that sometimes had barley, potatoes and fat added, and milk when it was available. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a> continued to observe <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i>. Sweatshop laborers carried <a href="/wiki/Bagels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagels">bagels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knish" title="Knish">knish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> to work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_cuisine_variations">Jewish cuisine variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jewish cuisine variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carciofo_alla_Giudea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Carciofo_alla_Giudea.jpg/220px-Carciofo_alla_Giudea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Carciofo_alla_Giudea.jpg/330px-Carciofo_alla_Giudea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Carciofo_alla_Giudea.jpg/440px-Carciofo_alla_Giudea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Fried <a href="/wiki/Jewish_artichokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish artichokes">Jewish artichokes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jewish cuisines vary widely depending on their regions of origin, but they tend to be broadly categorized into <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> (Iberian and North African), <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> (Middle Eastern and Central Asian) and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> (Eastern, Western and Central European) families. </p><p>Still, there is significant overlap between the different cuisines, as Jews have often migrated great distances and as different regions where Jews have settled (e.g. Southeastern Europe) have been influenced by different cultures over time. For example, Balkan Jewish cuisine contains both Ashkenazi/European and Sephardic-Turkish influences, as this part of Europe (up to the borders of present-day Austria and Poland) was for a time part of the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>Since the rise of Ashkenazi Jewish migration to 19th-century Palestine and the establishment of the State of Israel, increased contact between Ashkenazi, Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews has led to a rising importance of Middle-Eastern and Mediterranean cuisine amongst Jews of all backgrounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ashkenazi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine</a></div> <p>While Ashkenazi cuisine as it is known today is largely based within the context of <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American-Jewish</a> and Ashkenazi-Israeli food, much of the culinary tradition of Ashkenazi Jews springs from Central, Western and Eastern Europe, and a good part of that from China. Jordan Paper writes:- </p> <blockquote><p>For many Americans, Baltic and Eastern European food is the epitome of Jewish cuisine, although any ordinary restaurant in Poland, Ukraine, or northwestern Russia, aside from offering pork and mixing meat and dairy, would by that criterion be Jewish. Some of these foods have become part of festival rituals, such as latkes (potato pancakes) during Hanukkah. But unless the Maccabees were in Peru nearly two thousand years before the Spanish arrived, latkes are a relatively recent northeastern European addition to the festivities. The influence of modern Israel on contemporary North American Jewish consciousness has meant that the typical foods of the southern and eastern Mediterranean shores are now also considered Jewish. By that logic, the cuisine of central China should be understood as Jewish also... Actually many so-called Ashkenazi Jewish dishes – such as knishes (Chinese: <i>baozi</i>), kreplach (<i>hundun</i>), blintzes (<i>chunjuian</i>), piroshki (<i>zhengjaio</i>), and many noodle preparations-are northern Chinese. They were brought to Poland and Ukraine in the thirteenth century by the invading Mongol army, which had chefs, as well as military technicians, from northern China.'<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After having been expelled from Western Europe in the Middle Ages, Jews were forced to live in poverty and thus were limited in terms of ingredients. Dishes were made with fewer components; they were not heavily spiced and ingredients that were more flavorful had to be used sparingly. This is often why some dishes in Ashkenazic cuisine are known for being blander than dishes in Sephardic or Mizrahi cuisine. </p><p>The cuisine is based largely on ingredients that were affordable for the historically poor Ashkenazi Jewish communities of Europe, often composed of ingredients that were readily available in Europe and which were perceived to be less desirable and rarely used by their gentile neighbors, such as brisket, chicken liver, and artichokes, among other ingredients. </p><p>As Ashkenazi Jews were typically forbidden to grow crops in their home countries in Europe, their cuisine reflects that and there are less vegetable-focused dishes in their cuisine compared to their Sephardi and Mizrahi counterparts. </p><p>Meat is ritually slaughtered in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i> process, and is soaked and salted. Meat dishes are a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, festival, and celebratory meals. Braised meats such as brisket feature heavily, as do root vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, and parsnips which are used in such dishes as <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">latkes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matzah_ball" title="Matzah ball">matzo ball soup</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tzimmes" title="Tzimmes">tzimmes</a></i>. </p><p>Cooked, stuffed and baked vegetables such as stuffed cabbage are central to the cuisine. Due to the lack of availability of olive oil and other fats traditionally used in Jewish cooking, fat from leftover chicken and goose skins (<i><a href="/wiki/Gribenes" title="Gribenes">gribenes</a></i>) called <i><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">schmaltz</a></i> is traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law"><i>fleishig</i></a> (meat) dishes, while butter is traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law"><i>milchig</i></a> (dairy) dishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish">Fish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gefilte_fish_balls_for_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gefilte_fish_balls_for_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg/220px-Gefilte_fish_balls_for_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gefilte_fish_balls_for_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg/330px-Gefilte_fish_balls_for_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gefilte_fish_balls_for_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg/440px-Gefilte_fish_balls_for_Rosh_Hashanah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a> with carrot slices and <i><a href="/wiki/Chrain" title="Chrain">chrain</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>With kosher meat not always available, fish became an important staple of the Jewish diet. In Eastern Europe it was sometimes especially reserved for <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. As fish is not considered meat by the culinary definition nor in the Judaic context, it is consumed by many observant Jews who consider to be permissible to eat fish with milk and other dairy products. However, within various Jewish communities there are different rules regarding fish and dairy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, many <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a> do not mix fish with milk or any other kind of dairy product.<sup id="cite_ref-fish-dairy_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-dairy-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beityosef_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beityosef-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> custom is not to consume fish together with specifically <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>; however, it is permissible to eat fish and other <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> <i>(ex; butter, cheese, cream)</i> at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though fish is <a href="/wiki/Parve" class="mw-redirect" title="Parve">parve</a>, when they are served at the same meal, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a> will eat them during separate courses and wash (or replace) the dishes in between. <a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">lox</a> are popular in <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> cuisine. </p><p>Though the combination of dairy and fish is generally acceptable, fish is the only parve food that the Talmud places restrictions on when it is being baked/eaten alongside meat. Talmudic reasoning for not eating meat and fish together originates from health and sanitary concerns rather than holy obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike with milk and meat, it is kosher to eat fish and meat at the same meal as long as they're baked separately, they're served on separate plates as separate courses, the same utensils aren't shared, and between courses the mouth is thoroughly cleansed with a beverage and the palate is neutralized with a different food.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a> (from Yiddish געפֿילטע פֿיש <i>gefilte fish</i>, "stuffed fish") was traditionally made by skinning the fish steaks, usually <a href="/wiki/Mirror_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror carp">German or French carp</a>, de-boning the flesh, mincing it and sometimes mixing with finely chopped browned onions (3:1), eggs, salt or pepper and vegetable oil. The fish skin and head were then stuffed with the mixture and poached.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious reason for a boneless fish dish for the Sabbath is the prohibition of separating bones from food while eating [the prohibition of <i>borer</i>, separating] </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forshmack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Forshmack.jpg/220px-Forshmack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Forshmack.jpg/330px-Forshmack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Forshmack.jpg/440px-Forshmack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><i>Vorschmack</i> <a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">herring</a> spread</figcaption></figure> <p>A more common commercially packaged product found today is the "Polish" gefilte fish patties or balls, similar to <a href="/wiki/Quenelle" title="Quenelle"><i>quenelles</i></a>, where sugar is added to the broth, resulting in a slightly sweet taste.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking they are the fish filling, rather than the complete filled fish.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method of serving evolved from the tradition of removing the stuffing from the skin,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than portioning the entire fish into slices before serving. </p><p>While traditionally made with <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">whitefish</a> and sometimes pike, gefilte fish may also be made from any large fish: <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a> in the United Kingdom. </p><p>The combination of <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">smoked salmon</a>, or whitefish with <a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">bagels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cream_cheese" title="Cream cheese">cream cheese</a> is a traditional breakfast or brunch in <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American Jewish cuisine</a>, made famous at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/Appetizing_store" title="Appetizing store">appetizing stores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_dairy_restaurant" title="Jewish dairy restaurant">Jewish dairy restaurants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosher_style" title="Kosher style">kosher style</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deli" title="Jewish deli">Jewish delis</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vorschmack" title="Vorschmack">Vorschmack</a> or <i>gehakte hering</i> (chopped herring), a popular appetizer on Shabbat, is made by chopping skinned, boned <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herrings</a> with hard-boiled <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> and a dash of <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soups">Soups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borscht_served.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/220px-Borscht_served.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/330px-Borscht_served.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/440px-Borscht_served.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a> with sour cream</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of soups are characteristically <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>, one of the most common of which is <a href="/wiki/Chicken_soup" title="Chicken soup">chicken soup</a> traditionally served on Shabbat, holidays and special occasions. </p><p>The soup may be served with noodles (<i>lokshen</i> in Yiddish). It is often served with <i><a href="/wiki/Shkedei_marak" title="Shkedei marak">shkedei marak</a></i> (lit. "soup almonds", croutons popular in Israel), called <i>mandlen</i> or <i>mandlach</i> in Yiddish. Other popular ingredients are <i><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">kreplach</a></i> (dumplings) and matza balls <i>(<a href="/wiki/Kneidlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kneidlach">kneidlach</a>)</i> – a mixture of matza meal, eggs, water, and pepper or salt. Some reserve <i>kneidlach</i> for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <i>kreplach</i> for other special occasions. </p><p>In the preparation of a number of soups, neither meat nor fat is used. Such soups formed the food of the poor classes. An expression among Jews of Eastern Europe, <i>soup mit nisht</i> (soup with nothing), owes its origin to soups of this kind. </p><p>Soups such as <a href="/wiki/Borsht" class="mw-redirect" title="Borsht">borsht</a> were considered a staple in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Ukraine</a>. Soups like <a href="/wiki/Krupnik_(soup)" title="Krupnik (soup)"><i>krupnik</i></a> were made of barley, potatoes and fat. This was the staple food of the poor students of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivot</a></i>; in richer families, meat was added to this soup. </p><p>At weddings, "golden" chicken soup was often served. The reason for its name is probably the yellow circles of molten <a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">chicken fat</a> floating on its surface. Today, chicken soup is widely referred to (not just among Jews) in jest as "Jewish penicillin", and hailed as a cure for the common cold.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of sour soups in the borscht category. One is <i>kraut</i> or cabbage borscht, made by cooking together cabbage, meat, bones, onions, raisins, sour salt (citric acid), sugar and sometimes tomatoes. </p><p>Beet borsht is served hot or cold. In the cold version, a beaten egg yolk may be added before serving and each bowl topped with a dollop of sour cream. This last process is called <i>farweissen</i> (to make white). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bread_and_cake">Bread and cake</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bread and cake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challah_Bread_Six_Braid_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Challah_Bread_Six_Braid_1.JPG/220px-Challah_Bread_Six_Braid_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Challah_Bread_Six_Braid_1.JPG/330px-Challah_Bread_Six_Braid_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Challah_Bread_Six_Braid_1.JPG/440px-Challah_Bread_Six_Braid_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a> bread</figcaption></figure> <p>The dough of <a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">challah</a> (called <i>barkhes</i> in Western Yiddish) is often shaped into forms having symbolical meanings; thus on <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> rings and coins are imitated, indicating "May the new year be as round and complete as these"; for Hosha'na Rabbah, bread is baked in the form of a key, meaning "May the door of heaven open to admit our prayers." Challah bread is most commonly braided or made in round roll shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hamantashen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamantashen"><i>hamentash</i></a>, a triangular cookie or turnover filled with fruit preserves (<i><a href="/wiki/Lekvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekvar">lekvar</a></i>) or honey and black <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy seed</a> paste, is eaten on the <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Feast of Purim</a>. It is said to be shaped like the ears of <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> the tyrant. The <i><a href="/wiki/Mohn_kichel" title="Mohn kichel">mohn kihel</a></i> is a circular or rectangular wafer sprinkled with poppy seed. <i><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pirushkes</a></i>, or turnovers, are little cakes fried in honey or dipped in molasses after they are baked. <a href="/wiki/Strudel" title="Strudel">Strudel</a> is served for dessert. <a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugels</a> are prepared from rice, noodles or mashed potatoes. </p><p>In Eastern Europe, the Jews baked black (<i>proster</i>, or "ordinary") bread, white bread and <a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">challah</a>. The most common form is the twist (<i>koilitch</i> or <i>kidke</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> word <i>încolăci</i> which means "to twist"). The <i>koilitch</i> is oval in form and about one and a half feet in length. On special occasions, such as weddings, the <i>koilitch</i> is increased to a length of about two and a half feet. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">bagel</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, is a popular <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> food and became widespread in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meat_and_fats">Meat and fats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Meat and fats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gebratenes</i> (roasted meat), chopped meat and <i>essig-fleisch</i> (vinegar meat) are favorite meat recipes. The <i>essig</i> or, as it is sometimes called, <i>honig</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Sauerbraten" title="Sauerbraten">sauerbraten</a></i>, is made by adding to meat which has been partially roasted with some sugar, bay leaves, pepper, raisins, salt and a little vinegar. <a href="/wiki/Knish" title="Knish">Knish</a> is a snack food consisting of a meat or potato filling covered with dough that is either baked or grilled. </p><p>A popular dish among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a>, as amongst most Eastern-Europeans, is <i><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a></i> (which are related to but distinct from <i><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">kreplach</a></i>), often filled with minced beef. <a href="/wiki/Kishka_(food)" title="Kishka (food)"><i>Kishka</i></a> is a popular Ashkenazi dish traditionally made of stuffing of flour or matza meal, <i>schmaltz</i> and spices. </p><p>The rendered fat of chickens, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">schmaltz</a></i>, is sometimes kept in readiness for cooking use when needed. <i><a href="/wiki/Gribenes" title="Gribenes">Gribenes</a></i> or "scraps", also called <i>griven,</i> the cracklings left from the rendering process were one of the favorite foods in Eastern Europe. <i>Schmaltz</i> is eaten spread on bread. </p><p>A spread of <a href="/wiki/Chopped_liver" title="Chopped liver">chopped liver</a>, prepared with onions and often including <i>gribenes</i>, is a popular appetizer, side dish, or snack, especially among Jews on the eastern coast of North America. It is usually served with rye bread or crackers. <a href="/wiki/Brisket_(Jewish_dish)" title="Brisket (Jewish dish)">Brisket</a> is also a popular Ashkenazi dish of braised beef brisket. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Holishkes" title="Holishkes">Holishkes</a></i>, stuffed cabbage, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_roll" title="Cabbage roll">cabbage roll</a>, is also a European Jewish dish that emerged from more impoverished times for Jews. Because having a live cow was more valuable than to eat meat in the Middle Ages, Jews used fillers such as breadcrumbs and vegetables to mix with ground beef. This gave the effect of more meat being stuffed into the cabbage leaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweets_and_confections">Sweets and confections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sweets and confections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teiglach,_Traditional_Ashkenazi_Holiday_Dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Teiglach%2C_Traditional_Ashkenazi_Holiday_Dish.jpg/220px-Teiglach%2C_Traditional_Ashkenazi_Holiday_Dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Teiglach%2C_Traditional_Ashkenazi_Holiday_Dish.jpg/330px-Teiglach%2C_Traditional_Ashkenazi_Holiday_Dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Teiglach%2C_Traditional_Ashkenazi_Holiday_Dish.jpg/440px-Teiglach%2C_Traditional_Ashkenazi_Holiday_Dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1847" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Teiglach" title="Teiglach">Teiglach</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Teiglach" title="Teiglach">Teiglach</a></i>, traditionally served on <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, the Jewish New Year, consists of little balls of dough (about the size of a marble) drenched in a honey syrup. <i>Ingberlach</i> are ginger candies shaped into small sticks or rectangles. </p><p>In Europe, jellies and preserves made from fruit juice were used as pastry filling or served with tea. Among the poor, jelly was reserved for invalids, hence the practice of reciting the Yiddish saying <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Alevay zol men dos nit darfn</i></span> (May we not have occasion to use it) before storing it away. </p><p><i>Flodni</i>, a layered sweet pastry consisting of apples, walnuts, currants and poppy seeds, were a staple of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Jewish">Hungarian Jewish</a> bakeries prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Because it was easy to prepare, made from inexpensive ingredients and contained no dairy products, <a href="/wiki/Compote" title="Compote">compote</a> became a staple dessert in Jewish households throughout Europe and was considered part of Jewish cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Side_dishes">Side dishes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Side dishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TzimmesS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TzimmesS.jpg/220px-TzimmesS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TzimmesS.jpg/330px-TzimmesS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TzimmesS.jpg/440px-TzimmesS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tzimmes" title="Tzimmes">Carrot <i>tzimmes</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tzimmes" title="Tzimmes">Tzimmes</a></i> consists generally of cooked vegetables or fruits, sometimes with meat added. The most popular vegetable is the carrot (<i>mehren tzimmes</i>), which is sliced. Turnips were also used for <i>tzimmes</i>, particularly in Lithuania. In southern Russia, Galicia and Romania <i>tzimmes</i> was made of pears, apples, figs, prunes or plums (<i>floymn tzimmes</i>). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">Kreplach</a></i>, similar to Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Pelmeni" title="Pelmeni">pelmeni</a></i>, are <a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">ravioli</a>-like dumplings made from flour and eggs mixed into a dough, rolled into sheets, cut into squares and then filled with finely chopped, seasoned meat or cheese. They are most often served in soup, but may be fried. <i>Kreplech</i> are eaten on various holidays, among them <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hosha%27na_Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosha'na Rabbah">Hosha'na Rabbah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardi,_Mizrahi_and_Italian_Jewish_cuisine"><span id="Sephardi.2C_Mizrahi_and_Italian_Jewish_cuisine"></span>Sephardi, Mizrahi and Italian Jewish cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sephardi, Mizrahi and Italian Jewish cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farshirovannyi_peretz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Farshirovannyi_peretz.jpg/220px-Farshirovannyi_peretz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Farshirovannyi_peretz.jpg/330px-Farshirovannyi_peretz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Farshirovannyi_peretz.jpg/440px-Farshirovannyi_peretz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Stuffed peppers</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact distinction between traditional <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi cuisines</a> can be difficult to make, due to the intermingling of the Sephardi diaspora and the Mizrahi Jews with whom they came in contact. </p><p>As a general rule, however, both types reflect the food of the local non-Jewish population that each group lived amongst. The need to preserve <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i> does lead to a few significant changes (most notably, the use of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> instead of animal fat is often considered to be a legacy of Jewish residency in an area, due to the fact that olive oil may be eaten with milk, unlike animal fat). </p><p>Despite this, Sephardic and Ashkenazic concepts of kosher differ; perhaps the most notable difference being that <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, a major staple of the Sephardic diet, is considered kosher for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> among Sephardim but it is forbidden as <i><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">kitniyot</a></i> by most Ashkenazim. </p><p>Sephardi cuisine emphasizes salads, stuffed vegetables and vine leaves, olive oil, lentils, fresh and dried fruits, herbs and nuts, and chickpeas. Meat dishes often make use of lamb or ground beef. Fresh lemon juice is added to many soups and sauces. </p><p>Many meat and rice dishes incorporate dried fruits such as apricots, prunes and raisins. Pine nuts are used as a garnish. Mizrahi cuisine is based largely on fresh ingredients, as marketing was done in the local souq. </p><p>Meat is ritually slaughtered in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i> process, and is soaked and salted. Meat dishes are a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, festival, and celebratory meals. </p><p>Cooked, stuffed and baked vegetables are central to the cuisine, as are various kinds of beans, chickpeas, lentils and burghul (cracked wheat). Rice takes the place of potatoes. </p><p>Coming from the Mediterranean and "sunny" climes, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> cuisine is often light, with an emphasis on salads, stuffed vegetables and vine leaves, olive oil, lentils, fresh and dried fruits, herbs and nuts, and chickpeas. Meat dishes often make use of lamb or ground beef. Fresh lemon juice is added to many soups and sauces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maoravyerushalmi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maoravyerushalmi.jpeg/220px-Maoravyerushalmi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maoravyerushalmi.jpeg/330px-Maoravyerushalmi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maoravyerushalmi.jpeg/440px-Maoravyerushalmi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_mixed_grill" title="Jerusalem mixed grill">Jerusalem mixed grill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many meat and rice dishes incorporate dried fruits such as apricots, prunes and raisins. Pine nuts are used as a garnish. Pomegranate juice is a staple of Persian Jewish cooking. <i><a href="/wiki/Kubbeh" title="Kubbeh">Kubbeh</a></i>, a meat-stuffed bulgur dumpling, features in the cooking of many Mizrahi communities. It is served in the cooking broth, as a kind of soup. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_36801_Architechture_and_Texture.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PikiWiki_Israel_36801_Architechture_and_Texture.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_36801_Architechture_and_Texture.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PikiWiki_Israel_36801_Architechture_and_Texture.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_36801_Architechture_and_Texture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PikiWiki_Israel_36801_Architechture_and_Texture.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_36801_Architechture_and_Texture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bourekas" title="Bourekas">bourekas</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> cuisine in particular is known for its considerable use of vegetables unavailable to the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> of Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nuts</a> and (in more modern times) <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jachnun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jachnun.jpg/220px-Jachnun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jachnun.jpg/330px-Jachnun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jachnun.jpg/440px-Jachnun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">Jachnun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cooking style is largely Middle Eastern, with significant admixtures of Spanish, Italian and North African flavors. The most popular Sephardic and Mizrahi dishes include <i><a href="/wiki/Malawach" title="Malawach">malawach</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">jachnun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sabich" title="Sabich">sabich</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mofletta" title="Mofletta">mofletta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_mixed_grill" title="Jerusalem mixed grill">meorav yerushalmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kubaneh" title="Kubaneh">kubaneh</a></i>. Popular condiments include <i><a href="/wiki/Zhug" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhug">skhug</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Amba_(condiment)" title="Amba (condiment)"><i>amba</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> Jewish cuisine has many unique dishes that were eaten by Jews in Iraq, Eastern Turkey, Iran and Yemen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shabbat_and_holiday_dishes">Shabbat and holiday dishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shabbat and holiday dishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shabbat">Shabbat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Shabbat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chol_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chol_001.jpg/220px-Chol_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chol_001.jpg/330px-Chol_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chol_001.jpg/440px-Chol_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hamin" title="Hamin">Chamin</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Good food is an important part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a></i> of <i>oneg Shabbat</i> ("enjoying Shabbat"), hence much of Jewish cuisine revolves around <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. </p><p>As observant Jews do not cook on Shabbat, various techniques were developed to provide for a hot meal on Shabbat day. </p><p>One such dish is <i><a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">cholent</a></i> or <i>chamin</i>, a slow-cooked meat stew with many variations. The ingredients are placed in a pot and put up to boil before lighting the candles on Friday evening. Then the pot is placed on a hotplate, traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Blech" title="Blech">blech</a></i> (thin tin sheet used to cover the flames and on which the pot is placed), or in a slow oven and left to simmer until the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Cholent</i> emerged in ancient Judea, possibly as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. Over the centuries, as Jewish diaspora communities developed, they created variations of the dish based on the local climate and available ingredients. </p><p>A prominent feature of Shabbat cookery is the preparation of twists of bread, known as <a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah"><i>challot</i></a> or (in southern Germany, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>) "barches". They are often covered with seeds to represent <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a>, which fell in a double portion on the sixth day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another Shabbat dish is <a href="/wiki/Calf%27s_foot_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf's foot jelly">calf's foot jelly</a>, called <i>p'tsha</i> or <i>šaltiena</i> in Lithuania and <i>galarita</i>, <i>galer</i>, <i>galleh</i>, or <i>fisnoge</i> in Poland. Beef or calf bones are put up to boil with water, seasonings, garlic and onions for a long time. It is then allowed to cool. The broth then jells into a semi-solid mass, which is served in cubes. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/P%27tcha" title="P'tcha">Drelies</a>,</i> a similar dish originating in south Russia and Galicia is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Boiled_egg" title="Boiled egg">soft-boiled eggs</a> and vinegar when removed from the oven and served hot. In Romania it is called <i>piftie</i>, in Serbia <i>pihtije</i>; it is served cold, with garlic, hard-boiled eggs and vinegar sauce or mustard creme and considered a traditional dish in the winter season. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a></i> is another Shabbat favorite, particularly <i>lokshen kugel,</i> a sweet baked noodle pudding, often with raisins and spices. Non-sweet kugels may be made of potatoes, carrots or a combination of vegetables. </p><p>Among the Jewish communities of Libya, Italy and a number of other communities in the Mediterranean basin, they used to prepare a rich selection of desserts that can be prepared even on Pesach without the need for leaven so that it can be served both on Pesach and on the day of Passover, which was spoken by the Sephardic Jews and the Mizrahi Jews on the day of Mimona, which is also considered a holiday. Among these foods are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abambar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abambar (page does not exist)">abambar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buca_de_dama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buca de dama (page does not exist)">buca de dama</a>. </p><p>Traditional noodles—<i>lokshen</i>—are made from a dough of flour and eggs rolled into sheets and then cut into long strips. If the dough is cut into small squares, it becomes <i><a href="/wiki/Farfel" title="Farfel">farfel</a>.</i> Both <i>lokshen</i> and <i>farfel</i> are usually boiled and served with soup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rosh_Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rosh Hashanah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> New Year, several symbolic foods called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">simanim</i></span> are prepared and eaten for a variety of different reasons, each unique to the dish. All of the ingredients within the dishes are <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>, which means they follow the laws of <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>, the Hebrew word for correct.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the dishes are sweetened to represent a prayer for a sweet (pleasant) new year. Such sweet dishes include <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> that are either baked or covered in <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lekach" title="Lekach">lekach</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (honey cake) and <i><a href="/wiki/Makroudh" title="Makroudh">makroudh</a></i> (a pastry that is filled with dates and covered with honey). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">Dates</a>, symbolizing the end,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be eaten by themselves to encourage the enemies to meet their end. The value of the date can be traced back to biblical times, when the <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">palm date</a> is mentioned multiple times within the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> itself, but also with how valuable dates were as an <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a> seeds are eaten for a year of many blessings, because there are many seeds inside of a single pomegranate. Specifically, there are thought to be 613 seeds inside of a pomegranate, each one representing one of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah's</a> 613 commandments.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional value placed on pomegranates and their consumption is derived from their mention in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> when its discovery by one of Moses's spies concluded that there was fertility in the land of the unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a> bread is baked into a round, circular shape that is meant to represent the cyclical nature of life and the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also sweetened with either honey or a combination of cinnamon and sugar instead of being dipped into the usual <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">kosher</a> salt.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Tzimmes" title="Tzimmes">Tzimmes</a></i>, a side dish composed traditionally of sweetened carrots or yams, are served to symbolize prosperity, because of the double meaning of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> word <i>meren</i>, which represents "to multiply" and "carrot".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional symbolic foods include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teiglach" title="Teiglach">Teiglach</a></i>, knotted pastries boiled in a honeyed syrup (for <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> Jews).</li> <li>Head of a <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">ram</a>, for a successful year in which we are the "head", not the "tail" (because Rosh Hashanah begins the year, it is referred to as the head).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fried <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a> <a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">cutlets</a>, called <i>karteh</i> (for <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> Jews).</li> <li>Fried <a href="/wiki/Chard" title="Chard">chard</a> <a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">cutlets</a>, called <i>salkeh</i> (for Sephardic Jews).</li> <li>Local type of <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a> called <i>qara'a</i>, made into sweet <a href="/wiki/Confiture" title="Confiture">confiture</a> (for Sephardic Jews).<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makroudh_P%C3%A2tisserie_tunisienne_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Makroudh_P%C3%A2tisserie_tunisienne_08.jpg/220px-Makroudh_P%C3%A2tisserie_tunisienne_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Makroudh_P%C3%A2tisserie_tunisienne_08.jpg/330px-Makroudh_P%C3%A2tisserie_tunisienne_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Makroudh_P%C3%A2tisserie_tunisienne_08.jpg/440px-Makroudh_P%C3%A2tisserie_tunisienne_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Makroudh" title="Makroudh">Makroudh</a></figcaption></figure>• <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian Jews</a> serve a honey-dipped date pastry called <i><a href="/wiki/Makroudh" title="Makroudh">makroudh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Kippur">Yom Kippur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Yom Kippur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> is a fast day. The pre-fast meal, called <i>seuda hamafseket</i>, usually consists of foods that are digested slowly and are not highly spiced, to make fasting easier and prevent thirst. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukkot">Sukkot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sukkot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levivot_Hanukkah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Levivot_Hanukkah.jpg/220px-Levivot_Hanukkah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Levivot_Hanukkah.jpg/330px-Levivot_Hanukkah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Levivot_Hanukkah.jpg/440px-Levivot_Hanukkah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke"><i>Latkes</i></a> with <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)"><i>smetana</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> meals are eaten outside in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">sukkah</a></i>, a thatched hut built specially for the holiday. Often fresh fruits are eaten also, which are woven into the roof of the thatched hut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hanukkah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG/220px-Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG/330px-Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG/440px-Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyot</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>It is customary to eat foods fried in oil to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>. Eating dairy products was a custom in medieval times. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke"><i>Latkes</i></a>—potato pancakes, may be topped with sour cream or applesauce (<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> food)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiya">Sufganiyot</a>—jam doughnuts (Ashkenazi, popular in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>)</li> <li>Fried <a href="/wiki/Doughnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Doughnuts">doughnuts</a> with grounded <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> sprinkled on top, called <i><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">sfinge</a></i> (mainly by <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">North African Jews</a>) or <i><a href="/wiki/Zalabiyeh" title="Zalabiyeh">zalabiyeh</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugelach" title="Rugelach">Rugelach</a></i>—filled pastry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purim">Purim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Purim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homemade_hamantaschen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homemade_hamantaschen.jpg/220px-Homemade_hamantaschen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homemade_hamantaschen.jpg/330px-Homemade_hamantaschen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homemade_hamantaschen.jpg/440px-Homemade_hamantaschen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hamantash" title="Hamantash">hamantash</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamantaschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamantaschen">Hamantaschen</a></i>—triangular pastries traditionally filled with poppy seeds or prunes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> dish of small steamed balls of crushed <a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">durum wheat</a> <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a> traditionally served with a stew spooned on top • <i><a href="/wiki/Fazuelos" title="Fazuelos">Fazuelos</a></i>—<a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> pastries of thin fried dough</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27amoul" title="Ma'amoul">Ma'amoul</a></i>—shortbread pastries filled with dates or nuts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passover">Passover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Passover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> celebrates <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> from Egypt where it is said the Jewish people left so quickly, there was no time for their <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commemorating this event, Jews eat <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matza</a> and abstain from bread, cakes and other foods made with yeast and leavening agents. In modern times, rabbinical authorities permit the use of chemical leavening, such as baking powder. </p><p>Matza is a staple food during the holiday and used as an ingredient of many Passover dishes. <i>Kneidlach</i> (<a href="/wiki/Matzah_ball" title="Matzah ball">matza ball</a>) soup is traditional. Fish is coated with matza meal before frying and cakes and puddings are made with potato starch and matza meal. </p><p>Jewish cooks use both matza meal and <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starch</a> for pastries during Passover. Whisked whole eggs or egg whites are frequently used to make pastries without leavening agents, such as angel and sponge cakes (potato starch replacing cake flour) and coconut and almond <a href="/wiki/Macaroon" title="Macaroon">macaroons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shmura_Matzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shmura_Matzo.jpg/220px-Shmura_Matzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shmura_Matzo.jpg/330px-Shmura_Matzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shmura_Matzo.jpg/440px-Shmura_Matzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Handmade <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">matsa shmura</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Passover foods vary distinctly between <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> communities. Ashkenazim exclude rice, while it is served by Sephardim. Matza is traditionally prepared from water and flour only, but there are other varieties, such as egg matza, which may also contain fruit juice. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">seder</a>, it is customary in some communities, particularly among strictly Orthodox Jews, to use handmade <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shmura_matza" class="mw-redirect" title="Shmura matza">shmura matza</a></i></span>, which has undergone particularly strict <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i> supervision. </p><p>The exclusion of leaven from the home has forced Jewish cooks to be creative, producing a wide variety of Passover dishes that use matza meal and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> as thickeners. <a href="/wiki/Potato_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato flour">Potato flour</a> is largely used in cakes along with finely ground matza meal and nuts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Matzah_Ball_Soup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Matzah_Ball_Soup.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Matzah_Ball_Soup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Matzah_Ball_Soup.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Matzah_Ball_Soup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Matzah_Ball_Soup.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Matzah_Ball_Soup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>Soup with <a href="/wiki/Matzah_ball" title="Matzah ball">matza balls</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Popular Ashkenazi dishes are <i><a href="/wiki/Matzo_brei" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzo brei">matza brei</a></i> (crumbled matza with grated onion, fried with scrambled egg), <i>matza latkes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Chremslach" title="Chremslach">chremslach</a></i> (also called <i>crimsel</i> or <i>gresjelies,</i> matza meal fritters). Wined <i>matza kugels</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pudding" title="Pudding">pudding</a>) have been introduced into modern Jewish cooking. </p><p>For thickening soups and sauces at Passover fine matza meal or potato flour is used instead of flour, for frying fish or cutlets a coating of matza meal and egg, and for stuffing potatoes instead of soaked bread. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">Noodles</a>" may be made by making pancakes with beaten eggs and matza meal which, when cooked, are rolled up and cut into strips. They may be dropped into <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a> before serving. <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Matza kleys</i></span> (dumplings) are small balls made from suet mixed with chopped fried onions, chopped parsley, beaten egg and seasonings, dropped into soup and cooked. </p><p>Wine is also an important part of Passover meals. Traditionally, a Passover seder is served with four cups of wine or grape juice, to be consumed along with various parts of the seder. <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a> is typically consumed for Passover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shavuot">Shavuot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shavuot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dairy foods are traditionally eaten on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz">Blintzes</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/220px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/330px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/440px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz">Blintz</a></i></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tisha_B'Av"><span id="Tisha_B.27Av"></span>Tisha B'Av</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tisha B'Av"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27av" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisha B'av">Tisha B'av</a> is a fast day, preceded by nine days when Jews traditionally do not eat meat, except on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. Thus dairy and vegetarian dishes are prepared during this time of year. </p><p>The meal before the fast (the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seudat_mafseket" class="mw-redirect" title="Seudat mafseket">seudat mafseket</a></i></span>) also consists of dairy foods and usually contains dishes made from lentils and eggs, both ancient Jewish symbols of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> Jews eat hard-boiled eggs sprinkled with "ashes" (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>) to symbolize mourning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "FOOD". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FOOD&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzvi2017" class="citation web cs1">Tzvi (8 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/customs-for-waiting-between-meat-and-milk/">"Customs for Waiting Between Meat and Milk"</a>. <i>Aish.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish.com&rft.atitle=Customs+for+Waiting+Between+Meat+and+Milk&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft.au=Tzvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2Fcustoms-for-waiting-between-meat-and-milk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bckosher.org/consumer/kitchen_planning.html">"BCK Kosher Certification Agency—Kosher Kitchen"</a>. Bckosher.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Everyday Meals in Ancient Israel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Daily+Stew%3F+Everyday+Meals+in+Ancient+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Fanetoday%2F2016%2F07%2Fthe-daily-stew-everyday-meals-in-ancient-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin" class="citation web cs1">Rubin, Shira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180508-israels-millennia-old-biblical-diet">"Israel's millennia-old 'biblical diet'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+millennia-old+%27biblical+diet%27&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20180508-israels-millennia-old-biblical-diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jvl-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jvl_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jvl_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/eating-in-historical-jerusalem">"Eating in Historical Jerusalem"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Eating+in+Historical+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Feating-in-historical-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonald, Nathan (2008). <i>What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?</i>. pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Food in the Bible". Neot Kedumim News. Summer–Fall 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, John (1993). <i>Eat and Be Satisfied</i>. pp. 4–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAIJ51-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAIJ51_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerHayes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Maxwell_Miller_(biblical_scholar)" title="J. Maxwell Miller (biblical scholar)">Miller, J. Maxwell</a>; Hayes, John H (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mill/page/51"><i>A History of Ancient Israel and Judah</i></a>. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mill/page/51">51–53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21262-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21262-X"><bdi>0-664-21262-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=51-53&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-664-21262-X&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J.+Maxwell&rft.au=Hayes%2C+John+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient00mill%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a25.htm#18">1 Samuel 25.18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2902.htm#14">Ruth 2:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feinberg12-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feinberg12_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVamosh2007" class="citation book cs1">Vamosh, Miriam Feinberg (16 December 2007). <i>Food at the time of the Bible : from Adam's apple to the last supper</i>. 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Israel: Neot Kedumim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-233-002-7" title="Special:BookSources/965-233-002-7"><bdi>965-233-002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+in+Our+Biblical+Heritage&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=Neot+Kedumim&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=965-233-002-7&rft.aulast=Hareuveni&rft.aufirst=Nogah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureinourbibli00hare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper4_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1993" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John (1993). <i>Eat and Be Satisfied</i>. pp. 4–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eat+and+Be+Satisfied&rft.pages=4-9&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJF70Bread-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJF70Bread_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gil_Marks" title="Gil Marks">Marks, Gil</a> (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i>. pp. 70–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food&rft.pages=70-71&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Gil: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux2lGKCKVPYC&pg=PA3">The: World of Jewish Cooking</a>, P. 3 (1999). Shimon and Schuster</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Targ. Sheni to Esth. iii. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hist. Naturalis," xxxi. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Food—In Talmudic Times"</i>, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906), pg 432 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view_page.jsp?artid=252&letter=F&pid=2">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblum2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenblum, Jordan (2010). "Why Do You Refuse to Eat Pork? Jews, Food, And Identity in Roman Palestine". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 95–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjqr.0.0076">10.1353/jqr.0.0076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162338333">162338333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Do+You+Refuse+to+Eat+Pork%3F+Jews%2C+Food%2C+And+Identity+in+Roman+Palestine&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-110&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjqr.0.0076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162338333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rosenblum&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ber. vi. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark xv. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Ab. Zarah 30a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tosef., Sheb. v. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Ḳ. 97b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abba Gorion i. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yer. Sheḳ. 48d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes translated as purgative</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Löw, "Aramäische Pflanzennamen," p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ket. 77b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shab. 41a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 60, ed. Hildesheimer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, "Sefer Refu'ot", ed. Goldberg, London, 1900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, "Sefer Refu'ot", ed. Goldberg, London, 1900 p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, "Sefer Refu'ot", ed. Goldberg, London, 1900 p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahams, "Jewish Life in the Middle Ages," p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jahrb. für die Gesch. der Juden," iii. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ib. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ib. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Safir, in "Eben Sappir," p. 58a, Lyck, 1866</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glassberg, "Zikron Berit," p. 122, Berlin, 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahams, l.c. p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ib. p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoreh De'ah, Bet Yosef, § 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoreh De'ah, ib.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoreh De'ah, Ṭure Zahab, § 101, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ib. § 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grünbaum, l.c. p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahams, l.c. p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Werke," i. 436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kitchen-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kitchen_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/kitchen.dos">"Kitchen Judaism,"</a> in <i>Getting Comfortable in New York: The American Jewish Home, 1880-1950</i>, edited by Susan L. Braunstein and Jenna Weisman Joselit (New York: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Museum (New York)">The Jewish Museum</a>, 1990), pp.75-105. (This article is also available, in pdf format, here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/web/kitchenjudaism.pdf">[2]</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2017" class="citation news cs1">Hancock, Alice (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020190743/https://life.spectator.co.uk/2017/07/jewish-food-the-most-comforting-trend-of-2017/">"Jewish food: the most comforting trend of 2017"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://life.spectator.co.uk/2017/07/jewish-food-the-most-comforting-trend-of-2017/">the original</a> on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jewish+food%3A+the+most+comforting+trend+of+2017&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flife.spectator.co.uk%2F2017%2F07%2Fjewish-food-the-most-comforting-trend-of-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2017" class="citation news cs1">Cameron, Rebecca (3 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elitetraveler.com/finest-dining/the-5-best-restaurants-in-jerusalem?">"The Best 5 Restaurants in Jerusalem"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Best+5+Restaurants+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elitetraveler.com%2Ffinest-dining%2Fthe-5-best-restaurants-in-jerusalem%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewin, Rhonda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6KUoKmDiqkC&pg=PA19"><i>Jewish Community of North Minneapolis</i></a>. Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738508177" title="Special:BookSources/9780738508177"><bdi>9780738508177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Community+of+North+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780738508177&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6KUoKmDiqkC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan Paper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iojZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Theology of the Chinese Jews, 1000–1850,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Press" title="Wilfrid Laurier University Press">Wilfrid Laurier University Press</a> 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-554-58404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-554-58404-8">978-1-554-58404-8</a> p.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/132721/jewish/Fish-with-Meat-or-Dairy.htm">"Fish with meat or dairy"</a>. <i>Chabad</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad&rft.atitle=Fish+with+meat+or+dairy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F132721%2Fjewish%2FFish-with-Meat-or-Dairy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fish-dairy-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fish-dairy_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJachter2016" class="citation web cs1">Jachter, Rabbi Haim (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishlinknj.com//features/14355-a-sephardi-refusing-bagels-lox-and-cream-cheese-why">"A Sephardi Refusing Bagels, Lox and Cream Cheese? Why?"</a>. <i>jewishlinknj.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishlinknj.com&rft.atitle=A+Sephardi+Refusing+Bagels%2C+Lox+and+Cream+Cheese%3F+Why%3F&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Jachter&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Haim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishlinknj.com%2F%2Ffeatures%2F14355-a-sephardi-refusing-bagels-lox-and-cream-cheese-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beityosef-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beityosef_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Beit_Yosef%2C_Yoreh_Deah.87.5.1?lang=bi">"Beit Yosef, Yoreh Deah 87:5:1"</a>. <i>Sefaria</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>. ["Fish and locust are permissible to eat with dairy... In any case, one shouldn't eat them [fish or locust] with dairy because it is dangerous.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Beit+Yosef%2C+Yoreh+Deah+87%3A5%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBeit_Yosef%252C_Yoreh_Deah.87.5.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner" class="citation web cs1">Posner, Menachem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/815625/jewish/Is-lox-and-cream-cheese-kosher.htm">"May Fish be Consumed with Dairy? Is Lox and Cream Cheese Kosher?"</a>. <i>Chabad</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad&rft.atitle=May+Fish+be+Consumed+with+Dairy%3F+Is+Lox+and+Cream+Cheese+Kosher%3F&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F815625%2Fjewish%2FIs-lox-and-cream-cheese-kosher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kosher.com/learn/laws-of-meat-and-milk/separating-fish-and-meat#fishandmeat">"Separating Fish and Meat | Kosher.com"</a>. <i>www.kosher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kosher.com&rft.atitle=Separating+Fish+and+Meat+%7C+Kosher.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosher.com%2Flearn%2Flaws-of-meat-and-milk%2Fseparating-fish-and-meat%23fishandmeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Попова, М. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Fishy+Tradition&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F11486%2Fa-fishy-tradition-00381%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2010" class="citation news cs1">Nathan, Joan (31 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/dining/01rosh.html">"Rosh Hashana Recipes Routed Through Africa (Published 2010)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rosh+Hashana+Recipes+Routed+Through+Africa+%28Published+2010%29&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F01%2Fdining%2F01rosh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 12:34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/cookies/cookies2/history-of-macaroons.asp">"The Nibble: Macaroons"</a>. <i>www.thenibble.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenibble.com&rft.atitle=The+Nibble%3A+Macaroons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenibble.com%2Freviews%2Fmain%2Fcookies%2Fcookies2%2Fhistory-of-macaroons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Marks, <i>The World of Jewish Cooking</i>, pg 209</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_cuisine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jewish cuisine">Jewish cuisine</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cuisine_of_Israel" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of Israel"> Cuisine of Israel</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Kosher" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Kosher"> Kosher</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Grosberg_Bellin" title="Mildred Grosberg Bellin">Bellin, Mildred Grosberg</a>, <i>The Original Jewish Cook Book</i>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Bloch_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloch Publishing">Bloch Publishing</a>, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8197-0058-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8197-0058-4">0-8197-0058-4</a></li> <li>Cooper, John, <i>Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food</i>, New Jersey, Jason Aronson Inc., 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87668-316-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87668-316-2">0-87668-316-2</a></li> <li>Goldstein, Joyce and Da Costa, Beatriz, <i>Sephardic Flavors: Jewish Cooking of the Mediterranean</i>, Chronicle Books, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-2662-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8118-2662-7">0-8118-2662-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg_Vamosh2007" class="citation book cs1">Feinberg Vamosh, Miriam (2007). <i>Food at the Time of the Bible: From Adam's Apple to the Last Supper</i>. Israel: Palphot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-280-115-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-280-115-9"><bdi>978-965-280-115-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+at+the+Time+of+the+Bible%3A+From+Adam%27s+Apple+to+the+Last+Supper&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=Palphot&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-965-280-115-9&rft.aulast=Feinberg+Vamosh&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHareuveni1980" class="citation book cs1">Hareuveni, Nogah (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureinourbibli00hare"><i>Nature in Our Biblical Heritage</i></a>. Israel: Neot Kedumim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-233-002-7" title="Special:BookSources/965-233-002-7"><bdi>965-233-002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+in+Our+Biblical+Heritage&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=Neot+Kedumim&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=965-233-002-7&rft.aulast=Hareuveni&rft.aufirst=Nogah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureinourbibli00hare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGur2008" class="citation book cs1">Gur, Jana (2008). <i>The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey</i>. New York: Schocken. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1224-2"><bdi>978-0-8052-1224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+New+Israeli+Food%3A+A+Culinary+Journey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-1224-2&rft.aulast=Gur&rft.aufirst=Jana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer2007" class="citation book cs1">Kraemer, David (2007). <i>Jewish eating and identity throughout the ages</i>. New York: Routledge advances in sociology vol.29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95797-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95797-7"><bdi>978-0-415-95797-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+eating+and+identity+throughout+the+ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+advances+in+sociology+vol.29&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95797-7&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2010" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Gil (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i>. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39130-3"><bdi>978-0-470-39130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-39130-3&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Marks" title="Gil Marks">Marks, Gil</a>, <i>The World of Jewish Cooking: More than 500 Traditional Recipes from Alsace to Yemen</i>, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83559-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83559-2">0-684-83559-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2008" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Nathan (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/What_Did_the_Ancient_Israelites_Eat%3F" title="What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?">What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat? Diet in Biblical Times</a></i>. W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Ancient+Israelites+Eat%3F+Diet+in+Biblical+Times&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6298-3&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Roden" title="Claudia Roden">Roden, Claudia</a>, <i>The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York</i>, New York, Knopf, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53258-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53258-9">0-394-53258-9</a></li> <li>Schwartz, Oded, <i>In Search of Plenty: A History of Jewish Food</i>, London, Kyle Cathie Ltd., 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85626-025-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85626-025-9">1-85626-025-9</a></li> <li>Sternberg, Robert, <i>The Sephardic Kitchen: The Healthful Food and Rich Culture of the Mediterranean Jews</i>, HarperCollins, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-017691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-017691-1">0-06-017691-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atrutel, J., <i>Book of Jewish Cookery</i>, London, 1874</li> <li>Greenbaum, Florence Kreisler, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12350">The International Jewish Cookbook</a></i>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Bloch_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloch Publishing">Bloch Publishing</a>, 1919</li> <li>Kander, Mrs. Simon (<a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Black_Kander" title="Lizzie Black Kander">Lizzie Black Kander</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/books/book_52.cfm"><i>The Settlement Cookbook</i></a>, Milwaukee, The Settlement, 1901</li> <li>Kramer, Bertha M. ("Aunt Babette"), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/books/book_41.cfm"><i>Aunt Babette's Cook Book</i></a> Cincinnati, <a href="/wiki/Bloch_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloch Publishing">Bloch Publishing</a>, 1889</li> <li>Montefiore, Lady Judith (attr), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12327">The Jewish Manual</a></i>, London, 1846</li> <li><i>Aunt Sarah's Cookery Book for a Jewish Kitchen</i>, Liverpool, 1872; 2d ed., 1889</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_cuisine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jackson, Judy (1998) <i>Classic Jewish</i>. London: Hermes House <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84038-065-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84038-065-9">1-84038-065-9</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_cuisine" title="Template:Jewish cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_cuisine" title="Template talk:Jewish cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_kosher_meat_boycott" title="1902 kosher meat boycott">1902 kosher meat boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_patronage_of_Chinese_restaurants" title="Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants">Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jewish_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Jewish cuisine">Mountain Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Jewish cuisine">Yemenite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious dietary laws and related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleishig" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleishig">Fleishig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechsher" title="Hechsher">Hechsher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">Kitniyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_by_ingredient" title="Kosher by ingredient">Kosher by ingredient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_airline_meal" title="Kosher airline meal">Kosher airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_for_Passover" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher for Passover">Kosher for Passover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_restaurant" title="Kosher restaurant">Kosher restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher-style" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher-style">Kosher-style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashgiach" title="Mashgiach">Mashgiach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milchig" class="mw-redirect" title="Milchig">Milchig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">Pareve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treif" class="mw-redirect" title="Treif">Treif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Ben-Israel" title="Ron Ben-Israel">Ron Ben-Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Frankel_(chef)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Frankel (chef)">Laura Frankel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_Garten" title="Ina Garten">Ina Garten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Marks" title="Gil Marks">Gil Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Nathan" title="Joan Nathan">Joan Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Reichl" title="Ruth Reichl">Ruth Reichl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyal_Shani" title="Eyal Shani">Eyal Shani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Solomonov" title="Michael Solomonov">Michael Solomonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotam_Ottolenghi" title="Yotam Ottolenghi">Yotam Ottolenghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Yeh" title="Molly Yeh">Molly Yeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apples_and_honey" title="Apples and honey">Apples and honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisket_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisket (dish)">Brisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">Charoset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabo_kolo" title="Dabo kolo">Dabo kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Hanukkah gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maror" title="Maror">Maror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">Matzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">Mishloach manot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouna" title="Mouna">Mouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_petri" title="Pain petri">Pain petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekalach" title="Pekalach">Pekalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">Showbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiglach" title="Teiglach">Teiglach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeroa" title="Zeroa">Zeroa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ashkenazi breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babka" title="Babka">Babka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_roll" title="Onion roll">Onion roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pletzel" title="Pletzel">Pletzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpernickel" title="Pumpernickel">Pumpernickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_rye_bread" title="Jewish rye bread">Rye Bread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sephardic/Mizrahi breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_(bread)" title="Bolo (bread)">Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folar" title="Folar">Folar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">Jachnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaneh" title="Kubaneh">Kubaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachooh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachooh">Lachooh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffa" title="Laffa">Laffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahmacun" title="Lahmacun">Lahmacun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawach" title="Malawach">Malawach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manakish" title="Manakish">Manakish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markook_(bread)" title="Markook (bread)">Markook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouna" title="Mouna">Mouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_petri" title="Pain petri">Pain petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboon_bread" title="Taboon bread">Taboon bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Water challah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethiopian breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">Injera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bagels and similar breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">Bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagel_Bites" title="Bagel Bites">Bagel Bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagel_toast" title="Bagel toast">Bagel toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagel_with_cream_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagel with cream cheese">Bagel with cream cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bialy_(bread)" title="Bialy (bread)">Bialy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_bagel" title="Everything bagel">Everything bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal-style_bagel" title="Montreal-style bagel">Montreal-style bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York-style_bagel" class="mw-redirect" title="New York-style bagel">New York-style bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_bagel" title="Pizza bagel">Pizza bagel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pancakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesaha_Appam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesaha Appam">Pesaha Appam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayef" class="mw-redirect" title="Atayef">Atayef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz">Blintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_latke" title="Cheese latke">Cheese latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chremslach" title="Chremslach">Chremslach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keftes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keftes">Keftes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keftes_de_prasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Keftes de prasa">Keftes de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofletta" title="Mofletta">Mofletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cakes and sweet pastries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">Apple strudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayef" class="mw-redirect" title="Atayef">Atayef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babka_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Babka (cake)">Babka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basbousa" title="Basbousa">Basbousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cake_(American)" title="Coffee cake (American)">Coffee cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumb_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Crumb cake">Crumb cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobosh">Dobosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flourless_chocolate_cake" title="Flourless chocolate cake">Flourless chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake" title="Jewish apple cake">Jewish apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krantz_cake" title="Krantz cake">Krantz cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelhopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugelhopf">Kugelhopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekach" title="Lekach">Lekach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzer_torte" title="Linzer torte">Linzer torte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake#United_States" title="Cheesecake">New York cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_d%27Espanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan d'Espanya (page does not exist)">Pan d'Espanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_cake" title="Plum cake">Plum cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugelach" title="Rugelach">Rugelach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashure" title="Ashure">Ashure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambalouni" title="Bambalouni">Bambalouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_(bread)" title="Bolo (bread)">Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_pudding" title="Carrot pudding">Carrot pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halvah_ice_cream" title="Halvah ice cream">Halvah ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan almonds">Jordan almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogel_mogel" title="Kogel mogel">Kogel mogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krembo" title="Krembo">Krembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokum">Lokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallebi" title="Muhallebi">Malabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marunchinos" title="Marunchinos">Marunchinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milky_(pudding)" title="Milky (pudding)">Milky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofletta" title="Mofletta">Mofletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed_candy" title="Sesame seed candy">Sesame seed candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfinj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfinj">Sfinj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">Sponge cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">Sufganiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strudel" title="Strudel">Strudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streuselkuchen" title="Streuselkuchen">Streuselkuchen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cookies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfajores" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfajores">Alfajores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_white_cookie" title="Black and white cookie">Black and white cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cookie" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cookie">Chinese cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_kichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg kichel">Egg kichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvshaniot" title="Duvshaniot">Duvshaniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_bada" title="Hadji bada">Hadji bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamantaschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamantaschen">Hamantaschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_buttons" class="mw-redirect" title="Honey buttons">Honey buttons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_almond_cookie" title="Jewish almond cookie">Jewish almond cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8dekager" title="Jødekager">Jødekager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichel" title="Kichel">Kichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipfel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipfel">Kipfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumbprint_cookie" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumbprint cookie">Linzer cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27amoul" title="Ma'amoul">Ma'amoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaroon" title="Macaroon">Macaroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandelbread" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandelbread">Mandelbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marunchinos" title="Marunchinos">Marunchinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_cookie" title="Rainbow cookie">Rainbow cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugelach" title="Rugelach">Rugelach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahini_cookie" title="Tahini cookie">Tahini cookie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pastries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichak" title="Bichak">Bichak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas" title="Bourekas">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyoz" title="Boyoz">Boyoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulemas" title="Bulemas">Bulemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebureki" title="Chebureki">Chebureki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%B3dni" title="Flódni">Flódni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojaldre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojaldre">Hojaldre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knish" title="Knish">Knish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunt" title="Nunt">Nunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastelitos_de_hoja" title="Pastelitos de hoja">Pastelitos de hoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastilla" title="Pastilla">Pastilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirozhki" title="Pirozhki">Pirozhki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambusak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambusak">Sambusak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziva_(dish)" title="Ziva (dish)">Ziva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fried foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz">Blintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brik" title="Brik">Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carciofi_alla_giudia" title="Carciofi alla giudia">Carciofi alla giudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churro" title="Churro">Churro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_schnitzel" title="Corn schnitzel">Corn schnitzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">Falafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatoot" title="Fatoot">Fatoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatoot_samneh" title="Fatoot samneh">Fatoot samneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazuelos" title="Fazuelos">Fazuelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_cauliflower" title="Fried cauliflower">Fried cauliflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gribenes" title="Gribenes">Gribenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_doughnut" title="Jelly doughnut">Jelly doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keftes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keftes">Keftes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keftes_de_prasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Keftes de prasa">Keftes de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktzitzot_Khubeza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktzitzot Khubeza">Ktzitzot Khubeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_brei" title="Matzah brei">Matzah brei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potatonik" title="Potatonik">Potatonik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfinj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfinj">Sfinj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">Sufganiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiglach" title="Teiglach">Teiglach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrija" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrija">Torrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulumba" title="Tulumba">Tulumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dumplings, pastas and grain dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bsisa" title="Bsisa">Bsisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampfnudel" title="Dampfnudel">Dampfnudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg noodles">Egg noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfel" title="Farfel">Farfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_noodle_dishes#Spanish" title="List of noodle dishes">Fideos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freekeh" title="Freekeh">Freekeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germkn%C3%B6del" title="Germknödel">Germknödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondi (dumpling)">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasha" title="Kasha">Kasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasha_varnishkes" title="Kasha varnishkes">Kasha varnishkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneidlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kneidlach">Kneidlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">Kreplach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubbeh" title="Kubbeh">Kubbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokshen_kugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokshen kugel">Lokshen kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaroni_hamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaroni hamin">Macaroni hamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">Manti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzo ball">Matzo ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orez_Shu%27it" title="Orez Shu'it">Orez Shu'it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelmeni" title="Pelmeni">Pelmeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptitim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptitim">Ptitim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_polo" title="Shirin polo">Shirin polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlishkes" title="Shlishkes">Shlishkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_mandels" class="mw-redirect" title="Soup mandels">Soup mandels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">Tabbouleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdig">Tahdig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vareniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Vareniki">Vareniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Casseroles and savory baked dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almadrote" class="mw-redirect" title="Almadrote">Almadrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisket_(Jewish_dish)" title="Brisket (Jewish dish)">Brisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">Cholent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamin" title="Hamin">Hamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holishkes" title="Holishkes">Holishkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_kugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem kugel">Jerusalem kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karniyarik" class="mw-redirect" title="Karniyarik">Karniyarik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishka_(food)" title="Kishka (food)">Kishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knish" title="Knish">Knish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktzitzot_Khubeza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktzitzot Khubeza">Ktzitzot Khubeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokshen_kugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokshen kugel">Lokshen kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_lasagna" title="Matzo lasagna">Matzo lasagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_(dish)" title="Pom (dish)">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_kugel" title="Potato kugel">Potato kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potatonik" title="Potatonik">Potatonik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3let" title="Sólet">Sólet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_artichoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed artichoke">Stuffed artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_cabbage" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed cabbage">Stuffed cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_peppers" title="Stuffed peppers">Stuffed peppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagine">Tagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahni" title="Yahni">Yakhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapchik" title="Yapchik">Yapchik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snacks and other baked goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_(snack)" title="Bamba (snack)">Bamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissli" title="Bissli">Bissli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachapuri" title="Khachapuri">Khachapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitzuchim" title="Pitzuchim">Pitzuchim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">Pretzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkedei_marak" title="Shkedei marak">Shkedei marak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_dates" title="Stuffed dates">Stuffed dates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sandwiches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef_sandwich" title="Corned beef sandwich">Corned beef sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillel sandwich">Hillel sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastrami_on_rye" title="Pastrami on rye">Pastrami on rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel sandwich">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_sandwich" title="Reuben sandwich">Reuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabich" title="Sabich">Sabich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_sandwich" title="Sailor sandwich">Sailor sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">Shawarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna sandwich">Tuna sandwich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egg dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beitzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitzah">Beitzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatoot_samneh" title="Fatoot samneh">Fatoot samneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haminados" title="Haminados">Haminados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboiled_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardboiled egg">Hardboiled egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_brei" title="Matzah brei">Matzah brei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzoquiles" title="Matzoquiles">Matzoquiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">Shakshouka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meat dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisket_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisket (dish)">Brisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">Cholent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_liver" title="Chopped liver">Chopped liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gribenes" title="Gribenes">Gribenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondi (dumpling)">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamin" title="Hamin">Hamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helzel" title="Helzel">Helzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_mixed_grill" title="Jerusalem mixed grill">Jerusalem mixed grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishka_(food)" title="Kishka (food)">Kishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">Kofta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merguez" title="Merguez">Merguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Miltz">Miltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_smoked_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal smoked meat">Montreal smoked meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargiyot" title="Pargiyot">Pargiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastilla" title="Pastilla">Pastilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastirma" title="Pastirma">Pastirma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">Pastrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plov" class="mw-redirect" title="Plov">Plov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbat_wat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanbat wat">Sanbat wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">Shawarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">Shish kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shish_taouk" title="Shish taouk">Shish taouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujuk" title="Sujuk">Sujuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagine">Tagine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abudaraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Abudaraho">Abudaraho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chraime" title="Chraime">Chraime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressed_herring" title="Dressed herring">Dressed herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikra">Ikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakerda" title="Lakerda">Lakerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescado_frito" title="Pescado frito">Pescado frito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz_herring" title="Schmaltz herring">Schmaltz herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">Smoked salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_whitefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoked whitefish">Smoked whitefish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarama">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunafish" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunafish">Tunafish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_salad" title="Tuna salad">Tuna salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_salad_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna salad sandwich">Tuna salad sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorschmack" title="Vorschmack">Vorschmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_salad" title="Whitefish salad">Whitefish salad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Salads and pickles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apio_(appetizer)" title="Apio (appetizer)">Apio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggplant_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eggplant salad">Eggplant salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_salad" title="Israeli salad">Israeli salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_dill_pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher dill pickle">Kosher dill pickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbucha" title="Matbucha">Matbucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">Pickled cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">Tabbouleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torshi" title="Torshi">Torshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamia" title="Bamia">Bamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_cabbage" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed cabbage">Stuffed cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzimmes" title="Tzimmes">Tzimmes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soups and stews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adom_kubbeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Adom kubbeh">Adom kubbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgolemono" title="Avgolemono">Avgolemono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamo_kubbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamo kubbe">Chamo kubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_noodle_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken noodle soup">Chicken noodle soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamin">Chamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamo_kubbeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamo kubbeh">Chamo kubbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">Cholent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghormeh_sabzi" title="Ghormeh sabzi">Ghormeh sabzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_(food)" title="Gondi (food)">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamusta_kubbeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamusta kubbeh">Hamusta kubbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_ball_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzo ball soup">Matzo ball soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msoki" title="Msoki">Msoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poike" title="Poike">Poike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbat_wat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanbat wat">Sanbat wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schav" class="mw-redirect" title="Schav">Schav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofrito_(stew)" title="Sofrito (stew)">Sofrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarator">Tarator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cheeses and other dairy products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkawi" title="Akkawi">Akkawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">Cottage cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_cheese" title="Cream cheese">Cream cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer's cheese">Farmer's cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashkaval" title="Kashkaval">Kashkaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">Labneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark (cheese)">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirene" title="Sirene">Sirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">Strained yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzfat_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzfat cheese">Tzfat cheese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Condiments, dips and sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applesauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Applesauce">Applesauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(condiment)" title="Amba (condiment)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">Baba ghanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">Charoset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrain" title="Chrain">Chrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filfel_chuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Filfel chuma">Filfel chuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahawiq" title="Sahawiq">Harif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilbah">Hilbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">Hummus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissara" title="Bissara">Mikpah Ful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammara" title="Muhammara">Muhammara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resek_avganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Resek avganiyot">Resek avganiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicy_brown_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicy brown mustard">Spicy brown mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">Tahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatbila" title="Tatbila">Tatbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoug" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhoug">Zhoug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel-Ray" title="Cel-Ray">Cel-Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Brown%27s" title="Dr. Brown's">Dr. Brown's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cream" title="Egg cream">Egg cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">Grape juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedem">Kedem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linden_flower_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden flower tea">Linden flower tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_lemonade" title="Mint lemonade">Mint lemonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manischewitz" title="Manischewitz">Manischewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_juice" title="Pomegranate juice">Pomegranate juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salep" title="Salep">Salep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seltzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Seltzer">Seltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tella" title="Tella">Tallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_Perfect" title="Vodka Perfect">Vodka Perfect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Herbs, spices and seasonings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_bouillon_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken bouillon powder">Consommé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Dried onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_bagel" title="Everything bagel">Everything bagel seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licorice_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice root">Licorice root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigella seeds">Nigella seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seeds">Sesame seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eateries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appetizing_store" title="Appetizing store">Appetizing store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dairy_restaurant" title="Jewish dairy restaurant">Dairy restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deli" title="Jewish deli">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_restaurant" title="Kosher restaurant">Kosher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_with_religious_symbolism" title="List of foods with religious symbolism">List of foods with religious symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_cuisine_dishes" title="List of Jewish cuisine dishes">List of Jewish cuisine dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kosher_restaurants" title="List of kosher restaurants">List of kosher restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_Israel" title="List of restaurants in Israel">List of restaurants in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_cuisine" title="Category:Jewish cuisine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_Eastern_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Template:Middle Eastern cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_Eastern_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_cuisine" title="Caspian cuisine">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Eastern Arabian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian cuisine">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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