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<li id="toc-Emblem_of_the_Bakers'_Guild" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emblem_of_the_Bakers'_Guild"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emblem of the Bakers' Guild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblem_of_the_Bakers'_Guild-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_German-speaking_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_German-speaking_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Southern German-speaking regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_German-speaking_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Other regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pretzel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresl" title="Bresl – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bresl" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="عقدية (مخبوزات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقدية (مخبوزات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretzel" title="Bretzel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bretzel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Брэцаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брэцаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Брэцаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брэцаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Брецел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брецел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezn" title="Brezn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brezn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretzel" title="Bretzel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bretzel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precl%C3%ADk" title="Preclík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Preclík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel" title="Brezel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brezel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretzel" title="Bretzel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bretzel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel" title="Brezel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brezel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikringel" title="Vesikringel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesikringel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Μπρέτσελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρέτσελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretzel" title="Bretzel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bretzel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakeno_(Breco)" title="Krakeno (Breco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krakeno (Breco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="پرتزل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرتزل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretzel" title="Bretzel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bretzel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%B2%BC" title="브레첼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브레첼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Բրեցել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրեցել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perec" title="Perec – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perec" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel" title="Brezel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brezel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%94" title="בייגלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בייגלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೆಟ್ಸಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೆಟ್ಸಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბრეცელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრეცელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panis_quadragesimalis" title="Panis quadragesimalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Panis quadragesimalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdenskli%C5%86%C4%A3eris" title="Ūdenskliņģeris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdenskliņģeris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretzel" title="Bretzel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bretzel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jgenanba" title="jgenanba – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jgenanba" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel" title="Brezel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brezel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perec" title="Perec – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perec" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Перек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB" title="プレッツェル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレッツェル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precel" title="Precel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Precel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretzel" title="Bretzel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bretzel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Брецель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брецель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracl%C3%ADk" title="Praclík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Praclík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereca" title="Pereca – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pereca" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereca" title="Pereca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pereca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pretzel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6%E8%84%86%E9%A4%85" title="蝴蝶脆餅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蝴蝶脆餅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%92%E9%B9%BD%E5%8D%B7%E9%A4%85" title="椒鹽卷餅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="椒鹽卷餅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkeling_(roti)" title="Kerkeling (roti) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kerkeling (roti)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Baked pastry shaped into a knot</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pretzel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pretzel (disambiguation)">Pretzel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Pretzel</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrezelnSalz02_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BrezelnSalz02_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-BrezelnSalz02_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BrezelnSalz02_%28cropped%29.JPG/375px-BrezelnSalz02_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BrezelnSalz02_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-BrezelnSalz02_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="2212" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">An assortment of pretzels</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Course</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Region or state</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>), United States (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Pretzels_(Soft)" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Pretzels (Soft)">Cookbook: Pretzel</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pretzels" class="extiw" title="commons:Pretzels">Media: Pretzel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>pretzel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/GT_Pretzel.ogg\/GT_Pretzel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GT Pretzel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/GT_Pretzel.ogg/GT_Pretzel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Pretzel.ogg" title="File:GT Pretzel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PRET</span>-səl</i></a>; from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Breze(l)</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bretzel</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʁeːtsl̩]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/De-Brezel.oga\/De-Brezel.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Brezel.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/De-Brezel.oga/De-Brezel.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Brezel.oga" title="File:De-Brezel.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">or</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʁɛtsl̩]</a></span>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baked</a> pastry made from <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> that is commonly shaped into a <a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">knot</a>. The traditional pretzel shape is a distinctive symmetrical form, with the ends of a long strip of dough intertwined and then twisted back onto itself in a particular way (a pretzel loop or pretzel bow). Today, pretzels come in various shapes, textures, and colors, but the original soft pretzel remains one of the most common pretzel types. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salt#Edible_salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> is the most common seasoning, or topping, for pretzels, complementing the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">washing soda</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">lye</a> <a href="/wiki/Lye_roll" title="Lye roll">treatment</a> that gives pretzels their traditional skin and flavor acquired through the <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>. Other toppings are <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheeses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(cooking_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaze (cooking technique)">sweet glazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. Varieties of pretzels include soft pretzels, which should be eaten shortly after preparation, and hard-baked pretzels, which have a long shelf life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Deliciarum_1190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hortus_Deliciarum_1190.jpg/250px-Hortus_Deliciarum_1190.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hortus_Deliciarum_1190.jpg/330px-Hortus_Deliciarum_1190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hortus_Deliciarum_1190.jpg/500px-Hortus_Deliciarum_1190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Pretzel depicted at a banquet of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Queen Esther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">King Ahasuerus</a>. 12th century <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a>.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous accounts regarding the origin of pretzels, as well as the origin of the name; most state that they have <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> backgrounds and were invented by European monks.<sup id="cite_ref-silverman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars and various sources, the most popular story is that the pretzel was made in 610 AD by an Italian monk when he decided to make a special treat to help motivate his students to keep on learning. He rolled out a few strips of dough and crossed them to try and resemble two hands praying, and after he baked it, the pretzel was born.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they were done baking, he handed them out to his students and said "pretiola" (little rewards).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source locates the invention in a monastery in southern France.<sup id="cite_ref-silverman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hartel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grunes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grunes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, there are stories that pretzels were the invention of desperate <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">bakers</a> held hostage by local dignitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-brezelbaecker_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brezelbaecker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German name "<i>Brezel</i>" may derive also from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bracellus</i></span> (a medieval term for 'bracelet'),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bracchiola</i></span></i> ('little arms'). </p><p>The pretzel has been in use as an emblem of bakers and formerly their <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> in southern German areas since at least the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-brezelbaecker_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brezelbaecker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 12th-century illustration of the banquet of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Queen Esther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">King Ahasuerus</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> region (today France) may contain the earliest depiction of a pretzel. </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, pretzels were regarded as having religious significance for both ingredients and shape. Pretzels made with a simple recipe using only flour and water could be eaten during Lent when Christians were forbidden to eat eggs, lard, or dairy products such as milk and butter (cf. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fast" title="Daniel Fast">Daniel Fast</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time passed, pretzels became associated with both Lent and Easter. Pretzels were hidden on Easter morning just as eggs are hidden today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and are particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, fasting and prayers before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the holes in the hubs of round Finnish flatbread, <a href="/wiki/Ruisreik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4" title="Ruisreikäleipä">ruisreikäleipä</a>, which let them be hung on poles suspended just below the kitchen ceiling, the loops in pretzels may have served a practical purpose: bakers could hang them on sticks, for instance, projecting upwards from a central column, as shown in a painting by Job Berckheyde (1630–1693) from around 1681.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emblem_of_the_Bakers'_Guild"><span id="Emblem_of_the_Bakers.27_Guild"></span>Emblem of the Bakers' Guild</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baeckerzunft_goerlitz_bismarckstrasse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The pretzel has been in use as an emblem of bakers, here with two lions, in Görlitz, Germany."><img alt="The pretzel has been in use as an emblem of bakers, here with two lions, in Görlitz, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baeckerzunft_goerlitz_bismarckstrasse.JPG/250px-Baeckerzunft_goerlitz_bismarckstrasse.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Baeckerzunft_goerlitz_bismarckstrasse.JPG/330px-Baeckerzunft_goerlitz_bismarckstrasse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pretzel has been in use as an emblem of bakers, here with two lions, in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, Germany.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattingen_-_Steinhagen_17_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakery emblem in Hattingen, Germany"><img alt="Bakery emblem in Hattingen, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hattingen_-_Steinhagen_17_ies.jpg/250px-Hattingen_-_Steinhagen_17_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hattingen_-_Steinhagen_17_ies.jpg/330px-Hattingen_-_Steinhagen_17_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bakery emblem in <a href="/wiki/Hattingen" title="Hattingen">Hattingen</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravensburg_B%C3%A4ckereischild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakery emblem with a cut[16] in the pretzel, Ravensburg, Germany"><img alt="Bakery emblem with a cut[16] in the pretzel, Ravensburg, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ravensburg_B%C3%A4ckereischild.jpg/250px-Ravensburg_B%C3%A4ckereischild.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ravensburg_B%C3%A4ckereischild.jpg/330px-Ravensburg_B%C3%A4ckereischild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="2297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bakery emblem with a cut<sup id="cite_ref-Ausbund_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ausbund-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the pretzel, <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribe_-_B%C3%A4ckereizeichen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakery emblem in Ribe, Denmark"><img alt="Bakery emblem in Ribe, Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ribe_-_B%C3%A4ckereizeichen.jpg/250px-Ribe_-_B%C3%A4ckereizeichen.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ribe_-_B%C3%A4ckereizeichen.jpg/330px-Ribe_-_B%C3%A4ckereizeichen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bakery emblem in <a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a>, Denmark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Larsen%27s_Bakery_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakery emblem used as a logo at a Danish bakery in Ballard, Seattle"><img alt="Bakery emblem used as a logo at a Danish bakery in Ballard, Seattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Seattle_-_Larsen%27s_Bakery_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Seattle_-_Larsen%27s_Bakery_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Seattle_-_Larsen%27s_Bakery_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Seattle_-_Larsen%27s_Bakery_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bakery emblem used as a logo at a Danish bakery in <a href="/wiki/Ballard,_Seattle" title="Ballard, Seattle">Ballard, Seattle</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_German-speaking_regions">Southern German-speaking regions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsace,_Bas-Rhin,_Strasbourg,_%22_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_%22_place_de_Broglie_(4840720073).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Alsace%2C_Bas-Rhin%2C_Strasbourg%2C_%22_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_%22_place_de_Broglie_%284840720073%29.jpg/250px-Alsace%2C_Bas-Rhin%2C_Strasbourg%2C_%22_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_%22_place_de_Broglie_%284840720073%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Alsace%2C_Bas-Rhin%2C_Strasbourg%2C_%22_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_%22_place_de_Broglie_%284840720073%29.jpg/330px-Alsace%2C_Bas-Rhin%2C_Strasbourg%2C_%22_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_%22_place_de_Broglie_%284840720073%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Alsace%2C_Bas-Rhin%2C_Strasbourg%2C_%22_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_%22_place_de_Broglie_%284840720073%29.jpg/500px-Alsace%2C_Bas-Rhin%2C_Strasbourg%2C_%22_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_%22_place_de_Broglie_%284840720073%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christkindelsm%C3%A4rik,_Strasbourg" title="Christkindelsmärik, Strasbourg">Christmas market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>; mulled wine and pretzels sold </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weisswursttopf_Brezn_Senf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Weisswursttopf_Brezn_Senf.jpg/250px-Weisswursttopf_Brezn_Senf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Weisswursttopf_Brezn_Senf.jpg/330px-Weisswursttopf_Brezn_Senf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Weisswursttopf_Brezn_Senf.jpg/500px-Weisswursttopf_Brezn_Senf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Weisswurst" title="Weisswurst">Weisswurst</a> meal, served with sweet mustard and soft pretzels</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russenbrezel_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russenbrezel_26.jpg/220px-Russenbrezel_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russenbrezel_26.jpg/330px-Russenbrezel_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russenbrezel_26.jpg/440px-Russenbrezel_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Sweet pretzel with almonds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pretzels_01_(5275128740).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pretzels_01_%285275128740%29.jpg/250px-Pretzels_01_%285275128740%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pretzels_01_%285275128740%29.jpg/330px-Pretzels_01_%285275128740%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pretzels_01_%285275128740%29.jpg/500px-Pretzels_01_%285275128740%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bretzels from <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pretzel baking has most firmly taken root in the region of <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> and adjoining <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a>-speaking areas, and pretzels have been an integral part of German baking traditions for centuries. Lye pretzels are popular in southern Germany, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, Austria, and German-speaking Switzerland as a variety of bread, a side dish or a snack, and come in many local varieties. Examples for pretzel names in various Upper-German dialects are <i>Breze</i>, <i>Brezn</i>, <i>Bretzel</i>, <i>Brezzl</i>, <i>Brezgen</i>, <i>Bretzga</i>, <i>Bretzet</i>, <i>Bretschl</i>, <i>Kringel</i>, <i>Silserli,</i> and <i>Sülzerli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brezel-baecker.de_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brezel-baecker.de-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baked for consumption on the same day, they are sold in every bakery and in special booths or stands in downtown streets. Often, they are sliced horizontally, buttered, and sold as <i>Butterbrezel</i>, or come with slices of cold meats or cheese. Butter-filled pretzels are also commonly sold under this name. <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepita" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepita">pumpkin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Caraway_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Caraway seed">caraway seeds</a>, melted <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, and bacon bits are other popular toppings. Some bakeries offer pretzels made of different flours, such as <a href="/wiki/Whole_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole wheat">whole wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>. </p><p>In Bavaria, lye pretzels accompany a main dish, such as <a href="/wiki/Weisswurst" title="Weisswurst">Weisswurst</a> sausage. The same dough and baking procedure with lye and salt is used to make other kinds of "lye pastry" (<i>Laugengebäck</i>): <a href="/wiki/Lye_roll" title="Lye roll">lye rolls</a>, buns, croissants, and even loaves (<i>Laugenbrötchen</i>, <i>Laugenstangen</i>, <i>Laugen<a href="/wiki/Croissant" title="Croissant">croissants</a></i>, <i>Laugenbrot</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-brezelbaecker_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brezelbaecker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brezel-baecker.de_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brezel-baecker.de-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, especially in lower Bavaria, unglazed "white" pretzels, sprinkled with salt and caraway seeds are still popular. Basically, with the same ingredients, lye pretzels come in numerous local varieties. Sizes are usually similar; the main differences are the thickness of the dough, the content of fat and the degree of baking. Typical <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> pretzels, for example, have very thin "arms" and a "fat belly" with a split, and a higher fat content. The thicker part makes it easier to slice them for the use of sandwiches. In Bavarian pretzels, the arms are left thicker so they do not bake to a crisp and contain very little fat.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oversized pretzels are often sold at fairs or beer festivals. </p><p>The pretzel shape is used for a variety of sweet pastries made of different types of dough (flaky, brittle, soft, crispy) with a variety of toppings (icing, nuts, seeds, cinnamon). Around Christmas, they can be made of soft gingerbread (<i><a href="/wiki/Lebkuchen" title="Lebkuchen">Lebkuchen</a></i>) with chocolate coating. In southern Germany and adjoining German-speaking areas, pretzels have retained their original religious meanings and are still used in various traditions and festivals. In some areas, on 1 January, people give each other lightly sweetened yeast pretzels for good luck and good fortune. These "New Year's pretzels" are made in different sizes and can have a width of 50 centimetres (20 in) and more. Sometimes children visit their godparents to fetch their New Years pretzel. On 1 May, love-struck boys used to paint a pretzel on the doors of the adored. On the other hand, an upside-down pretzel would have been a sign of disgrace. Especially Catholic areas, such as Austria, Bavaria, or some parts of Swabia, the "Palm pretzel" is made for <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> celebrations. Sizes can range from 30 cm (0.98 ft) up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and they can weigh up to 2.5 kg (5.5 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An old tradition on Palm Sunday dating back to 1533 is the outdoor pretzel market (<i>Brezgenmarkt</i>) in the Hungerbrunnen Valley near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heldenfingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heldenfingen (page does not exist)">Heldenfingen</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> region, sweet pretzels are made with pudding-filled loops (pudding pretzels). On <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the fourth Sunday in <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, there is a festival called "Pretzel Sunday". Boys give their girlfriends pretzels or cakes in pretzel form.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size symbolizes how much he likes her. In return, if a girl wants to increase his attention, she will give him a decorated egg on Easter. The pretzel custom is reversed on Pretzel Sunday during <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap years</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This custom also still exists in some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Alb" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabian Alb">Swabian Alb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-german13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-german13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same occasion in <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse" title="Rhenish Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">the Palatinate</a>, people have parades carrying big pretzels mounted on colourful decorated poles.<sup id="cite_ref-german13_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-german13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Lent in <a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Riss" class="mw-redirect" title="Biberach an der Riss">Biberach</a>, "Lent pretzels" are popular. These are briefly boiled in water before baking and then sprinkled with salt. <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Burg_(Solingen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Burg (Solingen)">Schloss Burg</a> is renowned for a 200-year-old specialty, the "Burger pretzel". Its texture and flavour resemble <a href="/wiki/Rusk" title="Rusk">rusk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zwieback" title="Zwieback">zwieback</a>. A local story says that the recipe came from a grateful Napoleonic soldier in 1795, whose wounds were treated by a baker's family in the little town of <a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Burg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural importance of the pretzel for Burg is expressed by a monument in honour of the pretzel bakers, and by an 18 km hiking trail nearby called "Pretzel Hiking Trail".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety typical for Upper <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> is the "anise pretzel". The town of <a href="/wiki/Weidenberg" title="Weidenberg">Weidenberg</a> celebrates the "Pretzel weeks" during the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> season when <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a> flavored pretzels are served with special dishes such as cooked meat with <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a> or roast. In the city of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, the 500-year-old <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> of boatmen on the <a href="/wiki/Stecknitz_Canal" title="Stecknitz Canal">Stecknitz Canal</a> call their annual meetings in January <i>Kringelhöge</i> (Pretzelfun). The elaborate affair, with about 200 participants, is celebrated as a breakfast with beer and includes Mass in the Lübeck Cathedral and a presentation of songs by a children's choir. In earlier times, the children were very poor, coming from an orphanage, and each received a <i>Kringel</i> (pretzel) as a reward. Hence, the name "Pretzelfun" was adopted, because this gift was considered a highlight. Today, the children come from schools, but they still get the pretzels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> celebrates the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648) and organizes an annual <a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse_(toy)" title="Hobby horse (toy)">hobby horse</a> race for grade-four children. On finishing the race, they are presented with a sweet pretzel.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, the city seal of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rten-Hardenberg" title="Nörten-Hardenberg">Nörten</a> dates from around 1550 and depicts two facing lions holding a pretzel at the center.<sup id="cite_ref-ref-1794860229_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-1794860229-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lye pretzel is the theme for a number of festivals in Germany. The city of <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> prides itself to be the "pretzel town", and around the second weekend of July, from Friday to Tuesday, it holds an annual <a href="/wiki/Funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Funfair">funfair</a> and festival called "<i><a href="/wiki/Speyer_Brezelfest" title="Speyer Brezelfest">Brezelfest</a></i>", which is the largest <a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">beer festival</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a> region, and attracts around 300,000 visitors. The festival includes a parade with over 100 bands, floats, and clubs participating from the whole region, and 22,000 pretzels are thrown among the crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the market square of Speyer, there is a fountain with a statue of a boy selling pretzels. The pretzel booths on the main street are permanently installed and were specially designed when the whole downtown area was redone for the 100th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-day pretzel fests and markets in other German towns are in Kirchhellen,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a borough of <a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Kornwestheim" title="Kornwestheim">Kornwestheim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 and 2004, "Peace Pretzels" were baked for a <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> charity event and other charity purposes in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of the typical pretzel loop, they were made in the similar shape of a <a href="/wiki/Peace_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace symbol">peace symbol</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fastenbrezel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fastenbrezel"><img alt="Fastenbrezel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fastenbrezel.JPG/197px-Fastenbrezel.JPG" decoding="async" width="197" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fastenbrezel.JPG/296px-Fastenbrezel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fastenbrezel.JPG/394px-Fastenbrezel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fastenbrezel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neujahrsbrezelmittel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="New Year's pretzel in a Stuttgart bakery (Swabia)"><img alt="New Year's pretzel in a Stuttgart bakery (Swabia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Neujahrsbrezelmittel.JPG/250px-Neujahrsbrezelmittel.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Neujahrsbrezelmittel.JPG/330px-Neujahrsbrezelmittel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Neujahrsbrezelmittel.JPG/500px-Neujahrsbrezelmittel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's</a> pretzel in a <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> bakery (<a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burger_Brezel_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretzel from Burg (Bergisches Land), typically carried around the neck"><img alt="Pretzel from Burg (Bergisches Land), typically carried around the neck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Burger_Brezel_01_ies.jpg/200px-Burger_Brezel_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Burger_Brezel_01_ies.jpg/300px-Burger_Brezel_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Burger_Brezel_01_ies.jpg/400px-Burger_Brezel_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pretzel from Burg (<a href="/wiki/Bergisches_Land" title="Bergisches Land">Bergisches Land</a>), typically carried around the neck</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kampsbrezel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laugenbrezel, observe the cut[16]"><img alt="Laugenbrezel, observe the cut[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kampsbrezel.jpg/250px-Kampsbrezel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kampsbrezel.jpg/330px-Kampsbrezel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kampsbrezel.jpg/500px-Kampsbrezel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Laugenbrezel, observe the cut<sup id="cite_ref-Ausbund_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ausbund-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pretzels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pretzels.jpg/250px-Pretzels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pretzels.jpg/330px-Pretzels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pretzels.jpg/500px-Pretzels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Hard mini pretzels</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 18th century, southern German and Swiss German immigrants introduced the pretzel to North America. The immigrants became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, and in time, many handmade pretzel bakeries populated the central Pennsylvania countryside, and the pretzel's popularity spread.<sup id="cite_ref-KP_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Philadelphia_PA_Style_Soft_Pretzel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/USA_Philadelphia_PA_Style_Soft_Pretzel.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>Philadelphia-style soft pretzels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Square_Greenmarket,_Manhattan,_New_York_City_(4027125807).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Union_Square_Greenmarket%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City_%284027125807%29.jpg/250px-Union_Square_Greenmarket%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City_%284027125807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Union_Square_Greenmarket%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City_%284027125807%29.jpg/330px-Union_Square_Greenmarket%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City_%284027125807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Union_Square_Greenmarket%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City_%284027125807%29.jpg/500px-Union_Square_Greenmarket%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City_%284027125807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>A street vendor in <a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> selling pretzels</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, soft pretzels became popular in other regions of the United States. Cities such as <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> became renowned for their soft pretzels.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pretzel_Museum_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pretzel_Museum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key to success was the introduction of the new mass production methods of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialized age</a>, which increased the availability and quantity, and the opening up of multiple points of distribution at schools, convenience and grocery stores, and entertainment venues such as movie theaters, arenas, concert halls, and sport stadiums. Prior to that, street vendors used to sell pretzels on street corners in wooden glass-enclosed cases.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., pretzels come in many varieties of flavors and coatings, such as <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, chocolate, strawberry, mustard, cinnamon sugar, cheese and others, and chocolate-covered hard pretzels are popular around Christmas time and given as gifts. The variety of shapes and sizes became a contest of imagination in the marketing of the pretzels taste. During the 1900s, people in Philadelphia would use the small slender pretzel stick as a common accompaniment to <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> or would crumble pretzels as a topping. This combination of cold sweet and salty taste was very popular for many years. Eventually, this led to the development of an ice cream cone tasting like a pretzel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More recently <a href="/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, Incorporated">Mars, Incorporated</a> manufactures <a href="/wiki/M%26M%27s" title="M&M's">M&M's</a> with a small spherical pretzel covered in <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">milk chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a> coated in all of the standard M&M's colors, called "Pretzel M&M's". Soft pretzels are frequently sold in <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a>, with notable chains including <a href="/wiki/Auntie_Anne%27s" title="Auntie Anne's">Auntie Anne's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetzel%27s_Pretzels" title="Wetzel's Pretzels">Wetzel's Pretzels</a>/Pretzel Time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pretzel_Belt" title="Pretzel Belt">Pretzel Belt</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pretzel_Belt" title="Pretzel Belt">Southeastern Pennsylvania</a>, with its large population of German background, including the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, is considered the birthplace of the American pretzel industry, and many pretzel bakers are still located in the area. Pennsylvania produces 80% of the nation's pretzels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is very widely cited in Google results, but most of these sources are fairly recent and there's very clearly a lot of Circular reporting going on, maybe citogenesis from WP as well. This was added in 2008 without a source https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=231088262&diffmode=source so we need something older! (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="sticks"></span>Hard pretzels originated in the United States, where, in 1850, the <a href="/wiki/Sturgis_Pretzel_House" title="Sturgis Pretzel House">Sturgis bakery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lititz,_Pennsylvania" title="Lititz, Pennsylvania">Lititz, Pennsylvania</a>, became the first commercial hard pretzel bakery. <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">Snack food</a> hard pretzels are made in the form of loops, braids, letters, little pretzels, or sticks around <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) thick and 12 centimetres (5 in) long; they have become a popular snack in many countries around the world. A thicker variety of sticks can be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.5 centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) thick; in the U. S. these are called <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> pretzels or pretzel rods. Unlike the soft pretzels, these were durable when kept in an airtight environment and marketable in a variety of convenience stores. Large-scale production began in the first half of the 1900s, more so during 1930 to 1950. A prime example was in 1949, when highly innovative <a href="/wiki/American_Machine_and_Foundry" title="American Machine and Foundry">American Machine and Foundry</a> Co., of New York City, developed the "pretzel bender": a new automatic crispy-styled baked pretzel-twisting machine that rolled and tied them at the rate of 50 a minute—more than twice as fast as skilled hand twisters could make them—and conveyed them through the baking and salting process.<sup id="cite_ref-ref438875569_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref438875569-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annual United States pretzel industry is worth over $1.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average American consumes about 1.5 pounds (0.7 kg) of pretzels per year.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The privately run Pretzel Museum opened in Philadelphia in 1993, but is now defunct.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Ed Rendell</a> declared 26 April "National Pretzel Day" to acknowledge the importance of the pretzel to the state's history and economy.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Pretzel_Day,_April_26th_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Pretzel_Day,_April_26th-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philly Pretzel Factory stores offer a free pretzel to each customer on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Free_soft_pretzels_for_National_Pretzel_Day_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Free_soft_pretzels_for_National_Pretzel_Day-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona, Pennsylvania</a>, the Benzel's pretzel company calls them "bretzels", both for the alliteration and as a nod to their German heritage. </p><p>The S-shaped soft pretzel, often served with <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)#"Deli-style"_spicy_brown_mustard" title="Mustard (condiment)">brown mustard</a>, became very popular in Philadelphia and was established as a part of <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Philadelphia's cuisine</a> for snacking at school, work, or home, and considered by most to be a quick meal. The average Philadelphian today consumes about twelve times as many pretzels as the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-Pretzel_Museum_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pretzel_Museum-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_tree_pretzel_-_2020-04-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Christmas_tree_pretzel_-_2020-04-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg/220px-Christmas_tree_pretzel_-_2020-04-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Christmas_tree_pretzel_-_2020-04-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg/330px-Christmas_tree_pretzel_-_2020-04-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Christmas_tree_pretzel_-_2020-04-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg/440px-Christmas_tree_pretzel_-_2020-04-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>A miniature salted pretzel, shaped like a Christmas tree. Sold in England by <a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a> in 2019. </figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Pennsylvania milestones timeline</dt></dl> <dl><dt>1800s</dt> <dd>Southern German and Swiss German immigrants who became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> introduced soft shaped pretzels with different shapes and pretzel bakery businesses.</dd> <dt>1861</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sturgis_Pretzel_House" title="Sturgis Pretzel House">Sturgis Pretzel House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lititz,_Pennsylvania" title="Lititz, Pennsylvania">Lititz, Pennsylvania</a>, becomes the first commercial hard pretzel bakery in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyders1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyders1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1889</dt> <dd>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Pretzel_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anderson Pretzel Factory (page does not exist)">Anderson Pretzel Factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>, is founded. Today, it calls itself the world's largest, producing 65 tons of hard pretzels daily.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1935</dt> <dd>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reading_Pretzel_Machinery_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reading Pretzel Machinery Company (page does not exist)">Reading Pretzel Machinery Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading, Pennsylvania</a>, introduced the first automatic hard pretzel twisting machine.<sup id="cite_ref-KP_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd>The largest soft pretzel of its time, weighing 40 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> and measuring 5 feet across, is baked by Joseph Nacchio of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Pretzel_Baking_Company" title="Federal Pretzel Baking Company">Federal Pretzel Baking Company</a> for the film <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World" title="It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World">It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KP_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1978</dt> <dd>The first machine-produced stamped cut soft pretzel was innovated at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Pretzel_Baking_Company" title="Federal Pretzel Baking Company">Federal Pretzel Baking Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd>The first Pretzel Museum of soft pretzels is opened in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. A seven-minute film, demonstration of championship hand twisting at 57 per minute, and tasting were highlights.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pretzel_Museum_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pretzel_Museum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd>Pennsylvania Governor <a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Ed Rendell</a> declares 26 April as National Pretzel Day to acknowledge the importance of the pretzel to the state's history and economy.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Pretzel_Day,_April_26th_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Pretzel_Day,_April_26th-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois">Freeport, Illinois</a>, which sits about 100 miles outside of Chicago, is another city known for its rich pretzel history.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, a German immigrant named John Billerbeck<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established the first Billerbeck Bakery which was known for selling German style pretzels to complement the large number of breweries that existed in Freeport during this time. <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> eventually shut down the breweries which led to the decline of pretzel sales in Freeport, but the city never lost its pretzel pride. For more than 100 years, Freeport has been known as "Pretzel City, USA." Their high school athletic mascot is the Pretzel and the football stadium has been appropriately named "Pretzel Field." In 2003, local citizens launched Freeport's first Pretzel Festival which is a large community event where residents get together to celebrate the city's pretzel history. Contestants are chosen to be crowned Pretzel Prince and Princess and a festival mascot by the name of "Pretzel Bill" (stemming from the Billerbeck Bakery name) dresses as a 6-foot tall walking talking pretzel who hands out pretzels from floats and takes photos with the local festival goers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3></div> <p>The looped pretzel is known in other European countries and in other countries around the world. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> it is called perec, a softer variant of the German pastry, usually eaten with cheese or salt-syrup baked on it. </p><p>In Romania, the pretzel is known as a variety of <i><a href="/wiki/Covrigi" title="Covrigi">covrigi</a>;</i> it is a very common street food.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> it is called kringlor, a small pretzel often covered with chocolate. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1182px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viipurinrinkeli22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viipurinrinkeli, a pretzel from Vyborg, Russia"><img alt="Viipurinrinkeli, a pretzel from Vyborg, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Viipurinrinkeli22.jpg/250px-Viipurinrinkeli22.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Viipurinrinkeli22.jpg/330px-Viipurinrinkeli22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Viipurinrinkeli, a pretzel from <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltsticks.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Party food in Japan, pretzel sticks called Glico Pretz"><img alt="Party food in Japan, pretzel sticks called Glico Pretz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saltsticks.JPG/250px-Saltsticks.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saltsticks.JPG/330px-Saltsticks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Party food in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, pretzel sticks called <a href="/wiki/Pretz" title="Pretz">Glico Pretz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obwarzanki_salesman_in_Krakow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A street vendor in Kraków, Poland, selling pretzels, as well as obwarzanki krakowskie and bagels"><img alt="A street vendor in Kraków, Poland, selling pretzels, as well as obwarzanki krakowskie and bagels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Obwarzanki_salesman_in_Krakow.jpg/120px-Obwarzanki_salesman_in_Krakow.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Obwarzanki_salesman_in_Krakow.jpg/250px-Obwarzanki_salesman_in_Krakow.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="3538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A street vendor in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland, selling pretzels, as well as <i><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Obwarzanek_krakowski" title="Obwarzanek krakowski">obwarzanki krakowskie</a></i></span></i> and <a href="/wiki/Bagels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagels">bagels</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Absolute_bretzel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretzels in Strasbourg"><img alt="Pretzels in Strasbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Absolute_bretzel_01.jpg/154px-Absolute_bretzel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Absolute_bretzel_01.jpg/231px-Absolute_bretzel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Absolute_bretzel_01.jpg/308px-Absolute_bretzel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pretzels in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Covrigi-brasonveni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brașov pretzels with poppy seeds and salt"><img alt="Brașov pretzels with poppy seeds and salt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Covrigi-brasonveni.jpg/250px-Covrigi-brasonveni.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Covrigi-brasonveni.jpg/330px-Covrigi-brasonveni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> pretzels with poppy seeds and salt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_%22kringlor%22_(pretzels).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swedish home-baked sweet pretzels known as kringlor, some with chocolate"><img alt="Swedish home-baked sweet pretzels known as kringlor, some with chocolate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_%22kringlor%22_%28pretzels%29.jpg/250px-Swedish_%22kringlor%22_%28pretzels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_%22kringlor%22_%28pretzels%29.jpg/330px-Swedish_%22kringlor%22_%28pretzels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> home-baked sweet pretzels known as <i>kringlor</i>, some with chocolate </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salzburg_pretzel_dec2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretzels served with Camembert-beer cheese and fresh red onion in Salzburg, Austria tavern"><img alt="Pretzels served with Camembert-beer cheese and fresh red onion in Salzburg, Austria tavern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Salzburg_pretzel_dec2024.jpg/250px-Salzburg_pretzel_dec2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Salzburg_pretzel_dec2024.jpg/330px-Salzburg_pretzel_dec2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pretzels served with <a href="/wiki/Camembert" title="Camembert">Camembert</a>-<a href="/wiki/Weisslacker" title="Weisslacker">beer cheese</a> and fresh <a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">red onion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The pretzel has become an element in popular culture, both as a food staple, and its unique knotted twist shape which has inspired <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (cognitive)">perspectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">memes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a>. Although historically, the pretzel has influenced culture, it has recently been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> memorialized the strong identity that the city of Philadelphia had with pretzel cuisine of local bakers and popularity in Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Recreation Department renamed in 2004 a facility formerly identified as Manayunk Park, located on the 4300 block of Silverwood Street as "Pretzel Park".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-designed park includes pretzel-like looped pathways and a <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a> statue in the shape of a pretzel sculpted by Warren C. Holzman.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">municipal government</a> of the City of <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois">Freeport, Illinois</a>, also known as "Pretzel City USA", have also adopted a pretzel logo as their trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pretzel dance move was part of <a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">swing dancing</a> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "pretzel" bikini bathing suit design, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Sling_swimsuit" title="Sling swimsuit">sling swimsuit</a>, emerged in the early 1990s, produced by <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a>. It is a haltered maillot that crisscrosses the front and fastens to the waistline. Made from <a href="/wiki/Lycra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycra">Lycra</a>, these bikinis became most popular on the beaches of Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Saint-Tropez" title="Saint-Tropez">Saint-Tropez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marbella" title="Marbella">Marbella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A circulating internet video shows a press conference of US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> from January 2002, in which he recalls choking on a pretzel: "When you're eating pretzels, chew before you swallow. Listen to your mother."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses,_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clara Peeters, Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels, 1685"><img alt="Clara Peeters, Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels, 1685" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg/250px-Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg/330px-Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg/500px-Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Peeters" title="Clara Peeters">Clara Peeters</a>, <i>Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels</i>, 1685</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakker_Arent_Oostwaard_en_zijn_vrouw_Catharina_Keizerswaard_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-390.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Steen's Baker Arent Oostwaard and His Wife Catherina Keizerswaar (1658) features pretzels, Rijksmuseum."><img alt="Jan Steen's Baker Arent Oostwaard and His Wife Catherina Keizerswaar (1658) features pretzels, Rijksmuseum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bakker_Arent_Oostwaard_en_zijn_vrouw_Catharina_Keizerswaard_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-390.jpeg/167px-Bakker_Arent_Oostwaard_en_zijn_vrouw_Catharina_Keizerswaard_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-390.jpeg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bakker_Arent_Oostwaard_en_zijn_vrouw_Catharina_Keizerswaard_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-390.jpeg/250px-Bakker_Arent_Oostwaard_en_zijn_vrouw_Catharina_Keizerswaard_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-390.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bakker_Arent_Oostwaard_en_zijn_vrouw_Catharina_Keizerswaard_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-390.jpeg/334px-Bakker_Arent_Oostwaard_en_zijn_vrouw_Catharina_Keizerswaard_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-390.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a>'s <i>Baker Arent Oostwaard and His Wife Catherina Keizerswaar</i> (1658) features pretzels, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/120px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allerheiligenstriezel" title="Allerheiligenstriezel">Allerheiligenstriezel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">Bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bublik" title="Bublik">Bublik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covrigi" title="Covrigi">Covrigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalach_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalach (food)">Kalach (food)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pretzel_companies" title="List of pretzel companies">List of pretzel companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocky" title="Pocky">Pocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simit" title="Simit">Simit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taralli" title="Taralli">Taralli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_bread" title="Twist bread">Twist bread</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Jeffrey (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-pretzel-went-from-soft-to-hard-and-other-little-known-facts-about-one-of-the-worlds-favorite-snacks-95409">"How the pretzel went from soft to hard – and other little-known facts about one of the world's favorite snacks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+the+pretzel+went+from+soft+to+hard+%E2%80%93+and+other+little-known+facts+about+one+of+the+world%27s+favorite+snacks&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-the-pretzel-went-from-soft-to-hard-and-other-little-known-facts-about-one-of-the-worlds-favorite-snacks-95409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silverman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silverman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2001" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, Sharon Hernes (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0KyXgBhuZMC&pg=PA30"><i>Pennsylvania Snacks</i></a>. Stackpole Books. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811728744" title="Special:BookSources/9780811728744"><bdi>9780811728744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+Snacks&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780811728744&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Hernes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0KyXgBhuZMC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-did-the-pretzel-get-its-shape/">"How did the pretzel get its shape?"</a>. <i>Wonderopolis.org</i>. 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wonderopolis.org&rft.atitle=How+did+the+pretzel+get+its+shape%3F&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwonderopolis.org%2Fwonder%2Fhow-did-the-pretzel-get-its-shape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020092343/http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/Pretzel.htm">"History/Pretzel"</a>. <i>Kitchenproject.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/Pretzel.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kitchenproject.com&rft.atitle=History%2FPretzel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitchenproject.com%2Fhistory%2FPretzel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/tour/pretzel-museum.htm">"pretzel-museum"</a>. <i>Ushistory.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ushistory.org&rft.atitle=pretzel-museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Ftour%2Fpretzel-museum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/hungry-history/the-pretzel-a-twisted-history">"hungry-history, twisted history"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=hungry-history%2C+twisted+history&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fhungry-history%2Fthe-pretzel-a-twisted-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omgpretzels.com/ways-to-pretzel/history-and-fun-facts/#:~:text=While%20no%20one%20knows%20for,prayer%2C%20and%20then%20baked%20them">"History of Pretzels"</a>. 17 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Pretzels&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomgpretzels.com%2Fways-to-pretzel%2Fhistory-and-fun-facts%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWhile%2520no%2520one%2520knows%2520for%2Cprayer%252C%2520and%2520then%2520baked%2520them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What is the story behind the pretzel's special shape? The pretzel represents folded arms across the chest. In that way, it was common to pray during the Middle Ages. According to a scholars, the most popular story is that it was an Italian monk who produced the special pastry in the 7th century. The monk wanted to reward his students with small pieces of bread shaped in the same way as the children's arms when they crossed them during prayer. The pastries were named "pretiolas" - "little rewards". (Translated from Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://varldenshistoria.se/kultur/gastronomi/varifran-har-kringlan-fatt-sin-form">https://varldenshistoria.se/kultur/gastronomi/varifran-har-kringlan-fatt-sin-form</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hartel-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hartel_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartel2008" class="citation book cs1">Hartel, AnnaKate (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMOrW3zkirwC&q=history+of+pretzels&pg=PA111"><i>Food Bites</i></a>. Springer. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-75844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-75844-2"><bdi>978-0-387-75844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Bites&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-387-75844-2&rft.aulast=Hartel&rft.aufirst=AnnaKate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMOrW3zkirwC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bpretzels%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grunes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grunes_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrunes2007" class="citation book cs1">Grunes, Barbara (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestbakesaleever0000grun"><i>The Best Bake Sale Ever Cookbook</i></a></span>. Chronicle Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestbakesaleever0000grun/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5075-9"><bdi>978-0-8118-5075-9</bdi></a>. <q>history of pretzels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Bake+Sale+Ever+Cookbook&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-5075-9&rft.aulast=Grunes&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestbakesaleever0000grun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brezelbaecker-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brezelbaecker_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brezelbaecker_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brezelbaecker_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Gruenert2009" class="citation web cs1">Michael Gruenert (23 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228212249/http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel1">"Brezelgeschichte, Brezelhistorie, Brezel, Geschichte, Historie"</a>. <i>Brezel-baecker.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel1">the original</a> on 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brezel-baecker.de&rft.atitle=Brezelgeschichte%2C+Brezelhistorie%2C+Brezel%2C+Geschichte%2C+Historie&rft.date=2009-08-23&rft.au=Michael+Gruenert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brezel-baecker.de%2Fbrezelgeschichte%23kapitel1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a></i> s.v.: "[G. <i>pretzel</i>, <i>bretzel</i>, in OHG. <i>brizzila</i> = It. <i>bracciello</i> Florio) a cracknel; usually taken as ad. med. L. <i>bracellus</i> a bracelet; also a kind of cake or biscuit (Du Cange)]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSAUNDERS" class="citation web cs1">SAUNDERS, Fr. William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304043337/https://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0535.html">"Lenten Pretzels"</a>. CERC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0535.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenten+Pretzels&rft.pub=CERC&rft.aulast=SAUNDERS&rft.aufirst=Fr.+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Freligion%2Fre0535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095810/http://www.catholicculture.org/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=543">"Catholic Culture : Liturgical Year : Pretzels for God: Lent and the Pretzel (Activity)"</a>. 29 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=543">the original</a> on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Culture+%3A+Liturgical+Year+%3A+Pretzels+for+God%3A+Lent+and+the+Pretzel+%28Activity%29&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fliturgicalyear%2Factivities%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worcesterart.org/collection/European/1975.105.html">"The Baker | Worcester Art Museum : Job Berckheyde, (1630-93), <i>The Baker</i>, c. 1681 (oil on canvas)"</a>. <i>Worcesterart.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worcesterart.org&rft.atitle=The+Baker+%26%23124%3B+Worcester+Art+Museum+%3A+Job+Berckheyde%2C+%281630-93%29%2C+The+Baker%2C+c.+1681+%28oil+on+canvas%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worcesterart.org%2Fcollection%2FEuropean%2F1975.105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ausbund-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ausbund_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ausbund_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">German: Ausbund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brezel-baecker.de-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brezel-baecker.de_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brezel-baecker.de_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Gruenert2009" class="citation web cs1">Michael Gruenert (23 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228212249/http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel16">"Brezelgeschichte, Brezelhistorie, Brezel, Geschichte, Historie"</a>. <i>Brezel-baecker.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel16">the original</a> on 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brezel-baecker.de&rft.atitle=Brezelgeschichte%2C+Brezelhistorie%2C+Brezel%2C+Geschichte%2C+Historie&rft.date=2009-08-23&rft.au=Michael+Gruenert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brezel-baecker.de%2Fbrezelgeschichte%23kapitel16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meistermarken-ulmerspatz.de/downloads/bbz/Herstellung_Laugengebaeck.pdf">"230835/Herst.Laugengeb_Inhalt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Meistermarken-ulmerspatz.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meistermarken-ulmerspatz.de&rft.atitle=230835%2FHerst.Laugengeb_Inhalt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meistermarken-ulmerspatz.de%2Fdownloads%2Fbbz%2FHerstellung_Laugengebaeck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114234222/http://www.brezel-weber.de/html/palmbrezel.html">"Palmbrezel"</a>. <i>Brezel-weber.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brezel-weber.de/html/palmbrezel.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pretzel+Statue&rft.pub=Philly+Public+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philart.net%2Fart.php%3Fid%3D539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manayunkcouncil.org/Pretzel/">"Manayunk Council Local Park History"</a>. <i>Manayunkcouncil.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manayunkcouncil.org&rft.atitle=Manayunk+Council+Local+Park+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manayunkcouncil.org%2FPretzel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304172648/http://www.ci.freeport.il.us/visitors/">"City of Freeport, Illinois, Visiting Freeport"</a>. Ci.freeport.il.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.freeport.il.us/visitors/">the original</a> on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Freeport%2C+Illinois%2C+Visiting+Freeport&rft.pub=Ci.freeport.il.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.freeport.il.us%2Fvisitors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506173520/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdyAKw1tDUY&gl=US&hl=en">"Basic Swing: Pretzel Dance Move Tutorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdyAKw1tDUY">the original</a> on 6 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Swing%3A+Pretzel+Dance+Move+Tutorial&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZdyAKw1tDUY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816162747/http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/maillot_SS/pretzel_S/pretzel.html">"Images of spandex pretzel design Bikini"</a>. <i>Bikiniscience.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/maillot_SS/pretzel_S/pretzel.html">the original</a> on 16 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bikiniscience.com&rft.atitle=Images+of+spandex+pretzel+design+Bikini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bikiniscience.com%2Fcostumes%2Fmaillot_SS%2Fpretzel_S%2Fpretzel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXCr9OCNHgk">"Bush press conference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 13 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/oXCr9OCNHgk">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+press+conference&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoXCr9OCNHgk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoskin2010" class="citation news cs1">Moskin, Julia (25 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/26/dining/26pretzel.html">"Making Soft Pretzels the Old-Fashioned Way"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Making+Soft+Pretzels+the+Old-Fashioned+Way&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.aulast=Moskin&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F26%2Fdining%2F26pretzel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretzel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+August+1949&pg=RA1-PA138">"Machine Speeds Pretzel Bending"</a>, August 1949, <i>Popular Science</i> photo article on automation of making pretzels</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Croissant" title="Croissant">Croissant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_wafer" title="Christmas wafer">Opłatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paska_(bread)" title="Paska (bread)">Paska (bread)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_cross_bun" title="Hot cross bun">Hot cross bun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ring_and_knot-shaped_breads49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Street_food" title="Template:Street food"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Street_food" title="Template talk:Street food"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Street_food" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Street food"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Street_food325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaraj%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Acarajé">Acarajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloo_chaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloo chaat">Aloo chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloo_tikki" title="Aloo tikki">Aloo tikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticucho" title="Anticucho">Anticucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apam_balik" title="Apam balik">Apam balik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arancini" title="Arancini">Arancini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">Arepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asinan" title="Asinan">Asinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">Bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakpau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakpau">Bakpau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakso" title="Bakso">Bakso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1k_ekmek" title="Balık ekmek">Balık ekmek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_cue" title="Banana cue">Banana cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_h%E1%BB%8Fi" title="Bánh hỏi">Bánh hỏi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_m%C3%AC" title="Bánh mì">Bánh mì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o" title="Bánh xèo">Bánh xèo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batagor" title="Batagor">Batagor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pares_(food)" title="Pares (food)">Beef Pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beguni" title="Beguni">Beguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_waffle" title="Belgian waffle">Belgian waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beondegi" title="Beondegi">Beondegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhel_puri" title="Bhel puri">Bhel puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaki" title="Binaki">Binaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binatog" title="Binatog">Binatog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek#Greek_bouréki,_bourekáki,_bougatsa,_and_pita" title="Börek">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">Bratwurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brochette" class="mw-redirect" title="Brochette">Brochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bublik" title="Bublik">Bublik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubur_ayam" title="Bubur ayam">Bubur ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun_cha" title="Bun cha">Bun cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungeo-ppang" title="Bungeo-ppang">Bungeo-ppang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_chow" title="Bunny chow">Bunny chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrito" title="Burrito">Burrito</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast_burrito" title="Breakfast burrito">Breakfast burrito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calzone" title="Calzone">Calzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food#Philippines" title="Squid as food">Calamares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camote_cue" title="Camote cue">Camote cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart_noodle" title="Cart noodle">Cart noodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat" title="Chaat">Chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebureki" title="Chebureki">Chebureki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiko_Roll" title="Chiko Roll">Chiko Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimichanga" title="Chimichanga">Chimichanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bhel" title="Chinese bhel">Chinese bhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockle (bivalve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%8Dng_y%C3%B3u_b%C7%90ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Cōng yóu bǐng">Cōng yóu bǐng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covrigi" title="Covrigi">Covrigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxinha" title="Coxinha">Coxinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescia" title="Crescia">Crescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currywurst" title="Currywurst">Currywurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_puri" title="Dahi puri">Dahi puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dak-kkochi" title="Dak-kkochi">Dak-kkochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_burger" title="Donkey burger">Donkey burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">Dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubles_(food)" title="Doubles (food)">Doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douhua" title="Douhua">Douhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">Empanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchilada" title="Enchilada">Enchilada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquites" title="Esquites">Esquites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">Falafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">Farinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ball" title="Fish ball">Fish ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focaccia" title="Focaccia">Focaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_tacos" title="French tacos">French tacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">Fried chicken</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_fried_chicken" title="Korean fried chicken">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_fried_chicken" title="Taiwanese fried chicken">Taiwanese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">Navajo frybread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galette-saucisse" title="Galette-saucisse">Galette-saucisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginanggang" title="Ginanggang">Ginanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorengan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorengan">Gorengan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghugni" title="Ghugni">Ghugni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukhwappang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gukhwappang">Gukhwappang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeranppang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeranppang">Gyeranppang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyro_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyro (food)">Gyro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleem" title="Haleem">Haleem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inihaw" title="Inihaw">Inihaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaw" title="Isaw">Isaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">Idli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambon" title="Jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhalmuri" title="Jhalmuri">Jhalmuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi" title="Jiaozi">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaassouffl%C3%A9" title="Kaassoufflé">Kaassoufflé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachori" title="Kachori">Kachori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsalon" title="Kapsalon">Kapsalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kati_roll" title="Kati roll">Kati roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karantika" title="Karantika">Karantika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapli_kebab" title="Chapli kebab">Chapli kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Doner kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyinkyinga" title="Kyinkyinga">Kyinkyinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shami_kebab" title="Shami kebab">Shami kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kebabs" title="List of kebabs">List of kebabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerak_telor" title="Kerak telor">Kerak telor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprak_(dish)" title="Ketoprak (dish)">Ketoprak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachapuri" title="Khachapuri">Khachapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_Tokyo" title="Khanom Tokyo">Khanom Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_hiang" title="Ngo hiang">Kikiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knish" title="Knish">Knish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokneneng" title="Tokneneng">Kwek Kwek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">Laksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1ngos" title="Lángos">Lángos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchi" title="Luchi">Luchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatang" title="Malatang">Malatang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_soup" title="Mami soup">Mami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruya_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruya (food)">Maruya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_puri" title="Masala puri">Masala puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mie_ayam" title="Mie ayam">Mie ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtabak" title="Murtabak">Murtabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Naan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nem_chua_r%C3%A1n" title="Nem chua rán">Nem chua rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwarzanek_krakowski" title="Obwarzanek krakowski">Obwarzanek krakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">Pad thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajeon" title="Pajeon">Pajeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakora" title="Pakora">Pakora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneer_tikka" title="Paneer tikka">Paneer tikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pani_c%C3%A2_meusa" title="Pani câ meusa">Pani câ meusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panini_(sandwich)" title="Panini (sandwich)">Panini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">Panipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerotti" title="Panzerotti">Panzerotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papri_chaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Papri chaat">Papri chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratha" title="Paratha">Paratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">Pasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pav_bhaji" title="Pav bhaji">Pav bhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pempek" title="Pempek">Pempek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepito_(sandwich)" title="Pepito (sandwich)">Pepito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremech" title="Peremech">Peremech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho" title="Pho">Pho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piadina" class="mw-redirect" title="Piadina">Piadina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picarones" title="Picarones">Picarones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinasugbo" title="Pinasugbo">Pinasugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirozhki" title="Pirozhki">Pirozhki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_al_taglio" title="Pizza al taglio">Pizza al taglio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pizza_by_the_slice" title="Pizza by the slice">Pizza by the slice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzetta" title="Pizzetta">Pizzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C4%83cint%C4%83" title="Plăcintă">Plăcintă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pljeskavica" title="Pljeskavica">Pljeskavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattened_rice" title="Flattened rice">Poha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">Poutine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punugulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Punugulu">Punugulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_(food)" title="Puri (food)">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_eggs" title="Quail eggs">Quail eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quesadilla" title="Quesadilla">Quesadilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat-on-a-stick" title="Rat-on-a-stick">Rat-on-a-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%BEnji%C4%87i" title="Ražnjići">Ražnjići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">Rogan josh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojak" title="Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">Roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_bakar" title="Roti bakar">Roti bakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_john" title="Roti john">Roti john</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roujiamo" title="Roujiamo">Roujiamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumali_roti" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumali roti">Rumali roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustico_(pastry)" title="Rustico (pastry)">Rustico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabich" title="Sabich">Sabich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardenara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardenara">Sardenara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">Satay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage_roll" title="Sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaccia" title="Scaccia">Scaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seblak" title="Seblak">Seblak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevpuri">Sevpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Kao" class="mw-redirect" title="Shao Kao">Shao Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashlik" title="Shashlik">Shashlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">Shawarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_pizza" title="Sicilian pizza">Sicilian pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siomay" title="Siomay">Siomay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soto_(food)" title="Soto (food)">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigghiola" title="Stigghiola">Stigghiola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli_(food)" title="Stromboli (food)">Stromboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">Taco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_taco" title="Korean taco">Korean taco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahri_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahri (dish)">Tahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahu_gejrot" title="Tahu gejrot">Tahu gejrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahu_sumedang" title="Tahu sumedang">Tahu sumedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">Takoyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">Tandoori chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangbao" title="Tangbao">Tangbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taquito" title="Taquito">Taquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauge_goreng" title="Tauge goreng">Tauge goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_potato" title="Tornado potato">Tornado potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turon_(food)" title="Turon (food)">Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%27_pastizz_%27rtunnar" title="U' pastizz 'rtunnar">U' pastizz 'rtunnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vada_(food)" title="Vada (food)">Vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vada_pav" title="Vada pav">Vada pav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastedda" title="Vastedda">Vastedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_noodles" title="Vietnamese noodles">Vietnamese noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%B4i" title="Xôi">Xôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakitori" title="Yakitori">Yakitori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapiekanka" title="Zapiekanka">Zapiekanka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Ranchera_Serving_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A food truck"><img alt="A food truck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/La_Ranchera_Serving_Side.jpg/120px-La_Ranchera_Serving_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/La_Ranchera_Serving_Side.jpg/250px-La_Ranchera_Serving_Side.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_street_food" title="Regional street food">By location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_street_food" title="Hong Kong street food">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Chennai" title="Street food of Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Mumbai" title="Street food of Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Indonesia" title="Street food of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_street_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican street food">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine#Street_food_and_other_snacks" title="Filipino cuisine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_in_South_Korea" title="Street food in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine#Night_market_dishes" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Thailand" title="Street food of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_catering" title="Mobile catering">Mobile catering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_kitchen" title="Field kitchen">Field kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_booth" title="Food booth">Food booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_cart" title="Food cart">Food cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck_rally" title="Food truck rally">Food truck rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_cart" title="Hot dog cart">Hot dog cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_stand" title="Hot dog stand">Hot dog stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B8lsevogn" title="Pølsevogn">Sausage wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taco_stand" title="Taco stand">Taco stand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yatai_(retail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yatai (retail)">Yatai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pojangmacha" title="Pojangmacha">Pojangmacha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrstelstand" title="Würstelstand">Würstelstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_foods" title="List of street foods">List of street foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_trucks" title="List of food trucks">List of food trucks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/120px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Street_food" title="Category:Street food">Category: Street food</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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