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id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wooden_architecture:_Early_Archaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_architecture:_Early_Archaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wooden architecture: Early Archaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_architecture:_Early_Archaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_stone_architecture:_Archaic_and_Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_stone_architecture:_Archaic_and_Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Introduction of stone architecture: Archaic and Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_stone_architecture:_Archaic_and_Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Greek_temple_building:_Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Greek_temple_building:_Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline of Greek temple building: Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Greek_temple_building:_Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Greek_temple_construction:_Roman_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Greek_temple_construction:_Roman_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>End of Greek temple construction: Roman Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Greek_temple_construction:_Roman_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandonment_and_conversion_of_temples:_Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandonment_and_conversion_of_temples:_Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Abandonment and conversion of temples: Late Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment_and_conversion_of_temples:_Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floor_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Floor plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><span><i>Naos</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronaos_and_opisthodomos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronaos_and_opisthodomos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span><span><i>Pronaos</i></span> and <span><i>opisthodomos</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronaos_and_opisthodomos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peristasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><span><i>Peristasis</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peristasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Plan types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Column_number_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Column_number_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Column number terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Column_number_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundations_and_crepidoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundations_and_crepidoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Foundations and <span><i>crepidoma</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundations_and_crepidoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entablature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entablature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Entablature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entablature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cornice_and_geison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornice_and_geison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Cornice and <span><i>geison</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornice_and_geison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design and measurements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_measurements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and measurements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proportions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proportions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naos-peristasis_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naos-peristasis_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><span><i>Naos-peristasis</i></span> relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naos-peristasis_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Column_number_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Column_number_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Column number formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Column_number_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Column_spacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Column_spacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Column spacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Column_spacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_refinements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_refinements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Optical refinements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_refinements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colouring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colouring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Colouring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colouring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Architectural sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Metopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friezes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friezes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Friezes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friezes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pediments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pediments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Pediments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pediments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roofs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roofs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Roofs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roofs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Function and design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function_and_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function and design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cult_statue_and_naos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_statue_and_naos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cult statue and <span><i>naos</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_statue_and_naos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refinements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refinements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Refinements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refinements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opisthodomos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opisthodomos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><span><i>Opisthodomos</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opisthodomos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peristasis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristasis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><span><i>Peristasis</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peristasis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsors,_construction_and_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsors,_construction_and_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sponsors, construction and costs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sponsors,_construction_and_costs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sponsors, construction and costs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sponsors,_construction_and_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_and_private_sponsors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_private_sponsors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Public and private sponsors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_private_sponsors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples_of_the_different_architectural_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples_of_the_different_architectural_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Temples of the different architectural orders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temples_of_the_different_architectural_orders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Temples of the different architectural orders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temples_of_the_different_architectural_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doric_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doric_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Doric temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doric_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_monumental_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_monumental_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>First monumental temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_monumental_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone-built_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone-built_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Stone-built temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone-built_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Heraion_at_Olympia_(c._600_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Heraion_at_Olympia_(c._600_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3.1</span> <span>The Heraion at Olympia (c. 600 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Heraion_at_Olympia_(c._600_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Artemis,_Kerkyra_(early_6th_century_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Artemis,_Kerkyra_(early_6th_century_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3.2</span> <span>Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra (early 6th century BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Artemis,_Kerkyra_(early_6th_century_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_Olympieion,_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_Olympieion,_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3.3</span> <span>Archaic Olympieion, Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_Olympieion,_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period:_canonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period:_canonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Classical period: canonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period:_canonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia_(460)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia_(460)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4.1</span> <span>Temple of Zeus, Olympia (460)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia_(460)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_canonical_Classical_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_canonical_Classical_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4.2</span> <span>Other canonical Classical temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_canonical_Classical_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Parthenon_(450)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Parthenon_(450)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4.3</span> <span>The Parthenon (450)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Parthenon_(450)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Classical_and_Hellenistic:_changing_proportions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Classical_and_Hellenistic:_changing_proportions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.5</span> <span>Late Classical and Hellenistic: changing proportions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Classical_and_Hellenistic:_changing_proportions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doric_temples_in_Magna_Graecia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doric_temples_in_Magna_Graecia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.6</span> <span>Doric temples in Magna Graecia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doric_temples_in_Magna_Graecia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionic_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionic_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ionic temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionic_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monumental_Ionic_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monumental_Ionic_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Monumental Ionic temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monumental_Ionic_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Heraion_of_Samos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Heraion_of_Samos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.1</span> <span>The Heraion of Samos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Heraion_of_Samos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycladic_Ionic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycladic_Ionic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.2</span> <span>Cycladic Ionic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycladic_Ionic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Artemision_of_Ephesos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Artemision_of_Ephesos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.3</span> <span>The Artemision of Ephesos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Artemision_of_Ephesos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Apollo_at_Didyma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Apollo_at_Didyma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.4</span> <span>Temple of Apollo at Didyma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Apollo_at_Didyma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Athena_Polias,_Priene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Athena_Polias,_Priene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.5</span> <span>Temple of Athena Polias, Priene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Athena_Polias,_Priene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Artemision_of_Magnesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Artemision_of_Magnesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.6</span> <span>The Artemision of Magnesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Artemision_of_Magnesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attic_Ionic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attic_Ionic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.7</span> <span>Attic Ionic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attic_Ionic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidauros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidauros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.8</span> <span>Epidauros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidauros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magna_Graecia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magna_Graecia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.9</span> <span>Magna Graecia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magna_Graecia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.10</span> <span>Hellenistic India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corinthian_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corinthian_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Corinthian temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corinthian_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2.1</span> <span>Hellenistic Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2.2</span> <span>Olba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Hekate_at_Lagina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Hekate_at_Lagina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2.3</span> <span>Temple of Hekate at Lagina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Hekate_at_Lagina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctive_uses_of_Corinthian_temples,_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctive_uses_of_Corinthian_temples,_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Distinctive uses of Corinthian temples, influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctive_uses_of_Corinthian_temples,_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Surviving remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Greek temple</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المعابد اليونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المعابد اليونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_yunan_m%C9%99b%C9%99di" title="Qədim yunan məbədi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim yunan məbədi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Древногръцки храм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древногръцки храм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_grec" title="Temple grec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temple grec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antick%C3%BD_chr%C3%A1m" title="Antický chrám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antický chrám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechischer_Tempel" title="Griechischer Tempel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechischer Tempel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αρχαίος ελληνικός ναός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαίος ελληνικός ναός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_griego" title="Templo griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_templo" title="Greka templo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greka templo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziar_tenplu" title="Greziar tenplu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziar tenplu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معابد باستانی یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معابد باستانی یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_grec" title="Temple grec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple grec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_grego" title="Templo grego – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Templo grego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%84" title="그리스 신전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 신전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_hram" title="Grčki hram – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčki hram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Yunani" title="Kuil Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuil Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_greco" title="Tempio greco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio greco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מקדש יווני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדש יווני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბერძნული ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერძნული ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Старогрчки храм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старогрчки храм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_yunon_ibodatxonalari" title="Qadimgi yunon ibodatxonalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi yunon ibodatxonalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_grecka" title="Świątynia grecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świątynia grecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_grego" title="Templo grego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Templo grego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templu_grec_antic" title="Templu grec antic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Templu grec antic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%A1ki_tempelj" title="Grški tempelj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grški tempelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Грчки храм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчки храм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_hram" title="Grčki hram – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčki hram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikkalainen_temppeli" title="Kreikkalainen temppeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikkalainen temppeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_tap%C4%B1na%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yunan tapınağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunan tapınağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Давньогрецький храм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецький храм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="古希臘神廟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古希臘神廟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buildings housing cult statues in Greek sanctuaries</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg/350px-Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg/525px-Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg/700px-Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3125" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athen_BW_2017-10-09_14-37-37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Athen_BW_2017-10-09_14-37-37.jpg/220px-Athen_BW_2017-10-09_14-37-37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Athen_BW_2017-10-09_14-37-37.jpg/330px-Athen_BW_2017-10-09_14-37-37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Athen_BW_2017-10-09_14-37-37.jpg/440px-Athen_BW_2017-10-09_14-37-37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a> porch of the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Greek temples</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ναός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nāós</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'dwelling', semantically distinct from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">templum</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a>") were structures built to house deity statues within Greek sanctuaries in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>. The temple interiors did not serve as meeting places, since the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion#Sacrifice" title="Ancient Greek religion">sacrifices</a> and rituals dedicated to the deity took place outside them, within the wider precinct of the sanctuary, which might be large. Temples were frequently used to store <a href="/wiki/Votive" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive">votive</a> offerings. They are the most important and most widespread surviving building type in <a href="/wiki/Greek_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek architecture">Greek architecture</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> and of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, buildings erected to fulfill the functions of a temple often continued to follow the local traditions. Even where a Greek influence is visible, such structures are not normally considered as Greek temples. This applies, for example, to the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Graeco-Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> temples, or to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic</a> examples, which follow <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian tradition</a>. Most Greek temples were oriented astronomically.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_temple_of_Aphaia_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Model_temple_of_Aphaia_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/220px-Model_temple_of_Aphaia_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Model_temple_of_Aphaia_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/330px-Model_temple_of_Aphaia_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Model_temple_of_Aphaia_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/440px-Model_temple_of_Aphaia_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>Model of a typical <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> temple, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaia" title="Temple of Aphaia">Temple of Aphaia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metopa_Paestum_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Metopa_Paestum_03.JPG/220px-Metopa_Paestum_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Metopa_Paestum_03.JPG/330px-Metopa_Paestum_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Metopa_Paestum_03.JPG/440px-Metopa_Paestum_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5068" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">metope</a> fill lichude, museum at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, depicting Heracles killing a giant</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the 9th century BC and the 6th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> temples developed from the small <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mud brick</a> structures into double-<a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porched</a> monumental "peripteral" buildings with <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a> on all sides, often reaching more than 20 metres in height (not including the roof). Stylistically, they were governed by the regionally specific <a href="/wiki/Classical_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical orders">architectural orders</a>. Whereas the distinction was originally between the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> orders, a third alternative arose in late 3rd century with the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a>. A multitude of different ground plans were developed, each of which could be combined with the superstructure in the different orders. Temples would be destroyed due to warfare in the Greek World or from lack of repairs. Some of these temples such as the temple of Poseidon Soter (The Savior) would be rebuilt outside of Athens after the defeat of the Persian Empire in 449.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 3rd century onward, the construction of large temples became less common; after a short 2nd century BC flourish, it ceased nearly entirely in the 1st century BC. Thereafter, only smaller structures were started, while older temples continued to be renovated or brought to completion if in an unfinished state. </p><p>Greek temples were designed and constructed according to set proportions, mostly determined by the lower diameter of the <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> or by the dimensions of the foundation levels. The nearly mathematical strictness of the basic designs thus reached was lightened by optical refinements. In spite of the still widespread idealised image, Greek temples were painted, so that bright reds and blues contrasted with the white of the building stones or of <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>. The more elaborate temples were equipped with very rich figural decoration in the form of <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> and sculptures on the <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a>. The construction of temples was usually organised and financed by <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">cities</a> or by the administrations of sanctuaries. Private individuals, especially Hellenistic rulers, could also sponsor such buildings. In the late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, their decreasing financial wealth, along with the progressive <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">incorporation of the Greek world within the Roman state</a>, whose officials and rulers took over as sponsors, led to the end of Greek temple construction. New temples now belonged to the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a>, which, in spite of the very strong Greek influence on it, aimed for different goals and followed different aesthetic principles (for a comparison, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple#Architecture" title="Roman temple">the other article</a>). </p><p>The main temple building sat within a larger precinct or <i><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a></i>, usually surrounded by a <i><a href="/wiki/Peribolos" title="Peribolos">peribolos</a></i> fence or wall; the whole is usually called a "sanctuary". The <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a> is the most famous example, though this was apparently walled as a citadel before a temple was ever built there. This might include many subsidiary buildings, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">sacred groves</a> or springs, animals dedicated to the deity, and sometimes people who had taken sanctuary from the law, which some temples offered, for example to runaway slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaic_Temple_at_Isthmia,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Archaic_Temple_at_Isthmia%2C_Greece.jpg/220px-Archaic_Temple_at_Isthmia%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Archaic_Temple_at_Isthmia%2C_Greece.jpg/330px-Archaic_Temple_at_Isthmia%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Archaic_Temple_at_Isthmia%2C_Greece.jpg/440px-Archaic_Temple_at_Isthmia%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Constructed between 690 and 650 BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest Greek Sanctuaries probably did not contain temple buildings, though our knowledge of these is limited since many of these were destroyed, and the subject is controversial. A typical early sanctuary seems to have consisted of a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">temenos</i></span>, often around a sacred grove, cave or spring, and perhaps defined only by marker stones at intervals, with an altar for offerings. Many rural sanctuaries probably stayed in this style, but the more popular were gradually able to afford a building to house a cult image, especially in cities. This process was certainly under way by the 9th century BC, and probably started earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron</a></i> (15th to the 13th century BC) was the precursor for later <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and Classical Greek temples, but during the Greek Dark Age the buildings became smaller and less monumental.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the 10th century BC and the 7th century BC. In its simplest form as a <i><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">naos</a></i>, the temple was a simple rectangular shrine with protruding side walls (<a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)"><i>antae</i></a>), forming a small porch. Until the 8th century BC, there were also <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apsidal</a> structures with more or less semi-circular back walls, but the rectangular type prevailed. By adding columns to this small basic structure, the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a>, built in 690–650 BC was perhaps the first true <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> temple. Its size, <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a>, and roof made it different from then-contemporary buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wooden_architecture:_Early_Archaic">Wooden architecture: Early Archaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wooden architecture: Early Archaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first temples were mostly <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> structures on stone foundations. The columns and superstructure (<a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a>) were wooden, door openings and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antae</i></span> were protected with wooden planks. The mud brick walls were often reinforced by wooden posts, in a type of <a href="/wiki/Half-timbered" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-timbered">half-timbered</a> technique. The elements of this simple and clearly structured wooden architecture produced all the important design principles that were to determine the development of Greek temples for centuries. </p><p>Near the end of the 7th century, the dimensions of these simple structures were increased considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple C at <a href="/wiki/Thermos_(Aetolia)" title="Thermos (Aetolia)">Thermos</a> is the first of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hekatompedoi</i></span>, temples with a length of 100 feet (30 m). Since it was not technically possible to roof broad spaces at that time, these temples remained very narrow, at 6 to 10 metres in width. </p><p>To stress the importance of the cult statue and the building holding it, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> was equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (building)">canopy</a>, supported by columns. The resulting set of colonnade surrounding the temple on all sides (the <a href="/wiki/Peristasis_(architecture)" title="Peristasis (architecture)"><i>peristasis</i></a>) was exclusively used for temples in Greek architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of the temple with colonnades (<i><a href="/wiki/Pteron" title="Pteron">ptera</a></i>) on all sides posed a new aesthetic challenge for the architects and patrons: the structures had to be built to be viewed from all directions. This led to the development of the <i><a href="/wiki/Peripteros" title="Peripteros">peripteros</a></i>, with a frontal <i><a href="/wiki/Pronaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronaos">pronaos</a></i> (porch), mirrored by a similar arrangement at the back of the building, the <i><a href="/wiki/Opisthodomos" title="Opisthodomos">opisthodomos</a></i>, which became necessary for entirely aesthetic reasons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korinth_BW_2017-10-10_10-55-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Korinth_BW_2017-10-10_10-55-28.jpg/220px-Korinth_BW_2017-10-10_10-55-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Korinth_BW_2017-10-10_10-55-28.jpg/330px-Korinth_BW_2017-10-10_10-55-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Korinth_BW_2017-10-10_10-55-28.jpg/440px-Korinth_BW_2017-10-10_10-55-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8179" data-file-height="6032" /></a><figcaption>The Temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, one of the earliest stone-built Doric temples. Note the <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_column" title="Monolithic column">monolithic columns</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_stone_architecture:_Archaic_and_Classical">Introduction of stone architecture: Archaic and Classical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Introduction of stone architecture: Archaic and Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the reintroduction of stone architecture, the essential elements and forms of each temple, such as the number of columns and of column rows, underwent constant change throughout <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek antiquity</a>. </p><p>In the 6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> developed the double-colonnaded <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_glossary#Dipteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural glossary">dipteros</a></i> as an alternative to the single <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span>. This idea was later copied in <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. Between the 6th and the late 4th century, innumerable temples were built; nearly every <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>, every <a href="/wiki/Greek_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colony">Greek colony</a> contained one or several. There were also temples at extra-urban sites and at major sanctuaries like <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. </p><p>The observable change of form indicates the search for a harmonious form of all architectural elements: the development led from simpler early forms which often appear coarse and bulky up to the aesthetic perfection and refinement of the later structures; from simple experimentation to the strict mathematical complexity of ground plans and superstructures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The temple of Zeus in <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Greek_temple_building:_Hellenistic_period">Decline of Greek temple building: Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline of Greek temple building: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Segesta_-_Tempio_di_Hera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Segesta_-_Tempio_di_Hera.JPG/220px-Segesta_-_Tempio_di_Hera.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Segesta_-_Tempio_di_Hera.JPG/330px-Segesta_-_Tempio_di_Hera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Segesta_-_Tempio_di_Hera.JPG/440px-Segesta_-_Tempio_di_Hera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Temple of Hera in <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the early <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> onwards, the Greek peripteral temple lost much of its importance. With very few exceptions, Classical temple construction ceased both in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. Only the west of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> maintained a low level of temple construction during the 3rd century. The construction of large projects, such as the temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> near <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> and the Artemision at <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> did not make much progress. </p><p>The 2nd century saw a revival of temple architecture, including peripteral temples. This is partially due to the influence of the architect <a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_of_Priene" title="Hermogenes of Priene">Hermogenes of Priene</a>, who redefined the principles of Ionic temple construction both practically and through theoretical work.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the rulers of the various Hellenistic kingdoms provided copious financial resources. Their self-aggrandisation, rivalry, desires to stabilise their spheres of influence, as well as the increasing conflict with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> (partially played out in the field of culture), combined to release much energy into the revival of complex Greek temple architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this phase, Greek temples became widespread in southern Asia Minor, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica#Greek_rule" title="Cyrenaica">Northern Africa</a>. </p><p>But in spite of such examples and of the positive conditions produced by the economic upturn and the high degree of technical innovation in the 3rd and 2nd centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hellenistic religious architecture is mostly represented by a multitude of small temples <i><a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)">in antis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prostyle" title="Prostyle">prostyle</a></i> temples, as well as tiny shrines (<i><a href="/wiki/Naiskos" title="Naiskos">naiskoi</a></i>). The latter had been erected in important places, on market squares, near springs and by roads, since the Archaic period, but reached their main flourish now. This limitation to smaller structures led to the development of a special form, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoperipteros" title="Pseudoperipteros">pseudoperipteros</a></i>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged columns</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella"><i>naos</i></a> walls to produce the illusion of a peripteral temple. An early case of this is temple L at <a href="/wiki/Epidauros" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidauros">Epidauros</a>, followed by many prominent Roman examples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Carrée">Maison Carrée</a> at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Greek_temple_construction:_Roman_Greece">End of Greek temple construction: Roman Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of Greek temple construction: Roman Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1st century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> led to changes of architectural practice. The role of sponsor was increasingly taken by Roman <a href="/wiki/Magistratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistratus">magistrates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Eastern provinces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who rarely demonstrated their generosity by building temples.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some temples were erected at this time, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias#Temple_of_Aphrodite" title="Aphrodisias">Temple of Aphrodite</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">principate</a> lead to few new buildings, mostly temples for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman deities</a>, e.g. the temple of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although new temples to Greek deities still continued to be constructed, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tychaion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Selge" title="Selge">Selge</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they tend to follow the canonical forms of the developing Roman imperial style of architecture<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to maintain local non-Greek idiosyncrasies, like the temples in <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation (cultural)">romanisation</a> of the east<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entailed the end of Greek temple architecture, although work continued on the completion of unfinished large structures like the temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens)">Olympieion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> into the later 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syracuse_Duomo_Ext.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Syracuse_Duomo_Ext.jpg/220px-Syracuse_Duomo_Ext.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Syracuse_Duomo_Ext.jpg/330px-Syracuse_Duomo_Ext.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Syracuse_Duomo_Ext.jpg/440px-Syracuse_Duomo_Ext.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The 5th century BC Doric temple of Athena, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Syracuse" title="Cathedral of Syracuse">Christian church</a> during the Middle Ages.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandonment_and_conversion_of_temples:_Late_Antiquity">Abandonment and conversion of temples: Late Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abandonment and conversion of temples: Late Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The edicts of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and his successors on the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, banning <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan cults</a>, led to the gradual closure of Greek temples, or their conversion into <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>. </p><p>Thus ends the history of the Greek temples' original purpose, although many of them remained in use for a long time afterwards. For example, the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, first reconsecrated as a church was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman</a> conquest and remained structurally unharmed until the 17th century AD. Only the unfortunate impact of a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> cannonball into the building, then used to store gunpowder, led to the destruction of much of this important temple, more than 2,000 years after it was built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canonical Greek temples maintained the same basic structure throughout many centuries. The Greeks used a limited number of spatial components, influencing the <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plan</a>, and of architectural members, determining the <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floor_plan">Floor plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Floor plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Naos</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Naos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central cult structure of the temple is the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a></i>, which usually contained a <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult statue</a> of the deity. In <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> temples, a separate room, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Adyton" title="Adyton">adyton</a></i> was sometimes included after the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> for this purpose. In <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, this habit continued into the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronaos_and_opisthodomos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pronaos</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronaos and opisthodomos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In front of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, there is a porch, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pronaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronaos">pronaos</a></i>, created by the protruding side walls of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)">antae</a>)</i>, and two columns placed between them. A door allows the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> to be accessed from the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span>. A similar room at the back of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Opisthodomos" title="Opisthodomos">opisthodomos</a></i>. There is no door connecting the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> with the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>; its existence is necessitated entirely by aesthetic considerations: to maintain the consistency of the peripteral temple and to ensure its visibility from all sides, the execution of the front has to be repeated at the rear. A restricted space, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">adyton</i></span>, may be included at the far end of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, backing up on the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peristasis"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Peristasis</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Peristasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complex formed by the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> and possibly the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">adyton</i></span> is enclosed on all four sides by the <i><a href="/wiki/Peristasis_(architecture)" title="Peristasis (architecture)">peristasis</a></i>, usually a single row, rarely a double one, of columns. This produces a surrounding colonnade, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pteron" title="Pteron">pteron</a></i>, which offered shelter to visitors of the sanctuary and room for cult processions. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Elements of the floor plan</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripteros-Plan-Pronaos-bjs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pronaos"><img alt="Pronaos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Peripteros-Plan-Pronaos-bjs.png/180px-Peripteros-Plan-Pronaos-bjs.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Peripteros-Plan-Pronaos-bjs.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pronaos</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripteros-Plan-Cella-bjs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Naos or Cella"><img alt="Naos or Cella" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peripteros-Plan-Cella-bjs.png/180px-Peripteros-Plan-Cella-bjs.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Peripteros-Plan-Cella-bjs.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Naos</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Cella</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripteros-Plan-Adyton-bjs.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adyton (exceptional)"><img alt="Adyton (exceptional)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peripteros-Plan-Adyton-bjs.svg/430px-Peripteros-Plan-Adyton-bjs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="287" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peripteros-Plan-Adyton-bjs.svg/645px-Peripteros-Plan-Adyton-bjs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peripteros-Plan-Adyton-bjs.svg/860px-Peripteros-Plan-Adyton-bjs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="62" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Adyton</i></span> (exceptional)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 259.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 257.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripteros-Plan-Opisthodom-bjs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Opisthodomos (sometimes omitted)"><img alt="Opisthodomos (sometimes omitted)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Peripteros-Plan-Opisthodom-bjs.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="93" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Opisthodomos</i></span> (sometimes omitted)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripteros-Plan-Naos-bjs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Opisthodomos + Adyton + Naos + Pronaos"><img alt="Opisthodomos + Adyton + Naos + Pronaos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Peripteros-Plan-Naos-bjs.png/180px-Peripteros-Plan-Naos-bjs.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Peripteros-Plan-Naos-bjs.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Opisthodomos</i></span> + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Adyton</i></span> + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Naos</i></span> + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pronaos</i></span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plan_types">Plan types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plan types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athenian_Treasury_antae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Athenian_Treasury_antae.jpg/220px-Athenian_Treasury_antae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Athenian_Treasury_antae.jpg/330px-Athenian_Treasury_antae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Athenian_Treasury_antae.jpg/440px-Athenian_Treasury_antae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Distyle_in_antis" title="Distyle in antis">distyle in antis</a></i> as two <a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)">antae</a> frame two columns</figcaption></figure> <p>These components allowed the realisation of a variety of different plan types in Greek temple architecture. The simplest example of a Greek temple is the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">templum in antis</i></span>, a small rectangular structure sheltering the cult statue. In front of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, a small porch or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> was formed by the protruding <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls, the <i><a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)">antae</a></i>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> was linked to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> by a door. To support the superstructure, two columns were placed between the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antae</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Distyle_in_antis" title="Distyle in antis">distyle <i>in antis</i></a>). When equipped with an <i><a href="/wiki/Opisthodomos" title="Opisthodomos">opisthodomos</a></i> with a similar <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">distyle in antis</i></span> design, this is called a double <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anta</i></span> temple. A variant of that type has the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> at the back of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> indicated merely by half-columns and shortened <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antae</i></span>, so that it can be described as a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudo-opisthodomos</i></span>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_types.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Temple_types.gif/350px-Temple_types.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Temple_types.gif/525px-Temple_types.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Temple_types.gif 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Different temple plans</figcaption></figure> <p>If the porch of a temple <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">in antis</i></span> has a row of usually four or six columns in front of its whole breadth, the temple is described as a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">prostylos</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Prostyle" title="Prostyle">prostyle</a> temples. The whole <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> may be omitted in this case or just leave the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antae</i></span> without columns. An <a href="/wiki/Amphiprostyle" title="Amphiprostyle"><i>amphiprostylos</i></a> or amphiprostyle repeats the same column setting at the back. </p><p>In contrast, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Peripteros" title="Peripteros">peripteros</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Peripteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripteral">peripteral</a> designates a temple surrounded by <i><a href="/wiki/Pteron" title="Pteron">ptera</a></i> (colonnades) on all four sides, each usually formed by a single row of columns. This produces an unobstructed surrounding portico, the <i><a href="/wiki/Peristasis_(architecture)" title="Peristasis (architecture)">peristasis</a></i>, on all four sides of the temple. A Hellenistic and Roman form of this shape is the <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoperipteros" title="Pseudoperipteros">pseudoperipteros</a></i>, where the side columns of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> are indicated only by <a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged columns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> directly attached to the external <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls. </p><p>A <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dipteros</i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Dipteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipteral">dipteral</a></i> is equipped with a double colonnade on all four sides, sometimes with further rows of columns at the front and back. A <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudodipteros</i></span> has engaged columns in the inner row of columns at the sides. </p><p>Circular temples form a special type. If they are surrounded by a colonnade, they are known as peripteral <i><a href="/wiki/Tholos_(architecture)" title="Tholos (architecture)">tholoi</a></i>. Although of sacred character, their function as a temple can often not be asserted. A comparable structure is the <i><a href="/wiki/Monopteros" title="Monopteros">monopteros</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclostyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostyle">cyclostyle</a></i> which, however, lacks a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>. </p><p>To clarify ground plan types, the defining terms can be combined, producing terms such as: peripteral double <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anta</i></span> temple, prostyle <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">in antis</i></span>, peripteral amphiprostyle, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Column_number_terminology">Column number terminology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Column number terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An additional definition, already used by <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> (IV, 3, 3) is determined by the number of columns at the front. Modern scholarship uses the following terms: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Portico#Types" title="Portico">technical term</a> </th> <th>number of columns at front </th></tr> <tr> <td>distyle</td> <td>2 columns </td></tr> <tr> <td>tetrastyle</td> <td>4 columns, term used by Vitruvius </td></tr> <tr> <td>hexastyle</td> <td>6 columns, term used by Vitruvius </td></tr> <tr> <td>octastyle</td> <td>8 columns </td></tr> <tr> <td>decastyle</td> <td>10 columns </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dodekastylos</i></span> is only used for the 12-column hall at the <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didymaion</a>. No temples with facades of that width are known. </p><p>Very few temples had an uneven number of columns at the front. Examples are Temple of <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> I at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, Temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> A at <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a>, both of which have a width of nine columns (enneastyle), and the Archaic temple at <a href="/wiki/Thermos_(Aetolia)" title="Thermos (Aetolia)">Thermos</a> with a width of five columns (pentastyle). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elevation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Parthenon_section_annotated.svg/300px-Parthenon_section_annotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Parthenon_section_annotated.svg/450px-Parthenon_section_annotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Parthenon_section_annotated.svg/600px-Parthenon_section_annotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Annotated sectional view of the Parthenon</figcaption></figure> <p>The elevation of Greek temples is always subdivided in three zones: the <i><a href="/wiki/Crepidoma" title="Crepidoma">crepidoma</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundations_and_crepidoma">Foundations and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">crepidoma</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foundations and crepidoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stereobate, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">euthynteria</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">crepidoma</i></span> form the substructure of the temple. The underground foundation of a Greek temple is known as the <a href="/wiki/Stereobate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereobate">stereobate</a>. It consists of several layers of squared stone blocks. The uppermost layer, the <i><a href="/wiki/Euthynteria" title="Euthynteria">euthynteria</a></i>, partially protrudes above the ground level. Its surface is carefully smoothed and levelled. It supports a further foundation of three steps, the <i><a href="/wiki/Crepidoma" title="Crepidoma">crepidoma</a></i>. The uppermost level of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">crepidoma</i></span> provides the surface on which the columns and walls are placed; it is called <a href="/wiki/Stylobate" title="Stylobate">stylobate</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg/300px-Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg/450px-Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg/600px-Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Doric_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric column">Doric</a> (first three), <a href="/wiki/Ionic_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic column">Ionic</a> (next three) and <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian</a> (final two) columns</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Columns">Columns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Columns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Placed on the stylobate are the vertical column shafts, tapering towards the top. They are normally made of several separately cut column drums. Depending on the architectural order, a different number of <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">flutings</a> are cut into the column shaft: Doric columns have 18 to 20 flutings, Ionic and Corinthian ones normally have 24. Early Ionic columns had up to 48 flutings. While Doric columns stand directly on the stylobate, Ionic and Corinthian ones possess a base, sometimes additionally placed atop a <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Doric_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric column">Doric columns</a>, the top is formed by a concavely curved neck, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hypotrachelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotrachelion">hypotrachelion</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a>, in Ionic columns, the capital sits directly on the shaft. In the Doric order, the capital consists of a circular <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> bulge, originally very flat, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">echinus</a></i>, and a square slab, the <i><a href="/wiki/Abacus_(architecture)" title="Abacus (architecture)">abacus</a></i>. In the course of their development, the <i>echinus</i> expands more and more, culminating in a linear diagonal, at 45° to the vertical. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">echinus</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic columns</a> is decorated with an <a href="/wiki/Egg-and-dart" title="Egg-and-dart">egg-and-dart</a> band followed by a sculpted pillow forming two <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volutes</a>, supporting a thin <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">abacus</i></span>. The eponymous Corinthian capital of the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a> is crowned by rings of stylised <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leaves, forming tendrils and volutes that reach to the corners of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">abacus</i></span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtenePartenoneTrabeazioneOvest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AtenePartenoneTrabeazioneOvest.jpg/220px-AtenePartenoneTrabeazioneOvest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AtenePartenoneTrabeazioneOvest.jpg/330px-AtenePartenoneTrabeazioneOvest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AtenePartenoneTrabeazioneOvest.jpg/440px-AtenePartenoneTrabeazioneOvest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">Entablature</a> on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entablature">Entablature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Entablature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capitals support the <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a>. In the Doric order, the entablature always consists of two parts, the <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> and the Doric <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyph</a> frieze). The Ionic order of Athens and the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> also used a frieze above an architrave, whereas the frieze remained unknown in the Ionic architecture of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> until the 4th century BC. There, the architrave was directly followed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Dentil" title="Dentil">dentils</a></i>. The frieze was originally placed in front of the roof beams, which were externally visible only in the earlier temples of Asia Minor. The Doric <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> was structured by <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyphs</a>. These were placed above the axis of each column, and above the centre of each <a href="/wiki/Intercolumniation" title="Intercolumniation">intercolumniation</a>. The spaces between the triglyphs contained <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metopes</a>, sometimes painted or decorated with relief sculpture. In the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the frieze possesses no triglyphs and is simply left flat, sometimes decorated with paintings or reliefs. With the introduction of stone architecture, the protection of the porticos and the support of the roof construction was moved upwards to the level of the <i><a href="/wiki/Geison" title="Geison">geison</a></i>, depriving the frieze of its structural function and turning it into an entirely decorative feature. Frequently, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> is also decorated with architrave and frieze, especially at the front of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pronaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronaos">pronaos</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycosoura-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lycosoura-3.jpg/220px-Lycosoura-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lycosoura-3.jpg/330px-Lycosoura-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lycosoura-3.jpg/440px-Lycosoura-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Geison" title="Geison">Geison</a></i> block from the temple at <a href="/wiki/Lycosura" title="Lycosura">Lykosoura</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cornice_and_geison">Cornice and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cornice and geison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above the frieze, or an intermediate member, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Dentil" title="Dentil">dentil</a> of the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> protrudes notably. It consists of the <i><a href="/wiki/Geison" title="Geison">geison</a></i> (on the sloped sides or <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a> of the narrow walls a sloped <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span>), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sima_(architecture)" title="Sima (architecture)">sima</a></i>. On the long side, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sima</i></span>, often elaborately decorated, was equipped with water spouts, often in the shape of lions' heads. The pedimental triangle or <i><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanon</a></i> on the narrow sides of the temple was created by the Doric introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Gabled_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabled roof">gabled roof</a>, earlier temples often had <a href="/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">hipped roofs</a>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tympanon</i></span> was usually richly decorated with <a href="/wiki/Pedimental_sculpture" title="Pedimental sculpture">pedimental sculpture</a> of mythical scenes or battles. The corners and ridges of the roof were decorated with <i><a href="/wiki/Acroteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Acroteria">acroteria</a></i>, originally geometric, later floral or figural decorations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspect">Aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As far as topographically possible, the temples were freestanding and designed to be viewed from all sides. They were not normally designed with consideration for their surroundings, but formed autonomous structures. This is a major difference from <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temples</a> which were often designed as part of a planned urban area or square and had a strong emphasis on being viewed frontally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_measurements">Design and measurements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Design and measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proportions">Proportions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Proportions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundations of Greek temples could reach dimensions of up to 115 by 55 m, i.e. the size of an average <a href="/wiki/Football_pitch" title="Football pitch">football pitch</a>. Columns could reach a height of 20 m. To design such large architectural bodies harmoniously, a number of basic aesthetic principles were developed and tested already on the smaller temples. The main measurement was the foot, varying between 29 and 34 cm from region to region. This initial measurement was the basis for all the units that determined the shape of the temple. Important factors include the lower diameter of the columns and the width of their plinths. The distance between the column axes (<a href="/wiki/Intercolumniation" title="Intercolumniation">intercolumniation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bay</a>) could also be used as a basic unit. These measurements were in set proportions to other elements of design, such as column height and column distance. In conjunction with the number of columns per side, they also determined the dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Stylobate" title="Stylobate">stylobate</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Peristasis_(architecture)" title="Peristasis (architecture)">peristasis</a></i>, as well as of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">naos</a></i> proper. The rules regarding vertical proportions, especially in the Doric order, also allow for a deduction of the basic design options for the entablature from the same principles. Alternatives to this very rational system were sought in the temples of the late 7th and early 6th centuries, when it was attempted to develop the basic measurements from the planned dimensions of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> or stylobate, i.e. to reverse the system described above and deduce the smaller units from the bigger ones. Thus, for example, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> length was sometimes set at 100 feet (30 m) (100 is a sacred number, also known from the <i><a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">hecatomb</a></i>, a sacrifice of 100 animals), and all further measurements had to be in relation to this number, leading to aesthetically quite unsatisfactory solutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naos-peristasis_relationship"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Naos-peristasis</i></span> relationship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Naos-peristasis relationship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another determining design feature was the relationship linking <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>. In the original temples, this would have been subject entirely to practical necessities, and always based on axial links between <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls and columns, but the introduction of stone architecture broke that connection. Nevertheless, it did survive throughout Ionic architecture. In Doric temples, however, the wooden roof construction, originally placed behind the frieze, now started at a higher level, behind the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span>. This ended the structural link between frieze and roof; the structural elements of the latter could now be placed independent of axial relationships. As a result, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls lost their fixed connection with the columns for a long time and could be freely placed within the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>. Only after a long phase of developments did the architects choose the alignment of the outer wall face with the adjacent column axis as the obligatory principle for Doric temples. Doric temples in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Greece">Greater Greece</a> rarely follow this system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Column_number_formula">Column number formula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Column number formula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic proportions of the building were determined by the numeric relationship of columns on the front and back to those on the sides. The classic solution chosen by Greek architects is the formula "frontal columns : side columns = n : (2n+1)", which can also be used for the number of intercolumniations. As a result, numerous temples of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a> in Greece (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> to 336) had 6 × 13 columns or 5 × 11 intercolumniations. The same proportions, in a more abstract form, determine most of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, not only in its 8 × 17 column <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>, but also, reduced to 4:9, in all other basic measurements, including the intercolumniations, the stylobate, the width-height proportion of the entire building, and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span> (here reversed to 9:4).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interkolumnium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Interkolumnium.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of column diameter to intercolumnium.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Column_spacing">Column spacing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Column spacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the proportion of column width to the space between columns, the intercolumnium, played an increasingly important role in architectural theory, reflected, for example, in the works of <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>. According to this proportion, Vitruvius (3, 3, 1 ff) distinguished between five different design concepts and temple types: </p> <ul><li>Pyknostyle, tight-columned: intercolumnium = 1 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> lower column diameters</li> <li>Systyle, close-columned: intercolumnium = 2 lower column diameters</li> <li>Eustyle, well-columned: intercolumnium = 2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> lower column diameters</li> <li>Diastyle, board-columned: interkolumnium = 3 lower column diameters</li> <li>Araeostyle, light-columned: intercolumnium = 3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> lower column diameters</li></ul> <p>The determination and discussion of these basic principles went back to <a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_of_Priene" title="Hermogenes of Priene">Hermogenes</a>, whom Vitruvius credits with the invention of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eustylos</i></span>. The Temple of <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a>, normally ascribed to Hermogenes, does indeed have intercolumnia measuring 2 1/6 of the lower column diameters.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_refinements">Optical refinements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Optical refinements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To loosen up the mathematical strictness and to counteract distortions of human visual perception, a slight <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of the whole building, hardly visible with the naked eye, was introduced. The ancient architects had realised that long horizontal lines tend to make the optical impression of sagging towards their centre. To prevent this effect, the horizontal lines of stylobate and/or entablature were raised by a few centimetres towards the middle of a building. This avoidance of mathematically straight lines also included the columns, which did not taper in a linear fashion, but were refined by a pronounced "swelling" (<i><a href="/wiki/Entasis" title="Entasis">entasis</a></i>) of the shaft. Additionally, columns were placed with a slight <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> towards the centre of the building. Curvature and <i>entasis</i> occur from the mid 6th century onwards. </p><p>The most consistent use of these principles is seen in the Classical <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>. Its curvature affects all horizontal elements up to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sima</i></span>, even the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls reflect it throughout their height. The inclination of its columns (which also have a clear <i>entasis</i>), is continued by architrave and triglyph frieze, the external walls of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> also reflect it. Not one block of the building, not a single architrave or frieze element could be hewn as a simple rectilinear block. All architectural elements display slight variations from the right angle, individually calculated for each block. As a side effect, each preserved building block from the Parthenon, its columns, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls or entablature, can be assigned its exact position today. In spite of the immense extra effort entailed in this perfection, the Parthenon, including its sculptural decoration, was completed in the record time of sixteen years (447 to 431).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoration">Decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colouring">Colouring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Colouring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only three basic colours were used: white, blue and red, occasionally also black. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">crepidoma</i></span>, columns, and architrave were mostly white. Only details, like the horizontally cut grooves at the bottom of Doric capitals (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">annuli</i></span>), or decorative elements of Doric architraves (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_(architecture)" title="Taenia (architecture)">taenia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guttae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guttae">guttae</a></i>) might be painted in different colours. The frieze was clearly structured by use of colours. In a Doric triglyph frieze, blue triglyphs alternated with red metopes, the latter often serving as a background for individually painted sculptures. Reliefs, ornaments, and pedimental sculptures were executed with a wider variety of colours and nuances. Recessed or otherwise shaded elements, like <a href="/wiki/Architectural_glossary#Mutule" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural glossary">mutules</a> or triglyph slits could be painted black. The paint was mostly applied to parts that were not load-bearing, whereas structural parts like columns or the horizontal elements of architrave and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span> were left unpainted (if made of high-quality limestone or marble) or covered with a white <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doric_polychromy_Die_Baunkunst_der_Griechen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original Doric polychromy"><img alt="Original Doric polychromy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Doric_polychromy_Die_Baunkunst_der_Griechen.jpg/103px-Doric_polychromy_Die_Baunkunst_der_Griechen.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Doric_polychromy_Die_Baunkunst_der_Griechen.jpg/155px-Doric_polychromy_Die_Baunkunst_der_Griechen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Doric_polychromy_Die_Baunkunst_der_Griechen.jpg/206px-Doric_polychromy_Die_Baunkunst_der_Griechen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="4136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original Doric <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_polychromy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek polychromy">polychromy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigento_Concordia_Tempel_mit_Geruest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panel painted on the scaffolding of the Temple of Concordia site from Agrigento in 2006"><img alt="Panel painted on the scaffolding of the Temple of Concordia site from Agrigento in 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Agrigento_Concordia_Tempel_mit_Geruest.jpg/170px-Agrigento_Concordia_Tempel_mit_Geruest.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Agrigento_Concordia_Tempel_mit_Geruest.jpg/255px-Agrigento_Concordia_Tempel_mit_Geruest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Agrigento_Concordia_Tempel_mit_Geruest.jpg/340px-Agrigento_Concordia_Tempel_mit_Geruest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panel painted on the scaffolding of the Temple of Concordia site from Agrigento in 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1883 reconstruction of color scheme of the entablature on a Doric temple"><img alt="1883 reconstruction of color scheme of the entablature on a Doric temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/120px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/180px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/241px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1883 reconstruction of color scheme of the <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> on a Doric temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_polychromy_Die_Baukunst_der_Griechen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original polychromy of Ionic temples"><img alt="Original polychromy of Ionic temples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ionic_polychromy_Die_Baukunst_der_Griechen.jpg/103px-Ionic_polychromy_Die_Baukunst_der_Griechen.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ionic_polychromy_Die_Baukunst_der_Griechen.jpg/154px-Ionic_polychromy_Die_Baukunst_der_Griechen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ionic_polychromy_Die_Baukunst_der_Griechen.jpg/205px-Ionic_polychromy_Die_Baukunst_der_Griechen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="4115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original polychromy of Ionic temples</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_sculpture">Architectural sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Architectural sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek temples were often enhanced with figural decorations. especially the <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> areas offered space for <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> and relief slabs; the <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pedimental</a> triangles often contained scenes of free-standing <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>. In Archaic times, even the architrave could be relief-decorated on Ionic temples, as demonstrated by the earlier temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>. Here, the architrave corners bore <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">gorgons</a>, surrounded by lions and perhaps other animals. On the other hand, the Ionic temples of Asia Minor did not possess a separate frieze to allow space for relief decoration. The most common area for relief decoration remained the frieze, either as a typical Doric triglyph frieze, with sculpted metopes, or as a continuous frieze on <a href="/wiki/Cycladic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic">Cycladic</a> and later on Eastern Ionic temples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metopes">Metopes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Metopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">Metope</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metopes</a>, separate individual tableaux that could usually not contain more than three figures each, usually depicted individual scenes belonging to a broader context. It is rare for scenes to be distributed over several metopes; instead, a general narrative context, usually a battle, is created by the combination of multiple isolated scenes. Other thematical contexts could be depicted in this fashion. For example, the metopes at the front and back of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> depicted the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Labours of Heracles">Twelve Labours</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>. Individual mythological scenes, like the abduction of <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a> or a cattle raid by the <a href="/wiki/Dioscuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscuri">Dioscuri</a> could be thus depicted, as could scenes from the voyage of the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. The battles against the <a href="/wiki/Centaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaurs">centaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">gigantomachy</a>, all three depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, were recurring themes on many temples. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20190507_049_olympia_museum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metope from the Temple of Zeus from Olympia"><img alt="Metope from the Temple of Zeus from Olympia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/20190507_049_olympia_museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/154px-20190507_049_olympia_museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/20190507_049_olympia_museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/232px-20190507_049_olympia_museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/20190507_049_olympia_museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/309px-20190507_049_olympia_museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3236" data-file-height="3561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metope from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A centaur struggling with a Lapith on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum (London)"><img alt="A centaur struggling with a Lapith on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3148" data-file-height="3143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a> struggling with a <a href="/wiki/Lapith" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapith">Lapith</a> on a metope from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lapith fighting a centaur on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum"><img alt="Lapith fighting a centaur on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg/170px-South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg/255px-South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg/340px-South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="2371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lapith fighting a centaur on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Architrave_with_sculpted_metope_showing_sun_god_Helios_in_a_quadriga;_from_temple_of_Athena_at_Troy,_ca_300-280_BCE;_Altes_Museum,_Berlin_(25308440197)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Architrave with sculpted metope showing sun god Helios in a quadriga, from the Temple of Athena at Troy, circa 300–280 BC"><img alt="Architrave with sculpted metope showing sun god Helios in a quadriga, from the Temple of Athena at Troy, circa 300–280 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Architrave_with_sculpted_metope_showing_sun_god_Helios_in_a_quadriga%3B_from_temple_of_Athena_at_Troy%2C_ca_300-280_BCE%3B_Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin_%2825308440197%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Architrave_with_sculpted_metope_showing_sun_god_Helios_in_a_quadriga%3B_from_temple_of_Athena_at_Troy%2C_ca_300-280_BCE%3B_Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin_%2825308440197%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Architrave_with_sculpted_metope_showing_sun_god_Helios_in_a_quadriga%3B_from_temple_of_Athena_at_Troy%2C_ca_300-280_BCE%3B_Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin_%2825308440197%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5670" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Architrave with sculpted metope showing sun god <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> in a quadriga, from the Temple of Athena at <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, circa 300–280 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Friezes">Friezes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Friezes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">Frieze</a></div> <p>Battle scenes of all kinds were also a common theme of Ionic friezes, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a> on the temple of <a href="/wiki/Hekate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekate">Hekate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lagina" title="Lagina">Lagina</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a> on the temple of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a>, both from the late 2nd century BC. Complex compositions visualised the back and forth of fighting for the viewer. Such scenes were contrasted by more quiet or peaceful ones: The Assembly of the gods and a procession dominate the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">160 m long frieze</a> that is placed on top of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afaia_temple,_Aegina,_176093.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doric frieze of the Temple of Aphaea from Aegina (Greece), with triglyphs and metopes"><img alt="Doric frieze of the Temple of Aphaea from Aegina (Greece), with triglyphs and metopes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Afaia_temple%2C_Aegina%2C_176093.jpg/170px-Afaia_temple%2C_Aegina%2C_176093.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Afaia_temple%2C_Aegina%2C_176093.jpg/255px-Afaia_temple%2C_Aegina%2C_176093.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Afaia_temple%2C_Aegina%2C_176093.jpg/340px-Afaia_temple%2C_Aegina%2C_176093.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doric frieze of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Temple of Aphaea</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> (Greece), with <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">metopes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_frieze_from_the_Erechtheum,_dimensions_130_x_50_cm,_in_the_Glyptothek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ionic frieze from the Erechtheum, in the Glyptothek (Munich, Germany)"><img alt="Ionic frieze from the Erechtheum, in the Glyptothek (Munich, Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ionic_frieze_from_the_Erechtheum%2C_dimensions_130_x_50_cm%2C_in_the_Glyptothek.jpg/170px-Ionic_frieze_from_the_Erechtheum%2C_dimensions_130_x_50_cm%2C_in_the_Glyptothek.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ionic_frieze_from_the_Erechtheum%2C_dimensions_130_x_50_cm%2C_in_the_Glyptothek.jpg/255px-Ionic_frieze_from_the_Erechtheum%2C_dimensions_130_x_50_cm%2C_in_the_Glyptothek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ionic_frieze_from_the_Erechtheum%2C_dimensions_130_x_50_cm%2C_in_the_Glyptothek.jpg/340px-Ionic_frieze_from_the_Erechtheum%2C_dimensions_130_x_50_cm%2C_in_the_Glyptothek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3614" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ionic frieze from the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erechtheum">Erechtheum</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_frieze_w_facade_in_situ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the Parthenon Frieze, in situ on the west side of the naos"><img alt="Part of the Parthenon Frieze, in situ on the west side of the naos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Parthenon_frieze_w_facade_in_situ.jpg/170px-Parthenon_frieze_w_facade_in_situ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Parthenon_frieze_w_facade_in_situ.jpg/255px-Parthenon_frieze_w_facade_in_situ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Parthenon_frieze_w_facade_in_situ.jpg/340px-Parthenon_frieze_w_facade_in_situ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">Parthenon Frieze</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> on the west side of the <i>naos</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Frieze_BM_GR_1865.7-23.1_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the frieze with Amazonomachy from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, in the British Museum (London)"><img alt="Detail of the frieze with Amazonomachy from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, in the British Museum (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amazon_Frieze_BM_GR_1865.7-23.1_n01.jpg/170px-Amazon_Frieze_BM_GR_1865.7-23.1_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amazon_Frieze_BM_GR_1865.7-23.1_n01.jpg/255px-Amazon_Frieze_BM_GR_1865.7-23.1_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amazon_Frieze_BM_GR_1865.7-23.1_n01.jpg/340px-Amazon_Frieze_BM_GR_1865.7-23.1_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the frieze with Amazonomachy from the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pediments">Pediments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pediments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">Pediment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedimental_sculpture" title="Pedimental sculpture">Pedimental sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg/220px-West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg/330px-West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg/440px-West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>The west pediment from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis,_Corfu" title="Temple of Artemis, Corfu">Temple of Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> (Greece), in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Corfu" title="Archaeological Museum of Corfu">Archaeological Museum of Corfu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Special attention was paid to the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>, not least because of their size and frontal position. <a href="/wiki/Pedimental_sculpture" title="Pedimental sculpture">Pedimental sculpture</a> was originally in massive <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> figures, as in the earliest to survive, from shortly after 600, on the temple of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kerkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerkyra">Kerkyra</a>, where the west pediment is taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">gorgon</a> <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> and her children at the centre, flanked by panthers. Smaller scenes are displayed in the low corners of the pediments, including <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> with a thunderbolt, fighting a <a href="/wiki/Gigantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes">Giant</a>. </p><p>The pedimental sculpture of the first peripteral temple on the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Acropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Acropolis">Athenian Acropolis</a>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span>, is nearly free-standing sculpture, but remains dominated by a central scene of fighting lions. Again, the corners contain separate scenes, including <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> fighting <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a>. After the mid-6th century, the compositional scheme changes: animal scenes are now placed in the corners, soon they disappear entirely. The central composition is now taken over by mythological fights or by rows of human figures, and the figures become free-standing, as in the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>. </p><p>The high regard in which the Greeks held pedimental sculptures is demonstrated by the discovery of the sculptures from the Late Archaic temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, which had received a veritable burial after the temple's destruction in 373.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The themes of the individual pedimental scenes are increasingly dominated by myths connected with the locality. Thus, the east pediment at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> depicts the preparations for a <a href="/wiki/Chariot_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot race">chariot race</a> between <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oinomaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinomaos">Oinomaos</a>, the mythical king of nearby <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>. It is the foundation myth of the sanctuary itself, displayed here in its most prominent position. A similarly direct association is provided by the birth of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon#East_Pediment" title="Pediments of the Parthenon">east pediment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, or the struggle for <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> between her and <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon#Weat_Pediment" title="Pediments of the Parthenon">west pediment</a>. The pediment of the later temple of the <a href="/wiki/Kabeiroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabeiroi">Kabeiroi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a>, late 3rd century, depicted a probably purely local legend, of no major interest to Greece as a whole. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apol%C2%B7lo,_escultura_central_del_front%C3%B3_occidental_del_temple_de_Zeus,_Museu_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Apollo from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia"><img alt="Statue of Apollo from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Apol%C2%B7lo%2C_escultura_central_del_front%C3%B3_occidental_del_temple_de_Zeus%2C_Museu_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG/127px-Apol%C2%B7lo%2C_escultura_central_del_front%C3%B3_occidental_del_temple_de_Zeus%2C_Museu_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Apol%C2%B7lo%2C_escultura_central_del_front%C3%B3_occidental_del_temple_de_Zeus%2C_Museu_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG/191px-Apol%C2%B7lo%2C_escultura_central_del_front%C3%B3_occidental_del_temple_de_Zeus%2C_Museu_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Apol%C2%B7lo%2C_escultura_central_del_front%C3%B3_occidental_del_temple_de_Zeus%2C_Museu_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG/255px-Apol%C2%B7lo%2C_escultura_central_del_front%C3%B3_occidental_del_temple_de_Zeus%2C_Museu_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> from the west pediment of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pediments_of_the_Parthenon_as_they_were_in_1683_-_Stuart_James_%26_Revett_Nicholas_-_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrations with the sculptures of the two pediments of the Parthenon, by James Stuart & Nicholas Revett in 1794"><img alt="Illustrations with the sculptures of the two pediments of the Parthenon, by James Stuart & Nicholas Revett in 1794" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon_as_they_were_in_1683_-_Stuart_James_%26_Revett_Nicholas_-_1816.jpg/170px-Pediments_of_the_Parthenon_as_they_were_in_1683_-_Stuart_James_%26_Revett_Nicholas_-_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon_as_they_were_in_1683_-_Stuart_James_%26_Revett_Nicholas_-_1816.jpg/255px-Pediments_of_the_Parthenon_as_they_were_in_1683_-_Stuart_James_%26_Revett_Nicholas_-_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon_as_they_were_in_1683_-_Stuart_James_%26_Revett_Nicholas_-_1816.jpg/340px-Pediments_of_the_Parthenon_as_they_were_in_1683_-_Stuart_James_%26_Revett_Nicholas_-_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustrations with the sculptures of the two pediments of the Parthenon, by <a href="/wiki/James_%22Athenian%22_Stuart" title="James "Athenian" Stuart">James Stuart</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Revett" title="Nicholas Revett">Nicholas Revett</a> in 1794</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Atenea_Nike,_Atenas,_Grecia,_2019_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Temple of Athena Nike with its very damaged pediments"><img alt="The Temple of Athena Nike with its very damaged pediments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Templo_de_Atenea_Nike%2C_Atenas%2C_Grecia%2C_2019_03.jpg/170px-Templo_de_Atenea_Nike%2C_Atenas%2C_Grecia%2C_2019_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Templo_de_Atenea_Nike%2C_Atenas%2C_Grecia%2C_2019_03.jpg/255px-Templo_de_Atenea_Nike%2C_Atenas%2C_Grecia%2C_2019_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Templo_de_Atenea_Nike%2C_Atenas%2C_Grecia%2C_2019_03.jpg/340px-Templo_de_Atenea_Nike%2C_Atenas%2C_Grecia%2C_2019_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Temple of Athena Nike</a> with its very damaged pediments</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roofs">Roofs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Roofs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greco-Roman_roofs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greco-Roman roofs">List of Greco-Roman roofs</a></div> <p>The roofs were crowned by <i><a href="/wiki/Acroteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Acroteria">acroteria</a></i>, originally in the form of elaborately painted clay disks, from the 6th century onwards as fully sculpted figures placed on the corners and ridges of the pediments. They could depict bowls and <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod#Ancient_Greece" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a>, and especially mythical figures and deities. For example, depictions of the running <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> crowned the <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeonidae" title="Alcmaeonidae">Alcmaeonid</a> temple of Apollo at Delphi, and mounted amazons formed the corner <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">akroteria</i></span> of the temple of <a href="/wiki/Asklepios" class="mw-redirect" title="Asklepios">Asklepios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epidauros" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidauros">Epidauros</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (5, 10, 8) describes bronze tripods forming the corner <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">akroteria</i></span> and statues of Nike by <a href="/wiki/Paeonios" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeonios">Paeonios</a> forming the ridge ones on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orna105-Stirnziege.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrations with examples of acroteria"><img alt="Illustrations with examples of acroteria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Orna105-Stirnziege.png/110px-Orna105-Stirnziege.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Orna105-Stirnziege.png/165px-Orna105-Stirnziege.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Orna105-Stirnziege.png/220px-Orna105-Stirnziege.png 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustrations with examples of acroteria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akroterion, 350-325 BC, marble, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Akroterion, 350-325 BC, marble, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg/136px-Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg/204px-Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg/272px-Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Akroterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akroterion">Akroterion</a>, 350-325 BC, marble, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antefix,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration which shows antefixes in position"><img alt="Illustration which shows antefixes in position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antefix%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/170px-Antefix%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antefix%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/255px-Antefix%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antefix%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/340px-Antefix%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration which shows <a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">antefixes</a> in position</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgona_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antefix with Medusa, 6th or 5th centuries BC, ceramic, Pushkin Museum (Moscow)"><img alt="Antefix with Medusa, 6th or 5th centuries BC, ceramic, Pushkin Museum (Moscow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gorgona_pushkin.jpg/170px-Gorgona_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gorgona_pushkin.jpg/255px-Gorgona_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gorgona_pushkin.jpg/340px-Gorgona_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antefix with <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, 6th or 5th centuries BC, ceramic, <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a> (Moscow)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Columns_2">Columns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Columns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the sake of completeness, a further potential bearer of sculptural decoration should be mentioned here: the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">columnae celetae</i></span> of the Ionic temples at <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Ephesos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>. Here, already on the Archaic temples, the lower parts of the column shafts were decorated by protruding relief decorations, originally depicting rows of figures, replaced on their late Classical and Hellenistic successors with mythological scenes and battles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of the Temple of Poseidon from Sounion (Greece), 444–440 BC"><img alt="The ruins of the Temple of Poseidon from Sounion (Greece), 444–440 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg/170px-Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg/255px-Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg/340px-Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5580" data-file-height="3972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sounion" title="Sounion">Sounion</a> (Greece), 444–440 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%95%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_4984.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The North Porch of the Erechtheum from the Acropolis of Athens"><img alt="The North Porch of the Erechtheum from the Acropolis of Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_4984.jpg/170px-%CE%95%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_4984.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_4984.jpg/255px-%CE%95%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_4984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_4984.jpg/340px-%CE%95%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_4984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3919" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The North Porch of the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erechtheum">Erechtheum</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20190514_669_athenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Base of an Ionic column of the North Porch of the Erechtheum"><img alt="Base of an Ionic column of the North Porch of the Erechtheum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20190514_669_athenes.jpg/170px-20190514_669_athenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20190514_669_athenes.jpg/255px-20190514_669_athenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20190514_669_athenes.jpg/340px-20190514_669_athenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Base of an Ionic column of the North Porch of the Erechtheum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of the Temple of Olympian Zeus from Athens"><img alt="The ruins of the Temple of Olympian Zeus from Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion_%28retouched%29.jpg/170px-Temple_Of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion_%28retouched%29.jpg/255px-Temple_Of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion_%28retouched%29.jpg/340px-Temple_Of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="2279" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens">Temple of Olympian Zeus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_and_design">Function and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Function and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Parthenos_LeQuire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Athena_Parthenos_LeQuire.jpg/220px-Athena_Parthenos_LeQuire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Athena_Parthenos_LeQuire.jpg/330px-Athena_Parthenos_LeQuire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Athena_Parthenos_LeQuire.jpg/440px-Athena_Parthenos_LeQuire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="2663" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a></i> cult image at the original size in the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_(Nashville)" title="Parthenon (Nashville)">Parthenon in Nashville</a>, Tennessee, United States.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient_Greek_religion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_statue_and_naos">Cult statue and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cult statue and naos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the <i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">naos</a></i>, the "dwelling" of the cult statue. The elaboration of the temple's external aspects served to stress the dignity of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>. In contrast, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> itself was often finished with some moderation, although by the Roman period some had clearly become rather cluttered with other statues, military trophies and other gifts. Often, the only source of light for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naoi</i></span> and cult statue was the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span><i>'</i>s frontal door, and oil lamps within. Thus, the interior only received a limited amount of light. Exceptions are found in the temples of Apollo at <a href="/wiki/Bassae" title="Bassae">Bassae</a> and of Athena at <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a>, where the southern <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> wall had a door, potentially allowing more light into the interior. A special situation applies to the temples of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, where the roof was usually of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> tiles. Marble roofs also covered the temple of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. As marble is not entirely opaque, those <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naoi</i></span> may have been permeated with a distinctive diffused light. </p><p>For cultic reasons, but also to use the light of the rising sun, virtually all Greek temples were oriented with the main door to the east. Another reason for the orientation of temples facing east is because of the west was seen as the entrance to the Underworld, such as seen in the Odyssey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some exceptions existed, e.g. the west-facing temples of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Ephesos</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a>, or the north–south oriented temples of <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>. Such exceptions are probably connected with cult practice. Study of the soils around temple sites, is evidence that temple sites were chosen with regard to particular deities: for example, amid arable soils for the agricultural deities Dionysos and Demeter, and near rocky soils for the hunter gatherer deities Apollo and Artemis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cult image normally took the form of a statue of the deity, typically roughly life-size, but in some cases many times life-size, in early days in wood, marble or <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>, or in the specially prestigious form of a <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine statue</a> using ivory plaques for the visible parts of the body and gold for the clothes, around a wooden framework. The most famous Greek cult images were of this type, including the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in Athens, both colossal statues now completely lost. Fragments of two chryselephantine statues from <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> have been excavated. Bronze cult images were less frequent, at least until Hellenistic times.<sup id="cite_ref-miles213_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles213-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Acrolith" title="Acrolith">acrolith</a> was another composite form, this time a cost-saving one with a wooden body. A <i><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">xoanon</a></i> was a primitive and symbolic wooden image, perhaps comparable to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a>; many of these were retained and revered for their antiquity. Many of the Greek statues well known from Roman marble copies were originally temple cult images, which in some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Barberini" title="Apollo Barberini">Apollo Barberini</a>, can be credibly identified. A very few actual originals survive, for example the bronze <a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Athena" title="Piraeus Athena">Piraeus Athena</a> (2.35 metres high, including a helmet). The image stood on a base, from the 5th century often carved with reliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refinements">Refinements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Refinements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Afaia3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Templo_de_Afaia3.JPG/220px-Templo_de_Afaia3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Templo_de_Afaia3.JPG/330px-Templo_de_Afaia3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Templo_de_Afaia3.JPG/440px-Templo_de_Afaia3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphaia" title="Aphaia">Aphaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>: The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella"><i>naos</i></a> was embellished with two tiers of Doric columns.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cult statue was often oriented towards an <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>, placed axially in front of the temple. To preserve this connection, the single row of columns often found along the central axis of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> in early temples was replaced by two separate rows towards the sides. The central one of the three aisles thereby created was often emphasised as the main one. The dignity of the central aisle of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> could be underlined by the use of special elements of design. For example, the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian capital">Corinthian capitals</a> are from the <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">naoi</a></i> of Doric temples. The impressiveness of the internal aisle could be emphasised further by having a third row of columns along the back, as is the case at the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> and at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>. The Parthenon <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, also had another impressive feature, namely two tiers of columns atop each other, as did the temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphaia" title="Aphaia">Aphaia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>. The temple of Athena at <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a> shows another variation, where the two column rows are indicated by half-columns protruding from the side walls and crowned with Corinthian capitals. An early form of this solution can be seen at Bassae, where the central column of the back portico remains free-standing, while the columns along the sides are in fact semi-columns connected with the walls by curved protrusions. </p><p>Some famous temples, notably the Parthenon, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Zeus at Olympia">Temple of Zeus at Olympia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Asclepius,_Epidaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Asclepius, Epidaurus">Temple of Asclepius, Epidaurus</a>, had much of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> floor occupied by a very shallow pool filled with water (Parthenon) or <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> at Olympia. All these had chryselephantine images, and Pausanias was perhaps correct to link the Parthenon one with the maintenance of the proper humidity, but they probably increased the light, and perhaps gave it attractive effects of reflections.<sup id="cite_ref-miles213_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles213-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Access">Access</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bassae.jpg/220px-Bassae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bassae.jpg/330px-Bassae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bassae.jpg/440px-Bassae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Plan and interior reconstruction of the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> Epikourios at <a href="/wiki/Bassae" title="Bassae">Bassae</a>. Note the side entrance to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">naos</a></i> and the single Corinthian column.</figcaption></figure> <p>It used to be thought that access to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> of a Greek temple was limited to the priests, and it was entered only rarely by other visitors, except perhaps during important festivals or other special occasions. In recent decades this picture has changed, and scholars now stress the variety of local access rules. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> was a gentlemanly traveller of the 2nd-century AD who declares that the special intention of his travels around Greece was to see cult images, which he usually managed to do.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was typically necessary to make a sacrifice or gift, and some temples restricted access either to certain days of the year, or by class, race, gender (with either men or women forbidden), or even more tightly. Garlic-eaters were forbidden in one temple, in another women unless they were virgins; restrictions typically arose from local ideas of ritual purity or a perceived whim of the deity. In some places visitors were asked to show they spoke Greek; elsewhere <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a> were not allowed entry. Some temples could only be viewed from the threshold. Some temples are said never to be opened at all. But generally Greeks, including slaves, had a reasonable expectation of being allowed into the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>. Once inside the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> it was possible to pray to or before the cult image, and sometimes to touch it; Cicero saw a bronze image of Heracles with its foot largely worn away by the touch of devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous cult images such as the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a> functioned as significant visitor attractions. </p><p>Sometimes, the divine character of the cult image was stressed even more by removing it further into a separate space within the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Adyton" title="Adyton">adyton</a></i>. Especially in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, this tradition continued for a long time. Over the decades and centuries, numerous <a href="/wiki/Votive" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive">votive</a> offerings could be placed in the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, giving it a museum-like character (Pausanias 5, 17). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opisthodomos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Opisthodomos</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Opisthodomos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The back room of the temple, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span>, usually served as a storage space for cult equipment. It could also hold the temple treasury. For some time, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> of the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> contained the treasury of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, thus directly protected by the deity. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pronaoi</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomoi</i></span> were often closed off from the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> by wooden barriers or fences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peristasis_2"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Peristasis</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Peristasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> could serve the display and storage of votives, often placed between the columns. In some cases, votive offerings could also be directly affixed to the columns, as is visible e.g. on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera_(Olympia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hera (Olympia)">Temple of Hera at Olympia</a>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> could also be used for cult <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">processions</a>, or simply as shelter from the elements, a function emphasised by Vitruvius (III 3, 8f). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsors,_construction_and_costs"><span id="Sponsors.2C_construction_and_costs"></span>Sponsors, construction and costs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sponsors, construction and costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_and_private_sponsors">Public and private sponsors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Public and private sponsors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi,_Greece.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/250px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/375px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/500px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>In the late 6th century, the <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeonidae" title="Alcmaeonidae">Alcmaeonidae</a> family strongly supported the rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo at Delphi</a>, so as to improve their standing in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sponsors of Greek temples usually belonged to one of two groups: on the one hand public sponsors, including the bodies and institutions that administrated important sanctuaries; on the other hand influential and affluent private sponsors, especially Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a>. The financial needs were covered by income from taxes or special levies, or by the sale of raw materials like silver. The collection of donations also occurred, especially for supra-regional sanctuaries like <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>. Hellenistic monarchs could appear as private donors in cities outside their immediate sphere of influence and sponsor public buildings, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochos IV</a>, who ordered the rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens)">Olympieion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. In such cases, the money came from the private treasury of the donor.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building contracts were advertised after a popular or elected assembly had passed the relevant motion. An appointed committee would choose the winner among the submitted plans. Afterwards, another committee would supervise the building process. Its responsibilities included the advertising and awarding of individual contracts, the practical supervision of the construction, the inspection and acceptance of completed parts, and the paying of wages. The original advert contained all the information necessary to enable a contractor to make a realistic offer for completing the task. Contracts were normally awarded to the competitor offering the most complete service for the cheapest price. In the case of public buildings, the materials were normally provided by the public sponsor, exceptions were clarified in the contract. Contractors were usually only responsible for specific parts of the overall construction, as most businesses were small. Originally, payment was by person and day, but from the 5th century onward, payment by piece or construction stage became common.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The costs could be immense. For example, surviving receipts show that in the rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a>, a single column cost 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_drachma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek drachma">drachmas</a>. Considering that a worker was paid about two drachmas, that equals nearly two million <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> (at a modern western European wage scale). Since the overall number of columns required for the design was 120, even this aspect of the building would have caused costs equivalent to those of major projects today (circa 360 million euro).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples_of_the_different_architectural_orders">Temples of the different architectural orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Temples of the different architectural orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the criteria by which Greek temples are classified is the <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">Classical order</a> chosen as their basic aesthetic principle. This choice, which was rarely entirely free, but normally determined by tradition and local habit, would lead to widely differing rules of design. According to the three major orders, a basic distinction can be made between the <a href="#Doric_temples">Doric</a>, the <a href="#Ionic_temples">Ionic</a> and the <a href="#Corinthian_temples">Corinthian</a> temple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doric_temples">Doric temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Doric temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/220px-%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/330px-%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/440px-%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hephaistos">Temple of Hephaistos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the best-preserved Doric temple in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern image of Greek temple architecture is strongly influenced by the numerous reasonably well-preserved temples of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>. Especially the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Southern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily#Greek_period" title="History of Sicily">Sicily</a> were accessible to western travellers quite early in the development of Classical studies, e.g. the temples at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akragas" class="mw-redirect" title="Akragas">Akragas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Hephaisteion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaisteion">Hephaisteion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> also influenced scholarship and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> from an early point onward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginnings of Greek temple construction in the Doric order can be traced to early in the 7th century BC. With the transition to stone architecture around 600, the order was fully developed; from then on, only details were changed, developed and refined, mostly in the context of solving the challenges posed by the design and construction of monumental temples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_monumental_temples">First monumental temples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: First monumental temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from early forms, occasionally still with apsidal backs and hipped roofs, the first 100-foot (30 m) peripteral temples occur quite soon, before 600. An example is Temple C at <a href="/wiki/Thermos_(Aetolia)" title="Thermos (Aetolia)">Thermos</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 625</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 100-foot-long (30 m) <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hekatompedos</i></span>, surrounded by a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> of 5 × 15 columns, its <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> divided in two aisles by a central row of columns. Its entirely Doric entablature is indicated by painted clay plaques, probably early example of metopes, and clay triglyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to be the case that all temples erected within the spheres of influence of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> in the 7th century were Doric <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteroi</i></span>. The earliest stone columns did not display the simple squatness of the high and late Archaic specimens, but rather mirror the slenderness of their wooden predecessors. Already around 600, the demand of viewability from all sides was applied to the Doric temple, leading to the mirroring of the frontal <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> by an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> at the back. This early demand continued to affect Doric temples especially in the Greek motherland. Neither the Ionic temples, nor the Doric specimens in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> followed this principle.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Mertens_1993_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Mertens_1993-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing monumentalisation of stone buildings, and the transfer of the wooden roof construction to the level of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span> removed the fixed relationship between the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>. This relationship between the axes of walls and columns, almost a matter of course in smaller structures, remained undefined and without fixed rules for nearly a century: the position of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> "floated" within the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpg/220px-Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpg/330px-Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpg/440px-Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>The Doric columns of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera_(Olympia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hera (Olympia)">Heraion of Olympia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stone-built_temples">Stone-built temples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Stone-built temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Heraion_at_Olympia_(c._600_BC)"><span id="The_Heraion_at_Olympia_.28c._600_BC.29"></span>The Heraion at Olympia (c. 600 BC)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: The Heraion at Olympia (c. 600 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera_(Olympia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hera (Olympia)">Heraion of Olympia</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>) exemplifies the transition from wood to stone construction. This building, initially constructed entirely of wood and mudbrick, had its wooden columns gradually replaced with stone ones over time. Like a museum of Doric columns and Doric capitals, it contains examples of all chronological phases, up to the Roman period. One of the columns in the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> remained wooden at least until the 2nd century AD, when <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> described it. This 6 × 16-column temple already called for a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> corner conflict. It was achieved through a reduction of the corner intercolumniations the so-called corner contraction. The Heraion is most advanced in regards to the relationship between <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>, as it uses the solution that became canonical decades later, a linear axis running along the external faces of the outer <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls and through the central axis of the associated columns. Its differentiation between wider intercolumnia on the narrow sides and narrower ones on the long sides was also an influential feature, as was the positioning of the columns within the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, corresponding with those on the outside, a feature not repeated until the construction of the temple at <a href="/wiki/Bassae" title="Bassae">Bassae</a> 150 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temple_of_Artemis,_Kerkyra_(early_6th_century_BC)"><span id="Temple_of_Artemis.2C_Kerkyra_.28early_6th_century_BC.29"></span>Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra (early 6th century BC)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra (early 6th century BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest Doric temple entirely built of stone is represented by the early 6th century BC <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_(Corfu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Artemis (Corfu)">Artemis Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerkyra">Kerkyra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All parts of this building are bulky and heavy, its columns reach a height of barely five times their bottom diameter and were very closely spaced with an intercolumniation of a single column width. The individual members of its Doric orders all differ considerably from the later canon, although all essential Doric features are present. Its ground plan of 8 by 17 columns, probably pseudoperipteral, is unusual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Archaic_Olympieion,_Athens"><span id="Archaic_Olympieion.2C_Athens"></span>Archaic Olympieion, Athens</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Archaic Olympieion, Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the Doric temples, the <a href="/wiki/Peisistratid" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratid">Peisistratid</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens)">Olympieion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> has a special position.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this building was never completed, its architect apparently attempted to adapt the Ionic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dipteros</i></span>. Column drums built into the later foundations indicate that it was originally planned as a Doric temple. Nonetheless, its ground plan follows the Ionic examples of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> so closely that it would be hard to reconcile such a solution with a Doric triglyph frieze. After the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Hippias_(tyrant)" title="Hippias (tyrant)">Hippias</a> in 510, work on this structure was stopped: <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Democratic Athens</a> had no desire to continue a monument of <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrannical</a> self-aggrandisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_period:_canonisation">Classical period: canonisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Classical period: canonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from this exception and some examples in the more experimental <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greater Greece</a>, the Classical Doric temple type remained the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span>. Its perfection was a priority of artistic endeavour throughout the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia_(460)"><span id="Temple_of_Zeus.2C_Olympia_.28460.29"></span>Temple of Zeus, Olympia (460)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Temple of Zeus, Olympia (460)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympia_-_ru%C3%AFne_Zeustempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Olympia_-_ru%C3%AFne_Zeustempel.jpg/220px-Olympia_-_ru%C3%AFne_Zeustempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Olympia_-_ru%C3%AFne_Zeustempel.jpg/330px-Olympia_-_ru%C3%AFne_Zeustempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Olympia_-_ru%C3%AFne_Zeustempel.jpg/440px-Olympia_-_ru%C3%AFne_Zeustempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ruin of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The canonical solution was found fairly soon by the architect <a href="/wiki/Libon_(architect)" title="Libon (architect)">Libon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elis_(city)" title="Elis (city)">Elis</a>, who erected the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> around 46. With its 6 × 13 columns or 5 × 12 intercolumniations, this temple was designed entirely rationally. Its column bays (axis to axis) measured 16 feet (4.9 m), a triglyph + metope 8 feet (2.4 m), a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mutulus</i></span> plus the adjacent space (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">via</i></span>) 4 feet (1.2 m), the tile width of the marble roof was 2 feet (0.61 m). Its columns are powerful, with only a slight <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">entasis</i></span>; the <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">echinus</a> of the capitals is already nearly linear at 45°. All of the superstructure is affected by curvature. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> measures exactly 3 × 9 column distances (axis to axis), its external wall faces are aligned with the axes of the adjacent columns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_canonical_Classical_temples">Other canonical Classical temples</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Other canonical Classical temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Classical proportion, 6 × 13 columns, is taken up by numerous temples, e.g. the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hephaistos">Temple of Hephaistos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sounion#Temple_of_Poseidon" title="Sounion">temple of Poseidon</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sounion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Sounion">Cape Sounion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slight variation, with 6 × 12 columns or 5 × 11 intercolumniations occurs as frequently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Parthenon_(450)"><span id="The_Parthenon_.28450.29"></span>The Parthenon (450)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: The Parthenon (450)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon-top-view.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parthenon-top-view.svg/170px-Parthenon-top-view.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parthenon-top-view.svg/255px-Parthenon-top-view.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parthenon-top-view.svg/340px-Parthenon-top-view.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, note triple colonnade in the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> and pillared room at back.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintains the same proportion at a larger scale of 8 × 17 columns, but follows the same principles. In spite of the eight columns on its front, the temple is a pure <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span>, its external <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls align with the axes of the second and seventh columns. In other regards, the Parthenon is distinguished as an exceptional example among the mass of Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteroi</i></span> by many distinctive aesthetic solutions in detail. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Athens_35_Parthenon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Attica_06-13_Athens_35_Parthenon.jpg/220px-Attica_06-13_Athens_35_Parthenon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Attica_06-13_Athens_35_Parthenon.jpg/330px-Attica_06-13_Athens_35_Parthenon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Attica_06-13_Athens_35_Parthenon.jpg/440px-Attica_06-13_Athens_35_Parthenon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>For example, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antae</i></span> of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> are shortened so as to form simple pillars. Instead of longer <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antae</i></span>, there are <i>prostyle</i> colonnades inside the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> on the front and back, reflecting Ionic habits. The execution of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, with a western room containing four columns, is also exceptional. The Parthenon's <a href="/wiki/Older_Parthenon" title="Older Parthenon">Archaic predecessor</a> already contained such a room. All measurements in the Parthenon are determined by the proportion 4:9. It determines column width to column distance, width to length of the stylobate, and of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> without <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antae</i></span>. The temple's width to height up to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span> is determined by the reverse proportion 9:4, the same proportion squared, 81:16, determines temple length to height. All of this mathematical rigour is relaxed and loosened by the <a href="#Optical_refinements">optical refinements</a> mentioned above, which affect the whole building, from layer to layer, and element to element. 92 sculpted metopes decorate its triglyph frieze: <a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">centauromachy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">amazonomachy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">gigantomachy</a> are its themes. The external walls of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> are crowned with a <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">figural frieze</a> surrounding the entire <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> and depicting the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaic procession</a> as well as the Assembly of the Gods. Large format figures decorate the pediments on the narrow sides. This conjunction of strict principles and elaborate refinements makes the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> the paradigmatic <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> temple. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hephaistos">Temple of Hephaistos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, erected shortly after the Parthenon, uses the same aesthetic and proportional principles, without adhering as closely to the 4:9 proportion.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NemeaTemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NemeaTemple.jpg/220px-NemeaTemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NemeaTemple.jpg/330px-NemeaTemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NemeaTemple.jpg/440px-NemeaTemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption>The temple of Zeus at <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Classical_and_Hellenistic:_changing_proportions">Late Classical and Hellenistic: changing proportions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Late Classical and Hellenistic: changing proportions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 4th century BC, a few Doric temples were erected with 6 × 15 or 6 × 14 columns, probably referring to local Archaic predecessors, e.g. the Temple of Zeus in <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of Athena in <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, Doric temples followed a tendency to become lighter in their superstructures. Columns became narrower, intercolumniations wider. This shows a growing adjustment to the proportion and weight of Ionic temples, mirrored by a progressive tendency among Ionic temples to become somewhat heavier. In the light of this mutual influence it is not surprising that in the late 4th century BC temple of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>, the front is emphasised by a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> two intercolumniations deep, while the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> is suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frontality is a key feature of Ionic temples. The emphasis on the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> already occurred in the slightly older temple of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a>, but there it was repeated in the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span>. Both temples continued the tendency towards more richly equipped interiors, in both cases with engaged or full columns of the Corinthian order. </p><p>The increasing reduction of the number of columns along the long sides, clearly visible on Ionic temples, is mirrored in Doric constructions. A small temple at Kournó has a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> of merely 6 × 7 columns, a stylobate of only 8 × 10 m and corners executed as pilasters towards the front.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> of monumental Doric temples is merely hinted at here; the function as a simple canopy for the shrine of the cult statue is clear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doric_temples_in_Magna_Graecia">Doric temples in Magna Graecia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Doric temples in Magna Graecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sicily and Southern Italy hardly participated in these developments. Here, most temple construction took place during the 6th and 5th centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Western Greeks showed a pronounced tendency to develop unusual architectural solutions, more or less unthinkable in the mother <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">poleis</i></span> of their colonies. For example, there are two examples of temples with uneven column numbers at the front, Temple of Hera I at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Mertens_1993_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Mertens_1993-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Temple of Apollo A at <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both temples had fronts of nine columns. </p><p>The technical possibilities of the western Greeks, which had progressed beyond those in the motherland, permitted many deviations. For example, innovations regarding the construction of the entablature developed in the west allowed the spanning of much wider spaces than before, leading to some very deep <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristaseis</i></span> and broad <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naoi</i></span>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> often had a depth of two column distances, e.g. at Temple of Hera I, Paestum, and temples C, F and G at <a href="/wiki/Selinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selinus">Selinus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifying them as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudodipteroi</i></span>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> only played a subsidiary role, but did occur sometimes, e.g. at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>. Much more frequently, the temples included a separate room at the back end of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, entrance to which was usually forbidden, the <i><a href="/wiki/Adyton" title="Adyton">adyton</a></i>. In some cases, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">adyton</i></span> was a free-standing structure within the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, e.g. temple G in <a href="/wiki/Selinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selinus">Selinus</a>. If possible, columns inside the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> were avoided, allowing for open roof constructions of up to 13 m width. </p><p>The largest such structure was the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_(Agrigento)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus (Agrigento)">Olympieion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akragas" class="mw-redirect" title="Akragas">Akragas</a>, an 8 × 17 columns <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span>, but in many regards an absolutely "un-Greek" structure, equipped with details such as engaged, figural pillars (<a href="/wiki/Telamon" title="Telamon">Telamons</a>), and a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> partially closed off by walls.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With external dimensions of 56 × 113 m, it was the largest Doric building ever to be completed. If the colonies showed remarkable independence and will to experiment in basic terms, they did so even more in terms of detail. For example, the lower surfaces of Doric <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geisa</i></span> could be decorated with <a href="/wiki/Coffer" title="Coffer">coffers</a> instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_glossary#mutule" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural glossary">mutuli</a></i>. </p><p>Although a strong tendency to emphasize the front, e.g. through the addition of ramps or stairs with up to eight steps (at <a href="/wiki/Temple_C_(Selinus)" title="Temple C (Selinus)">Temple C</a> in <a href="/wiki/Selinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selinus">Selinus</a>), or a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> depth of 3.5 column distances (temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had become a key principle of design, this was relativised by the broadening of column distances on the long sides, e.g. Temple of Hera I at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>. Only in the colonies could the Doric corner conflict be ignored. If South Italian architects tried to solve it, they used a variety of solutions: broadening of the corner metopes or triglyphs, variation of column distance or metopes. In some cases, different solutions were used on the broad and narrow sides of the same building. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Hera II at Paestum."><img alt="Temple of Hera II at Paestum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/200px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/300px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/400px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple of Hera II at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple G, Selinus, with well-defined adyton."><img alt="Temple G, Selinus, with well-defined adyton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png/200px-Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png/300px-Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png/400px-Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple G, <a href="/wiki/Selinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selinus">Selinus</a>, with well-defined <i>adyton</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigent_Model_Zeus-Tempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of the Olympieion at Akragas."><img alt="Model of the Olympieion at Akragas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Agrigent_Model_Zeus-Tempel.jpg/200px-Agrigent_Model_Zeus-Tempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Agrigent_Model_Zeus-Tempel.jpg/300px-Agrigent_Model_Zeus-Tempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Agrigent_Model_Zeus-Tempel.jpg/400px-Agrigent_Model_Zeus-Tempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of the Olympieion at <a href="/wiki/Akragas" class="mw-redirect" title="Akragas">Akragas</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionic_temples">Ionic temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Ionic temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_order.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ionic_order.svg/190px-Ionic_order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ionic_order.svg/285px-Ionic_order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ionic_order.svg/380px-Ionic_order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Typical proportions of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic order</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_2">Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the early period, before the 6th century, the term Ionic temple can, at best, designate a temple in the <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian areas of settlement</a>. No fragments of architecture belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic order</a> have been found from this time. Nonetheless, some early temples in the area already indicate the rational system that was to characterise the Ionic system later on, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos">Heraion</a> II on <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, even at an early point, the axes of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> walls aligned with the column axes, whereas in Doric architecture, the external wall faces do so. The early temples also show no concern for the typical Doric feature of visibility from all sides, they regularly lack an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span>; the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span> only became widespread in the area in the 4th century. In contrast, from an early point, Ionic temples stress the front by using double porticos. Elongated <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristaseis</i></span> became a determining element. At the same time, the Ionic temples were characterised by their tendency to use varied and richly decorated surfaces, as well as the widespread use of light-shade contrasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monumental_Ionic_temples">Monumental Ionic temples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Monumental Ionic temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Heraion_of_Samos">The Heraion of Samos</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: The Heraion of Samos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As soon as the Ionic order becomes recognisable in temple architecture, it is increased to monumental sizes. The temple in the <a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos">Heraion of Samos</a>, erected by <a href="/wiki/Rhoecus" title="Rhoecus">Rhoikos</a> around 560, is the first known <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dipteros</i></span>, with outside dimensions of 52 × 105 m.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A double portico of 8 × 21 columns enclosed the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, the back even had ten columns. The front used differing column distances, with a wider central opening. In proportion to the bottom diameter, the columns reached three times the height of a Doric counterpart. 40 flutings enriched the complex surface structure of the column shafts. Samian column bases were decorated with a sequence of horizontal flutings, but in spite of this playfulness they weighed 1,500 kg a piece. The capitals of this structure were probably still entirely of wood, as was the entablature. Ionic volute capitals survive from the outer <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> of the later rebuilding by <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a>. The columns of the inner <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> had leaf decoration and no volutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cycladic_Ionic">Cycladic Ionic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Cycladic Ionic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, there were early temples entirely built of marble. Volute capitals have not been found associated with these, but their marble entablatures belonged to the Ionic order.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Artemision_of_Ephesos">The Artemision of Ephesos</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: The Artemision of Ephesos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Artemision_Ephesus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Plan_Artemision_Ephesus.PNG/190px-Plan_Artemision_Ephesus.PNG" decoding="async" width="190" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Plan_Artemision_Ephesus.PNG/285px-Plan_Artemision_Ephesus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Plan_Artemision_Ephesus.PNG/380px-Plan_Artemision_Ephesus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemision</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roughly beginning with the erection of the older <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a> around 550,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the quantity of archaeological remains of Ionic temples increases. The Artemision was planned as a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dipteros</i></span>, its architect <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Samos" title="Theodorus of Samos">Theodoros</a> had been one of the builders of the Samian Heraion. With a substructure of 55 × 115 m, the Artemision outscaled all precedents. Its <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> was executed as unroofed internal <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> courtyard, the so-called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sekos</i></span>. The building was entirely of marble. The temple was considered as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_wonders_of_the_ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven wonders of the ancient world">seven wonders of the ancient world</a>, which may be justified, considering the efforts involved in its construction. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelare_fr%C3%A5n_Artemision_Efesos,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pelare_fr%C3%A5n_Artemision_Efesos%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/75px-Pelare_fr%C3%A5n_Artemision_Efesos%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pelare_fr%C3%A5n_Artemision_Efesos%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/113px-Pelare_fr%C3%A5n_Artemision_Efesos%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pelare_fr%C3%A5n_Artemision_Efesos%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/150px-Pelare_fr%C3%A5n_Artemision_Efesos%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Columna caelata</i></span> from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemision</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The columns stood on ephesian bases, 36 of them were decorated with life-sized friezes of human figures at the bottom of the shaft, the so-called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">columnae caelatae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The columns had between 40 and 48 flutings, some of them cut to alternate between a wider and a narrower fluting. The oldest marble architraves of Greek architecture, found at the Artemision, also spanned the widest distances ever achieved in pure stone. The middle architrave block was 8.74 m long and weighed 24 metric tons; it had to be lifted to its final position, 20 m above ground, with a system of pulleys. Like its precedents, the temple used differentiated column widths in the front, and had a higher number of columns at the back. According to ancient sources, <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Kroisos</a> was one of the sponsors. An inscription referring to his sponsorship was indeed found on one of the columns. The temple was burnt down by <a href="/wiki/Herostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Herostratos">Herostratos</a> in 356 BC and reerected soon thereafter. For the replacement, a <i><a href="/wiki/Crepidoma" title="Crepidoma">crepidoma</a></i> of ten or more steps was erected. Older Ionic temples normally lacked a specific visible substructure. This emphasised basis had to be balanced out be a heightened entablature, producing not only a visual contrast to, but also a major weight upon the slender columns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temple_of_Apollo_at_Didyma">Temple of Apollo at Didyma</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Temple of Apollo at Didyma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Apollo,_Didyma_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Didyma_02.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Didyma_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Didyma_02.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Didyma_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Didyma_02.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Didyma_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4637" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the temple of Apollo at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The temple of Apollo at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> near <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, begun around 540, was another <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dipteros</i></span> with open internal courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior was structured with powerful pilasters, their rhythm reflecting that of the external <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>. The columns, with 36 flutings, were executed as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">columnae caelatae</i></span> with figural decoration, like those at Ephesos. Construction ceased around 500, but was restarted in 331 and finally completed in the 2nd century. The enormous costs involved may have been one of the reasons for the long period of construction. The building was the first Ionic temple to follow the Attic tradition of uniform column distances, the frontal differentiation was not practised any more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temple_of_Athena_Polias,_Priene"><span id="Temple_of_Athena_Polias.2C_Priene"></span>Temple of Athena Polias, Priene</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Temple of Athena Polias, Priene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Athena_%26_Acropolis,_Priene_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Temple_of_Athena_%26_Acropolis%2C_Priene_%282%29.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Athena_%26_Acropolis%2C_Priene_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Temple_of_Athena_%26_Acropolis%2C_Priene_%282%29.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Athena_%26_Acropolis%2C_Priene_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Temple_of_Athena_%26_Acropolis%2C_Priene_%282%29.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Athena_%26_Acropolis%2C_Priene_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the temple of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> at <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ionic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteroi</i></span> were usually somewhat smaller and shorter in their dimensions than Doric ones. E.g., the temple of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Labraunda" title="Labraunda">Labraunda</a> had only 6 × 8 columns,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a> only 6 × 9.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple of <a href="/wiki/Athena_Polias" class="mw-redirect" title="Athena Polias">Athena Polias</a> at <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> already considered in antiquity as the classical example of an Ionic temple, has partially survived. It was the first monumental <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span> of Ionia, erected between 350 and 330 by <a href="/wiki/Pythius_of_Priene" title="Pythius of Priene">Pytheos</a>. It is based on a 6-by-6-foot (1.8 m × 1.8 m) grid (the exact dimensions of its plinths). The temple had 6 × 11 columns, i.e. a proportion of 5:10 or 1:2 intercolumnia. Walls and columns were aligned axially, according to Ionic tradition. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> was of equal depth on all sides, eliminating the usual emphasis on the front, an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span>, integrated into the back of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, is the first proper example in Ionic architecture. The evident rational-mathematical aspect to the design suits Ionic Greek culture, with its strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>. Pytheos was to be of major influence far beyond his lifetime. <a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_of_Priene" title="Hermogenes of Priene">Hermogenes</a>, who probably came from Priene, was a deserving successor<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2012)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and achieved the final flourish of Ionic architecture around 200 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Artemision_of_Magnesia">The Artemision of Magnesia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: The Artemision of Magnesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_chapital_of_the_Temple_of_Artemis_Leukophryene_at_Magnesia_on_the_Maeander,_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ionic_chapital_of_the_Temple_of_Artemis_Leukophryene_at_Magnesia_on_the_Maeander%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/220px-Ionic_chapital_of_the_Temple_of_Artemis_Leukophryene_at_Magnesia_on_the_Maeander%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ionic_chapital_of_the_Temple_of_Artemis_Leukophryene_at_Magnesia_on_the_Maeander%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/330px-Ionic_chapital_of_the_Temple_of_Artemis_Leukophryene_at_Magnesia_on_the_Maeander%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ionic_chapital_of_the_Temple_of_Artemis_Leukophryene_at_Magnesia_on_the_Maeander%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/440px-Ionic_chapital_of_the_Temple_of_Artemis_Leukophryene_at_Magnesia_on_the_Maeander%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Capital from the Artemision of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamonmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamonmuseum">Pergamonmuseum</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the projects led by Hermogenes was the Artemision of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a>, one of the first <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudodipteroi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other early <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudodipteroi</i></span> include the temple of Aphrodite at Messa on <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, belonging to the age of Hermogenes or earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo#Greco-Roman_epithets" title="Apollo">Apollo Sminthaios</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chryse_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryse Island">Chryse</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alabanda" title="Alabanda">Alabanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrangement of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudodipteros</i></span>, omitting the interior row of columns while maintaining a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> with the width of two column distances, produces a massively broadened portico, comparable to the contemporaneous hall architecture. The grid of the temple of Magnesia was based on a 12-by-12-foot (3.7 m × 3.7 m) square. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> was surrounded by 8 × 15 columns or 7 × 14 intercolumniations, i.e. a 1:2 proportion. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span> consisted of a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> of four column depths, a four-column <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, and a two-column <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span>. Above the architrave of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span>, there was a figural frieze of 137 m length, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">amazonomachy</a>. Above it lay the <a href="/wiki/Dentil" title="Dentil">dentil</a>, the Ionic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">geison</i></span> and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sima</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Attic_Ionic">Attic Ionic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Attic Ionic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg/220px-Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg/330px-Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg/440px-Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Athens and Attica were also ethnically Ionian, the Ionic order was of minor importance in this area. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Temple of Nike Aptera</a> on the Acropolis, a small amphiprostyle temple completed around 420, with Ionic columns on plinthless Attic bases, a triple-layered architrave and a figural frieze, but without the typical Ionic <a href="/wiki/Dentil" title="Dentil">dentil</a>, is notable. The east and north halls of the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a>, completed in 406, follow the same succession of elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Epidauros">Epidauros</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Epidauros"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An innovative Ionic temple was that of <a href="/wiki/Asklepios" class="mw-redirect" title="Asklepios">Asklepios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a>, one of the first of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudoperipteros</i></span> type. This small ionic prostyle temple had engaged columns along the sides and back, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peristasis</i></span> was thus reduced to a mere hint of a full portico facade.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Magna_Graecia">Magna Graecia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Magna Graecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is very little evidence of Ionic temples in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. One of the few exceptions is the early Classical Temple D, an 8 × 20-column <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span>, at <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a>. Its architect combined the dentils, typical of Asia Minor, with an Attic frieze, thus proving that the colonies were quite capable of partaking in the developments of the motherland.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small Ionic Hellenistic prostyle temple was found on the Poggetto San Nicola at <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hellenistic_India">Hellenistic India</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Hellenistic India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jandial" title="Jandial">Jandial</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jandial_complex_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jandial_complex_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/220px-Jandial_complex_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jandial_complex_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/330px-Jandial_complex_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jandial_complex_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/440px-Jandial_complex_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Hellenistic temple with <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> columns at <a href="/wiki/Jandial" title="Jandial">Jandial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruins of a provincial Ionic temple with a design very similar to those in the main <a href="/wiki/Greek_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek world">Greek world</a> survives at <a href="/wiki/Jandial" title="Jandial">Jandial</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The temple is considered semi-classical, with a plan essentially that of a Greek temple, with a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">naos</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pronaos</i></span> and an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">opisthodomos</i></span> at the back.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Ionic columns at the front are framed by two <a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)"><i>anta</i></a> walls as in a Greek <a href="/wiki/Distyle_in_antis" title="Distyle in antis">distyle in antis</a> layout. It seems that the temple had an outside wall with windows or doorways, in a layout similar to that of a Greek encircling row of columns (<a href="/wiki/Peripteros" title="Peripteros">peripteral</a> design).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been called "the most Hellenic structure yet found on Indian soil".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corinthian_temples">Corinthian temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Corinthian temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_-_Olympieion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens)">Olympieion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginnings_2">Beginnings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The youngest of the three Classical Greek orders, the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a> came to be used for the external design of Greek temples quite late. After it had proved its adequacy, e.g. on a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of at modern-day <a href="/wiki/Belevi_Mausoleum" title="Belevi Mausoleum">Belevi</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a>), it appears to have found increasing popularity in the last half of the 3rd century. Early examples probably include the <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Alexandria" title="Serapeum of Alexandria">Serapeum of Alexandria</a> and a temple at <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis_Magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermopolis Magna">Hermopolis Magna</a>, both erected by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemaios III</a>. A small temple of Athena Limnastis at <a href="/wiki/Messene" title="Messene">Messene</a>, definitely Corinthian, is only attested through drawings by early travellers and very scarce fragments. It probably dates to the late 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hellenistic_Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens"><span id="Hellenistic_Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus.2C_Athens"></span>Hellenistic Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first dateable and well-preserved presence of the Corinthian temple is the Hellenistic rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens)">Olympieion of Athens</a>, planned and started between 175 and 146 BC. This mighty <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dipteros</i></span> with its 110 × 44 m substructure and 8 × 20 columns was to be one of the largest Corinthian temples ever. Donated by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a> Epiphanes, it combined all elements of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Asian/Ionic</a> order with the Corinthian capital. Its Asian elements and its conception as a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dipteros</i></span> made the temple an exception in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Olba">Olba</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Olba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the middle of the 2nd century BC, a 6 × 12-column Corinthian <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripteros</i></span> was built in <a href="/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)" title="Olba (ancient city)">Olba</a>-Diokaisarea in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia#Geography" title="Cilicia">Rugged Cilicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its columns, mostly still upright, stand on Attic bases without plinths, exceptional for the period. The 24 flutings of the columns are only indicated by facets in the lower third. Each of the Corinthian capitals is made of three separate parts, an exceptional form. The entablature of the temple was probably in the Doric order, as is suggested by fragments of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mutuli</i></span> scattered among the ruins. All of these details suggest an Alexandrian workshop, since <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> showed the greatest tendency to combine Doric entablatures with Corinthian capitals and to do without the plinth under Attic bases.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temple_of_Hekate_at_Lagina">Temple of Hekate at Lagina</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Temple of Hekate at Lagina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further plan option is shown by the temple of <a href="/wiki/Hekate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekate">Hekate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lagina" title="Lagina">Lagina</a>, a small <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudoperipteros</i></span> of 8 × 11 columns.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its architectural members are entirely in keeping with the Asian/Ionic canon. Its distinctive feature, a rich figural frieze, makes this building, erected around 100 BC, an architectural gem. Further late Greek temples in the Corinthian order are known e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Mylasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mylasa">Mylasa</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, on the middle gymnasium terrace at <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distinctive_uses_of_Corinthian_temples,_influence"><span id="Distinctive_uses_of_Corinthian_temples.2C_influence"></span>Distinctive uses of Corinthian temples, influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Distinctive uses of Corinthian temples, influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The few Greek temples in the Corinthian order are almost always exceptional in form or ground plan and are initially usually an expression of royal patronage. The Corinthian order permitted a considerable increase of the material and technical effort invested in a building, which made its use attractive for the purposes of royals' self-aggrandisement. The demise of the Hellenistic monarchies and the increasing power of Rome and her allies placed mercantile elites and sanctuary administrations in the positions of building sponsors. The construction of Corinthian temples became a typical expression of self-confidence and independence.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an element of <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a>, the Corinthian temple came to be widely distributed in all of the Graeco-Roman world, especially in Asia Minor, until the late Imperial period. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France-002364_-_Square_House_(15867600545).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Maison Carrée at Nîmes (France), from 16 BC, a typical Roman temple, is a Corinthian hexaystyle pseudoperipteros."><img alt="The Maison Carrée at Nîmes (France), from 16 BC, a typical Roman temple, is a Corinthian hexaystyle pseudoperipteros." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/200px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/300px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/400px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Carrée">Maison Carrée</a> at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>), from 16 BC, a typical <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a>, is a Corinthian hexaystyle <i>pseudoperipteros</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pandyan Kingdom coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant, Pandyas, Sri Lanka, 1st century CE."><img alt="Pandyan Kingdom coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant, Pandyas, Sri Lanka, 1st century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg/198px-Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg/297px-Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg/396px-Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="2124" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Kingdom">Pandyan Kingdom</a> coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant, Pandyas, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, 1st century CE.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_remains">Surviving remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Surviving remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">List of Ancient Greek temples</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Werner_Carl-Friedrich_-_The_Prostasis_(portico)_of_the_Caryatids_on_the_Erechtheion_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Werner_Carl-Friedrich_-_The_Prostasis_%28portico%29_of_the_Caryatids_on_the_Erechtheion_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Werner_Carl-Friedrich_-_The_Prostasis_%28portico%29_of_the_Caryatids_on_the_Erechtheion_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Werner_Carl-Friedrich_-_The_Prostasis_%28portico%29_of_the_Caryatids_on_the_Erechtheion_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Werner_Carl-Friedrich_-_The_Prostasis_%28portico%29_of_the_Caryatids_on_the_Erechtheion_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Werner_Carl-Friedrich_-_The_Prostasis_%28portico%29_of_the_Caryatids_on_the_Erechtheion_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Werner_Carl-Friedrich_-_The_Prostasis_%28portico%29_of_the_Caryatids_on_the_Erechtheion_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Carl-Friedrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Carl-Friedrich (page does not exist)">Werner Carl-Friedrich</a>, from 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>Though extremely solidly built, apart from the roof, relatively few Greek temples have left very significant remains; these are often those which were converted to other uses such as churches or mosques. There are many where the platforms are reasonably complete, and some round drum elements of the columns, which were harder for later builders to re-use. The somewhat controversial practice of <a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">anastylosis</a>, or re-erecting fallen materials, has sometimes been used. The rectangular wall blocks have usually been carried off for re-use, and some buildings have been destroyed or weakened merely to get the bronze pins linking blocks. Marble sculpture has often been removed to make <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, and any that has survived has usually been removed to a museum, not always a local one. </p><p>The most complete remains are concentrated in Athens and southern Italy; several are described in more detail above, under their orders. Athens has the Parthenon and the even better preserved Doric <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaestus</a>, both once churches, as well two small temples on the Acropolis and a corner of the large Corinthian <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens">Temple of Olympian Zeus</a>. The small <a href="/wiki/Bassae#History_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_Epicurius" title="Bassae">temple of Apollo Epicurius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bassae" title="Bassae">Bassae</a> survived in a rural location with most of its columns and main architrave blocks in place, amid a jumble of fallen stone. From this British antiquaries extracted the <a href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a> in 1812, which was soon in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. </p><p>In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, some way south of Naples near what was once the northern limit of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (Greek Italy), has three early Doric temples in a row, amid the mostly Roman ruins of the city. In <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> the <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a> has an even larger group, with the main structure of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Temple of Concordia</a> especially well-preserved. Along the coast <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a> was destroyed about 250 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> and has the tumbled ruins of five temples, of which <a href="/wiki/Temple_E_(Selinus)" title="Temple E (Selinus)">one has been rebuilt</a> from the original material. Not far away, <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a> has a single Doric temple whose main structure is largely intact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in ancient Greece">Art in ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture" title="Glossary of architecture">Glossary of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Ancient Greek technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_architectural_records" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient architectural records">List of ancient architectural records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">List of Ancient Greek temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greco-Roman_roofs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greco-Roman roofs">List of Greco-Roman roofs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">List of Greek mythological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLockyer1893" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Norman_Lockyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Norman Lockyer">Lockyer, Joseph Norman</a> (11 May 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EpkZtUGY5y8C&pg=PA43">"The Orientation of Greek Temples"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>48</b> (1228). <a href="/wiki/Francis_Penrose" title="Francis Penrose">Penrose, F.C.</a> (quoted): 42–43 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Orientation+of+Greek+Temples&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1228&rft.pages=42-43&rft.date=1893-05-11&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEpkZtUGY5y8C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikalson2010" class="citation book cs1">Mikalson, Jon (2010). <i>Ancient Greek Religion</i>. Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mikalson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, 219–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theories are discussed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_HaggNanno_Marinatos2002" class="citation book cs1">Robin Hagg; Nanno Marinatos, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvSHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT11"><i>Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches</i></a>. Routledge. chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134801671" title="Special:BookSources/9781134801671"><bdi>9781134801671</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Sanctuaries%3A+New+Approaches&rft.pages=chapter-1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134801671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvSHAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/113480167X" title="Special:BookSources/113480167X">113480167X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Becker" class="citation web cs1">E. Becker (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114553/https://myportal.bsd405.org/personal/beckere/art910/Shared%20Documents/Art%20History.pptx">"Art History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myportal.bsd405.org/personal/beckere/art910/Shared%20Documents/Art%20History.pptx">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyportal.bsd405.org%2Fpersonal%2Fbeckere%2Fart910%2FShared%2520Documents%2FArt%2520History.pptx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller,_Cain" class="citation web cs1">Mueller, Cain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918081654/http://muellercain.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/2/0/16208714/minoan_and_mycenaean_civilization_comparison_lesson.pdf">"Minoan and Mycenaean civilization comparison"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. lesson. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muellercain.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/2/0/16208714/minoan_and_mycenaean_civilization_comparison_lesson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoan+and+Mycenaean+civilization+comparison&rft.series=lesson&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Cain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuellercain.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F6%2F2%2F0%2F16208714%2Fminoan_and_mycenaean_civilization_comparison_lesson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/isthmia/publications/archaic-temple/">"Archaic temple"</a>. U. Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaic+temple&rft.pub=U.+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flucian.uchicago.edu%2Fblogs%2Fisthmia%2Fpublications%2Farchaic-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrerup1969" class="citation book cs1">Drerup, Heinrich (1969). <i>Griechische Baukunst in geometrischer Zeit</i>. 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In Himmelmann-Wildschütz, Nikolaus; Biesantz, Hagen (eds.). <i>Festschrift für Friedrich Matz</i>. Mainz. pp. 32–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zur+Entstehung+der+griechischen+Ringhalle&rft.btitle=Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Friedrich+Matz&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pages=32-38&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Drerup&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenk1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, Ralf (1997). "Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus". <i>Internationale Archäologie</i>. <b>45</b>: 41–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internationale+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=Der+korinthische+Tempel+bis+zum+Ende+des+Prinzipats+des+Augustus&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=41-47&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringmannSchmidt-Dounas2000" class="citation book cs1">Bringmann, Klaus; Schmidt-Dounas, Barbara (2000). "Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer". In von Steuben, Hans; Bringman, Klaus (eds.). <i>Historische und archäologische Auswertung</i>. Berlin: Akademie Verlag Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schenkungen+hellenistischer+Herrscher+an+griechische+St%C3%A4dte+und+Heiligt%C3%BCmer&rft.btitle=Historische+und+arch%C3%A4ologische+Auswertung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag+Berlin&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bringmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Schmidt-Dounas%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchürman1991" class="citation book cs1">Schürman, Astrid (1991). <i>Griechische Mechanik und antike Gesellschaft</i>. 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München: Hirmer. pp. 33–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Tempel+der+Griechen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=33-44&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Hirmer&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gruben&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaß1993" class="citation book cs1">Quaß, Friedemann (1993). <i>Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens. Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit</i>. 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Vol. 23. Istanbul: Beiheft Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung. pp. 119–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%BChe+Denkm%C3%A4ler+Roms+in+Kleinasien&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=119-122&rft.pub=Beiheft+Mitteilungen+des+Deutschen+Arch%C3%A4ologischen+Instituts+Abteilung&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Tuchelt&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouechéErim1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Rouech%C3%A9" title="Charlotte Roueché">Roueché, Charlotte</a>; Erim, Kenan T. (1990). "Aphrodisias papers: Recent work on architecture and sculpture". <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. Supplementary. <b>1</b>: 37 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Aphrodisias+papers%3A+Recent+work+on+architecture+and+sculpture&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=37+ff&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Rouech%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Erim%2C+Kenan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHänlein-Schäfer1985" class="citation book cs1">Hänlein-Schäfer, Heidi (1985). <i>Veneratio Augusti. Eine Studie zu den Tempeln des ersten römischen Kaisers</i>. Rome.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veneratio+Augusti.+Eine+Studie+zu+den+Tempeln+des+ersten+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaisers&rft.place=Rome&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4nlein-Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_EssWeber1999" class="citation book cs1">van Ess, Margarete; Weber, Thomas (1999). "Baalbek". <i>Bann römischer Monumentalarchitektur</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baalbek&rft.btitle=Bann+r%C3%B6mischer+Monumentalarchitektur&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=van+Ess&rft.aufirst=Margarete&rft.au=Weber%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyberger2000" class="citation book cs1">Freyberger, Klaus Stefan (2000). "Im Licht des Sonnengottes. Deutung und Funktion des sogenannten Bacchus-Tempels im Heiligtum des Jupiter Heliopolitanus in Baalbek". <i>Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Damaskus</i>. Vol. 12. pp. 95–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Im+Licht+des+Sonnengottes.+Deutung+und+Funktion+des+sogenannten+Bacchus-Tempels+im+Heiligtum+des+Jupiter+Heliopolitanus+in+Baalbek&rft.btitle=Mitteilungen+des+Deutschen+Arch%C3%A4ologischen+Instituts+Abteilung+Damaskus&rft.pages=95-133&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Freyberger&rft.aufirst=Klaus+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachatschekSchwarz1981" class="citation book cs1">Machatschek, Alois; Schwarz, Mario (1981). "Bauforschungen in Selge". <i>Ergänzungsbände zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris</i>. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch–Historische Klasse Denkschriften. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 152. Band, p. 96, Taf. 4, Fig. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bauforschungen+in+Selge&rft.btitle=Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde+zu+den+Tituli+Asiae+Minoris&rft.place=Wien&rft.series=Philosophisch%E2%80%93Historische+Klasse+Denkschriften&rft.pages=152.-Band%2C+p.-96%2C+Taf.-4%2C+Fig.-70&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Machatschek&rft.aufirst=Alois&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNollé,_J.Schindler,_F.1991" class="citation book cs1">Nollé, J.; Schindler, F. (1991). <i>Die Inschriften von Selge</i>. p. 89, No. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Inschriften+von+Selge&rft.pages=p.-89%2C+No.-17&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Noll%C3%A9%2C+J.&rft.au=Schindler%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard-Perkins1983" class="citation book cs1">Ward-Perkins, John B. (1983). <i>Roman Imperial Architecture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Architecture&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Ward-Perkins&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyberger,_Klaus_StefanJoukowsky,_Martha_Sharp1997" class="citation book cs1">Freyberger, Klaus Stefan; Joukowsky, Martha Sharp (1997). "Blattranken, Greifen und Elefanten. Sakrale Architektur in Petra". In Weber, Thomas; Wenning, Robert (eds.). <i>Petra: antike Felsstadt zwischen arabischer Tradition und griechischer Norm</i>. Zabern, Mainz: Sonderheft Antike Welt. pp. 71 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blattranken%2C+Greifen+und+Elefanten.+Sakrale+Architektur+in+Petra&rft.btitle=Petra%3A+antike+Felsstadt+zwischen+arabischer+Tradition+und+griechischer+Norm&rft.place=Zabern%2C+Mainz&rft.pages=71+ff&rft.pub=Sonderheft+Antike+Welt&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Freyberger%2C+Klaus+Stefan&rft.au=Joukowsky%2C+Martha+Sharp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollart1969" class="citation book cs1">Collart, Pierre (1969). <i>Le sanctuaire de Baalshamin à Palmyre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+sanctuaire+de+Baalshamin+%C3%A0+Palmyre&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Collart&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFentress2000" class="citation conference cs1">Fentress, Elizabeth, ed. (2000). <i>Romanization and the City. Creation, transformation, and failures</i>. Proceedings of a conference held at the American Academy in Rome to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the excavations at Cosa, 14–16 May 1998. <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. Supplementary. Vol. 38. Portsmouth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Romanization+and+the+City.+Creation%2C+transformation%2C+and+failures&rft.volume=38&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding Roman period and financing, using the province of Asia as an example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramme2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cramme, Stefan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409055636/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96238805x&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=96238805x.pdf"><i>Die Bedeutung des Euergetismus für die Finanzierung städtischer Aufgaben in der Provinz Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Köln. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96238805x&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=96238805x.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bedeutung+des+Euergetismus+f%C3%BCr+die+Finanzierung+st%C3%A4dtischer+Aufgaben+in+der+Provinz+Asia&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cramme&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeposit.ddb.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdokserv%3Fidn%3D96238805x%26dok_var%3Dd1%26dok_ext%3Dpdf%26filename%3D96238805x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same basic proportion occurs, less purely, in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaestus</a> of Athens. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_M%C3%BCller-Wiener" title="Wolfgang Müller-Wiener">Wolfgang Müller-Wiener</a>: <i>Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike</i>. C. H. Beck, München 1988, p. 27-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Hoepfner" title="Wolfram Hoepfner">Wolfram Hoepfner</a> in: Wolfram Hoepfner & Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner (eds.): <i>Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur.</i> Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 28. bis 29. Juli 1988 im Rahmen des XIII. Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie. Mainz 1990. p. 12; Meral Ortac: <i>Die hellenistischen und römischen Propyla in Kleinasien</i>. 2001, p. 115 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96916422x&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=96916422x.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409055627/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96916422x&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=96916422x.pdf">Archived</a> April 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lothar Haselberg: <i>Old Issues, New Research, Latest Discoveries: Curvature and Other Classical Refinements</i>. In: Lothar Haselberger (ed.): <i>Appearance and Essence. Refinements of Classical Architecture: Curvature</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1999, p. 1-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Picard – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_La_Coste-Messeli%C3%A8re" title="Pierre de La Coste-Messelière">Pierre de La Coste-Messelière</a>: <i>Fouilles de Delphes</i>. Bd. IV 3, 1931, S. 15 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About architectural sculpture: M. Oppermann: <i>Vom Medusabild zur Athenageburt. Bildprogramme griechischer Tempelgiebel archaischer und klassischer Zeit</i>. 1990; Heiner Knell: <i>Mythos und Polis. Bildprogramme griechischer Bauskulptur</i>. The column was constructed of drums, the round core, and finished with flutes, making the outer area look rippled. Slight swelling of the column is known as entasis. 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Retallack, G.J., 2008, "Rocks, views, soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece". <i>Antiquity</i> 82, 640–657</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miles213-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miles213_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miles213_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, 212–213, 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, Gregory, <i>Power and Place: Temple and Identity in the Book of Revelation</i>, pp. 48–50, 2012, Walter de Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110880393" title="Special:BookSources/3110880393">3110880393</a>, 9783110880397, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dcfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">google books</a>; Miles, 212–213, 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Bringmann & H. von Steuben, <i>Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer</i>. 1995; Hildegard Schaaf: <i>Untersuchungen zu Gebäudestiftungen hellenistischer Zeit</i>. 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Lauter: <i>Die Architektur des Hellenismus</i>. Wiss. Buchges., Darmstadt 1986, p. 12-27; Wolfgang Müller-Wiener: <i>Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike</i>. C. H. Beck, München 1988, p. 15-25, 33–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Rehm: "<i>Die Inschriften</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>. In: Theodor Wiegand: <i>Didyma</i>. 2. Teil (ed. by Richard Harder). Berlin 1958. pp. 13–103. The calculation is based on a low-skilled craftsman's daily pay of 150 euro in modern Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Mertens: <i>Der Tempel von Segesta und die dorische Tempelbaukunst des griechischen Westens in klassischer Zeit</i>. 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Kawerau & Georgios Soteriades: <i>Der Apollotempel zu Thermos</i>. In: <i>Antike Denkmäler</i>. Bd. 2, 1902/08. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/ad1908/">Online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Koch: <i>Zu den Metopen von Thermos</i>. In: <i>Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Athen</i>. Bd. 39, 1914, S. 237 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dieter_Mertens_1993-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Mertens_1993_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Mertens_1993_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Mertens: <i>Der alte Heratempel in Paestum und die archaische Baukunst in Unteritalien</i>. 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Mallwitz: <i>Das Heraion von Olympia und seine Vorgänger</i>. In: <i>Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts</i>. Bd. 81, 1966, p. 310-376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick A. Cooper: <i>The Temple of Apollo Bassitas</i>. Vol. 1–4. 1992–1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Rodenwaldt: <i>Korkyra. Bd. 1 – Der Artemistempel</i>. 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renate Tölle-Kastenbein: <i>Das Olympieion in Athen</i>. Böhlau, Köln 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried Gruben: <i>Die Tempel der Griechen</i>. Hirmer, München 2001 (5. edn.), p. 212-216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael B. Cosmopoulos (ed.): <i>The Parthenon and its sculptures</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer A. Thompson & Richard E. Wycherley : <i>The Agora of Athens. The History, Shape and Uses of an ancient City Center</i>. The Athenian Agora. Vol 14, 1972, p. 140 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick A. Cooper et al.: <i>The Temple of Zeus at Nemea. Perspectives and Prospects</i>. Catalogue Benaki Museum Athens 1983. Athens 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Dugas; J. Berchamans & M. Clemmensen: <i>Le sanctuaire d'Aléa Athéna à Tégée au IVe siècle</i>. 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick A. Cooper e.a.: <i>The Temple of Zeus at Nemea. Perspectives and Prospects</i>. Ausstellungskatalog Benaki Museum Athen 1983. Athen 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Lauter: <i>Die Architektur des Hellenismus</i>. Wiss. Buchges., Darmstadt 1986, S. 187. 195 Abb. 65. 66a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Mertens: <i>Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen. Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus</i>. Hirmer Verlag, München 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Mertens: <i>Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen. Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus</i>. Hirmer Verlag, München 2006, p. 157-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luca Giuliani: <i>Die archaischen Metopen von Selinunt.</i> Zabern, Mainz 1979; Dieter Mertens: <i>Selinus I. Die Stadt und ihre Mauern</i>. Zabern, Mainz 2003; Dieter Mertens: <i>Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen. Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus</i>. Hirmer Verlag, München 2006, p. 117-124, 227–228, 231–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Mertens: <i>Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen. Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus</i>. Hirmer Verlag, München 2006, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Dieter Mertens: <i>Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen. Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus</i>. Hirmer Verlag, München 2006, p. 104-110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann J. Kienast: <i>Die rechteckigen Peristasenstützen am samischen Hekatompedos</i>. In: Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner (ed.): <i>Säule und Gebälk. Zu Struktur und Wandlungsprozeß griechisch-römischer Architektur</i>. Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 16.-18. Juni 1994. Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung. Bd. 6, 1996, p. 16-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christof Hendrich: <i>Die Säulenordnung des ersten Dipteros von Samos</i>. Habelt, Bonn 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried Gruben: <i>Naxos und Delos. Studien zur archaischen Architektur der Kykladen</i>: In: <i>Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts</i>. Vol. 112, 1997, p. 261–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton Bammer: <i>Das Heiligtum der Artemis von Ephesos</i>. 1984; Anton Bammer – Ulrike Muss: <i>Das Artemision von Ephesos</i>. Sonderheft Antike Welt. Vol. 20, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrike Muss: <i>Die Bauplastik des archaischen Artemisions von Ephesos.</i> Sonderschriften des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes. Vol. 25. Wien 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Schneider: <i>Neue Funde vom archaischen Apollontempel in Didyma</i>. In: Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner (Hrsg.): <i>Säule und Gebälk. Zu Struktur und Wandlungsprozeß griechisch-römischer Architektur</i>. Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 16.-18. Juni 1994. Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung. Vol. 6, 1996, p. 78-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pontus Hellström – Thomas Thieme: <i>The temple of Zeus</i>. In: <i>Labraunda – Swedish excavations and researches</i>. Vol 1, 3. Lund 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim Hakan Mert: <i>Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Bauornamentik von Stratonikeia</i>. Köln 1999, p 261-301 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959749713&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=959749713.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409055617/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959749713&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=959749713.pdf">Archived</a> April 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Rumscheid: <i>Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des Hellenismus</i>. 1994, p 42–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Humann: <i>Magnesia am Mäander</i>. 1904, p 55; also see in: Wolfram Hoepfner & Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner (Eds.): <i>Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur.</i> Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 28. bis 29. Juli 1988 im Rahmen des XIII. Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie. Mainz 1990; more generally: W. Hoepfner in: Wolfram Hoepfner & Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner (Eds.): <i>Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur</i>. Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 28. bis 29. Juli 1988 im Rahmen des XIII. Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie. Mainz 1990, p. 2 ff. 30 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hakan Mert: <i>Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Bauornamentik von Stratonikeia</i>. Köln 1999, p. 26 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959749713&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=959749713.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409055617/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959749713&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=959749713.pdf">Archived</a> April 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim Hakan Mert: <i>Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Bauornamentik von Stratonikeia</i>. Köln 1999, p. 26 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959749713&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=959749713.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409055617/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959749713&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=959749713.pdf">Archived</a> April 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Rumscheid: <i>Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik</i>. Bd. I. Zabern, Mainz 1994, p. 141-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple L in Epidauros; see Hans Lauter: <i>Die Architektur des Hellenismus</i>. Wiss. Buchges., Darmstadt 1986, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Dieter Mertens: <i>Der ionische Tempel von Metapont</i>. In: <i>Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Römische Abteilung</i>. Bd. 86, 1979, p. 103 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India" Getzel M. Cohen, University of California Press, 2013, p.327 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtEkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA327">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, p.492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans", John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1 janv. 1967 p.129 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA129">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Schenk: <i>Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus</i>. Internationale Archäologie 45, 1997, p. 16-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Renate Tölle-Kastenbein: <i>Das Olympieion in Athen</i>. Böhlau, Köln 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodora S. MacKay: <i>Olba in Rough Cilicia</i>. 1968; Detlev Wannagat: <i>Neue Forschungen in Diokaisareia / Uzuncaburç, Bericht über die Arbeiten 2001–2004</i>. In: <i>Archäologischer Anzeiger</i>. 2005, p. 117-166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildegard Schaaf: <i>Untersuchungen zu Gebäudestiftungen hellenistischer Zeit</i>. 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Schenk: <i>Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus</i>. Internationale Archäologie 45, 1997, p. 26-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detlev Wannagat: <i>Zur Säulenordnung des Zeustempels von Olba-Diokaisareia</i>. In: <i>Olba II</i>. First International Symposium on Cilician Archaeology, Mersin 1.-4.6. 1998, Mersin 1999, p. 355-368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ulrich Junghölter: <i>Zur Komposition der Laginafriese und zur Deutung des Nordfrieses</i>. 1989; Frank Rumscheid: <i>Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik</i>. Bd. I, 1994, p. 132 ff.; Ralf Schenk: <i>Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus</i>. Internationale Archäologie 45, 1997, p. 28 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Voigtländer in: Adolf Hoffmann; Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_H%C3%B6pfner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Höpfner">Wolfram Höpfner</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Brands" title="Gunnar Brands">Gunnar Brands</a> (eds.): <i>Bautechnik der Antike</i>. Kolloquium Berlin 1990. Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung. Bd. 5. 1991, p. 247-248; Ralf Schenk: <i>Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus</i>. Internationale Archäologie 45, 1997, p. 37-39 (late 2nd century BC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Schazmann: <i>Das Gymnasium</i>. In: <i>Altertümer von Pergamon</i>. Bd. VI. 1923, p. 40 ff.; Ralf Schenk: <i>Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus</i>. Internationale Archäologie 45, 1997, p. 39-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ralf Schenk: <i>Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus</i>. Internationale Archäologie 45, 1997, pp. 41–47.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>English</dt></dl> <ul><li>Jenkins, Ian. <i>Greek Architecture and Its Sculpture</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Martin, Roland. <i>Greek Architecture</i>. New York: Electa/Rizzoli, 1988.</li> <li>Miles, Margaret Melanie. <i>A Companion to Greek Architecture</i>. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2016.</li> <li>Mikalson, Jon. <i>Ancient Greek Religion</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</li> <li>Pollio, Marcus Vitruvius. "Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: De Architectura, Book IV." LacusCurtius • Vitruvius on Architecture - Book IV. Accessed November 27, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/4*.html">https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/4*.html</a>.</li> <li>Scully, Vincent Joseph. <i>The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred Architecture</i>. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.</li> <li>Tzonis, Alexander, and Phoivē Giannisē. <i>Classical Greek Architecture: The Construction of the Modern</i>. English-language ed. Paris: Flammarion, 2004.</li> <li>Yeroulanou, Marina. "Architecture in City and Sanctuary". In <i>A Companion to Greek Art</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Jo_Smith" title="Tyler Jo Smith">Tyler Jo Smith</a> and Dimitris Plantzos, 132–52. Vol. 1. Somerset: Wiley, 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuchtriegel2023" class="citation book cs1">Zuchtriegel, Gabriel (20 April 2023). <i>The Making of the Doric Temple: Architecture, Religion, and Social Change in Archaic Greece</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009260107" title="Special:BookSources/9781009260107"><bdi>9781009260107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Doric+Temple%3A+Architecture%2C+Religion%2C+and+Social+Change+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.isbn=9781009260107&rft.aulast=Zuchtriegel&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign language</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bietak, Manfred (ed.): <i>Archaische Griechische Tempel und Altägypten</i>. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-2937-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7001-2937-8">3-7001-2937-8</a></li> <li>Fuchs, Werner: <i>Die Skulptur der Griechen</i>. Hirmer, München 1983 (3. edn.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7774-3460-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7774-3460-4">3-7774-3460-4</a></li> <li>Gruben, Gottfried: <i>Die Tempel der Griechen</i>. Hirmer, München 2001 (5. edn.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7774-8460-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7774-8460-1">3-7774-8460-1</a></li> <li>Knell, Heiner: <i>Architektur der Griechen: Grundzüge</i>. Wiss. Buchges., Darmstadt 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-80028-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-80028-1">3-534-80028-1</a></li> <li>Lauter, Hans: <i>Die Architektur des Hellenismus</i>. Wiss. Buchges., Darmstadt 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-09401-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-09401-8">3-534-09401-8</a></li> <li>Mertens, Dieter: <i>Der alte Heratempel in Paestum und die archaische Baukunst in Unteritalien</i>. 1993.</li> <li>Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang: <i>Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike</i>. C. H. Beck, München 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-32993-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-32993-4">3-406-32993-4</a></li> <li>Schenk, Ralf: <i>Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus</i>. Internationale Archäologie Vol. 45, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89646-317-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89646-317-3">978-3-89646-317-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_religion" title="Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Religion_and_religious_practice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a> and religious practice</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Main beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon">Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Golden mean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Greek words for love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demigod#Classical" title="Demigod">Hemitheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">Katabasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">Kleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxography" title="Paradoxography">Paradoxography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-state_patron_gods" title="Greek city-state patron gods">Patron gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome:_theia_mania" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Texts / <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Theban Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipodea" title="Oedipodea">Oedipodea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmeonis" title="Alcmeonis">Alcmeonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretalogy" title="Aretalogy">Aretalogy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Verses" title="Golden Verses"><i>Golden Verses</i> of Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Homerica">Homerica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Dreams_(Antiphon)" title="Interpretation of Dreams (Antiphon)">Interpretation of Dreams</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneirocritica" title="Oneirocritica">Oneirocritica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Astrampsychi" title="Sortes Astrampsychi">Sortes Astrampsychi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism#Classical_antiquity" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hellenistic_religion" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism#Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Ancient_Greece" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Relationship with Greek philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism#Late_Antiquity" title="Western esotericism">Esoteric</a> systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy#Hellenistic_Egypt" title="Alchemy">Early alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">Syncretic</a> religions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Deified_Alexander" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">Ptolemaic cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)#Religious_issues" title="Julian (emperor)">Religious views of emperor Julian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mystery religions<br />and sacred mysteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbrian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries#Samothracian_Mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Samothracian Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feraferia" title="Feraferia">Feraferia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship <br />/ rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotoi_Hieroi" title="Arotoi Hieroi">Arotoi Hieroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptes" title="Baptes">Baptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daduchos" title="Daduchos">Daduchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">Heroon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">Hierophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">Hieros gamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hymns_in_ancient_Greek" title="Category:Hymns in ancient Greek">Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_(ritual)" title="Incubation (ritual)">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komos" title="Komos">Komos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophagia" title="Omophagia">Omophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgia" title="Orgia">Orgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyris" title="Panegyris">Panegyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">Hecatomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)#Greek_sacrifice" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">Pharmakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_league" title="Amphictyonic league">Amphictyonic league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_basileus" title="Archon basileus">Archon basileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinna" title="Basilinna">Basilinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerarai" title="Gerarai">Gerarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiereiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiereiai">Hiereiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophant" title="Hierophant">Hierophant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierophylakes" title="Hierophylakes">Hierophylakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatromantis" title="Iatromantis">Iatromantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanephoros" title="Kanephoros">Kanephoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystagogue" title="Mystagogue">Mystagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">Baetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture#Cult_images" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Cult image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine statue">Chryselephantine statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">Xoanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernos" title="Kernos">Kernos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">Kykeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">Omphalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">Sacrificial tripod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptre#Greco-Roman_world" title="Sceptre">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Graeco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic in the Graeco-Roman world">Magic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy#Antiquity" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Greco-Roman_magic)" title="Philia (Greco-Roman magic)">Philia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals <br />/ feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonia" title="Adonia">Adonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrionia" title="Agrionia">Agrionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apellai" title="Apellai">Apellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apaturia" title="Apaturia">Apaturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisia" title="Aphrodisia">Aphrodisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhephoria" title="Arrhephoria">Arrhephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendidia" title="Bendidia">Bendidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boedromia" title="Boedromia">Boedromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphonia" title="Buphonia">Buphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Chalceia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meilichios" title="Meilichios">Diasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_(festival)" title="Delia (festival)">Delia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinia" title="Delphinia">Delphinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysia" title="Ecdysia">Ecdysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelia" title="Gamelia">Gamelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Heracleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaea_(festival)" title="Hermaea (festival)">Hermaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieromenia" title="Hieromenia">Hieromenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Leucophryna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykaia" title="Lykaia">Lykaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metageitnia" title="Metageitnia">Metageitnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichia_(festival)" title="Munichia (festival)">Munichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oschophoria" title="Oschophoria">Oschophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamboeotia" title="Pamboeotia">Pamboeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(festival)" title="Pandia (festival)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plynteria" title="Plynteria">Plynteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaieia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaieia">Ptolemaieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skira" title="Skira">Skira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoikia" title="Synoikia">Synoikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(festival)" title="Soteria (festival)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauropolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauropolia">Tauropolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseia" title="Theseia">Theseia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">Agon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhieia" title="Rhieia">Rhieia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temples</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuaries">sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepieion" title="Asclepieion">Asclepieion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinion" title="Delphinion">Delphinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panionium" title="Panionium">Panionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesterion" title="Telesterion">Telesterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis, Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphiareion_of_Oropos" title="Amphiareion of Oropos">Amphiareion of Oropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptoion" title="Ptoion">Oracle of Apollo at Ptoion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Oracle of Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_the_Great_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of the Great Gods">Sanctuary of the Great Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegyra" title="Tegyra">Tegyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretea" title="Cretea">Cretea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus,_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Cave of Zeus, Aydın">Cave of Zeus, Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Pan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cave of Pan (disambiguation)">Caves of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychro_Cave" title="Psychro Cave">Psychro Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vari_Cave" title="Vari Cave">Vari Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Island of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Diomedes" title="Islands of Diomedes">Islands of Diomedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Spring" title="Castalian Spring">Castalian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrene" title="Hippocrene">Hippocrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierian_Spring" title="Pierian Spring">Pierian Spring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_sacred_ships" title="Athenian sacred ships">Athenian sacred ships</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralus_(ship)" title="Paralus (ship)">Paralus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salaminia" title="Salaminia">Salaminia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanathos" title="Kanathos">Kanathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Way" title="Sacred Way">Sacred Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Myths_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Myths and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures#Immortals" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Deities</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods" title="Family tree of the Greek gods">Family tree</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)" title="Asteria (Titaness)">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamides" title="Potamides">Potamides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Love deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Erotes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Himeros" title="Erotes">Himeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)"> Hymen/Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrestia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrestia">Adrestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecothoenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecothoenas">Gynaecothoenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(goddess)" title="Ma (goddess)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deities" title="Chthonic deities">Chthonic deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychopomps" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampad" title="Lampad">Lampad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrhon" title="Darrhon">Darrhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sleep deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empusa" title="Empusa">Empusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiales" title="Epiales">Epiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Messenger deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trickster deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magic deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Other major deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azone" title="Azone">Azone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (Furies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Heroes / <br />heroines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderus" title="Abderus">Abderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academus" title="Academus">Akademos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzyges" title="Bouzyges">Bouzyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus_of_Elis" title="Chrysippus of Elis">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamites" title="Cyamites">Cyamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Dioscuri</a> (Castor and Polydeuces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetlus" title="Echetlus">Echetlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis_(mythology)" title="Eleusis (mythology)">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus_(hero)" title="Eunostus (hero)">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(hero)" title="Pandion (hero)">Pandion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt#The_hunters" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">Epigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracles</a> <br />/ seers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuas" title="Aleuas">Aleuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphilochus_I_of_Argos" title="Amphilochus I of Argos">Amphilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyx" title="Ampyx">Ampyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anius" title="Anius">Anius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbolus" title="Asbolus">Asbolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakis" title="Bakis">Bakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchus" title="Branchus">Branchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnus" title="Carnus">Carnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatus" title="Elatus">Elatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennomus" title="Ennomus">Ennomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamus" title="Iamus">Iamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idmon" title="Idmon">Idmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(mythology)" title="Manto (mythology)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampus" title="Melampus">Melampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyidus">Polyeidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypheides" title="Polypheides">Polypheides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Sibyl" title="Cimmerian Sibyl">Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl" title="Delphic Sibyl">Delphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Sibyl" title="Hellespontine Sibyl">Hellespontine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl" title="Libyan Sibyl">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Sibyl" title="Phrygian Sibyl">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_Sibyl" title="Samian Sibyl">Samian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemus" title="Telemus">Telemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theiodamas" title="Theiodamas">Theiodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Other <br /> mortals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegisthus" title="Aegisthus">Aegisthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeas" title="Augeas">Augeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(mother_of_Andromeda)" title="Cassiopeia (mother of Andromeda)">Cassiopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_(king_of_Thebes)" title="Creon (king of Thebes)">Creon of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysothemis" title="Chrysothemis">Chrysothemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(daughter_of_Lycomedes)" title="Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)">Deidamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra" title="Electra">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordias" title="Gordias">Gordias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae">Heracleidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyta" title="Hippolyta">Hippolyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismene" title="Ismene">Ismene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocasta" title="Jocasta">Jocasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapian shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)" title="Phoenix (son of Agenor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_of_Corinth" title="Polybus of Corinth">Polybus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylades" title="Pylades">Pylades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(mythology)" title="Pyrrha (mythology)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrances to <br /> the underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanos_(river_of_Hades)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridanos (river of Hades)">Eridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegethon" title="Phlegethon">Phlegethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes/swamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acherusia" title="Acherusia">Acherusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Avernus Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charoniums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion_at_Hierapolis" title="Ploutonion at Hierapolis">Ploutonion at Hierapolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necromanteion (necromancy temple)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows" title="Asphodel Meadows">Fields of Asphodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Isles of the Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld#Mourning_Fields" title="Greek underworld">Mourning Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campe" title="Campe">Campe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion" title="Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocnus" title="Ocnus">Ocnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmoneus" title="Salmoneus">Salmoneus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityos" title="Tityos">Tityos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katabasis#Trip_into_the_underworld" title="Katabasis">Visitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols/objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bident" title="Bident">Bident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_invisibility" title="Cap of invisibility">Cap of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon%27s_obol" title="Charon's obol">Charon's obol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals, daemons, <br />and spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuthonymus" title="Ceuthonymus">Ceuthonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynomos_(daemon)" title="Eurynomos (daemon)">Eurynomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Mythical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_creatures" title="List of Greek mythological creatures">Greek mythological creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek mythological figures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of minor Greek mythological figures">Minor figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trojan_War_characters" title="List of Trojan War characters">Trojan War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon">Daemon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodemon" title="Cacodemon">Cacodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaemon_(mythology)" title="Eudaemon (mythology)">Eudaemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts /<br /> creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaurides" title="Centaurides">Centaurides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyocentaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyocentaur">Ichthyocentaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">Drakaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatonchires" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecatonchires">Hecatonchires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrois">Horses of Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured <br />/ slain by <br /> <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calydonian boar">Calydonian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerynian_Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerynian Hind">Cerynian Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Bull" title="Cretan Bull">Cretan Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Crommyonian Sow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymanthian_boar" title="Erymanthian boar">Erymanthian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkotauroi" title="Khalkotauroi">Khalkotauroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_of_Diomedes" title="Mares of Diomedes">Mares of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthrus" title="Orthrus">Orthrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stymphalian_birds" title="Stymphalian birds">Stymphalian birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophage" title="Anthropophage">Anthropophagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebryces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curetes_(tribe)" title="Curetes (tribe)">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Dactyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargareans" title="Gargareans">Gargareans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halizones" title="Halizones">Halizones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Korybantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">Lotus-eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pygmy (Greek mythology)">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places <br />/ Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)#History" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis#In_mythology" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia" title="Erytheia">Erytheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismarus_(Thrace)" title="Ismarus (Thrace)">Ismarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya (mythology)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaia_(island)" title="Panchaia (island)">Panchaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_(mythology)" title="Phlegra (mythology)">Phlegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplegades" title="Symplegades">Symplegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Apollo and Daphne">Apollo and Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Eros and Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">Labours of Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_and_Eurydice" title="Orpheus and Eurydice">Orpheus and Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_War" title="Attic War">Attic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">Theomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">Adamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_of_Discord" title="Apple of Discord">Apple of Discord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(mythology)" title="Dragon's teeth (mythology)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diipetes" title="Diipetes">Diipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidolon" title="Eidolon">Eidolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdle_of_Aphrodite" title="Girdle of Aphrodite">Girdle of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian knot">Gordian knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe" title="Harpe">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichor" title="Ichor">Ichor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth#Cretan_labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_tree" title="Lotus tree">Lotus tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">Moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">Necklace of Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">Orichalcum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged helmet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria#The_Phaeacian_ships" title="Scheria">Phaeacian ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">Shield of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt_of_Nessus" title="Shirt of Nessus">Shirt of Nessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaria" title="Talaria">Talaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">Thyrsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_of_Poseidon" title="Trident of Poseidon">Trident of Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnowing_Oar" title="Winnowing Oar">Winnowing Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_fire" title="Wheel of fire">Wheel of fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic egg">Orphic egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">Owl of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">Swan song</a></li> <li>Wind <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_wind" title="East wind">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_wind" title="West wind">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_wind" title="North wind">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_wind" title="South wind">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Modern<br />treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology_in_western_art_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical mythology in western art and literature">Classical mythology in western art and literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Greek mythology in popular culture">Greek mythology in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_understanding_of_Greek_mythology" title="Modern understanding of Greek mythology">Modern understanding of Greek mythology</a></li></ul> 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