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<li id="toc-Establishment_in_1954" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_in_1954"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment in 1954</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_in_1954-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_up_to_1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_up_to_1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History up to 1974</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_up_to_1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_in_1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_in_1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Abolition in 1975</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_in_1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_in_1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_in_1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Restoration in 1982</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_in_1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_and_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_and_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Powers and duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_and_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political ranking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Line of succession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Line_of_succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Line of succession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Line_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_line_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_line_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Current line of succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_line_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_state_representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_state_representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of state representatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_state_representatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of state representatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_state_representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairpeople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairpeople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Chairpeople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairpeople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairpeople_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairpeople_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Chairpeople of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairpeople_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spouse_of_the_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spouse_of_the_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spouse of the president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spouse_of_the_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رئيس الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_d%27a_Republica_Popular_China" title="President d'a Republica Popular China – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="President d'a Republica Popular China" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী চীনের রাষ্ট্রপতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী চীনের রাষ্ট্রপতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-h%C3%B4a_J%C3%AEn-b%C3%AEn_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok_Ch%C3%BA-se%CC%8Dk" title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Chú-se̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Chú-se̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Председател на Китайската народна република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Председател на Китайската народна република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Narodne_Republike_Kine" title="Predsjednik Narodne Republike Kine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Predsjednik Narodne Republike Kine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="President de la República Popular de la Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President de la República Popular de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_lidov%C3%A9_republiky" title="Prezident Čínské lidové republiky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prezident Čínské lidové republiky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kinas_pr%C3%A6sidenter" title="Folkerepublikken Kinas præsidenter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkerepublikken Kinas præsidenter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatspr%C3%A4sident_der_Volksrepublik_China" title="Staatspräsident der Volksrepublik China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatspräsident der Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Rahvavabariigi_president" title="Hiina Rahvavabariigi president – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina Rahvavabariigi president" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πρόεδρος της Λαϊκής Δημοκρατίας της Κίνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος της Λαϊκής Δημοκρατίας της Κίνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="Presidente de la República Popular China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de la República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_%C4%88ina_Popola_Respubliko" title="Prezidanto de Ĉina Popola Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prezidanto de Ĉina Popola Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رئیس‌جمهور چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" title="Président de la république populaire de Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président de la république populaire de Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="Presidente da República Popular da China – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente da República Popular da China" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D" title="중화인민공화국의 주석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화인민공화국의 주석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="जनवादी गणराज्य चीन के राष्ट्रपति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनवादी गणराज्य चीन के राष्ट्रपति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_della_Repubblica_Popolare_Cinese" title="Presidente della Repubblica Popolare Cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidente della Repubblica Popolare Cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="נשיא הרפובליקה העממית של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא הרפובליקה העממית של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қытай Халық Республикасының төрағасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай Халық Республикасының төрағасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_Tautas_Republikas_prezidents" title="Ķīnas Tautas Republikas prezidents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīnas Tautas Republikas prezidents" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Претседател на Народна Република Кина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседател на Народна Република Кина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ചൈനയുടെ പ്രസിഡണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനയുടെ പ്രസിഡണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رئيس الصين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس الصين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Presiden Republik Rakyat China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Republik Rakyat China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中華人民共和国主席 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華人民共和国主席" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kinas_president" title="Folkerepublikken Kinas president – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkerepublikken Kinas president" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsleiarar_i_Folkerepublikken_Kina" title="Statsleiarar i Folkerepublikken Kina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statsleiarar i Folkerepublikken Kina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_Xalq_Respublikasi_raisi" title="Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi raisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi raisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="د چين د خلکو جمهوريت ولسمشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چين د خلکو جمهوريت ولسمشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ប្រធានាធិបតីនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រធានាធិបតីនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewodnicz%C4%85cy_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej" title="Przewodniczący Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przewodniczący Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_da_China" title="Presidente da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Republicii_Populare_Chineze" title="Președinte al Republicii Populare Chineze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Președinte al Republicii Populare Chineze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Председатель Китайской Народной Республики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Председатель Китайской Народной Республики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Ljudske_republike_Kitajske" title="Predsednik Ljudske republike Kitajske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predsednik Ljudske republike Kitajske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Председник Народне Републике Кине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Председник Народне Републике Кине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kansantasavallan_presidentti" title="Kiinan kansantasavallan presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kansantasavallan presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_stats%C3%B6verhuvuden" title="Kinas statsöverhuvuden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinas statsöverhuvuden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay_Xal%C4%B1q_C%C3%B6mh%C3%BCri%C3%A4tene%C3%B1_R%C3%A4ise" title="Qıtay Xalıq Cömhüriäteneñ Räise – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Qıtay Xalıq Cömhüriäteneñ Räise" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ประธานาธิบดีสาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประธานาธิบดีสาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_devlet_ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Çin devlet başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin devlet başkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Голова Китайської Народної Республіки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голова Китайської Народної Республіки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدر عوامی جمہوریہ چین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدر عوامی جمہوریہ چین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghvaz_Yinzminz_Gunghozgoz_Cujsiz" title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz Cujsiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz Cujsiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_t%E1%BB%8Bch_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_Trung_Hoa" title="Chủ tịch nước Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ tịch nước Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中華人民共和國主席 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中華人民共和國主席" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中華人民共和國主席 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中華人民共和國主席" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中华人民共和国主席 – 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the president of the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, see <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a>. For the de facto top leader of the People's Republic of China, see <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the<br />People's Republic of China</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">中华人民共和国主席</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">National Emblem of the People's Republic of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag of the People's Republic of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_(November_2024)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg/200px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg/300px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg/400px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a><br /></div>since 14 March 2013</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Office of the President of the<br />People's Republic of China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">Mr. President</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">主席</span></span>)<br />(informal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">阁下</span></span>)<br />(diplomatic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_representative" class="mw-redirect" title="State representative">State representative</a><sup id="cite_ref-CCP_news_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCP_news-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Levels_and_ranking_system" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">National leader level official</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reports to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai#West_Building_Compound" title="Zhongnanhai">West Building, Zhongnanhai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nominator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium of the National People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Five years,<br />renewable with no-limit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precursor</th><td class="infobox-data">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">Central People's Government</a> (1949–1954)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1912<span class="noprint">; 112 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1912-01-01</span>)</span> (Republican era)<br /> 27 September 1954<span class="noprint">; 70 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1954-09-27</span>)</span> (current form)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (Republican era)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (current form)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolished</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975–1982</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">CN¥</a>136,620 per annum <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">President of the<br />People's Republic of China</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:主席">主席</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:主席">主席</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">alternative name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">（<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中国">中国</a>）<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:国家主席">国家主席</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">（<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:中國">中國</a>）<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:國家主席">國家主席</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president of China</b>, officially the <b>president of the People's Republic of China</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">state representative</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. On its own, it is a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">ceremonial office</a> and has no real power in China's <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">political system</a>. While the office has many of the characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution of China</a> does not define it as such. However, since 1993, the post has been held by the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman of the Central Military Commission</a>, who is China's <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>. </p><p>The presidency is a part of <a href="/wiki/System_of_people%27s_congress" title="System of people's congress">system of people's congress</a> based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">unified power</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC) functions as the only branch of government and as the <a href="/wiki/Highest_state_organ_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest state organ of power">highest state organ of power</a>. The presidency is a state organ of the NPC and equivalent to, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a>, rather than a political office, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">premier of the State Council</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Standing Committee</a>, the presidency performs certain <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a> functions. The president can engage in state affairs with the consent of the NPC Standing Committee. While the presidency is not a powerful organ in itself, since 27 March 1993, the president has concurrently served as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> (CMC), making the incumbent China's <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_command_of_the_armed_forces_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Supreme command of the armed forces in the People's Republic of China">commander-in-chief</a>. </p><p>The first state representative of China dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican era</a> when the post was held by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> upon the establishment of the Republic on 1 January 1912. The presidency in its current form was the chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, which was established on 1 October 1949 by a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a>. It was replaced in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Constitution in 1954</a> with the office of state chairman. It was successively held by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>. Liu fell into political disgrace during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, after which the presidency became vacant. The post of chairman was abolished under the <a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of 1975</a>, and the function of state representative was bestowed on the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">chairman of the NPC Standing Committee</a>. The office was reinstated in the Constitution of 1982 but with reduced powers and a stipulation that the president could not serve more than two consecutive terms. The <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> were abolished in 2018. Since 1982, the title's official English-language translation has been "<a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a>", although the Chinese title remains unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_in_1954">Establishment in 1954</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment in 1954"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of state chairman (the original English translation) was first established under the <a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the ceremonial powers of the office were largely identical to those in the current Constitution, the powers of the 1954 office differed from those of the current office in two areas: military and governmental.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state chairman's military powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows: "The Chairman of the People's Republic of China commands the armed forces of the state, and is chairman of the National Defence Council (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">国防委员会</span>)."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Defence Council was unique to the 1954 Constitution, and was mandated as the civil command for the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution. </p><p>The state chairman's governmental powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows: "The Chairman of the People's Republic of China, whenever necessary, convenes a Supreme State Conference (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">最高国务会议</span>) and acts as its chairman."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Supreme State Conference included the main officers of state, and its views were to be presented to the main organs of state and government, including the National People's Congress and the State and National Defense Councils.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme State Conference was also unique to the 1954 Constitution. It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution and later Constitutions have not included a similar body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_up_to_1974">History up to 1974</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History up to 1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCP Chairman Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of state chairman. He was elected at the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">founding session</a> of the National People's Congress in 1954. At the <a href="/wiki/2nd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2nd National People's Congress">2nd NPC</a> in 1959, Mao was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, first-ranked <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. Liu was reelected as state chairman at the <a href="/wiki/3rd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="3rd National People's Congress">3rd NPC</a> in Jan 1965. However, in 1966, Mao launched the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and by August 1966 Mao and his supporters succeeding in removing Liu from his position as party vice chairman. A few months later Liu was apparently placed under house arrest, and after a prolonged power struggle the 12th Plenum of the 8th Communist Party Congress stripped Liu Shaoqi of all his party and non-party positions on 31 October 1968, including the post of state chairman. This was in violation of the Constitution, which required a vote by the NPC to remove the state chairman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After Liu's removal in 1968, the office of state chairman was vacant. From 1972 to 1975, however, state media referred to Vice State Chairman <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> as "acting state chairman".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_in_1975">Abolition in 1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abolition in 1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/4th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="4th National People's Congress">4th NPC</a> was convened in 1975, its main act was to adopt <a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">a new Constitution</a> which eliminated the office of state chairman and emphasized instead the leadership of the Communist Party over the state, including an article that made the CCP chairman <a href="/wiki/Supreme_command_of_the_armed_forces_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Supreme command of the armed forces in the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a> of the PLA in concurrence as chairman of the party CMC, while the duties of state representative were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/5th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="5th National People's Congress">5th NPC</a> was convened two years early, in 1978, and <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">a third Constitution</a> was adopted, which also lacked the office of state chairman, but did place a greater emphasis on the ceremonial roles performed by the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress as state representative.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_in_1982">Restoration in 1982</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Restoration in 1982"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it was agreed to amend the constitution again in 1980, questions to whether to restore the presidency arose. Research showed that having the NPCSC chairman as the national representative created problems, as the position was equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker of parliament</a> in other countries. <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> agreed to restore the presidency, but without powers in specific government affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The office was reinstated in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">fourth Constitution</a>, adopted by the 5th Session of the 5th NPC in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1982 Constitution, the party developed policy while the state executed it, and the president was conceived of as a ceremonial and replacement figure with a role similar to that of equivalent of figurehead presidents in parliamentary republics. Actual state power was vested in the general secretary of the Communist Party, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">premier</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman of the Central Military Commission</a>. As part of the effort to prevent another leader from rising above the party as Mao had done, all four posts were intended to be held by separate people. The president therefore performed ceremonial duties such as greeting foreign dignitaries and signing the appointment of embassy staff, and did not intervene in the affairs of the State Council or the party. The constitution also mandated term limits for the office, stipulating the president and vice president could not serve more than two consecutive terms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The posts of the premier, president and CCP general secretary were held by different individuals in the 1980s. That said, in reality political power was concentrated on Deng Xiaoping, effectively the paramount leader, who controlled the Party, government and the military from "behind the scenes" without holding any of the three posts. However, presidents <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> (1983–1988) and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> (1988–1993) were not simple figureheads, but actually significant players in the highest leadership. They derived most of their power from being amongst the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a>, rather than the office of president.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the experiment of separating party and state posts, which led to conflict between Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang during the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>, was terminated. In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, who had been general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the Central Military Commission since 1989, assumed the presidency as well, becoming the undisputed top leader of the party and the state.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang stepped down as president in 2003, handing the post to then–<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, the first vice president to assume the office. Hu had already become general secretary in 2002. In turn, Hu vacated both offices for Xi Jinping in 2012 and 2013, who had also previously served as vice president under Hu.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 11, 2018, <a href="/wiki/2018_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2018 National People's Congress">the first session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/13th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="13th National People's Congress">13th National People's Congress</a>, by a vote of 2,958 in favor, two opposed and three abstaining, passed a constitutional amendment that removed the previous term limits for the president and the vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_noTL_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_noTL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align the presidency with his more powerful posts of general secretary of the party and CMC chairman, which do not have term limits.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection">Selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 79 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for being elected for the presidency. To serve as president, one must: </p> <ul><li>be a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_citizen" title="Chinese citizen">Chinese citizen</a>;</li> <li>have the right to vote and stand for election;</li> <li>be at least 45 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Organic Law of the National People's Congress (NPC), constitutionally China's <a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">highest organ of state power</a>, the president is nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">NPC Presidium</a>, the Congress's executive organ.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the nomination is effectively made by the Chinese Communist Party, with the decisions being made among Party leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Presidium could theoretically nominate multiple candidates for the presidency, leading the election to be competitive, it has always nominated a single candidate for the office.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the nomination, the president is elected by the NPC, which also has the power to remove the president and other state officers from office. Elections and removals are decided by majority vote.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The length of the president's term of office is the same as the NPC, which is 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2018, the president is required to <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recite</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">constitutional oath of office</a> before assuming office.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Year</th> <th>Electoral college</th> <th>Total Seats</th> <th>President-elect</th> <th>Voters</th> <th>For</th> <th>Against</th> <th>Abstain</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">1st National People's Congress</a></td> <td>1226</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></td> <td>1210</td> <td>1210</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2 </td> <td>1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2nd National People's Congress">2nd National People's Congress</a></td> <td>1235</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="3rd National People's Congress">3rd National People's Congress</a></td> <td>3040</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>1983</td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="6th National People's Congress">6th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2978</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="7th National People's Congress">7th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2970</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></td> <td>2970</td> <td>2812</td> <td>124</td> <td>34</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">5 </td> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="8th National People's Congress">8th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2977</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></td> <td>2918</td> <td>2858</td> <td>35</td> <td>25</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="9th National People's Congress">9th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2983</td> <td>2947</td> <td>2882</td> <td>36</td> <td>29</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">6 </td> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="10th National People's Congress">10th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2985</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></td> <td>2944</td> <td>2937</td> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="11th National People's Congress">11th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2987</td> <td>2964</td> <td>2956</td> <td>3</td> <td>5</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">7 </td> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="12th National People's Congress">12th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2987</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></td> <td>2956</td> <td>2952</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="13th National People's Congress">13th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2980</td> <td>2970</td> <td>2970</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th National People's Congress</a></td> <td>2980</td> <td>2952</td> <td>2952</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>Elected </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_duties">Powers and duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Powers and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president functions as the state representative of China both internally and externally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the constitution, the presidency is not a position but a state organ that represents the PRC in state activities, but one person serves the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the current constitution, instated in 1982 with minor revisions in later years, the president has the power to <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgate</a> laws, select and dismiss the premier (head of government), <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China">vice premiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">state councillors</a> as well as ministers of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, grant <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">presidential pardons</a>, declare <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="States of emergency">states of emergency</a>, issue mass mobilization orders, and issue state honours. In addition, the president names and dismisses ambassadors to foreign countries and signs and annuls treaties with foreign entities. According to the Constitution, all of these powers require the approval or confirmation of the National People's Congress (NPC),<sup id="cite_ref-:022_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which the office is subject to.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president also conducts state visits on behalf of the People's Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the constitution, the "<a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a>" clause is the only presidential power that does not stipulate any form of oversight from the NPC. As the vast majority of presidential powers are dependent on the ratification of the NPC, the president is, in essence, a symbolic post without any direct say in the governance of the state. It is, therefore, conceived to mainly function as a symbolic institution of the state rather than an office with true executive powers.<sup id="cite_ref-figurehead_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figurehead-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202324_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong202324-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In theory, the president has discretion in selecting the premier, though in practice, the premier has historically been selected through the top-level discussions of the Chinese Communist Party. Upon the premier's nomination, the NPC convenes to confirm the nomination, but since only one name is on the ballot, it can only approve or reject. To date, it has never rejected a personnel nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the premier, the head of government in China, is the most important political appointment in the Chinese government, the nomination power, under some circumstances, may give the president real political influence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The director of the Office of the President of the PRC (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中华人民共和国主席办公室</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhǔxí Bàngōngshì</span></i>) is currently Han Shiming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ranking">Political ranking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence in China</a></div><p> The political ranking of the presidency has changed throughout the decades, influenced by the officeholder of the time. 2nd President Liu Shaoqi was also the <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">first-ranked vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, and ranked second in the Chinese Communist Party, behind CCP Chairman Mao Zedong.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Li Xiannian was also the 5th ranked member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo Standing Committee</a>, after the CCP general secretary and Chinese premier.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Yang Shangkun was not a member of CCP Politburo Standing Committee, but he ranked third after CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang/Jiang Zemin and CMC Chairman Deng Xiaoping.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Jiang Zemin's accession to the office in 1993, the president has also the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, ranking first in party and state.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Inheritance" title="Category:Inheritance">a series</a> on<br /><b><span style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Orders of succession</a></span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">Presidencies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Argentine presidential line of succession">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria#Succession" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Brazilian presidential line of succession">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Colombian presidential line of succession">Colombia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Line_of_succession">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Succession" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt#Succession" title="President of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland#Incapacity_and_succession" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France#Succession_and_incapacity" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany#Succession" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Succession" title="President of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia#Line_of_succession_and_impeachment" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_and_Acting_President_of_Israel" title="Interim and Acting President of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy#Succession" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland#Absence_of_a_president" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea#Order_of_succession" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico#Succession" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Pakistani presidential line of succession">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru#Line_of_succession" title="President of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Philippine presidential line of succession">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Poland" title="Acting President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_presidential_line_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese presidential line of succession">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania#Succession" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Sri Lankan presidential line of succession">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China#Succession" title="President of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Uruguayan presidential line of succession">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam#Order_of_succession" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Template:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Template talk:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_title">Post title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of the office (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">国家主席</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guójiā Zhǔxí</span></i>), which literally translates to "state chairman", was unchanged in the Chinese text, but a new English translation of "President of the People's Republic of China" has been adopted since 1982, instead of "Chairman of the People's Republic of China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202324_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong202324-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Line_of_succession">Line of succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Line of succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 84 of the Constitution of China. If the office of president falls vacant, then the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">vice president</a> succeeds to the office. If both offices fall vacant, then the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">chairman of the NPC Standing Committee</a> temporarily acts as president until the NPC can elect a new president and vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2023306_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2023306-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_line_of_succession">Current line of succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current line of succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number in line">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Incumbent </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President of the People's Republic of China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DD0000;" data-sort-value="Chinese Communist Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DD0000;" data-sort-value="Chinese Communist Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_state_representatives">List of state representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of state representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_oagyfjf6kiqfm542rmnb1vxnj5c846i"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" coords="740,297,838,319" title="Xi Jinping" alt="Xi Jinping" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" coords="628,277,721,300" title="Hu Jintao" alt="Hu Jintao" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" coords="534,258,638,280" title="Jiang Zemin" alt="Jiang Zemin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" coords="439,238,556,260" title="Yang Shangkun" alt="Yang Shangkun" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" coords="392,218,496,241" title="Li Xiannian" alt="Li Xiannian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" coords="346,199,451,221" title="Ye Jianying" alt="Ye Jianying" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Zhu_De" coords="280,179,354,201" title="Zhu De" alt="Zhu De" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Soong_Ching%2Dling" coords="239,100,374,122" title="Soong Ching-ling" alt="Soong Ching-ling" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" coords="239,61,331,83" title="Dong Biwu" alt="Dong Biwu" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" coords="207,41,306,63" title="Liu Shaoqi" alt="Liu Shaoqi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" coords="73,2,172,24" title="Mao Zedong" alt="Mao Zedong" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_oagyfjf6kiqfm542rmnb1vxnj5c846i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/oagyfjf6kiqfm542rmnb1vxnj5c846i.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairpeople">Chairpeople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chairpeople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_1959_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mao Zedong (27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959; Chairman of the Central People's Government 1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954)"><img alt="Mao Zedong (27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959; Chairman of the Central People's Government 1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mao_Zedong_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Mao_Zedong_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mao_Zedong_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Mao_Zedong_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mao_Zedong_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Mao_Zedong_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></b><br /><small>(27 September 1954 –<br />27 April 1959;<br /><i>Chairman of the Central People's Government</i><br />1 October 1949 –<br />27 September 1954)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LiuShaoqi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liu Shaoqi (27 April 1959 – 31 October 1968)"><img alt="Liu Shaoqi (27 April 1959 – 31 October 1968)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LiuShaoqi.jpg/92px-LiuShaoqi.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LiuShaoqi.jpg/138px-LiuShaoqi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LiuShaoqi.jpg/184px-LiuShaoqi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></b><br /><small>(27 April 1959 –<br />31 October 1968)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DONGBIWU.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dong Biwu (Vice-Chairman acted as the Chairman 31 October 1968 – 24 February 1972; Acted Chairman 24 February 1972 – 17 January 1975)"><img alt="Dong Biwu (Vice-Chairman acted as the Chairman 31 October 1968 – 24 February 1972; Acted Chairman 24 February 1972 – 17 January 1975)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DONGBIWU.JPG/90px-DONGBIWU.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DONGBIWU.JPG/134px-DONGBIWU.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DONGBIWU.JPG/179px-DONGBIWU.JPG 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></b><br /><small>(<i>Vice-Chairman acted as the Chairman</i><br />31 October 1968 –<br />24 February 1972;<br /><i>Acted Chairman</i><br />24 February 1972 –<br />17 January 1975)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Song Qingling (Vice-Chairwoman acted as the Chairwoman 31 October 1968 – 24 February 1972; Honorary Chairwoman 16 May 1981 – 29 May 1981)"><img alt="Song Qingling (Vice-Chairwoman acted as the Chairwoman 31 October 1968 – 24 February 1972; Honorary Chairwoman 16 May 1981 – 29 May 1981)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg/93px-Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg/139px-Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg/186px-Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a></b><br /><small>(<i>Vice-Chairwoman acted as the Chairwoman</i><br />31 October 1968 –<br />24 February 1972;<br /><i>Honorary Chairwoman</i><br />16 May 1981 – <br />29 May 1981)</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairpeople_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress"><span id="Chairpeople_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People.27s_Congress"></span>Chairpeople of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chairpeople of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_De.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhu De (17 January 1975 – 6 July 1976)"><img alt="Zhu De (17 January 1975 – 6 July 1976)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zhu_De.jpg/95px-Zhu_De.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zhu_De.jpg/143px-Zhu_De.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zhu_De.jpg/190px-Zhu_De.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></b><br /><small>(17 January 1975 –<br />6 July 1976)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Song Qingling (Acting Chairwoman 6 July 1976 – 5 March 1978)"><img alt="Song Qingling (Acting Chairwoman 6 July 1976 – 5 March 1978)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg/93px-Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg/139px-Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg/186px-Soong_Ching-ling_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a></b><br /><small>(<i>Acting Chairwoman</i><br />6 July 1976 –<br />5 March 1978)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye_Jianying.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ye Jianying (5 March 1978 – 18 June 1983)"><img alt="Ye Jianying (5 March 1978 – 18 June 1983)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ye_Jianying.jpg/90px-Ye_Jianying.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ye_Jianying.jpg/135px-Ye_Jianying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ye_Jianying.jpg/180px-Ye_Jianying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></b><br /><small>(5 March 1978 –<br />18 June 1983)</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Xiannian.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Li Xiannian (18 June 1983 – 8 April 1988)"><img alt="Li Xiannian (18 June 1983 – 8 April 1988)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Li_Xiannian.png/92px-Li_Xiannian.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Li_Xiannian.png/139px-Li_Xiannian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Li_Xiannian.png/185px-Li_Xiannian.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></b><br /><small>(18 June 1983 –<br />8 April 1988)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yang_Shangkun_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yang Shangkun (8 April 1988 – 27 March 1993)"><img alt="Yang Shangkun (8 April 1988 – 27 March 1993)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yang_Shangkun_2.jpg/92px-Yang_Shangkun_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yang_Shangkun_2.jpg/138px-Yang_Shangkun_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yang_Shangkun_2.jpg/184px-Yang_Shangkun_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></b><br /><small>(8 April 1988 –<br />27 March 1993)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jiang Zemin (27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003)"><img alt="Jiang Zemin (27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/87px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/130px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/174px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></b><br /><small>(27 March 1993 –<br />15 March 2003)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hu Jintao (15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013)"><img alt="Hu Jintao (15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hu_Jintao_2012.jpg/87px-Hu_Jintao_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hu_Jintao_2012.jpg/130px-Hu_Jintao_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hu_Jintao_2012.jpg/174px-Hu_Jintao_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></b><br /><small>(15 March 2003 –<br />14 March 2013)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_at_the_APEC_summit_(2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xi Jinping (14 March 2013 – present)"><img alt="Xi Jinping (14 March 2013 – present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Xi_Jinping_at_the_APEC_summit_%282022%29.jpg/85px-Xi_Jinping_at_the_APEC_summit_%282022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Xi_Jinping_at_the_APEC_summit_%282022%29.jpg/128px-Xi_Jinping_at_the_APEC_summit_%282022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Xi_Jinping_at_the_APEC_summit_%282022%29.jpg/171px-Xi_Jinping_at_the_APEC_summit_%282022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></b><br /><small>(14 March 2013 –<br />present)</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>President </th> <th>Date of birth </th> <th>Age at ascension<br /><small>(first term)</small> </th> <th>Time in office<br /><small>(total)</small> </th> <th>Age at retirement<br /><small>(last term)</small> </th> <th>Date of death </th> <th>Longevity </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><span style="display:none">Zedong, Mao</span><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">18931226</span>26 December 1893<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">26 December 1893</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">60 275</span>60 years, 275 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">04 212</span>4 years, 212 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">64 122</span>64 years, 122 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">19760909</span>9 September 1976 </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004302070000000000♠"></span>30,207</span>82 years, 258 days </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><span style="display:none">Shaoqi, Liu</span><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">18981124</span>24 November 1898<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">24 November 1898</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">60 154</span>60 years, 154 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">09 187</span>9 years, 187 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">69 342</span>69 years, 342 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">19691112</span>12 November 1969 </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004259200000000000♠"></span>25,920</span>70 years, 353 days </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" align="center">Presidency vacant </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>acting</i> </td> <td><span style="display:none">Biwu, Dong</span><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">18860305</span>5 March 1886<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">5 March 1886</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">85 356</span>85 years, 356 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">02 327</span>2 years, 327 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">88 318</span>88 years, 318 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">19750402</span>2 April 1975 </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004325340000000000♠"></span>32,534</span>89 years, 28 days </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>Hon.</i> </td> <td><span style="display:none">Ching-ling, Soong</span><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">18930127</span>27 January 1893<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">27 January 1893</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">83 161</span>88 years, 109 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">01 242</span>Honorary<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– <p><span style="display:none">85 037</span> </p> </td> <td><span style="display:none">19810529</span>29 May 1981 </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004322630000000000♠"></span>32,263</span>88 years, 122 days </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" align="center">Presidency abolished </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><span style="display:none">Xiannian, Li</span><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">19090623</span>23 June 1909<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">23 June 1909</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">73 360</span>73 years, 360 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">04 295</span>4 years, 295 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">78 290</span>78 years, 290 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">19920621</span>21 June 1992 </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004303140000000000♠"></span>30,314</span>82 years, 364 days </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><span style="display:none">Shangkun, Yang</span><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">19070803</span>3 August 1907<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">3 August 1907</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">80 250</span>80 years, 250 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">04 352</span>4 years, 352 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">85 236</span>85 years, 236 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">19980914</span>14 September 1998 </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004332800000000000♠"></span>33,280</span>91 years, 42 days </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><span style="display:none">Zemin, Jiang</span><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">19260817</span>17 August 1926<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">17 August 1926</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">66 222</span>66 years, 222 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">09 353</span>9 years, 353 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">76 210</span>76 years, 210 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">20221130</span>30 November 2022 </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004351690000000000♠"></span>35,169</span>96 years, 105 days </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><span style="display:none">Jintao, Hu</span><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">19421221</span>21 December 1942<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">21 December 1942</span>)</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none">60 084</span>60 years, 84 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">09 364</span>9 years, 365 days </td> <td><span style="display:none">70 084</span>70 years, 84 days </td> <td>Living </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004299240000000000♠"></span>29,924</span><span data-sort-value="7004299240000000000♠"></span>81 years, 339 days (Living) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><span style="display:none">Jinping, Xi</span><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">19530615</span>15 June 1953<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">15 June 1953</span>)</span> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="7004218217500000000♠" style="display:none"></span>59 years, 272 days </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="7003427300000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><span data-sort-value="7003427300000000000♠"></span>11 years, 255 days (Incumbent) </td> <td>Incumbent </td> <td>Living </td> <td><span style="display:none"><span data-sort-value="7004260950000000000♠"></span>26,095</span><span data-sort-value="7004260950000000000♠"></span>71 years, 162 days (Living) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spouse_of_the_president">Spouse of the president</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Spouse of the president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the first president, six presidents have had a spouse during their terms in office. The current spouse is <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a>, wife of President Xi Jinping. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Spouse </th> <th>President </th> <th>Tenure </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92_(1to1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92_%281to1%29.jpg/80px-1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92_%281to1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92_%281to1%29.jpg/120px-1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92_%281to1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92_%281to1%29.jpg/160px-1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92_%281to1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="385" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> </td> <td>27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangmei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Guangmei.jpg/80px-Guangmei.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Guangmei.jpg/120px-Guangmei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Guangmei.jpg/160px-Guangmei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="636" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> </td> <td>27 April 1959 – 31 October 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lin_Jiamei,_1985_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lin_Jiamei%2C_1985_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Lin_Jiamei%2C_1985_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lin_Jiamei%2C_1985_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Lin_Jiamei%2C_1985_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lin_Jiamei%2C_1985_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Lin_Jiamei%2C_1985_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="614" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lin_Jiamei" title="Lin Jiamei">Lin Jiamei</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> </td> <td>18 June 1983 – 8 April 1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> </td> <td>8 April 1988 – 27 March 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Yeping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wang_Yeping.jpg/80px-Wang_Yeping.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wang_Yeping.jpg/120px-Wang_Yeping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Wang_Yeping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="162" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> </td> <td>27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Yongqing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Liu_Yongqing.jpg/80px-Liu_Yongqing.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Liu_Yongqing.jpg/120px-Liu_Yongqing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Liu_Yongqing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="162" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongqing" title="Liu Yongqing">Liu Yongqing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> </td> <td>15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_Liyuan_(2019)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Peng_Liyuan_%282019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Peng_Liyuan_%282019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Peng_Liyuan_%282019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Peng_Liyuan_%282019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Peng_Liyuan_%282019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Peng_Liyuan_%282019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="275" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> </td> <td>14 March 2013 – Incumbent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, the president of the PRC is termed <i>zhǔxí</i>, while the presidents of other countries are termed <i>zǒngtǒng</i>. Furthermore, <i>zhǔxí</i> continues to mean "chairman" in a generic context. Incidentally, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> is termed <i>zǒngtǒng</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Currently, a specially configured <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8i" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-8i">Boeing 747-8i</a> is used to carry the president on international trips. See <a href="/wiki/Air_transports_of_heads_of_state_and_government#China,_People's_Republic_of_(China)" title="Air transports of heads of state and government">Air transports of heads of state and government#China, People's Republic of (China)</a> for more details.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CCP_news-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCP_news_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0314/c64387-20784337.html">"国家主席是什么样的国家机构？"What kind of national organ is the president"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> (official newspaper of the CCP)</i> (in Chinese (China)). Chinese Communist Party News. 14 March 2013. <q>在我国，国家主席无实质、独立的权力，是"虚位"国家元首。"In our nation, the President does not hold substantive, separate power, and is ceremonial..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+%28official+newspaper+of+the+CCP%29&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%EF%BC%9F%22What+kind+of+national+organ+is+the+president%22&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2013%2F0314%2Fc64387-20784337.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicalsalaries.com/is-it-true-xi-jinping-only-earns-us19000/">"Is it true Xi Jinping earns only US$19,000? – PoliticalSalaries.com"</a>. 16 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+it+true+Xi+Jinping+earns+only+US%2419%2C000%3F+%E2%80%93+PoliticalSalaries.com&rft.date=2024-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalsalaries.com%2Fis-it-true-xi-jinping-only-earns-us19000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1956" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Yu-Nan (1956). "The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics" title="The Journal of Politics">The Journal of Politics</a></i>. <b>18</b> (3): 520–546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2127261">10.2307/2127261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2127261">2127261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154446161">154446161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+State+System+Under+the+Constitution+of+1954&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=520-546&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154446161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2127261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2127261&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Yu-Nan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1978" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Jerome Alan (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb/vol1/iss1/13">"China's Changing Constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>76</b> (76): 794–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000049584">10.1017/S0305741000049584</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/652647">652647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153288789">153288789</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919194454/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb/vol1/iss1/13/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=China%27s+Changing+Constitution&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=76&rft.pages=794-841&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153288789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F652647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000049584&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jerome+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fnjilb%2Fvol1%2Fiss1%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0314/c64387-20784337.html">"国家主席是什么样的国家机构？"</a> [What kind of national institution is the State President?]. <i>cpc.people.com.cn</i>. 14 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bao Pu; Adi Ignatius; Renee Chiang (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State"><i>Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang</i></a>. Foreword by Roderick MacFarquhar. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> is the most powerful figure in the Chinese political system. He is the President of China, but his real influence comes from his position as the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Guide+to+the+Chinese+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultimedia.scmp.com%2Fwidgets%2Fchina%2Fcpc-primer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardWong2018" class="citation news cs1">Blanchard, Ben; Wong, Sue-Lin (25 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-politics/china-sets-stage-for-xi-to-stay-in-office-indefinitely-idUSKCN1G906W">"China Sets Stage for Xi to Stay in Office Indefinitely"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226082043/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-politics/china-sets-stage-for-xi-to-stay-in-office-indefinitely-idUSKCN1G906W">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>. <q>However, the role of party chief is more senior than that of president. At some point, Xi could be given a party position that also enables him to stay on as long as he likes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+Sets+Stage+for+Xi+to+Stay+in+Office+Indefinitely&rft.date=2018-02-25&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Wong%2C+Sue-Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-politics%2Fchina-sets-stage-for-xi-to-stay-in-office-indefinitely-idUSKCN1G906W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiZhou2017" class="citation news cs1">Choi, Chi-yuk; Zhou, Viola (6 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2111123/does-chinese-leader-xi-jinping-plan-hang-power-more-10">"Does Chinese Leader Xi Jinping Plan to Hang on to Power for More than 10 Years?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007064411/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2111123/does-chinese-leader-xi-jinping-plan-hang-power-more-10">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>If Xi relinquished the presidency in 2023 but remained party chief and chairman of the Central Military commission (CMC), his successor as president would be nothing more than a symbolic figure... "Once the president is neither the party's general secretary nor the CMC chairman, he or she will be hollowed out, just like a body without a soul."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Does+Chinese+Leader+Xi+Jinping+Plan+to+Hang+on+to+Power+for+More+than+10+Years%3F&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Chi-yuk&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Viola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolicies-politics%2Farticle%2F2111123%2Fdoes-chinese-leader-xi-jinping-plan-hang-power-more-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_noTL-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_noTL_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43361276">"China Approves 'president for Life' Change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 11 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311051405/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43361276">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>President insists term extension is necessary to align government and party posts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xi+Jinping+Says+He+Is+Opposed+to+Life-Long+Rule&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F2b449400-413a-11e8-803a-295c97e6fd0b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/constitution.html">"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Here's Why"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312103512/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ending+Term+Limits+for+China%27s+Xi+Is+a+Big+Deal.+Here%27s+Why&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Wu%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong202324-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202324_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202324_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2023">Wong 2023</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMai2021" class="citation news cs1">Mai, Jun (8 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3132631/chinas-communist-party-how-general-secretary-became-countrys">"Who leads the Communist Party?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Xi Jinping is often referred to by his ceremonial role as <i>guojia zhuxi</i>, or "state chairman", a title usually translated into English as "president". But it is his position as the party's general secretary that indicates his top status.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Who+leads+the+Communist+Party%3F&rft.date=2021-05-08&rft.aulast=Mai&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3132631%2Fchinas-communist-party-how-general-secretary-became-countrys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYewGang_Chen2010" class="citation conference cs1">Yew, Chiew Ping; Gang Chen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232350/http://www.eai.nus.edu.sg/BB513.pdf"><i>China's National People's Congress 2010: Addressing Challenges With No Breakthrough in Legislative Assertiveness</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Yang+Shangkun+Elected+Chinese+President&rft.date=1988-04-08&rft.aulast=Del+Vecchio&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1988%2F04%2F08%2FYang-Shangkun-elected-Chinese-president%2F9536576475200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9823478/Jiang-Zemin-to-have-lower-rank-in-Communist-party.html">"Jiang Zemin to Have Lower Rank in Communist Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 24 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312234448/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9823478/Jiang-Zemin-to-have-lower-rank-in-Communist-party.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin+to+Have+Lower+Rank+in+Communist+Party&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F9823478%2FJiang-Zemin-to-have-lower-rank-in-Communist-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2023306-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2023306_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2023">Wong 2023</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/test/2007-11/12/content_802099.htm">"历届中华人民共和国主席"</a>. <i>www.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615110053/http://www.gov.cn/test/2007-11/12/content_802099.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2+State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7&rft.pages=327-328&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fgongbao%2Fshuju%2F1981%2Fgwyb198111.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2023" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Chun Han (2023). <i>Party of One: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China's Superpower Future</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982185732" title="Special:BookSources/9781982185732"><bdi>9781982185732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+of+One%3A+The+Rise+of+Xi+Jinping+and+China%27s+Superpower+Future&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781982185732&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Chun+Han&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a><br />(1949–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">CPG Chairman</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (co-acting)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (acting)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a> & <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a> Constitutions<br />(1975–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPCSC Chairperson</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling"><i>Song Qingling</i></a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a><br />(1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/29px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/38px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Central state organs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div align="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Standing Committee</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Template:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Template talk:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Military Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Provincial standing committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/52px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/78px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/104px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Central<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Minor parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics of<br /><a href="/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Province-level divisions of China">province-level<br />divisions</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">current leaders</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-controlled municipalities of China">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Beijing" title="Politics of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chongqing" title="Politics of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai" title="Politics of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tianjin" title="Politics of Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Anhui" title="Politics of Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fujian" title="Politics of Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gansu" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangdong" title="Politics of Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guizhou" title="Politics of Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hainan" title="Politics of Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hebei" title="Politics of Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Heilongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Henan" title="Politics of Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hunan" title="Politics of Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangsu" title="Politics of Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangxi" title="Politics of Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jilin" title="Politics of Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liaoning" title="Politics of Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qinghai" title="Politics of Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shaanxi" title="Politics of Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shandong" title="Politics of Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanxi" title="Politics of Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sichuan" title="Politics of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zhejiang" title="Politics of Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous<br />regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Politics of Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ningxia" title="Politics of Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Tibet">Tibet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">leaders</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Claimed province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the People's Republic of China">Elections</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Timor" title="President of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Egypt</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="President of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_of_North_Korea" title="President of the State Affairs of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="President of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">limited recognized states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bhutan" title="List of prime ministers of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brunei" title="Prime Minister of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Egypt</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tajikistan" title="Prime Minister of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">limited recognized states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" class="extiw" title="wikt:Supreme Leader">Supreme leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. <sup><small>2</small></sup> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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