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id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Youth_and_the_Xinhai_Revolution:_1893–1911" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_and_the_Xinhai_Revolution:_1893–1911"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Youth and the Xinhai Revolution: 1893–1911 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_and_the_Xinhai_Revolution:_1893–1911-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Normal_School_of_Changsha:_1912–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Normal_School_of_Changsha:_1912–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fourth Normal School of Changsha: 1912–1919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Normal_School_of_Changsha:_1912–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_revolutionary_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_revolutionary_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Early revolutionary activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_revolutionary_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early revolutionary activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_revolutionary_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beijing,_anarchism,_and_Marxism:_1917–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beijing,_anarchism,_and_Marxism:_1917–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Beijing, anarchism, and Marxism: 1917–1919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beijing,_anarchism,_and_Marxism:_1917–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Culture_and_political_protests:_1919–1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Culture_and_political_protests:_1919–1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 New Culture and political protests: 1919–1920 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Culture_and_political_protests:_1919–1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_the_Chinese_Communist_Party:_1921–1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_the_Chinese_Communist_Party:_1921–1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Founding the Chinese Communist Party: 1921–1922 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_the_Chinese_Communist_Party:_1921–1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_with_the_Kuomintang:_1922–1927" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_with_the_Kuomintang:_1922–1927"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Collaboration with the Kuomintang: 1922–1927 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_with_the_Kuomintang:_1922–1927-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Civil War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nanchang_and_Autumn_Harvest_Uprisings:_1927" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanchang_and_Autumn_Harvest_Uprisings:_1927"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nanchang and Autumn Harvest Uprisings: 1927 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanchang_and_Autumn_Harvest_Uprisings:_1927-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_in_Jinggangshan:_1927–1928" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_in_Jinggangshan:_1927–1928"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Base in Jinggangshan: 1927–1928 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_in_Jinggangshan:_1927–1928-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiangxi_Soviet_Republic_of_China:_1929–1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiangxi_Soviet_Republic_of_China:_1929–1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Jiangxi Soviet Republic of China: 1929–1934 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiangxi_Soviet_Republic_of_China:_1929–1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_March:_1934–1935" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_March:_1934–1935"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Long March: 1934–1935 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_March:_1934–1935-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Leadership of China </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership_of_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leadership of China subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Establishment of the People's Republic of China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Social reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five-year_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five-year_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Five-year plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five-year_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Military projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Leap_Forward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Leap_Forward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Great Leap Forward </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Leap_Forward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_from_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_from_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Split from Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_from_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Third Front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 State visits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 In China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Outside China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Third World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Military strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Genealogy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genealogy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Ancestors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Wives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siblings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siblings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Siblings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siblings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_and_calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_and_calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Writings and calligraphy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings_and_calligraphy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings and calligraphy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings_and_calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Literary works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Portrayal in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Commentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mao Zedong</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 176 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" > 176 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8D%80-%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ማው ፀ-ቶንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማው ፀ-ቶንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="माओ त्से-तुंग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="माओ त्से-तुंग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="ماو تسي تونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماو تسي تونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%82" title="মাও জেদং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাও জেদং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="माओ त्से-तुंग – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="माओ त्से-तुंग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tszedun" title="Mao Tszedun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mao Tszedun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مائو زدونگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مائو زدونگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93_%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%82" title="মাও ৎসে-তুং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাও ৎসে-তুং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4%CD%98_Te%CC%8Dk-tong" title="Mô͘ Te̍k-tong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mô͘ Te̍k-tong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Маа Цзэдун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маа Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D-%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Дзэ-дун – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мао Дзэ-дун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="माओ त्से तुंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माओ त्से तुंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Дзъдун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мао Дзъдун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tse-tung" title="Mao Tse-tung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mao Tse-tung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84" title="མའོ་ཙེ་ཏུང – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མའོ་ཙེ་ཏུང" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Ce-tung" title="Mao Ce-tung – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mao Ce-tung" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3" title="ماو تسي طونݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ماو تسي طونݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Μάο Τσετούνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάο Τσετούνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مائو تسه‌تونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مائو تسه‌تونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tse-toeng" title="Mao Tse-toeng – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mao Tse-toeng" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tse_Tung" title="Mao Tse Tung – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mao Tse Tung" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" title="毛澤東 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="毛澤東" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_Chhe%CC%8Dt-t%C3%BBng" title="Mô Chhe̍t-tûng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mô Chhe̍t-tûng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%A3" title="Мау Зедоң – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Мау Зедоң" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%98%A4%EC%A9%8C%EB%91%A5" title="마오쩌둥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마오쩌둥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B8_%D5%91%D5%A6%D5%A5_%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մաո Ցզե Դուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաո Ցզե Դուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="माओ से-तुंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माओ से-तुंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Ce-tung" title="Mao Ce-tung – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mao Ce-tung" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B3_Zedong" title="Maó Zedong – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maó Zedong" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%94-%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מאו דזה-דונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאו דזה-דונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%93_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾಓ ತ್ಸೆ ತುಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಓ ತ್ಸೆ ತುಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მაო ძედუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაო ძედუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%A3" title="Мау Зыдоң – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мау Зыдоң" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tse-tung" title="Mao Tse-tung – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mao Tse-tung" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ເມົາເຊຕົງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເມົາເຊຕົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Dzeduns" title="Mao Dzeduns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mao Dzeduns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Dzedongas" title="Mao Dzedongas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mao Dzedongas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma%27os._dzedon." title="ma'os. dzedon. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ma'os. dzedon." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Ce-tung" title="Mao Ce-tung – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mao Ce-tung" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="माओ त्से-तुंग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="माओ त्से-तुंग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мао Це Тунг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мао Це Тунг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="മാവോ സേതൂങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാവോ സേതൂങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="माओ त्झ-तोंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माओ त्झ-तोंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მაო ძედუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაო ძედუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ماو تسى تونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماو تسى تونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="مائو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مائو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2%CC%A4_D%C4%95k-d%C5%ADng" title="Mò̤ Dĕk-dŭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mò̤ Dĕk-dŭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Зэдун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мао Зэдун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မော်စီတုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်စီတုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99" title="माओ त्सेतुङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माओ त्सेतुङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B2%A2%E6%9D%B1" title="毛沢東 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="毛沢東" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87-%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਮਾਓ ਤਸੇ-ਤੁੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਓ ਤਸੇ-ਤੁੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D8%B2%DB%92_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ماؤ زے تنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماؤ زے تنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AB" title="مائو تسه تونګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مائو تسه تونګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zidong" title="Mao Zidong – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mao Zidong" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%85_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="ម៉ៅ សេទុង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ៅ សេទុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Ts%C3%A9-Tung" title="Mao Tsé-Tung – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mao Tsé-Tung" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзедун – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мао Цзедун" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзэдун – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мао Цзэдун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maw-ce-tun" title="Maw-ce-tun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Maw-ce-tun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="माओ त्से-तुंग – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="माओ त्से-तुंग" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱢᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱫᱚᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱫᱚᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Ce_Duni" title="Mao Ce Duni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mao Ce Duni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Zitung" title="Mau Zitung – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mau Zitung" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%95_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%82" title="මාඕ සේතුං – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාඕ සේතුං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مائوزي تنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مائوزي تنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Ce-tung" title="Mao Ce-tung – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mao Ce-tung" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Cetung" title="Mao Cetung – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mao Cetung" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ماو تسی تۆنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماو تسی تۆنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мао Цедунг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мао Цедунг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tse-tung" title="Mao Tse-tung – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mao Tse-tung" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="மா சே துங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மா சே துங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tz%C4%B1du%C3%B1" title="Mao Tzıduñ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Mao Tzıduñ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မၢဝ်ႈၸိုဝ်ႈတုင်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မၢဝ်ႈၸိုဝ်ႈတုင်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="మావో జెడాంగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మావో జెడాంగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%87" title="เหมา เจ๋อตง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหมา เจ๋อตง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Тседун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мао Тседун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мао Цзедун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мао Цзедун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D8%B2%DB%92_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ماؤ زے تنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماؤ زے تنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B2%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AD" title="ماۋزېدوڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماۋزېدوڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauz_Cwzdungh" title="Mauz Cwzdungh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mauz Cwzdungh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Czedun" title="Mao Czedun – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mao Czedun" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tr%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%C3%B4ng" title="Mao Trạch Đông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mao Trạch Đông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Ts%C3%A9toung" title="Mao Tsétoung – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mao Tsétoung" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" title="毛澤東 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="毛澤東" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毛泽东" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%90_%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מאא צעטאנג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאא צעטאנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" title="毛澤東 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="毛澤東" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Dzeduns" title="Mao Dzeduns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mao Dzeduns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛泽东" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Cetung" title="Mao Cetung – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mao Cetung" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mao Zedong" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tsedun" title="Mao Tsedun – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mao Tsedun" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Leader of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_(TV_series)" title="Mao Zedong (TV series)">Mao Zedong (TV series)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mao" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mao_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mao (disambiguation)">Mao (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mao Zedong</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>毛泽东</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_in_1959_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="892" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mao in 1959</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 March 1943 – 9 September 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li><li>Hua Guofeng</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> (as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the People's Republic of China">Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhou Enlai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chairman of the People's Republic of China">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Shaoqi</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 September 1954 – 9 September 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Zhu De</li><li>Lin Biao</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Hua Guofeng</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931954)" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)">Central People's Government</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhou Enlai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established <a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 October 1949 – 25 December 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhou Enlai</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1893-12-26)26 December 1893 <a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1976(1976-09-09) (aged 82) <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Mao_Memorial_Hall" title="Chairman Mao Memorial Hall">Chairman Mao Memorial Hall</a>, Beijing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> (from 1921)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (1925–1926)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luo_Yixiu" title="Luo Yixiu">Luo Yixiu</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1907; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1910)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Kaihui" title="Yang Kaihui">Yang Kaihui</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1920; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1930)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/He_Zizhen" title="He Zizhen">He Zizhen</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1937)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1938)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>10, including:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anying" title="Mao Anying">Mao Anying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anqing" title="Mao Anqing">Mao Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anlong" title="Mao Anlong">Mao Anlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yuehua" title="Yang Yuehua">Yang Yuehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Min_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Min (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yichang" title="Mao Yichang">Mao Yichang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Qimei" title="Wen Qimei">Wen Qimei</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hunan_First_Normal_University" title="Hunan First Normal University">Hunan First Normal University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mao Zedong's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mao_Zedong_signature.svg/128px-Mao_Zedong_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mao_Zedong_signature.svg/192px-Mao_Zedong_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mao_Zedong_signature.svg/256px-Mao_Zedong_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="94" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">毛泽东</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">毛澤東</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Máo Zédōng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄇㄠˊ   ㄗㄜˊ   ㄉㄨㄥ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mao2 Tse2-tung1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Máo Zé-dong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[mǎʊ tsɤ̌.tʊ́ŋ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fe\/Zh-Mao_Zedong.ogg\/Zh-Mao_Zedong.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-Mao Zedong.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Zh-Mao_Zedong.ogg/Zh-Mao_Zedong.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-Mao_Zedong.ogg" title="File:Zh-Mao Zedong.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Máu Zéh-ton</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mô Chhe̍t-tûng</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mòuh Jaahk-dūng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">mou4 zaak6 dung1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[mɔw˩ tsak̚˨ tʊŋ˥]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mô͘ Te̍k-tong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Môo Ti̍k-tang</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">润之</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">潤之</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rùnzhī</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄖㄨㄣˋ   ㄓ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jun4-chih1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rùn-jhih</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɻwə̂n.ʈʂɻ̩́]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yeuhn-jī</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">jeon6 zi1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jɵn˨ tsi˥]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lūn-chi</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1964–1976: Member, <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1954–1959: Member, National People's Congress </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1938–1976: Member, <a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a> Politburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1938–1976: Member, <a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a> Central Committee </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1954–1959: Chairman of the People's Republic of China </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1954–1976: Chairman, <a href="/wiki/CPC_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="CPC Central Military Commission">CPC Central Military Commission</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1954–1959: President and Chairman, National Defence Council </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1954–1976: Honorary Chairman, <a href="/wiki/CPPCC_National_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="CPPCC National Committee">CPPCC National Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1949–1954: Chairman, Central People's Revolutionary Military Commission </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1949–1954: Chairman, CPPCC National Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1949–1954: Chairman, <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">PRC Central People's Government</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1943–1956: Chairman, <a href="/wiki/CPC_Central_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="CPC Central Secretariat">CPC Central Secretariat</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1936–1949: Chairman, CPC Central Military Commission </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>(Inaugural holder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> →</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mao Zedong<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese politician, revolutionary, and political theorist who founded the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) and led the country from <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">its establishment</a> in 1949 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">his death</a> in 1976. Mao also served as the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) from 1943 until his death, and as the party's de facto leader from 1935. His theories, which he advocated as a Chinese adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, are known as <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>. Mao was the son of a peasant in <a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. He was influenced early in his life by the events of the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> of 1919, supporting <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>. He later adopted Marxism–Leninism while working as a librarian at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, and in 1921 was a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party. After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) and CCP in 1927, Mao led the failed <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>. He helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a> and developed a strategy of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a>. In 1935, Mao became the leader of the CCP during the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>. Although the CCP allied with the KMT under the <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, China's civil war resumed after <a href="/wiki/Japan%27s_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan's surrender">Japan's surrender</a> in 1945; Mao's forces defeated the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a>, which withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1949. On 1 October 1949, Mao <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclaimed the foundation of the PRC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> controlled by the CCP. He initiated campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">land redistribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">industrialisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">suppressed counter-revolutionaries</a>, intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and began the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaigns</a>. In 1958, Mao launched the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, which aimed to transform China's economy from <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial</a>; it resulted in <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>. In 1966, Mao initiated the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, a campaign to remove "counter-revolutionary" elements, marked by violent <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, destruction of historical artifacts, and <a href="/wiki/Mao%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao's cult of personality">Mao's cult of personality</a>. From the late 1950s, Mao's foreign policy was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">a political split with the Soviet Union</a>, and during the 1970s he began establishing <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">relations with the United States</a>; China was also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a>. In 1976, Mao died after suffering a series of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a>. He was succeeded as leader by <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> and in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. The CCP's <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">official evaluation of Mao's legacy</a> both praises him and acknowledges he made errors in his later years. Mao is considered one of the most significant figures of the 20th century. His policies were responsible for a vast number of deaths, with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims of starvation, persecution, <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">prison labour</a>, and mass executions, and his regime has been described as <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a>. He has been also credited with transforming China from a <a href="/wiki/Semi-colony" title="Semi-colony">semi-colony</a> to a leading world power by advancing literacy, women's rights, basic healthcare, primary education, and life expectancy. Under Mao, China's population grew from about 550 million to more than 900 million. Within China, he is revered as a national hero who liberated the country from foreign occupation and exploitation. He became an ideological figurehead and a prominent influence within the international communist movement, inspiring various Maoist organisations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_romanisation_of_name">English romanisation of name</h2></div> During Mao's lifetime, the English-language media universally rendered his name as Mao Tse-tung, using the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system of transliteration though with the circumflex accent in the syllable Tsê dropped. Due to its recognizability, the spelling was used widely, even by the PRC's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">foreign ministry</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> became the PRC's official romanisation system for <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> in 1958; the well-known booklet of Mao's political statements was officially entitled <a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a> in English translations. While the pinyin-derived spelling Mao Zedong is increasingly common, the Wade–Giles-derived spelling Mao Tse-tung continues to be used in modern publications to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Early life of Mao Zedong">Early life of Mao Zedong</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_the_Xinhai_Revolution:_1893–1911">Youth and the Xinhai Revolution: 1893–1911</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_ca1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mao_Zedong_ca1910.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_ca1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mao_Zedong_ca1910.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_ca1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mao_Zedong_ca1910.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_ca1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Mao Zedong <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910s</figcaption></figure> Mao Zedong was born on 26 December 1893, near <a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196619Hollingworth198515PantsovLevine201211-4">[3]</a> His father, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Yichang" title="Mao Yichang">Mao Yichang</a>, was a formerly impoverished peasant who had become one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan. Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao described his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would beat him and his three siblings, the boys <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zemin" title="Mao Zemin">Zemin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zetan" title="Mao Zetan">Zetan</a>, as well as an adopted sister/cousin, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zejian" title="Mao Zejian">Zejian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Mao's mother, <a href="/wiki/Wen_Qimei" title="Wen Qimei">Wen Qimei</a>, was a devout <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> who tried to temper her husband's strict attitude.<a href="#cite_note-Schram1966_p20_Terrill_1980_11-6">[5]</a> Mao too became a Buddhist, but abandoned this faith in his mid-teenage years.<a href="#cite_note-Schram1966_p20_Terrill_1980_11-6">[5]</a> At age 8, Mao was sent to Shaoshan Primary School. Learning the value systems of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, he later admitted that he did not enjoy the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">classical Chinese texts</a> preaching Confucian morals, instead favouring <a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">classic novels</a> like <a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> At age 13, Mao finished primary education, and his father united him in an <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a> to the 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Luo_Yixiu" title="Luo Yixiu">Luo Yixiu</a>, thereby uniting their land-owning families. Mao refused to recognise her as his wife, becoming a fierce critic of arranged marriage and temporarily moving away. Luo was locally disgraced and died in 1910 at 20 years old.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaoshan_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shaoshan_01.JPG/220px-Shaoshan_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shaoshan_01.JPG/330px-Shaoshan_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shaoshan_01.JPG/440px-Shaoshan_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Former Residence of Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong's childhood home</a> in Shaoshan, in 2010, by which time it had become a tourist destination</figcaption></figure> Working on his father's farm, Mao read voraciously<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> and developed a "political consciousness" from <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Guanying" title="Zheng Guanying">Zheng Guanying</a>'s booklet which lamented the deterioration of Chinese power and argued for the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Mao also read translations of works by Western authors including <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-11">[10]</a>: 34  Interested in history, Mao was inspired by the military prowess and nationalistic fervour of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> His political views were shaped by <a href="/wiki/Gelaohui" title="Gelaohui">Gelaohui</a>-led protests which erupted following a famine in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, the capital of Hunan; Mao supported the protesters' demands, but the armed forces suppressed the dissenters and executed their leaders.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The famine spread to Shaoshan, where starving peasants seized his father's grain. He disapproved of their actions as morally wrong, but claimed sympathy for their situation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> At age 16, Mao moved to a higher primary school in nearby Dongshan,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> where he was bullied for his peasant background.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In 1911, Mao began middle school in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Revolutionary sentiment was strong in the city, where there was widespread animosity towards Emperor <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> and many were advocating <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>. The republicans' figurehead was <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, an American-educated Christian who led the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In Changsha, Mao was influenced by Sun's newspaper, The People's Independence (Minli bao),<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and called for Sun to become president in a school essay.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> As a symbol of rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> monarch, Mao and a friend cut off their <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a> pigtails, a sign of subservience to the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Inspired by Sun's republicanism, the army rose up across southern China, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. Changsha's governor fled, leaving the city in republican control.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Supporting the revolution, Mao joined the rebel army as a <a href="/wiki/Private_soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Private soldier">private soldier</a>, but was not involved in fighting or combat. The northern provinces remained loyal to the emperor, and hoping to avoid a civil war, Sun—proclaimed "provisional president" by his supporters—compromised with the monarchist general <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>. The monarchy was abolished, creating the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, but the monarchist Yuan became president. With the revolution over, Mao resigned from the army in 1912, after six months as a soldier.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Around this time, Mao discovered <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> from a newspaper article; proceeding to read pamphlets by <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Kanghu" title="Jiang Kanghu">Jiang Kanghu</a>, the student founder of the Chinese Socialist Party, Mao remained interested yet unconvinced by the idea.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Normal_School_of_Changsha:_1912–1919">Fourth Normal School of Changsha: 1912–1919</h3></div> Over the next few years, Mao Zedong enrolled and dropped out of a police academy, a soap-production school, a law school, an economics school, and the government-run <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha Middle School">Changsha Middle School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Studying independently, he spent much time in Changsha's library, reading core works of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of the Laws">The Spirit of the Laws</a>, as well as the works of western scientists and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Viewing himself as an intellectual, years later he admitted that at this time he thought himself better than working people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201236–37-27">[26]</a> He was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulsen" title="Friedrich Paulsen">Friedrich Paulsen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantian</a> philosopher and educator whose emphasis on the achievement of a carefully defined goal as the highest value led Mao to believe that strong individuals were not bound by moral codes but should strive for a great goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201240–41-28">[27]</a> His father saw no use in his son's intellectual pursuits, cut off his allowance and forced him to move into a hostel for the destitute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201236-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mao_Zedong_1913.jpg/170px-Mao_Zedong_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mao_Zedong_1913.jpg/255px-Mao_Zedong_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mao_Zedong_1913.jpg/340px-Mao_Zedong_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Mao in 1913</figcaption></figure> Mao wanted to become a teacher and enrolled at the Fourth Normal School of Changsha, which soon merged with the <a href="/wiki/First_Normal_School_of_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="First Normal School of Hunan">First Normal School of Hunan</a>, widely seen as the best in Hunan.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Befriending Mao, professor <a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a> urged him to read a radical newspaper, <a href="/wiki/New_Youth" title="New Youth">New Youth</a> (Xin qingnian), the creation of his friend <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, a dean at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>. Although he was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>, Chen argued that China must look to the west to cleanse itself of superstition and autocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196638–39-31">[30]</a> In his first school year, Mao befriended an older student, <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zisheng" title="Xiao Zisheng">Xiao Zisheng</a>; together they went on a walking tour of Hunan, begging and writing literary couplets to obtain food.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> A popular student, in 1915 Mao was elected secretary of the Students Society. He organised the Association for Student Self-Government and led protests against school rules.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Mao published his first article in New Youth in April 1917, instructing readers to increase their physical strength to serve the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> He joined the Society for the Study of Wang Fuzhi (Chuan-shan Hsüeh-she), a revolutionary group founded by Changsha literati who wished to emulate the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In spring 1917, he was elected to command the students' volunteer army, set up to defend the school from marauding soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Increasingly interested in the techniques of war, he took a keen interest in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and also began to develop a sense of solidarity with workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201249–50-37">[36]</a> Mao undertook feats of physical endurance with Xiao Zisheng and <a href="/wiki/Cai_Hesen" title="Cai Hesen">Cai Hesen</a>, and with other young revolutionaries they formed the Renovation of the People Study Society in April 1918 to debate Chen Duxiu's ideas. Desiring personal and societal transformation, the Society gained 70–80 members, many of whom would later join the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Mao graduated in June 1919, ranked third in the year.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_revolutionary_activity">Early revolutionary activity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beijing,_anarchism,_and_Marxism:_1917–1919">Beijing, anarchism, and Marxism: 1917–1919</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_in_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mao_Zedong_in_1924.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_in_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mao_Zedong_in_1924.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_in_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mao_Zedong_in_1924.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_in_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Mao Zedong in 1924</figcaption></figure> Mao moved to Beijing, where his mentor Yang Changji had taken a job at Peking University.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Yang thought Mao exceptionally "intelligent and handsome",<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> securing him a job as assistant to the university librarian <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a>, who would become an early Chinese Communist.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Li authored a series of New Youth articles on the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, during which the Communist <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Party">Bolshevik Party</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> had seized power. Lenin was an advocate of the socio-political theory of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, first developed by the German sociologists <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, and Li's articles added Marxism to the doctrines in Chinese revolutionary movement.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Becoming "more and more radical", Mao was initially influenced by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, which was the most prominent radical doctrine of the day. <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Chinese anarchists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a>, Chancellor of Peking University, called for complete <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a> in social relations, family structure, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_China" title="Gender inequality in China">women's equality</a>, rather than the simple change in the form of government called for by earlier revolutionaries. He joined Li's Study Group and "developed rapidly toward Marxism" during the winter of 1919.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Paid a low wage, Mao lived in a cramped room with seven other Hunanese students, but believed that Beijing's beauty offered "vivid and living compensation".<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> A number of his friends took advantage of the anarchist-organised <a href="/wiki/Diligent_Work-Frugal_Study_Movement" title="Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement">Mouvement Travail-Études</a> to study in France, but Mao declined, perhaps because of an inability to learn languages.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Mao raised funds for the movement, however.<a href="#cite_note-:11-11">[10]</a>: 35  At the university, Mao was snubbed by other students due to his rural Hunanese accent and lowly position. He joined the university's Philosophy and Journalism Societies and attended lectures and seminars by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Mao's time in Beijing ended in the spring of 1919, when he travelled to Shanghai with friends who were preparing to leave for France.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> He did not return to Shaoshan, where his mother was terminally ill. She died in October 1919 and her husband died in January 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201266–67-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Culture_and_political_protests:_1919–1920">New Culture and political protests: 1919–1920</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_in_1919_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mao_Zedong_in_1919_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_in_1919_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mao_Zedong_in_1919_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_in_1919_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mao_Zedong_in_1919_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_in_1919_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Mao Zedong in 1919</figcaption></figure> On 4 May 1919, students in Beijing gathered at <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen" title="Tiananmen">Tiananmen</a> to protest the Chinese government's weak resistance to Japanese expansion in China. Patriots were outraged at the influence given to Japan in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a> in 1915, the complicity of <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a>, and the betrayal of China in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, wherein Japan was allowed to <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">receive territories in Shandong</a> which had been surrendered by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. These demonstrations ignited the nationwide <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> and fuelled the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> which blamed China's diplomatic defeats on social and cultural backwardness.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In Changsha, Mao had begun teaching history at the Xiuye Primary School<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201268-51">[50]</a> and organising protests against the pro-Duan Governor of Hunan Province, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingyao" title="Zhang Jingyao">Zhang Jingyao</a>, popularly known as "Zhang the Venomous" due to his corrupt and violent rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201276-52">[51]</a> In late May, Mao co-founded the Hunanese Student Association with <a href="/wiki/He_Shuheng" title="He Shuheng">He Shuheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhongxia" title="Deng Zhongxia">Deng Zhongxia</a>, organising a student strike for June and in July 1919 began production of a weekly radical magazine, <a href="/wiki/The_Shian_Kian_Weekly_Review" title="The Shian Kian Weekly Review">Xiang River Review</a>. Using vernacular language that would be understandable to the majority of China's populace, he advocated the need for a "Great Union of the Popular Masses", and strengthened trade unions able to wage non-violent revolution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] His ideas were not Marxist, but heavily influenced by Kropotkin's concept of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">mutual aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_(May_4,_1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/220px-Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/330px-Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/440px-Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Students in Beijing rallying during the May Fourth Movement</figcaption></figure> Zhang banned the Student Association, but Mao continued publishing after assuming editorship of the liberal magazine New Hunan (Xin Hunan) and authored articles in popular local newspaper <a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a>. Several of these advocated <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">feminist</a> views, calling for the liberation of women in Chinese society; Mao was influenced by his forced arranged-marriage.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In fall 1919, Mao organized a seminar in Changsha studying economic and political issues, as well as ways to unite the people, the feasibility of socialism, and issues regarding Confucianism.<a href="#cite_note-:9-55">[54]</a> During this period, Mao involved himself in political work with manual laborers, setting up night schools and trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-:9-55">[54]</a> In December 1919, Mao helped organise a general strike in Hunan, securing some concessions, but Mao and other student leaders felt threatened by Zhang, and Mao returned to Beijing, visiting the terminally ill Yang Changji.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Mao found that his articles had achieved a level of fame among the revolutionary movement, and set about soliciting support in overthrowing Zhang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201280-57">[56]</a> Coming across newly translated Marxist literature by Thomas Kirkup, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, and Marx and Engels—notably <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>—he came under their increasing influence, but was still eclectic in his views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201281–83-58">[57]</a> Mao visited Tianjin, <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201284-59">[58]</a> before moving to Shanghai, where he worked as a laundryman and met <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, noting that Chen's adoption of Marxism "deeply impressed me at what was probably a critical period in my life". In Shanghai, Mao met an old teacher of his, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Peiji" title="Yi Peiji">Yi Peiji</a>, a revolutionary and member of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), or Chinese Nationalist Party, which was gaining increasing support and influence. Yi introduced Mao to General <a href="/wiki/Tan_Yankai" title="Tan Yankai">Tan Yankai</a>, a senior KMT member who held the loyalty of troops stationed along the Hunanese border with Guangdong. Tan was plotting to overthrow Zhang, and Mao aided him by organising the Changsha students. In June 1920, Tan led his troops into Changsha, and Zhang fled. In the subsequent reorganisation of the provincial administration, Mao was appointed headmaster of the junior section of the First Normal School. Now receiving a large income, he married Yang Kaihui, daughter of Yang Changji, in the winter of 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196656–57-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mair_2013_p211-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_the_Chinese_Communist_Party:_1921–1922">Founding the Chinese Communist Party: 1921–1922</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg/170px-Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg/255px-Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg/340px-Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>Location of the first Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921, in <a href="/wiki/Xintiandi" title="Xintiandi">Xintiandi</a>, former <a href="/wiki/French_Concession" class="mw-redirect" title="French Concession">French Concession</a>, Shanghai</figcaption></figure> The Chinese Communist Party was founded by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a> in 1921 as a study society and informal network. Mao set up a Changsha branch, also establishing a branch of the Socialist Youth Corps and a Cultural Book Society which opened a bookstore to propagate revolutionary literature throughout Hunan.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> He was involved in the movement for Hunan autonomy, in the hope that a Hunanese constitution would increase <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil liberty">civil liberties</a> and make his revolutionary activity easier. When the movement was successful in establishing provincial autonomy under a new warlord, Mao forgot his involvement.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] By 1921, small Marxist groups existed in Shanghai, Beijing, Changsha, Wuhan, Guangzhou, and Jinan; it was decided to hold a central meeting, which began in Shanghai on 23 July 1921. The <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">first session of the National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a> was attended by 13 delegates, Mao included. After the authorities sent a police spy to the congress, the delegates moved to a boat on South Lake near <a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a>, in Zhejiang, to escape detection. Although Soviet and <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> delegates attended, the first congress ignored Lenin's advice to accept a temporary alliance between the Communists and the "bourgeois democrats" who also advocated national revolution; instead they stuck to the orthodox Marxist belief that only the urban proletariat could lead a socialist revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196664–66-64">[63]</a> Mao was party secretary for Hunan stationed in Changsha, and to build the party there he followed a variety of tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196668-65">[64]</a> In August 1921, he founded the Self-Study University, through which readers could gain access to revolutionary literature, housed in the premises of the Society for the Study of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a>, a Qing dynasty Hunanese philosopher who had resisted the Manchus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196668-65">[64]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> Mass Education Movement to fight illiteracy, though he edited the textbooks to include radical sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196668–69-66">[65]</a> He continued organising workers to strike against the administration of Hunan Governor <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Hengti" title="Zhao Hengti">Zhao Hengti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196669-67">[66]</a> Yet labour issues remained central. The successful and famous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anyuan_coal_mines_strikes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anyuan coal mines strikes (page does not exist)">Anyuan coal mines strikes</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%BA%90%E8%B7%AF%E7%9F%BF%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:安源路矿工人大罢工">zh</a>] (contrary to later Party historians) depended on both "proletarian" and "bourgeois" strategies. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> and Mao not only mobilised the miners, but formed schools and cooperatives and engaged local intellectuals, gentry, military officers, merchants, Red Gang dragon heads and even church clergy.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Mao's labour organizing work in the Anyuan mines also involved his wife Yang Kaihui, who worked for women's rights, including literacy and educational issues, in the nearby peasant communities.<a href="#cite_note-:8-69">[68]</a> Although Mao and Yang were not the originators of this political organizing method of combining labor organizing among male workers with a focus on women's rights issues in their communities, they were among the most effective at using this method.<a href="#cite_note-:8-69">[68]</a> Mao's political organizing success in the Anyuan mines resulted in Chen Duxiu inviting him to become a member of the Communist Party's Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Mao claimed that he missed the July 1922 Second Congress of the Communist Party in Shanghai because he lost the address. Adopting Lenin's advice, the delegates agreed to an alliance with the "bourgeois democrats" of the KMT for the good of the "national revolution". Communist Party members joined the KMT, hoping to push its politics leftward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196669–70-71">[70]</a> Mao enthusiastically agreed with this decision, arguing for an alliance across China's socio-economic classes, and eventually rose to become propaganda chief of the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-Mair_2013_p211-61">[60]</a> Mao was a vocal anti-imperialist and in his writings he lambasted the governments of Japan, the UK and US, describing the latter as "the most murderous of hangmen".<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_with_the_Kuomintang:_1922–1927">Collaboration with the Kuomintang: 1922–1927</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chairman_Mao-1.webm/220px--Chairman_Mao-1.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Chairman_Mao-1.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Chairman_Mao-1.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Chairman_Mao-1.webm/Chairman_Mao-1.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Chairman_Mao-1.webm/Chairman_Mao-1.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Chairman_Mao-1.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Chairman_Mao-1.webm/Chairman_Mao-1.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Chairman_Mao-1.webm/Chairman_Mao-1.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Mao giving a speech (no audio)</figcaption></figure> At the Third Congress of the Communist Party in Shanghai in June 1923, the delegates reaffirmed their commitment to working with the KMT. Supporting this position, Mao was elected to the Party Committee, taking up residence in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196674–76-73">[72]</a> At the First KMT Congress, held in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> in early 1924, Mao was elected an alternate member of the KMT Central Executive Committee, and put forward four resolutions to decentralise power to urban and rural bureaus. His enthusiastic support for the KMT earned him the suspicion of Li Li-san, his Hunan comrade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196676–82-74">[73]</a> In late 1924, Mao returned to Shaoshan, perhaps to recuperate from an illness. He found that the peasantry were increasingly restless and some had seized land from wealthy landowners to found communes. This convinced him of the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, an idea advocated by the KMT leftists but not the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Mao and many of his colleagues also proposed the end of cooperation with the KMT, which was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Mikhail Borodin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In the winter of 1925, Mao fled to Guangzhou after his revolutionary activities attracted the attention of Zhao's regional authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196683-77">[76]</a> There, he ran the 6th term of the KMT's <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Movement_Training_Institute" title="Peasant Movement Training Institute">Peasant Movement Training Institute</a> from May to September 1926.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The Peasant Movement Training Institute under Mao trained cadre and prepared them for militant activity, taking them through military training exercises and getting them to study basic left-wing texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196682,_90–91-80">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mao_1925.jpg/220px-Mao_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Mao_1925.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Mao in Guangzhou in 1925</figcaption></figure> When party leader Sun Yat-sen died in May 1925, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, who moved to marginalise the left-KMT and the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196684,_89-81">[80]</a> Mao nevertheless supported Chiang's <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>, who embarked on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> attack in 1926 on warlords.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In the wake of this expedition, peasants rose up, appropriating the land of the wealthy landowners, who were in many cases killed. Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasising the growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196695-83">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg/220px-KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg/330px-KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg/440px-KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in March 1927. Mao is third from the right in the second row.</figcaption></figure> In March 1927, Mao appeared at the Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in Wuhan, which sought to strip General Chiang of his power by appointing <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> leader. There, Mao played an active role in the discussions regarding the peasant issue, defending a set of "Regulations for the Repression of Local Bullies and Bad Gentry", which advocated the death penalty or life imprisonment for anyone found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolutionary</a> activity, arguing that in a revolutionary situation, "peaceful methods cannot suffice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196698-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon200242-85">[84]</a> In April 1927, Mao was appointed to the KMT's five-member Central Land Committee, urging peasants to refuse to pay rent. Mao led another group to put together a "Draft Resolution on the Land Question", which called for the confiscation of land belonging to "local bullies and bad gentry, corrupt officials, militarists and all counter-revolutionary elements in the villages". Proceeding to carry out a "Land Survey", he stated that anyone owning over 30 mou (four and a half acres), constituting 13% of the population, were uniformly counter-revolutionary. He accepted that there was great variation in revolutionary enthusiasm across the country, and that a flexible policy of land redistribution was necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196699–100-86">[85]</a> Presenting his conclusions at the Enlarged Land Committee meeting, many expressed reservations, some believing that it went too far, and others not far enough. Ultimately, his suggestions were only partially implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966100-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanchang_and_Autumn_Harvest_Uprisings:_1927">Nanchang and Autumn Harvest Uprisings: 1927</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army#From_the_founding_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army_to_the_Korean_War" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</a></figcaption></figure> Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition against the warlords, Chiang turned on the Communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China. Chiang ignored the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_government" title="Wuhan Nationalist government">Wuhan-based left KMT government</a> and marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by Communist militias. As the Communists awaited Chiang's arrival, he loosed the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(mainland_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Terror (mainland China)">White Terror</a>, massacring 5,000 with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Gang" title="Green Gang">Green Gang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon200242-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In Beijing, 19 leading Communists were killed by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966106–109,_112–113-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197662-90">[89]</a> That May, tens of thousands of Communists and those suspected of being communists were killed, and the CCP lost approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197662-90">[89]</a> The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government, a position Mao initially supported,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197662-90">[89]</a> but by the time of the <a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP's Fifth Congress</a> he had changed his mind, deciding to stake all hope on the peasant militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197663-91">[90]</a> The question was rendered moot when the Wuhan government expelled all Communists from the KMT on 15 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197663-91">[90]</a> The CCP founded the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, better known as the "<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army#From_the_founding_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army_to_the_Korean_War" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Red Army</a>", to battle Chiang. A battalion led by General <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> was ordered to take the city of <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a> on 1 August 1927, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang Uprising">Nanchang Uprising</a>. They were initially successful, but were forced into retreat after five days, marching south to <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>, and from there they were driven into the wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197663-91">[90]</a> Mao was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army and led four regiments against Changsha in the <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a>, in the hope of sparking peasant uprisings across Hunan. On the eve of the attack, Mao composed a poem—the earliest of his to survive—titled "Changsha". His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on 9 September, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha, but could not take it; by 15 September, he accepted defeat and with 1000 survivors marched east to the <a href="/wiki/Jinggang_Mountains" title="Jinggang Mountains">Jinggang Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base_in_Jinggangshan:_1927–1928">Base in Jinggangshan: 1927–1928</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mao1927.jpg/170px-Mao1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mao1927.jpg/255px-Mao1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mao1927.jpg/340px-Mao1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Mao in 1927</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #ACE1AF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> 革命不是請客吃飯，不是做文章，不是繪畫繡花，不能那樣雅緻，那樣從容不迫，文質彬彬，那樣溫良恭讓。革命是暴動，是一個階級推翻一個階級的暴烈的行動。 <a href="/wiki/Revolution_is_not_a_dinner_party" title="Revolution is not a dinner party">Revolution is not a dinner party</a>, nor an essay, nor a painting, nor a piece of embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Mao, February 1927<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></cite> </div> The CCP Central Committee, hiding in Shanghai, expelled Mao from their ranks and from the Hunan Provincial Committee, as punishment for his "military opportunism", for his focus on rural activity, and for being too lenient with "bad gentry". The more orthodox Communists especially regarded the peasants as backward and ridiculed Mao's idea of mobilizing them.<a href="#cite_note-Mair_2013_p211-61">[60]</a> They nevertheless adopted three policies he had long championed: the immediate formation of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>, the confiscation of all land without exemption, and the rejection of the KMT. Mao's response was to ignore them.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> He established a base in <a href="/wiki/Jinggangshan_City" title="Jinggangshan City">Jinggangshan City</a>, an area of the Jinggang Mountains, where he united five villages as a self-governing state, and supported the confiscation of land from rich landlords, who were "re-educated" and sometimes executed. He ensured that no massacres took place in the region, and pursued a more lenient approach than that advocated by the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In addition to land redistribution, Mao promoted literacy and non-hierarchical organizational relationships in Jinggangshan, transforming the area's social and economic life and attracted many local supporters.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Mao proclaimed that "Even the lame, the deaf and the blind could all come in useful for the revolutionary struggle", he boosted the army's numbers,<a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p69-97">[96]</a> incorporating two groups of bandits into his army, building a force of around 1,800 troops.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> He laid down rules for his soldiers: prompt obedience to orders, all confiscations were to be turned over to the government, and nothing was to be confiscated from poorer peasants. In doing so, he moulded his men into a disciplined, efficient fighting force.<a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p69-97">[96]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #ACE1AF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> 敵進我退， 敵駐我騷， 敵疲我打， 敵退我追。 When the enemy advances, we retreat. When the enemy rests, we harass him. When the enemy avoids a battle, we attack. When the enemy retreats, we advance. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Mao's advice in combating the Kuomintang, 1928<a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p70-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></cite> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bare_foot_revolutionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bare_foot_revolutionary.jpg/220px-Bare_foot_revolutionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bare_foot_revolutionary.jpg/330px-Bare_foot_revolutionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Bare_foot_revolutionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Communist revolutionaries in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> In spring 1928, the Central Committee ordered Mao's troops to southern Hunan, hoping to spark peasant uprisings. Mao was skeptical, but complied. They reached Hunan, where they were attacked by the KMT and fled after heavy losses. Meanwhile, KMT troops had invaded Jinggangshan, leaving them without a base.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Wandering the countryside, Mao's forces came across a CCP regiment led by General <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>; they united, and attempted to retake Jinggangshan. They were initially successful, but the KMT counter-attacked, and pushed the CCP back; over the next few weeks, they fought an entrenched guerrilla war in the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p70-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966128,_132-102">[101]</a> The Central Committee again ordered Mao to march to south Hunan, but he refused, and remained at his base. Contrastingly, Zhu complied, and led his armies away. Mao's troops fended the KMT off for 25 days while he left the camp at night to find reinforcements. He reunited with the decimated Zhu's army, and together they returned to Jinggangshan and retook the base. There they were joined by a defecting KMT regiment and <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>'s Fifth Red Army. In the mountainous area they were unable to grow enough crops to feed everyone, leading to food shortages throughout the winter.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 1928, Mao met and married <a href="/wiki/He_Zizhen" title="He Zizhen">He Zizhen</a>, an 18-year-old revolutionary who would bear him six children.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiangxi_Soviet_Republic_of_China:_1929–1934">Jiangxi Soviet Republic of China: 1929–1934</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Mao in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> (1930s)</figcaption></figure> In January 1929, Mao and Zhu evacuated the base with 2,000 men and a further 800 provided by Peng, and took their armies south, to the area around <a href="/wiki/Tonggu_County" title="Tonggu County">Tonggu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinfeng_County,_Jiangxi" title="Xinfeng County, Jiangxi">Xinfeng</a> in Jiangxi.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The evacuation led to a drop in morale, and many troops became disobedient and began thieving; this worried <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> and the Central Committee, who saw Mao's army as <a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">lumpenproletariat</a>, that were unable to share in proletariat <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p72-108">[107]</a> In keeping with orthodox Marxist thought, Li believed that only the urban proletariat could lead a successful revolution, and saw little need for Mao's peasant guerrillas; he ordered Mao to disband his army into units to be sent out to spread the revolutionary message. Mao replied that while he concurred with Li's theoretical position, he would not disband his army nor abandon his base.<a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p72-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966139-109">[108]</a> Both Li and Mao saw the Chinese revolution as the key to <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>, believing that a CCP victory would spark the overthrow of global imperialism and capitalism. In this, they disagreed with the official line of the Soviet government and Comintern. Officials in Moscow desired greater control over the CCP and removed Li from power by calling him to Russia for an inquest into his errors.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> They replaced him with Soviet-educated Chinese Communists, known as the "<a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">28 Bolsheviks</a>", two of whom, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a>, took control of the Central Committee. Mao disagreed with the new leadership, believing they grasped little of the Chinese situation, and he soon emerged as their key rival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197675-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966149–151-112">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1931_military_parade_of_formation_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1931_military_parade_of_formation_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.jpg/220px-1931_military_parade_of_formation_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1931_military_parade_of_formation_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.jpg/330px-1931_military_parade_of_formation_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1931_military_parade_of_formation_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.jpg/440px-1931_military_parade_of_formation_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Military parade at the founding of a Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931</figcaption></figure> In February 1930, Mao created the Southwest Jiangxi Provincial Soviet Government in the region under his control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966149-113">[112]</a> In November, he suffered emotional trauma after his second wife Yang Kaihui and sister were captured and beheaded by KMT general <a href="/wiki/He_Jian" title="He Jian">He Jian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Facing internal problems, members of the Jiangxi Soviet accused him of being too moderate, and hence anti-revolutionary. In December, they tried to overthrow Mao, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Futian_incident" title="Futian incident">Futian incident</a>, during which Mao's loyalists tortured many and executed between 2000 and 3000 dissenters.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The CCP Central Committee moved to Jiangxi which it saw as a secure area. In November, it proclaimed Jiangxi to be the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Republic of China">Soviet Republic of China</a>, an independent Communist-governed state. Although he was proclaimed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Mao's power was diminished, as his control of the Red Army was allocated to <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>. Meanwhile, Mao recovered from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The KMT armies adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Encirclement campaigns">encirclement and annihilation</a> of the Red armies. Outnumbered, Mao responded with guerrilla tactics influenced by the works of ancient military strategists like <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>, but Zhou and the new leadership followed a policy of open confrontation and conventional warfare. In doing so, the Red Army successfully defeated <a href="/wiki/First_encirclement_campaign_against_the_Jiangxi_Soviet" title="First encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet">the first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_encirclement_campaign_against_the_Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Second encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet">second encirclements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p78-118">[117]</a> Angered at his armies' failure, Chiang Kai-shek personally arrived to lead the operation. He too faced setbacks and retreated to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">further Japanese incursions into China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> As a result of the KMT's change of focus to the defence of China against Japanese expansionism, the Red Army was able to expand its area of control, eventually encompassing a population of 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p78-118">[117]</a> Mao proceeded with his land reform program. In November 1931 he announced the start of a "land verification project" which was expanded in June 1933. He also orchestrated education programs and implemented measures to increase female political participation.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Chiang viewed the Communists as a greater threat than the Japanese and returned to Jiangxi, where he initiated the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_encirclement_campaign_against_the_Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Fifth encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet">fifth encirclement campaign</a>, which involved the construction of a concrete and barbed wire "wall of fire" around the state, which was accompanied by aerial bombardment, to which Zhou's tactics proved ineffective. Trapped inside, morale among the Red Army dropped as food and medicine became scarce. The leadership decided to evacuate.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_March:_1934–1935">Long March: 1934–1935</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Long_March_1934-1935-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_the_Long_March_1934-1935-en.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Long_March_1934-1935-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_the_Long_March_1934-1935-en.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Long_March_1934-1935-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_the_Long_March_1934-1935-en.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Long_March_1934-1935-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>An overview map of the Long March</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zhou_Zhu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mao_Zhou_Zhu.jpg/220px-Mao_Zhou_Zhu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Mao_Zhou_Zhu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, Mao Zedong, and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 14 October 1934, the Red Army broke through the KMT line on the Jiangxi Soviet's south-west corner at Xinfeng with 85,000 soldiers and 15,000 party cadres and embarked on the "<a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>". In order to make the escape, many of the wounded and the ill, as well as women and children, were left behind, defended by a group of guerrilla fighters whom the KMT massacred.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The 100,000 who escaped headed to southern Hunan, first crossing the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a> after heavy fighting,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Wu_River_(Yuan_River,_north)" title="Wu River (Yuan River, north)">Wu River</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> where they took <a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a> in January 1935. Temporarily resting in the city, they <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">held a conference</a>; here, Mao was elected to a position of leadership, becoming Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>, and de facto leader of both Party and Red Army, in part because his candidacy was supported by Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Insisting that they operate as a guerrilla force, he laid out a destination: the Shenshi Soviet in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, Northern China, from where the Communists could focus on fighting the Japanese. Mao believed that in focusing on the anti-imperialist struggle, the Communists would earn the trust of the Chinese people, who in turn would renounce the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> From Zunyi, Mao led his troops to <a href="/wiki/Loushan_Pass" title="Loushan Pass">Loushan Pass</a>, where they faced armed opposition but successfully crossed the river. Chiang flew into the area to lead his armies against Mao, but the Communists outmanoeuvred him and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Faced with the more difficult task of crossing the <a href="/wiki/Tatu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatu River">Tatu River</a>, they managed it by fighting a battle over the <a href="/wiki/Luding_Bridge" title="Luding Bridge">Luding Bridge</a> in May, taking <a href="/wiki/Luding_County" title="Luding County">Luding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In Moukung, Western Sichuan, they encountered the 50,000-strong CCP Fourth Front Army of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a> (who had marched from the mountain ranges around <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197690–91-127">[126]</a>), and together proceeded to Maoerhkai and then <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. Zhang and Mao disagreed over what to do; the latter wished to proceed to Shaanxi, while Zhang wanted to retreat west to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, far from the KMT threat. It was agreed that they would go their separate ways, with <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> joining Zhang.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Mao's forces proceeded north, through hundreds of kilometres of <a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">grasslands</a>, an area of quagmire where they were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu tribesman</a> and where many soldiers succumbed to famine and disease.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Finally reaching Shaanxi, they fought off both the KMT and an Islamic cavalry militia before crossing the <a href="/wiki/Min_Mountains" title="Min Mountains">Min Mountains</a> and Mount Liupan and reaching the Shenshi Soviet; only 7,000–8,000 had survived.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The Long March cemented Mao's status as the dominant figure in the party. In November 1935, he was named chairman of the Military Commission. From this point onward, Mao was the Communist Party's undisputed leader, even though he would not become party chairman until 1943.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg/220px-1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg/330px-1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg/440px-1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a> (left) and Mao in Yan'an, 1937</figcaption></figure> Mao's troops arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> Soviet during October 1935 and settled in <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_Subdistrict,_Zhidan_County" title="Bao'an Subdistrict, Zhidan County">Bao'an</a>, until spring 1936. While there, they developed links with local communities, redistributed and farmed the land, offered medical treatment, and began literacy programs.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Mao now commanded 15,000 soldiers, boosted by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a>'s men from Hunan and the armies of Zhu De and Zhang Guotao returned from Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966193-133">[132]</a> In February 1936, they established the North West Anti-Japanese Red Army University in Yan'an, through which they trained increasing numbers of new recruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966206–207-134">[133]</a> In January 1937, they began the "anti-Japanese expedition", that sent groups of guerrilla fighters into Japanese-controlled territory to undertake sporadic attacks.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In May 1937, a Communist Conference was held in Yan'an to discuss the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966202-136">[135]</a> Western reporters also arrived in the "Border Region" (as the Soviet had been renamed); most notable were <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a>, who used his experiences as a basis for <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a>, whose accounts brought international attention to Mao's cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966209–210-137">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/220px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/330px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/440px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>In an effort to defeat the Japanese, Mao (left) agreed to collaborate with Chiang (right).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao1938a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mao1938a.jpg/220px-Mao1938a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mao1938a.jpg/330px-Mao1938a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mao1938a.jpg/440px-Mao1938a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Mao in 1938, writing On Protracted War</figcaption></figure> On the Long March, Mao's wife He Zizhen had been injured by a shrapnel wound to the head. She travelled to Moscow for medical treatment; Mao proceeded to divorce her and marry an actress, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schram_p208-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> He Zizhen was reportedly "dispatched to a mental asylum in Moscow to make room" for Qing.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Mao moved into a cave-house and spent much of his time reading, tending his garden and theorising.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> He came to believe that the Red Army alone was unable to defeat the Japanese, and that a Communist-led "government of national defence" should be formed with the KMT and other "bourgeois nationalist" elements to achieve this goal.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Although despising Chiang Kai-shek as a "traitor to the nation",<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> on 5 May, he telegrammed the Military Council of the Nanjing National Government proposing a military alliance, a course of action advocated by Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Although Chiang intended to ignore Mao's message and continue the civil war, he was arrested by one of his own generals, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a>; Zhang forced Chiang to discuss the issue with the Communists, resulting in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second United Front (China)">United Front</a> with concessions on both sides on 25 December 1937.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The Japanese had taken both Shanghai and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>—resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>, an atrocity Mao never spoke of all his life—and was pushing the Kuomintang government inland to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The Japanese's brutality led to increasing numbers of Chinese joining the fight, and the Red Army grew from 50,000 to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p105-148">[147]</a> In August 1938, the Red Army formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a>, which were nominally under the command of Chiang's <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In August 1940, the Red Army initiated the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a>, in which 400,000 troops attacked the Japanese simultaneously in five provinces. It was a military success that resulted in the death of 20,000 Japanese, the disruption of railways and the loss of a coal mine.<a href="#cite_note-Carter1976_p105-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> From his base in Yan'an, Mao authored several texts for his troops, including Philosophy of Revolution, which offered an introduction to the Marxist theory of knowledge; Protracted Warfare, which dealt with guerrilla and mobile military tactics; and <a href="/wiki/On_New_Democracy" title="On New Democracy">On New Democracy</a>, which laid forward ideas for China's future.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg/220px-Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Mao with <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a> in Yan'an, 1945</figcaption></figure>In 1944, the U.S. sent a special diplomatic envoy, called the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a>, to the Chinese Communist Party. The American soldiers who were sent to the mission were favourably impressed. The party seemed less corrupt, more unified, and more vigorous in its resistance to Japan than the Kuomintang. The soldiers confirmed to their superiors that the party was both strong and popular over a broad area.<a href="#cite_note-:3-152">[151]</a> In the end of the mission, the contacts which the U.S. developed with the Chinese Communist Party led to very little.<a href="#cite_note-:3-152">[151]</a> After the end of World War II, the U.S. continued their diplomatic and military assistance to Chiang Kai-shek and his KMT government forces against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) led by Mao Zedong during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">civil war</a> and abandoned the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> which would include the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> gave support to Mao by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet occupation of Manchuria">occupying north-eastern China</a>, and secretly giving it to the Chinese communists in March 1946.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_of_China">Leadership of China</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China">Establishment of the People's Republic of China</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAHuaihai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PLAHuaihai.jpg/220px-PLAHuaihai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PLAHuaihai.jpg/330px-PLAHuaihai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PLAHuaihai.jpg/440px-PLAHuaihai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>PLA troops, supported by captured <a href="/wiki/M5_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="M5 Stuart">M5 Stuart</a> light tanks, attacking the Nationalist lines in 1948</figcaption></figure> In 1948, the People's Liberation Army starved out the Kuomintang forces occupying <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>. At least 160,000 civilians are believed to have perished during <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Changchun" title="Siege of Changchun">the siege</a>, which lasted from June until October. PLA lieutenant colonel Zhang Zhenglu, in his book <a href="/wiki/White_Snow,_Red_Blood" title="White Snow, Red Blood">White Snow, Red Blood</a>, compared it to <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>: "The casualties were about the same. Hiroshima took nine seconds; Changchun took five months."<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> On 21 January 1949, Kuomintang forces suffered great losses in decisive battles against Mao's forces.<a href="#cite_note-Palestini2011-156">[155]</a> In the early morning of 10 December 1949, PLA troops laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, and Chiang Kai-shek fled from the mainland to Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-Palestini2011-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkins2013-157">[156]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/220px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/330px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/440px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Mao declares the founding of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949</figcaption></figure> Mao proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">establishment of the People's Republic of China</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen" title="Tiananmen">Gate of Heavenly Peace</a> (Tian'anmen) on 1 October 1949, and later that week declared "The Chinese people have stood up" (中国人民从此站起来了).<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Mao went to Moscow for talks in the winter of 1949–50. Mao initiated the talks which focused on the political and economic revolution in China, foreign policy, railways, naval bases, and Soviet economic and technical aid. The resulting treaty reflected Stalin's dominance and his willingness to help Mao.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Following the Marxist-Leninist theory of <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguardism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-161">[160]</a> Mao believed that only the correct leadership of the Communist Party could advance China into socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:10-161">[160]</a> Conversely, Mao also believed that mass movements and mass criticism were necessary in order to check the bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-:10-161">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg/220px-Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg/330px-Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg/440px-Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Mao with his fourth wife, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, nicknamed "Madame Mao", 1946</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3></div> Mao pushed the Party to organise campaigns to reform society and extend control. These campaigns were given urgency in October 1950, when the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> was sent into the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and fight as well as to reinforce the armed forces of North Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a>, which had been in full retreat. The United States placed a trade embargo on the People's Republic as a result of its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, lasting until <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s improvements of relations. At least 180,000 Chinese troops died during the war.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> As the Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), he was also the Supreme Commander in Chief of the PLA and the People's Republic and Chairman of the Party. Chinese troops in Korea were under the overall command of then newly installed Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, with General <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> as field commander and political commissar.<a href="#cite_note-Burkitt-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_reform">Social reform</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Land_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Land Reform">land reform campaigns</a>, large numbers of landlords and rich peasants were beaten to death at mass meetings as land was taken from them and given to poorer peasants, which reduced <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001436–437-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuisong2008-166">[165]</a> targeted bureaucratic bourgeoisie, such as compradors, merchants and Kuomintang officials who were seen by the party as economic parasites or political enemies.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> estimated as many as a million were killed in the land reform, and 800,000 killed in the counter-revolutionary campaign.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Mao himself claimed that a total of 700,000 people were killed in attacks on "counter-revolutionaries" during the years 1950–1952.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Because there was a policy to select "at least one landlord, and usually several, in virtually every village for public execution",<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_history_of_China-170">[169]</a> the number of deaths range between 2 million<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_history_of_China-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuisong2008-166">[165]</a> and 5 million.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In addition, at least 1.5 million people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001436-174">[173]</a> perhaps as many as 4 to 6 million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentino2004121–122-175">[174]</a> were sent to <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">"reform through labour"</a> camps where many perished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentino2004121–122-175">[174]</a> Mao played a personal role in organising the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas,<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> which were often exceeded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuisong2008-166">[165]</a> He defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao,_Bulganin,_Stalin,_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/220px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/330px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/440px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Mao at <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s 71st birthday celebration in Moscow, December 1949</figcaption></figure> The government is credited with eradicating both consumption and production of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> during the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:4-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCoy_opium-179">[178]</a> Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops. Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-McCoy_opium-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</h3></div> Starting in 1951, Mao initiated movements to rid urban areas of corruption, the <a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a>. Whereas the three-anti campaign was a focused purge of government, industrial and party officials, the five-anti campaign set its sights slightly broader, targeting capitalist elements in general.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Workers denounced their bosses, spouses turned on their spouses, and children informed on their parents; the victims were often humiliated at <a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">struggle sessions</a>, where a targeted person would be verbally and physically abused until they confessed to crimes. Mao insisted that minor offenders be criticised and reformed or sent to labour camps, "while the worst among them should be shot". These campaigns took several hundred thousand additional lives, the vast majority via suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001437-181">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_dalai_lama-1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mao_dalai_lama-1955.jpg/240px-Mao_dalai_lama-1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mao_dalai_lama-1955.jpg/360px-Mao_dalai_lama-1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mao_dalai_lama-1955.jpg/480px-Mao_dalai_lama-1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7413" data-file-height="3389" /></a><figcaption>Mao and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> meeting with the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> (left) to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Tibetan New Year</a>, Beijing, 1955</figcaption></figure> In Shanghai, suicide by jumping from tall buildings became so commonplace that residents avoided walking on the pavement near skyscrapers for fear that suicides might land on them.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Some biographers have pointed out that driving those perceived as enemies to suicide was a common tactic during the Mao-era. In his biography of Mao, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Short" title="Philip Short">Philip Short</a> notes that Mao gave explicit instructions in the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a> that "no cadre is to be killed" but in practice allowed security chief <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a> to drive opponents to suicide and that "this pattern was repeated throughout his leadership of the People's Republic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001631-183">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg/170px-Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg/255px-Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg/340px-Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Mao sitting, published in "Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung", ca. 1955</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five-year_plans">Five-year plans</h3></div> Following the consolidation of power, Mao launched the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">first five-year plan</a> (1953–1958), which emphasised rapid industrial development. Within industry, iron and steel, electric power, coal, heavy engineering, building materials, and basic chemicals were prioritised with the aim of constructing large and highly capital-intensive plants. Many of these plants were built with Soviet assistance and heavy industry grew rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Agriculture, industry and trade was organised as <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> This period marked the beginning of China's rapid industrialisation and it resulted in an enormous success.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Despite being initially sympathetic towards the <a href="/wiki/Governments_of_Imre_Nagy" title="Governments of Imre Nagy">reformist government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>, Mao feared the "reactionary restoration" in Hungary as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> continued and became more hardline. Mao opposed the withdrawal of Soviet troops by asking <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> to inform the Soviet representatives to use military intervention against "Western imperialist-backed" protestors and Nagy's government. However, it was unclear to what degree Mao's stance played a role in <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s decision to invade Hungary. It was also unclear if China was forced to conform to the Soviet position due to economic concerns and China's poor power projections compared to the USSR. Despite his disagreements with Moscow's hegemony in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, Mao viewed the integrity of the international communist movement as more important than the national autonomy of the countries in the Soviet sphere of influence. The Hungarian crisis also influenced Mao's <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a>. Mao decided to soften his stance on Chinese intelligentsia and allow them to express their social dissatisfaction and criticisms of the errors of the government. Mao wanted to use this movement to prevent a similar uprising in China. However, as people in China began to criticize the CCP's policies and Mao's leadership following the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao cracked down the movement he initiated and compared it to the "counter-revolutionary" Hungarian Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> During the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao indicated his supposed willingness to consider different opinions about how China should be governed. Given the freedom to express themselves, liberal and intellectual Chinese began opposing the Communist Party and questioning its leadership. This was initially tolerated and encouraged. After a few months, Mao's government reversed its policy and persecuted those who had criticised the party, totalling perhaps 500,000,<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> as well as those who were merely alleged to have been critical, in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>. The movement led to the persecution of at least 550,000 people, mostly intellectuals and dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-1Mac-189">[188]</a> Li Zhisui, Mao's physician, suggested that Mao had initially seen the policy as a way of weakening opposition to him within the party and that he was surprised by the extent of criticism and the fact that it came to be directed at his own leadership.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_projects">Military projects</h3></div> United States President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s threats during the <a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> to use nuclear weapons against military targets in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province prompted Mao to begin China's nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-:172-191">[190]</a>: 89–90  Under Mao's <a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a> program, China developed the atomic and hydrogen bombs in record time[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] and launched a satellite a few years after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik.<a href="#cite_note-:022-192">[191]</a>: 218  <a href="/wiki/Project_523" title="Project 523">Project 523</a><a href="#cite_note-hsu2006-193">[192]</a> is a 1967 military project to find <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_medication" title="Antimalarial medication">antimalarial medications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meera-194">[193]</a> It addressed <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, an important threat in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> convinced Mao Zedong to start the mass project "to keep [the] allies' troops combat-ready", as the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_minutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting minutes">meeting minutes</a> put it. The one for investigating <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> discovered and led to the development of a class of new antimalarial drugs called <a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">artemisinins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tu2011-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Leap_Forward">Great Leap Forward</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Khrushchev,_Mao_Zedong,_Ho_Chi_Minh_and_Soong_Ching-ling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Mao_Zedong%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_and_Soong_Ching-ling.jpg/220px-Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Mao_Zedong%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_and_Soong_Ching-ling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Mao_Zedong%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_and_Soong_Ching-ling.jpg/330px-Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Mao_Zedong%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_and_Soong_Ching-ling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Mao_Zedong%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_and_Soong_Ching-ling.jpg/440px-Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Mao_Zedong%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_and_Soong_Ching-ling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Mao with <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> during a state dinner in Beijing, 1959</figcaption></figure> In January 1958, Mao launched the Great Leap Forward, to turn China from an agrarian nation to an industrialised one.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The relatively small agricultural collectives that had been formed were merged into far larger <a href="/wiki/People%27s_commune" title="People's commune">people's communes</a>, and many peasants were ordered to work on infrastructure projects and on the production of iron and steel. Some private food production was banned, and livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> The effect of the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects, and cyclical <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by a further 10% decline in 1960 and no recovery in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Spence1999_p553-198">[197]</a> To win favour with their superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party exaggerated the amount of grain produced under them. Based upon the falsely reported success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a high amount of that fictitious harvest. The result, compounded in some areas by drought and in others by floods, was that farmers were left with little food and many millions starved to death in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>. The people of urban areas were given food stamps each month, but the people of rural areas were expected to grow their own crops and give some of the crops back to the government. The death count in rural parts of China surpassed the deaths in the urban centers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-199">[198]</a> The famine was a direct cause of the death of some 30 million Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Many children became malnourished.<a href="#cite_note-Spence1999_p553-198">[197]</a> In late autumn 1958, Mao condemned the practices used during Great Leap Forward such as forcing peasants to do labour without enough food or rest which resulted in epidemics and starvation. He also acknowledged that anti-rightist campaigns were a major cause of "production at the expense of livelihood." He refused to abandon the Great Leap Forward, but he did demand that they be confronted. After the July 1959 <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">clash at Lushan</a> Conference with <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, Mao launched a new anti-rightist campaign along with the radical policies that he previously abandoned. It wasn't until the spring of 1960, that Mao would again express concern about abnormal deaths and other abuses, but he did not move to stop them. Bernstein concludes that the Chairman "wilfully ignored the lessons of the first radical phase for the sake of achieving extreme ideological and developmental goals".<a href="#cite_note-wilfulness-201">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Mao shaking hands with a people's commune farmer, 1959</figcaption></figure> Mao stepped down as President of China on 27 April 1959; he retained other top positions such as Chairman of the Communist Party and of the Central Military Commission.<a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[201]</a> The Presidency was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[201]</a> Mao eventually abandoned the policy in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Liu Shaoqi and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> rescued the economy by disbanding the people's communes, introducing elements of private control of peasant smallholdings and importing grain from Canada and Australia to mitigate the worst effects of famine.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a> in July/August 1959, several ministers expressed concern that the Great Leap Forward had not proved as successful as planned. The most direct of these was Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>. Following Peng's criticism of the Great Leap Forward, Mao made a purge of Peng and his supporters, stifling criticism of the Great Leap policies. A campaign was launched and resulted in party members and ordinary peasants being sent to prison labour camps. Years later the CCP would conclude that as many as six million people were wrongly punished in the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentino2004127-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_from_Soviet_Union">Split from Soviet Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg/330px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg/440px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6106" data-file-height="4349" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> watches as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> shakes hands with Mao during their visit to China, 2 December 1975</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s withdrawal of Soviet technical experts and aid from the country. The split concerned the leadership of <a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">world communism</a>. The USSR had a network of Communist parties it supported; China now created its own rival network to battle it out.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Lorenz M. Lüthi writes: "The Sino-Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War, equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Second Vietnam War, and Sino-American rapprochement. The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general, and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular."<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The split resulted from Khrushchev's more moderate Soviet leadership after the death of Stalin in March 1953. Only Albania openly sided with China, thereby forming an alliance between the two countries. Warned that the Soviets had nuclear weapons, Mao minimised the threat.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Struggle against Soviet revisionism and U.S. imperialism was an important aspect of Mao's attempt to direct the revolution in the right direction.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In the late 1950s, Mao wrote reading notes responding to the Soviet Book Political Economy: A Textbook and essays (<a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a>) responding to Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:322-210">[209]</a>: 51  These texts reflect Mao's views that the USSR was becoming alienated from the masses and distorting socialist development.<a href="#cite_note-:322-210">[209]</a>: 51  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Front">Third Front</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kissinger_Mao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kissinger_Mao.jpg/220px-Kissinger_Mao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kissinger_Mao.jpg/330px-Kissinger_Mao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kissinger_Mao.jpg/440px-Kissinger_Mao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Mao with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, Beijing, 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/220px-Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/330px-Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/440px-Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie I</a> with Mao in 1971 after the death of <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front (China)</a></div> After the Great Leap Forward, China's leadership slowed the pace of industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 3  It invested more on in China's coastal regions and focused on the production of consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 3  Preliminary drafts of the Third Five Year Plan contained no provision for developing large scale industry in China's interior.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 29  After an April 1964 General Staff report concluded that the concentration of China's industry in its major coastal cities made it vulnerable to attack by foreign powers, Mao argued for the development of basic industry and national defense industry in protected locations in China's interior.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 4, 54  Although other key leaders did not initially support the idea, the 2 August 1964 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> increased fears of a potential invasion by the United States and crystallized support for Mao's industrialization proposal, which came to be known as the Third Front.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 7  Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, Mao's own concerns of invasion by the United States increased.<a href="#cite_note-:12-212">[211]</a>: 100  He wrote to central cadres, "A war is going to break out. I need to reconsider my actions" and pushed even harder for the creation of the Third Front.<a href="#cite_note-:12-212">[211]</a>: 100  The secretive Third Front construction involved massive projects including extensive railroad infrastructure like the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Kunming_railway" title="Chengdu–Kunming railway">Chengdu–Kunming line</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 153–164  aerospace industry including satellite launch facilities,<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 218–219  and steel production industry including <a href="/wiki/Panzhihua_Iron_and_Steel" title="Panzhihua Iron and Steel">Panzhihua Iron and Steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 9  Development of the Third Front slowed in 1966, but accelerated again after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a> at Zhenbao Island, which increased the perceived risk of Soviet Invasion.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 12, 150  Third Front construction again decreased after United States President <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China</a> and the resulting rapprochement between the United States and China.<a href="#cite_note-:02-211">[210]</a>: 225–229  When Reform and Opening up began after Mao's death, China began to gradually wind down Third Front projects.<a href="#cite_note-:92-213">[212]</a>: 180  The Third Front distributed physical and human capital around the country, ultimately decreased regional disparities and created favorable conditions for later market development.<a href="#cite_note-:92-213">[212]</a>: 177–182  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution">Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1966-11_1966%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1966-11_1966%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/200px-1966-11_1966%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1966-11_1966%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/300px-1966-11_1966%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1966-11_1966%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/400px-1966-11_1966%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption>A public appearance of Chairman Mao and <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> among <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a>, in Beijing, during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (November 1966)</figcaption></figure> During the early 1960s, Mao became concerned with the nature of post-1959 China. He saw that the old ruling elite was replaced by a new one. He was concerned that those in power were becoming estranged from the people they were to serve. Mao believed that a revolution of culture would unseat and unsettle the "ruling class" and keep China in a state of "<a href="/wiki/Continuous_revolution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous revolution theory">continuous revolution</a>" that, theoretically, would serve the interests of the majority, rather than a tiny and privileged elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon2002140-214">[213]</a> The Cultural Revolution led to the destruction of much of China's traditional cultural heritage and the imprisonment of many Chinese citizens, as well as the creation of chaos in the country. Millions of lives were ruined, as the Cultural Revolution pierced into Chinese life. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of people, perhaps millions, perished in the violence of the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-maostats-215">[214]</a> This included prominent figures such as Liu Shaoqi.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> It was during this period that Mao chose <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> to become his successor. Lin was later officially named as Mao's successor. By 1971, a divide between the two men had become apparent. <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao died on 13 September 1971</a>, in a plane crash over the air space of Mongolia, presumably as he fled China, probably anticipating his arrest. The CCP declared that Lin was planning to depose Mao and posthumously expelled Lin from the party. At this time, Mao lost trust in many of the top CCP figures. The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Ion Mihai Pacepa</a> claimed he had a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, who told him about a plot to kill Mao with the help of Lin Biao organised by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pacepa0-219">[218]</a> In 1969, Mao declared the Cultural Revolution to be over. Various historians mark the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, following Mao's death and the arrest of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The Central Committee in 1981 <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">officially declared</a> the Cultural Revolution a "severe setback" for the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> An estimate of around 400,000 deaths is a widely accepted minimum figure, according to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Meisner" title="Maurice Meisner">Maurice Meisner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> MacFarquhar and Schoenhals assert that in rural China alone some 36 million people were persecuted, of whom between 750,000 and 1.5 million were killed, with roughly the same number permanently injured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006262-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_visits">State visits</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Host </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>16 December 1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>2–19 November 1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> During his leadership, Mao traveled outside China, which were state visits to the Soviet Union. His first visit abroad was in December 1949 to celebrate the 70th birthday of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in Moscow, which was also attended by East German Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> and Mongolian communist <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Chairman of the Mongolian People's Party">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal" title="Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal">Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> The second visit to Moscow in November 1957 was a two-week <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> of which the highlights included Mao's attendance at the 40th anniversary (<a href="/wiki/Ruby_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Jubilee">Ruby Jubilee</a>) celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> (he attended the annual <a href="/wiki/1957_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1957 October Revolution Parade">military parade</a> of the Moscow Garrison on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> as well as a banquet in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/1957_International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers_Parties" title="1957 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties">International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties</a>, where he met with other communist leaders.<a href="#cite_note-ParkSnyder2012-225">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_aftermath">Death and aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Mao Zedong">Mausoleum of Mao Zedong</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=raZmROeAo1o">Official Chinese documentary on Mao's funeral</a></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_with_Z_Bhutto.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Mao_Zedong_with_Z_Bhutto.jpeg/192px-Mao_Zedong_with_Z_Bhutto.jpeg" decoding="async" width="192" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Mao_Zedong_with_Z_Bhutto.jpeg/288px-Mao_Zedong_with_Z_Bhutto.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Mao_Zedong_with_Z_Bhutto.jpeg/384px-Mao_Zedong_with_Z_Bhutto.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Ailing Mao with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Bhutto</a> during a private visit in May 1976</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/192px-Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/288px-Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/384px-Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Egypt" title="Vice-President of Egypt">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> during the latter's visit to Beijing in 1976</figcaption></figure> Mao's health declined in his last years, probably aggravated by his chain-smoking.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> It became a <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">state secret</a> that he suffered from multiple lung and heart ailments during his later years.<a href="#cite_note-KissengerTrans-227">[226]</a> There are unconfirmed reports that he possibly had <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a><a href="#cite_note-Parkinsons-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-229">[228]</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.<a href="#cite_note-LouGehring-230">[229]</a> He suffered two major <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a>, one in March and another in July, then a third on 5 September, rendering him an invalid. He died nearly four days later, on 9 September 1976, at the age of 82. The Communist Party delayed the announcement of his death until 16:00, when a national radio broadcast announced the news and appealed for party unity.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1-229">[228]</a> Mao's embalmed body, draped in the CCP flag, lay in state at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> for one week.<a href="#cite_note-Mummy1-231">[230]</a> One million Chinese filed past to pay their final respects, many displaying sadness, while foreigners watched on television.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Mao's official portrait hung on the wall with a banner reading: "Carry on the cause left by Chairman Mao and carry on the cause of proletarian revolution to the end".<a href="#cite_note-Mummy1-231">[230]</a> On 17 September, the body was taken in a minibus to the 305 Hospital, where his internal organs were preserved in <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mummy1-231">[230]</a> On 18 September, guns, sirens, whistles and horns across China were simultaneously blown and a mandatory three-minute silence was observed.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> was packed with millions of people and a military band played "<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>". Hua Guofeng concluded the service with a 20-minute-long eulogy atop Tiananmen Gate.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Despite Mao's request to be cremated, his body was later permanently put on display in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Mao Zedong">Mausoleum of Mao Zedong</a>, in order for the <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Chinese nation</a> to pay its respects.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> On 27 June 1981, the communist party's Central Committee adopted the <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China</a>, which assessed the legacy of the Mao era and the party's priorities going forward.<a href="#cite_note-:62-237">[236]</a>: 166  The Resolution describes setbacks during the period 1957 to 1964 (although it generally affirms this period) and major mistakes beginning in 1965, attributing Mao's errors to individualist tendencies which arose when he departed from the collective view of the leadership.<a href="#cite_note-:62-237">[236]</a>: 167  Regarding Mao's legacy, the Resolution concludes Mao's contributions to the Chinese Revolution far outweigh his mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a>: 445  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_youth_art_sculpture_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mao_Zedong_youth_art_sculpture_4.jpg/170px-Mao_Zedong_youth_art_sculpture_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mao_Zedong_youth_art_sculpture_4.jpg/255px-Mao_Zedong_youth_art_sculpture_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mao_Zedong_youth_art_sculpture_4.jpg/340px-Mao_Zedong_youth_art_sculpture_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Young_Mao_Zedong_statue" title="Young Mao Zedong statue">Statue of young Mao</a> in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></figcaption></figure> Mao has been regarded as one of the most important and influential individuals in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> He has also been described as a political intellect, theorist, military strategist, poet, and visionary.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> He was credited and praised for driving <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> out of China,<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> having unified China and for ending the previous decades of civil war. He has also been credited with having <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chinese_communism#Mao_era_(1949–1976)" title="Feminism in Chinese communism">improved the status of women in China</a> and for improving literacy and education.<a href="#cite_note-:4-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galtung-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopulationStudies2015-245">[244]</a> In December 2013, a poll from the state-run <a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a> indicated that roughly 85% of the 1,045 respondents surveyed felt that Mao's achievements outweighed his mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> It has been said in China that Mao was 70 percent right and 30 percent wrong.<a href="#cite_note-:11-11">[10]</a>: 55 <a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a>: 445  His policies resulted in the deaths of tens of millions of people in China during his reign,<a href="#cite_note-Fenby-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-249">[248]</a> done through starvation, persecution, prison labour in <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">laogai</a>, and mass executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001631-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenby-247">[246]</a> Mao rarely gave direct instruction for peoples' physical elimination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001631–632-250">[249]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Short" title="Philip Short">Philip Short</a>, the overwhelming majority of those killed by Mao's policies were unintended casualties of <a href="/wiki/List_of_famines_in_China" title="List of famines in China">famine</a>, while the other three or four million, in Mao's view, were necessary victims in the struggle to transform China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001632-251">[250]</a> Mao's China has been described as an autocratic and totalitarian regime responsible for mass repression.<a href="#cite_note-:7-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Mao was accused as one of the great tyrants of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-tyrant-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-compare-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001631-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenby-247">[246]</a> He was frequently likened to the First Emperor of a unified China, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmCKPmUzKeZUCpgPA428_428]-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-compare-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[b]</a> China's population grew from around 550 million to over 900 million under his rule.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Mao's <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">insurgency strategies</a> continue to be used by insurgents, and his political ideology continues to be embraced by many Communist organisations around the world.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai,_guarder%C3%ADa_1978_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shanghai%2C_guarder%C3%ADa_1978_03.jpg/220px-Shanghai%2C_guarder%C3%ADa_1978_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shanghai%2C_guarder%C3%ADa_1978_03.jpg/330px-Shanghai%2C_guarder%C3%ADa_1978_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shanghai%2C_guarder%C3%ADa_1978_03.jpg/440px-Shanghai%2C_guarder%C3%ADa_1978_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>In 1978, the classroom of a kindergarten in Shanghai putting up portraits of then-Chairman <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> and former Chairman Mao Zedong</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_China">In China</h3></div> In mainland China, Mao is respected by a great number of the general population. Mao is credited for raising the average life expectancy from 35 in 1949 to 63 by 1975, bringing "unity and stability to a country that had been plagued by civil wars and foreign invasions", and laying the foundation for China to "become the equal of the great global powers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao200881-266">[264]</a> He is lauded for carrying out massive <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, promoting the status of women, improving popular literacy, and positively "transform(ing) Chinese society beyond recognition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao200881-266">[264]</a> Mao has been credited for boosting literacy (only 20% of the population could read in 1949, compared to 65.5% thirty years later), doubling life expectancy, a near doubling of the population, and developing China's industry and infrastructure, paving the way for its position as a world power.<a href="#cite_note-China_2010,_pp._327-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galtung-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopulationStudies2015-245">[244]</a> Opposition to Mao can lead to censorship or professional repercussions in mainland China,<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> and is often done in private settings.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> When a video of <a href="/wiki/Bi_Fujian" title="Bi Fujian">Bi Fujian</a>, a television host, insulting Mao at a private dinner in 2015 went viral, Bi garnered the support of Weibo users, with 80% of them saying in a poll that Bi should not apologize amidst backlash from state affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> Chinese citizens are aware of Mao's mistakes, but many see Mao as a national hero. He is seen as someone who successfully liberated the country from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of China">Japanese occupation</a> and from Western imperialist exploitation dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-272">[270]</a> Between 2015 and 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> interviewed 70 people in China about the Maoist era. A "sizable proportion" lauded the era's simplicity, attributing to it the "clear meaning" of life and minimal inequality; they contended that the "spiritual life" was rich. The interviewees simultaneously acknowledged the poor "material life" and other negative experiences under Mao.<a href="#cite_note-:2-272">[270]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_Square_20210319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mao_Zedong_Square_20210319.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_Square_20210319.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mao_Zedong_Square_20210319.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_Square_20210319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mao_Zedong_Square_20210319.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_Square_20210319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Mao Zedong Square at Shaoshan</figcaption></figure> On 25 December 2008, China opened the Mao Zedong Square to visitors in his home town of central Hunan Province to mark the 115th anniversary of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> Former party official Su Shachi has opined that "he was a great historical criminal, but he was also a great force for good."<a href="#cite_note-Biography_2005-274">[272]</a> In a similar vein, journalist <a href="/wiki/Liu_Binyan" title="Liu Binyan">Liu Binyan</a> has described Mao as "both monster and a genius."<a href="#cite_note-Biography_2005-274">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Rui_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Rui (politician)">Li Rui</a>, Mao's personal secretary and Communist Party comrade, opined that "Mao's way of thinking and governing was terrifying. He put no value on human life. The deaths of others meant nothing to him."<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> remarked "Had Mao died in 1956, his achievements would have been immortal. Had he died in 1966, he would still have been a great man but flawed. But he died in 1976. Alas, what can one say?"<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> said "I should remind you that Chairman Mao dedicated most of his life to China, that he saved the party and the revolution in their most critical moments, that, in short, his contribution was so great that, without him, the Chinese people would have had a much harder time finding the right path out of the darkness. We also shouldn't forget that it was Chairman Mao who combined the teachings of Marx and Lenin with the realities of Chinese history—that it was he who applied those principles, creatively, not only to politics but to philosophy, art, literature, and military strategy."<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_China">Outside China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?155775-1/mao-life">Booknotes interview with Philip Short on Mao: A Life, April 2, 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Short" title="Philip Short">Philip Short</a> said that the overwhelming majority of the deaths under Mao were unintended consequences of famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001632-251">[250]</a> Short stated that landlord class were not exterminated as a people due to Mao's belief in redemption through thought reform,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001632-251">[250]</a> and compared Mao with 19th-century Chinese reformers who challenged China's traditional beliefs in the era of China's clashes with Western colonial powers. Short writes that "Mao's tragedy and his grandeur were that he remained to the end in thrall to his own revolutionary dreams. ... He freed China from the straitjacket of its Confucian past, but the bright Red future he promised turned out to be a sterile purgatory."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001632-251">[250]</a> Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine, in their biography, asserted that Mao was both "a successful creator and ultimately an evil destroyer" but also argued that he was a complicated figure who should not be lionised as a saint or reduced to a demon, as he "indeed tried his best to bring about prosperity and gain international respect for his country."<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> They also remarked on Mao's legacy: "A talented Chinese politician, an historian, a poet and philosopher, an all-powerful dictator and energetic organizer, a skillful diplomat and utopian socialist, the head of the most populous state, resting on his laurels, but at the same time an indefatigable revolutionary who sincerely attempted to refashion the way of life and consciousness of millions of people, a hero of national revolution and a bloody social reformer—this is how Mao goes down in history. The scale of his life was too grand to be reduced to a single meaning." Mao's English interpreter <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rittenberg" title="Sidney Rittenberg">Sidney Rittenberg</a> wrote in his memoir that whilst Mao "was a great leader in history", he was also "a great criminal because, not that he wanted to, not that he intended to, but in fact, his wild fantasies led to the deaths of tens of millions of people."<a href="#cite_note-Reut09-279">[277]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/220px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/330px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/440px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>Mao greets U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> during his <a href="/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Nixon visit to China">visit to China in 1972</a>.</figcaption></figure> The United States placed a trade embargo on the People's Republic as a result of its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> decided that developing relations with the PRC would be useful.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> The television series <a href="/wiki/Biography_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography (TV series)">Biography</a> stated: "[Mao] turned China from a feudal backwater into one of the most powerful countries in the World. ... The Chinese system he overthrew was backward and corrupt; few would argue the fact that he dragged China into the 20th century. But at a cost in human lives that is staggering."<a href="#cite_note-Biography_2005-274">[272]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Wasserstrom" title="Jeffrey Wasserstrom">Jeffrey Wasserstrom</a> compares China's relationship to Mao to Americans' remembrance of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>; both countries regard the leaders in a positive light, despite their respective roles in devastating policies. Jackson forcibly moved Native Americans through the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, resulting in thousands of deaths, while Mao was at the helm.<a href="#cite_note-Schiavenza_2010-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[c]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaoStatueinLijang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MaoStatueinLijang.jpg/170px-MaoStatueinLijang.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MaoStatueinLijang.jpg/255px-MaoStatueinLijang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MaoStatueinLijang.jpg/340px-MaoStatueinLijang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Mao in <a href="/wiki/Lijiang,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang, Yunnan">Lijiang</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_King_Fairbank" title="John King Fairbank">John King Fairbank</a> remarked, "The simple facts of Mao's career seem incredible: in a vast land of 400 million people, at age 28, with a dozen others, to found a party and in the next fifty years to win power, organize, and remold the people and reshape the land—history records no greater achievement. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, all the kings of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>—no predecessor can equal Mao Tse-tung's scope of accomplishment, for no other country was ever so ancient and so big as China."<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> In China: A New History, Fairbank and Goldman assessed Mao's legacy: "Future historians may conclude that Mao's role was to try to destroy the age-old bifurcation of China between a small educated ruling stratum and the vast mass of common people. We do not yet know how far he succeeded. The economy was developing, but it was left to his successors to create a new political structure."<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_R._Schram" title="Stuart R. Schram">Stuart R. Schram</a> said "Eternal rebel, refusing to be bound by the laws of God or man, nature or Marxism, he led his people for three decades in pursuit of a vision initially noble, which turned increasingly into a mirage, and then into a nightmare. Was he a <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, attempting the impossible for the sake of humanity, or a despot of unbridled ambition, drunk with his own power and his own cleverness?"<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Schram also said "I agree with the current Chinese view that Mao's merits outweighed his faults, but it is not easy to put a figure on the positive and negative aspects. How does one weigh, for example, the good fortune of hundreds of millions of peasants in getting land against the execution, in the course of land reform and the 'Campaign against Counter-Revolutionaries,' or in other contexts, of millions, some of whom certainly deserved to die, but others of whom undoubtedly did not? How does one balance the achievements in economic development during the first Five-Year Plan, or during the whole twenty-seven years of Mao's leadership after 1949, against the starvation which came in the wake of the misguided enthusiasm of the Great Leap Forward, or the bloody shambles of the Cultural Revolution?" Schram added, "In the last analysis, however, I am more interested in the potential future impact of his thought than in sending Mao as an individual to Heaven or to Hell."<a href="#cite_note-MacFarquhar-286">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Meisner" title="Maurice Meisner">Maurice Meisner</a> assessed Mao's legacy: "It is the blots on the Maoist record, especially the Great Leap and the Cultural Revolution, that are now most deeply imprinted on our political and historical consciousness. That these adventures were failures colossal in scope, and that they took an enormous human toll, cannot and should not be forgotten. But future historians, without ignoring the failures and the crimes, will surely record the Maoist era in the history of the People's Republic (however else they may judge it) as one of the great modernizing epochs in world history, and one that brought great social and human benefits to the Chinese people."<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_World">Third World</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></div> The ideology of Maoism has influenced many Communists, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>, including revolutionary movements such as <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Nepalese revolutionary movement</a>. Under the influence of Mao's agrarian socialism and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> and the Khmer Rouge conceived of his disastrous <a href="/wiki/Year_Zero_(political_notion)" title="Year Zero (political notion)">Year Zero</a> policies which purged the nation of its teachers, artists and intellectuals and emptied its cities, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a>, also claims Marxism–Leninism-Maoism as its ideology, as do other Communist Parties around the world which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Internationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Internationalist Movement">Revolutionary Internationalist Movement</a>. China itself has moved sharply away from Maoism since Mao's death, and most people outside of China who describe themselves as Maoist regard the Deng Xiaoping reforms to be a betrayal of Maoism, in line with Mao's view of "<a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">capitalist roaders</a>" within the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> As the Chinese government instituted market economic reforms starting in the late 1970s and as later Chinese leaders took power, less recognition was given to the status of Mao. This accompanied a decline in state recognition of Mao in later years in contrast to previous years when the state organised numerous events and seminars commemorating Mao's 100th birthday. Nevertheless, the Chinese government has never officially repudiated the tactics of Mao. Deng Xiaoping, who was opposed to the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, stated that "when we write about his mistakes we should not exaggerate, for otherwise we shall be discrediting Chairman Mao Zedong and this would mean discrediting our party and state."<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> The July 1963 <a href="/wiki/Limited_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> increased Chinese concerns over a US-Soviet re-alignment against China and prompted Mao's articulation of the "Two Intermediate Zones" concept.<a href="#cite_note-:172-191">[190]</a>: 96–97  Mao viewed Africa and Latin America as the "First Intermediate Zone", in which China's status as a non-white power might enable it to compete with and supersede both United States and Soviet Union influence.<a href="#cite_note-:172-191">[190]</a>: 48  The other intermediate zone was the USA's wealthier allies in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:172-191">[190]</a>: 97  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_strategy">Military strategy</h3></div> Mao's military writings continue to have a large amount of influence both among those who seek to create an insurgency and those who seek to crush one, especially in manners of guerrilla warfare, at which Mao is popularly regarded as a genius.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Nepali Maoists</a> were highly influenced by Mao's views on <a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">protracted war</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">new democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">support of masses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_revolution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous revolution theory">permanency of revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution">Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> Mao's major contribution to the military science is his theory of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="People's War">People's War</a>, with not only guerrilla warfare but more importantly, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Warfare" title="Mobile Warfare">Mobile Warfare</a> methodologies. Mao had successfully applied Mobile Warfare in the Korean War, and was able to encircle, push back and then halt the UN forces in Korea, despite the clear superiority of UN firepower.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> Mao's poems and writings are frequently cited by both Chinese and non-Chinese. The official Chinese translation of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s inauguration speech used a famous line from one of Mao's poems.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> In the mid-1990s, Mao's picture began to appear on all new <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">renminbi</a> currency from the People's Republic of China. This was officially instituted as an anti-counterfeiting measure as Mao's face is widely recognised in contrast to the generic figures that appear in older currency. On 13 March 2006, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> reported that a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> proposed to include the portraits of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> and Deng Xiaoping in the renminbi.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image">Public image</h3></div> Mao gave contradicting statements on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Personality_cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cults">personality cults</a>. In 1956, as a response to the <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Khrushchev Report</a> that criticised <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Mao stated that personality cults are "poisonous ideological survivals of the old society", and reaffirmed China's commitment to <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> At the 1958 party congress in Chengdu, Mao expressed support for the personality cults of people whom he labelled as genuinely worthy figures, not those that expressed "blind worship".<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> In 1962, Mao proposed the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a> (SEM) in an attempt to educate the peasants to resist the "temptations" of feudalism and the sprouts of capitalism that he saw re-emerging in the countryside from Liu's economic reforms.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> Large quantities of politicised art were produced and circulated—with Mao at the centre. Numerous posters, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Mao_badge" title="Chairman Mao badge">badges</a>, and musical compositions referenced Mao in the phrase "Chairman Mao is the red sun in our hearts" (毛主席是我們心中的紅太陽; Máo Zhǔxí Shì Wǒmen Xīnzhōng De Hóng Tàiyáng)<a href="#cite_note-WangMaoBadgesChapter5-300">[297]</a> and a "Savior of the people" (人民的大救星; Rénmín De Dà Jiùxīng).<a href="#cite_note-WangMaoBadgesChapter5-300">[297]</a> In October 1966, Mao's <a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a>, known as the Little Red Book, was published. Party members were encouraged to carry a copy with them, and possession was almost mandatory as a criterion for membership. According to <a href="/wiki/Mao:_The_Unknown_Story" title="Mao: The Unknown Story">Mao: The Unknown Story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang">Jun Yang</a>, the mass publication and sale of this text contributed to making Mao the only millionaire created in 1950s China (332). Over the years, Mao's image became displayed almost everywhere, present in homes, offices and shops. His quotations were <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">typographically emphasised</a> by putting them in boldface or red type in even the most obscure writings. Music from the period emphasised Mao's stature, as did children's rhymes. The phrase "Long Live Chairman Mao for <a href="/wiki/Ten_thousand_years" title="Ten thousand years">ten thousand years</a>" was commonly heard during the era.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg/300px-Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg/450px-Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg/600px-Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6548" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Visitors wait in line to enter the Mao Zedong Mausoleum.</div></figcaption></figure> Mao also has a presence in China and around the world in popular culture, where his face adorns everything from T-shirts to coffee cups. Mao's granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Kong_Dongmei" title="Kong Dongmei">Kong Dongmei</a>, defended the phenomenon, stating that "it shows his influence, that he exists in people's consciousness and has influenced several generations of Chinese people's way of life. Just like <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara_in_popular_culture" title="Che Guevara in popular culture">Che Guevara's image</a>, his has become a symbol of revolutionary culture."<a href="#cite_note-Reut09-279">[277]</a> Since 1950, over 40 million people have visited Mao's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a>, Hunan.<a href="#cite_note-ShaoShan-302">[299]</a> A 2016 survey by <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey found that 42% of American <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a> have never heard of Mao.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Studies" title="Centre for Independent Studies">CIS</a> poll, in 2019 only 21% of Australian millennials were familiar with Mao Zedong.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> In 2020s China, members of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a> are embracing Mao's revolutionary ideas, including violence against the capitalist class, amid rising social inequality, long working hours, and decreasing economic opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> As of the early 2020s, surveys conducted on <a href="/wiki/Zhihu" title="Zhihu">Zhihu</a> frequently rank Mao as one of the greatest and most influential figures in Chinese history.<a href="#cite_note-:11-11">[10]</a>: 58  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h3></div> Mao's ancestors were: <ul><li>Máo Yíchāng (毛貽昌, born <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> 1870, died <a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a> 1920), father, <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Máo Shùnshēng (毛順生) or also known as Mao Jen-sheng</li> <li>Wén Qīmèi (文七妹, born Xiangxiang 1867, died 1919), mother. She was illiterate and a devout Buddhist. She was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang" title="Wen Tianxiang">Wen Tianxiang</a>.</li> <li>Máo Ēnpǔ (毛恩普, born 1846, died 1904), paternal grandfather</li> <li>Liú (劉/刘, given name not recorded, born 1847, died 1884),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201213-307">[304]</a> paternal grandmother</li> <li>Máo Zǔrén (毛祖人), paternal great-grandfather</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wives">Wives</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg/220px-Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg/330px-Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg/440px-Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Mao with <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> and daughter <a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a> in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> Mao had four wives who gave birth to a total of 10 children, among them: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Yixiu" title="Luo Yixiu">Luo Yixiu</a> (1889–1910) of <a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a>: married 1907 to 1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Kaihui" title="Yang Kaihui">Yang Kaihui</a> (1901–1930) of <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>: married 1921 to 1927, executed by the KMT in 1930; mother to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Anying" title="Mao Anying">Mao Anying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Anqing" title="Mao Anqing">Mao Anqing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Anlong" title="Mao Anlong">Mao Anlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zizhen" title="He Zizhen">He Zizhen</a> (1910–1984) of Jiangxi: married May 1928 to 1937; mother to 6 children</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> (1914–1991), married 1939 until Mao's death; mother to <a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siblings">Siblings</h3></div> Mao had several siblings: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zemin" title="Mao Zemin">Mao Zemin</a> (1896–1943), younger brother, executed by a warlord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zetan" title="Mao Zetan">Mao Zetan</a> (1905–1935), younger brother, executed by the KMT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zejian" title="Mao Zejian">Mao Zejian</a> (1905–1929), adopted sister, executed by the KMT</li></ul> Mao's parents altogether had five sons and two daughters. Two of the sons and both daughters died young, leaving the three brothers Mao Zedong, Mao Zemin, and Mao Zetan. Like all three of Mao Zedong's wives, Mao Zemin and Mao Zetan were communists. Like Yang Kaihui, both Mao Zemin and Mao Zetan were killed in warfare during Mao Zedong's lifetime. Note that the character zé (澤) appears in all of the siblings' given names; this is a common <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name#Given_names" title="Chinese name">Chinese naming convention</a>. From the next generation, Mao Zemin's son <a href="/wiki/Mao_Yuanxin" title="Mao Yuanxin">Mao Yuanxin</a> was raised by Mao Zedong's family, and he became Mao Zedong's liaison with the Politburo in 1975. In Li Zhisui's <a href="/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Chairman_Mao" title="The Private Life of Chairman Mao">The Private Life of Chairman Mao</a>, Mao Yuanxin played a role in the final power-struggles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi1994659-308">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3></div> Mao had a total of ten children,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199997-309">[306]</a> including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anying" title="Mao Anying">Mao Anying</a> (1922–1950): son to Yang, married to Liú Sīqí (劉思齊), <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anqing" title="Mao Anqing">Mao Anqing</a> (1923–2007): son to Yang, married to <a href="/wiki/Shao_Hua" title="Shao Hua">Shao Hua</a>, son <a href="/wiki/Mao_Xinyu" title="Mao Xinyu">Mao Xinyu</a>, grandson Mao Dongdong</li> <li>Mao Anlong (1927–1931): son to Yang, died during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li>Mao Anhong: son to He, left to Mao's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zetan" title="Mao Zetan">Zetan</a> and then to one of Zetan's guards when he went off to war, was never heard of again</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Min_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Min (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Min</a> (b. 1936): daughter to He, married to Kǒng Lìnghuá (孔令華), son Kǒng Jìníng (孔繼寧), daughter <a href="/wiki/Kong_Dongmei" title="Kong Dongmei">Kong Dongmei</a> (孔冬梅)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a> (b. 1940): daughter to Jiang (whose birth surname was Lǐ, a name also used by Mao while evading the KMT), married to Wáng Jǐngqīng (王景清), son Wáng Xiàozhī (王效芝)</li></ul> Mao's first and second daughters were left to local villagers because it was too dangerous to raise them while fighting the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and later the Japanese. Their youngest daughter (born in early 1938 in Moscow after Mao separated) and one other child (born 1933) died in infancy. Two English researchers who retraced the entire Long March route in 2002–2003<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> located a woman whom they believe might well be one of the missing children abandoned by Mao to peasants in 1935. Ed Jocelyn and Andrew McEwen hope a member of the Mao family will respond to requests for a DNA test.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> Through his ten children, Mao became grandfather to twelve grandchildren, many of whom he never knew. He has many great-grandchildren alive today. One of his granddaughters is businesswoman <a href="/wiki/Kong_Dongmei" title="Kong Dongmei">Kong Dongmei</a>, one of the richest people in China.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> His grandson <a href="/wiki/Mao_Xinyu" title="Mao Xinyu">Mao Xinyu</a> is a general in the Chinese army.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> Both he and Kong have written books about their grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_and_Zhang_Yufeng_in_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mao_Zedong_and_Zhang_Yufeng_in_1964.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_and_Zhang_Yufeng_in_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mao_Zedong_and_Zhang_Yufeng_in_1964.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_and_Zhang_Yufeng_in_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Mao_Zedong_and_Zhang_Yufeng_in_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Mao and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yufeng" title="Zhang Yufeng">Zhang Yufeng</a> in 1964</figcaption></figure> Mao's private life was kept very secret at the time of his rule. After Mao's death, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhisui" title="Li Zhisui">Li Zhisui</a>, his personal physician, published <a href="/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Chairman_Mao" title="The Private Life of Chairman Mao">The Private Life of Chairman Mao</a>, a memoir which mentions some aspects of Mao's private life, such as chain-smoking cigarettes, addiction to powerful sleeping pills and large number of sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> Some scholars and others who knew Mao personally have disputed the accuracy of these accounts and characterisations.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> Having grown up in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, Mao spoke <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> with a marked Hunanese accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth198529–30-317">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ross_Terrill" title="Ross Terrill">Ross Terrill</a> wrote Mao was a "son of the soil ... rural and unsophisticated" in origins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill198019-318">[315]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Clare_Hollingworth" title="Clare Hollingworth">Clare Hollingworth</a> said that Mao was proud of his "peasant ways and manners", having a strong Hunanese accent and providing "earthy" comments on sexual matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth198529–30-317">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Feigon" title="Lee Feigon">Lee Feigon</a> said that Mao's "earthiness" meant that he remained connected to "everyday Chinese life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon200226-319">[316]</a> Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_R._Schram" title="Stuart R. Schram">Stuart R. Schram</a> emphasised Mao's ruthlessness but also noted that he showed no sign of taking pleasure in torture or killing in the revolutionary cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966153-320">[317]</a> Lee Feigon considered Mao "draconian and authoritarian" when threatened but opined that he was not the "kind of villain that his mentor Stalin was".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon200253-321">[318]</a> Alexander Pantsov and Steven I. Levine wrote that Mao was a "man of complex moods", who "tried his best to bring about prosperity and gain international respect" for China, being "neither a saint nor a demon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine20125–6-322">[319]</a> They noted that in early life, he strove to be "a strong, wilful, and purposeful hero, not bound by any moral chains", and that he "passionately desired fame and power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201242,_66-323">[320]</a> Mao learned to speak some English, particularly through <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hanzhi" title="Zhang Hanzhi">Zhang Hanzhi</a>, his English teacher, interpreter and diplomat who later married <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Guanhua" title="Qiao Guanhua">Qiao Guanhua</a>, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the head of China's UN delegation.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> His spoken English was limited to a few single words, phrases, and some short sentences. He first chose to systematically learn English in the 1950s, which was very unusual as the main foreign language first taught in Chinese schools at that time was Russian.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_and_calligraphy">Writings and calligraphy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baidi_Mao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Baidi_Mao.jpg/170px-Baidi_Mao.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Baidi_Mao.jpg/255px-Baidi_Mao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Baidi_Mao.jpg/340px-Baidi_Mao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Mao's <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>: a bronze plaque of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a>. (Chinese: 白帝城毛澤東手書李白詩銅匾 )</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #ACE1AF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> 鷹擊長空， 魚翔淺底， 萬類霜天競自由。 悵寥廓， 問蒼茫大地， 誰主沉浮 </div> <div class="poem"> Eagles cleave the air, Fish glide in the limpid deep; Under freezing skies a million creatures contend in freedom. Brooding over this immensity, I ask, on this boundless land Who rules over man's destiny? </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Excerpt from Mao's poem "Changsha", September 1927<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197664-326">[323]</a></cite> </div> Mao was a prolific writer of political and philosophical literature.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> The main repository of his pre-1949 writings is the <a href="/wiki/Selected_Works_of_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Selected Works of Mao Zedong">Selected Works of Mao Zedong</a>. A fifth volume, which brought the timeline up to 1957, was briefly issued, but subsequently withdrawn from circulation for its perceived ideological errors. There has never been an official "Complete Works of Mao Zedong".<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> Mao is the attributed author of <a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a>, known in the West as the "Little Red Book" and in Cultural Revolution China as the "Red Treasure Book" (紅寶書). First published in January 1964, this is a collection of short extracts from his many speeches and articles (most found in the Selected Works), edited by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, and ordered topically. The Little Red Book contains some of Mao's most widely known quotes.<a href="#cite_note-329">[d]</a> Mao wrote prolifically on political strategy, commentary, and philosophy both before and after he assumed power.<a href="#cite_note-330">[e]</a> Mao was also a skilled <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligrapher" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese calligrapher">Chinese calligrapher</a> with a highly personal style.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> His calligraphy can be seen today throughout mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> His work gave rise to a new form of Chinese calligraphy called "Mao-style" or Maoti, which has gained increasing popularity since his death. There exist various competitions specialising in Mao-style calligraphy.<a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Poetry of Mao Zedong">Poetry of Mao Zedong</a></div> Mao's education began with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classical literature</a>. Mao told Edgar Snow in 1936 that he had started the study of the Confucian <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books</a> at a village school when he was eight, but that the books he most enjoyed reading were <a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnstone-334">[329]</a> Mao published poems in classical forms starting in his youth and his abilities as a poet contributed to his image in China after he came to power in 1949. His style was influenced by the great <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> poets <a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_He" title="Li He">Li He</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> Some of his best known poems are "<a href="/wiki/Changsha_(poem)" title="Changsha (poem)">Changsha</a>" (1925), "<a href="/wiki/The_Double_Ninth" title="The Double Ninth">The Double Ninth</a>" (October 1929), "Loushan Pass" (1935), "The Long March" (1935), "<a href="/wiki/Snow_(1936_poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow (1936 poetry)">Snow</a>" (February 1936), "<a href="/wiki/The_PLA_Captures_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="The PLA Captures Nanjing">The PLA Captures Nanjing</a>" (1949), "<a href="/wiki/Reply_to_Li_Shuyi" title="Reply to Li Shuyi">Reply to Li Shuyi</a>" (11 May 1957), and "Ode to the Plum Blossom" (December 1961). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_media">Portrayal in media</h2></div> Mao has been portrayed in film and television numerous times. Some notable actors include: Han Shi, the first actor ever to have portrayed Mao, in a 1978 drama Dielianhua and later again in a 1980 film Cross the Dadu River;<a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gu_Yue" title="Gu Yue">Gu Yue</a>, who had portrayed Mao 84 times on screen throughout his 27-year career and had won the Best Actor title at the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Awards" title="Hundred Flowers Awards">Hundred Flowers Awards</a> in 1990 and 1993;<a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Ye_(actor)" title="Liu Ye (actor)">Liu Ye</a>, who played a young Mao in <a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Party" title="The Founding of a Party">The Founding of a Party</a> (2011);<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_Guoqiang" title="Tang Guoqiang">Tang Guoqiang</a>, who has frequently portrayed Mao in more recent times, in the films The Long March (1996) and <a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Republic" title="The Founding of a Republic">The Founding of a Republic</a> (2009), and the television series <a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei_(TV_series)" title="Huang Yanpei (TV series)">Huang Yanpei</a> (2010), among others.<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> Mao is a principal character in American composer <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>' opera <a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' song "<a href="/wiki/Revolution_(Beatles_song)" title="Revolution (Beatles song)">Revolution</a>" refers to Mao in the verse "but if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao you ain't going to make it with anyone anyhow...";<a href="#cite_note-AldridgeBeatles1969-341">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> expressed regret over including these lines in the song in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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suit</a></li></ul> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Mao_Zedong" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mao_Zedong" title="Category:Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmaʊ (t)səˈtʊŋ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Mao_Zedong.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Mao_Zedong.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Mao Zedong.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Mao_Zedong.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Mao_Zedong.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Mao_Zedong.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Mao Zedong.wav">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 毛泽东; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Máo Zédōng pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[mǎʊ tsɤ̌.tʊ́ŋ]</a>; traditionally <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanised</a> as Mao Tse-tung. In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <a href="/wiki/Mao_(surname)" title="Mao (surname)">Mao</a> and Ze is a <a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">generation name</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> "The People's Republic of China under Mao exhibited the oppressive tendencies that were discernible in all the major absolutist regimes of the twentieth century. There are obvious parallels between Mao's China, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>. Each of these regimes witnessed deliberately ordered mass 'cleansing' and extermination."<a href="#cite_note-compare-258">[257]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> "Though admittedly far from perfect, the comparison is based on the fact that Jackson is remembered both as someone who played a significant role in the development of a political organisation (the Democratic Party) that still has many partisans, and as someone responsible for brutal policies toward Native Americans that are now referred to as genocidal. Both men are thought of as having done terrible things yet this does not necessarily prevent them from being used as positive symbols. And Jackson still appears on $20 bills, even though Americans tend to view as heinous the institution of slavery (of which he was a passionate defender) and the early 19th-century military campaigns against Native Americans (in which he took part). At times Jackson, for all his flaws, is invoked as representing an egalitarian strain within the American democratic tradition, a <a href="/wiki/Self-made_man" title="Self-made man">self-made man</a> of the people who rose to power via straight talk and was not allied with moneyed interests. Mao stands for something roughly similar."<a href="#cite_note-Schiavenza_2010-281">[279]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Among them are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">War is the highest form of struggle for resolving contradictions, when they have developed to a certain stage, between classes, nations, states, or political groups, and it has existed ever since the emergence of private property and of classes.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, I, p. 180.</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Every communist must grasp the truth, '<a href="/wiki/Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun" title="Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun">Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun</a>.'"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1938, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, II, pp. 224–225.</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Taken as a whole, the Chinese revolutionary movement led by the Communist Party embraces two stages, i.e., the democratic and the socialist revolutions, which are two essentially different revolutionary processes, and the second process can be carried through only after the first has been completed. The democratic revolution is the necessary preparation for the socialist revolution, and the socialist revolution is the inevitable sequel to the democratic revolution. The ultimate aim for which all communists strive is to bring about a socialist and communist society."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party" (December 1939), Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, 'II, pp. 330–331.</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All reactionaries are <a href="/wiki/Paper_tiger" title="Paper tiger">paper tigers</a>. In appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying, but in reality they are not so powerful. From a long-term point of view, it is not the reactionaries but the people who are really powerful.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mao Zedong (July 1956), "U.S. Imperialism Is a Paper Tiger".</cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> The most influential of these include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_an_Investigation_of_the_Peasant_Movement_in_Hunan" title="Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan">Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan</a> (《湖南农民运动考察报告》); March 1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Guerrilla_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="On Guerrilla Warfare">On Guerrilla Warfare</a> (《游擊戰》); 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a> (《實踐論》); 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Contradiction" title="On Contradiction">On Contradiction</a> (《矛盾論》); 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">On Protracted War</a> (《論持久戰》); 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Bethune#Legacy" title="Norman Bethune">In Memory of Norman Bethune</a> (《紀念白求恩》); 1939</li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a> (《新民主主義論》); 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talks_at_the_Yan%27an_Forum_on_Literature_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art">Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art</a> (《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》); 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_the_People" title="Serve the People">Serve the People</a> (《為人民服務》); 1944</li> <li>The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains (《愚公移山》); 1945</li> <li>On the Correct Handling of the Contradictions Among the People (《正確處理人民內部矛盾問題》); 1957</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/mao-tse-tung">"Mao Tse-tung"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mao+Tse-tung&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmao-tse-tung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottinger2019" class="citation web cs1">Pottinger, Jesse (26 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thatsmags.com/china/post/29208/mao-zedong-or-mao-tse-tung-we-have-the-answer_1">"Explainer: Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-tung? We Have the Answer"</a>. That's Online. Retrieved 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=That%27s+Online&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Mao+Zedong+or+Mao+Tse-tung%3F+We+Have+the+Answer&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Pottinger&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thatsmags.com%2Fchina%2Fpost%2F29208%2Fmao-zedong-or-mao-tse-tung-we-have-the-answer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196619Hollingworth198515PantsovLevine201211-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchram196619Hollingworth198515PantsovLevine201211_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFHollingworth1985">Hollingworth 1985</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 19–20; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 4–5, 15; <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, pp. 13–14; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 13–. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schram1966_p20_Terrill_1980_11-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schram1966_p20_Terrill_1980_11_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schram1966_p20_Terrill_1980_11_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 14, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 15, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, p. 23, <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 25–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, p. 15 <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 28–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 22–23; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 32–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 27;<a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 22–24; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 30–32; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 32–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 34–35; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 23–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 35–36; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 22, 25; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201236–37-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201236–37_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201240–41-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201240–41_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201236-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201236_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 36–37; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196638–39-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchram196638–39_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 43; see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zisheng" title="Xiao Zisheng">Yu, Hsiao</a> (1959). Mao Tse-Tung and I Were Beggars. Syracuse, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Tse-Tung+and+I+Were+Beggars&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Hsiao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 42–43; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 40–41; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201249–50-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201249–50_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 50–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1980">Terrill 1980</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 47, 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 59–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 48–49; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 62–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 53–55, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 62, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 50–52; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201266–67-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201266–67_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 51–52; <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, pp. 21–22; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201268-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201268_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201276-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine201276_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchram1966">Schram 1966</a>, pp. 53–54; 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An ideological history of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 1. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. 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Durham [NC]: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045">503828045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+twentieth-century+world+%3A+a+concise+history&rft.place=Durham+%5BNC%5D&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503828045&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F503828045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.yangtse.com/yzwb/2009-04/20/content_12663469.htm">the original</a> on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Zh%C4%81ngsh%C4%93nf%C5%AB+sh%C3%ACji%C3%A0n%22y%C7%94+s%C5%AB+j%C5%ABn+ch%C3%A8+ch%C5%AB+d%C5%8Dngb%C4%9Bi+%22%E5%BC%A0%E8%8E%98%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%22%E4%B8%8E%E8%8B%8F%E5%86%9B%E6%92%A4%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E6%8F%9A%E5%AD%90%E6%99%9A%E5%A0%B1%E7%B6%B2&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.au=%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%EF%BC%9A%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91%E4%B8%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.yangtse.com%2Fyzwb%2F2009-04%2F20%2Fcontent_12663469.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2009" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Andrew (2 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html">"China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 2 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Is+Wordless+on+Traumas+of+Communists%27+Rise&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F02anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palestini2011-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palestini2011_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palestini2011_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalestini2011" class="citation book cs1">Palestini, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9n_DUv1_NkAC&pg=PA170">Going Back to the Future: A Leadership Journey for Educators</a>. R&L Education. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607095866" title="Special:BookSources/978-1607095866"><bdi>978-1607095866</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Back+to+the+Future%3A+A+Leadership+Journey+for+Educators&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=R%26L+Education&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1607095866&rft.aulast=Palestini&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9n_DUv1_NkAC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkins2013-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Perkins2013_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135935627" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135935627"><bdi>978-1135935627</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135935627&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMQeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheek2002" class="citation book cs1">Cheek, T., ed. (2002). Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions: A Brief History with Documents. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312256265" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312256265"><bdi>978-0312256265</bdi></a>. <q>The phrase is often mistakenly said to have been delivered during the speech from the Gate of Heavenly Peace, but was first used on September 21, at the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, then repeated on several occasions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China%27s+Revolutions%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0312256265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad1996" class="citation journal cs1">Westad, Odd Arne (1996). "Fighting for Friendship: Mao, Stalin, and the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950". Cold War International History Project Bulletin. 8 (9): 224–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+International+History+Project+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Fighting+for+Friendship%3A+Mao%2C+Stalin%2C+and+the+Sino-Soviet+Treaty+of+1950.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=224-236&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1950" class="citation journal cs1">North, Robert C. (1950). "The Sino-Soviet Agreements of 1950". Far Eastern Survey. 19 (13): 125–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3024085">10.2307/3024085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-8949">0362-8949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024085">3024085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Soviet+Agreements+of+1950&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=125-130&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0362-8949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3024085%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3024085&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai蔡翔2016" class="citation book cs1">Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives: China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-7461-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932368688">932368688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+its+narratives%3A+China%27s+socialist+literary+and+cultural+imaginaries+%281949-1966%29&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932368688&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Xiang&rft.au=%E8%94%A1%E7%BF%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/28/content_20365659.htm">"180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War"</a>. china.org.cn. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=180%2C000+Chinese+soldiers+killed+in+Korean+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2F2010-06%2F28%2Fcontent_20365659.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkitt-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Burkitt_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkittScobellWortzel2003" class="citation book cs1">Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Wortzel" title="Larry Wortzel">Wortzel, Larry M.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205072610/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB52.pdf">The lessons of history: The Chinese people's Liberation Army at 75</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a>. pp. 340–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584871262" title="Special:BookSources/978-1584871262"><bdi>978-1584871262</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB52.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lessons+of+history%3A+The+Chinese+people%27s+Liberation+Army+at+75&rft.pages=340-341&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1584871262&rft.aulast=Burkitt&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Scobell%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Wortzel%2C+Larry+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil%2Fpdffiles%2FPUB52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001436–437-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001436–437_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShort2001">Short 2001</a>, pp. 436–437. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheidel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10921.html">The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691165028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691165028"><bdi>978-0691165028</bdi></a>. <q>In Zhangzhuangcun, in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country, most "landlords" and "rich peasants" had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled. All formerly landless workers had received land, which eliminated this category altogether. As a result, "middling peasants," who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population, owned 90.8 percent of the land, as close to perfect equality as one could possibly hope for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Leveler%3A+Violence+and+the+History+of+Inequality+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691165028&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F10921.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuisong2008-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuisong2008_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuisong2008_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuisong2008_166-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuisong2008">Kuisong 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosher1992" class="citation book cs1">Mosher, Steven W. (1992). China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465098134" title="Special:BookSources/0465098134"><bdi>0465098134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Misperceived%3A+American+Illusions+and+Chinese+Reality&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0465098134&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalom1984" class="citation book cs1">Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm (1984). Deaths in China Due to Communism. Center for Asian Studies <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939252112" title="Special:BookSources/0939252112"><bdi>0939252112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deaths+in+China+Due+to+Communism&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Center+for+Asian+Studies+Arizona+State+University&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0939252112&rft.aulast=Shalom&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Rosskamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1999">Spence 1999</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. Mao got this number from a report submitted by Xu Zirong, Deputy Public Security Minister, which stated 712,000 counter-revolutionaries were executed, 1,290,000 were imprisoned, and another 1,200,000 were "subjected to control.": see <a href="#CITEREFKuisong2008">Kuisong 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_history_of_China-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_history_of_China_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_history_of_China_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettFairbankMacFarquhar1987" class="citation book cs1">Twitchett, Denis; <a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. Fairbank">Fairbank, John K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Roderick</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioppEjkCkeEC&q=at+least+one+landlord,+and+usually+several,+in+virtually+every+village+for+public+execution&pg=PA87">The Cambridge history of China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521243360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521243360"><bdi>978-0521243360</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 August 2008 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0521243360&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Fairbank%2C+John+K.&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DioppEjkCkeEC%26q%3Dat%2Bleast%2Bone%2Blandlord%2C%2Band%2Busually%2Bseveral%2C%2Bin%2Bvirtually%2Bevery%2Bvillage%2Bfor%2Bpublic%2Bexecution%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Meisner" title="Maurice Meisner">Meisner, Maurice</a> (1999). Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic (Third ed.). Free Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684856352" title="Special:BookSources/0684856352"><bdi>0684856352</bdi></a>. <q>... the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+China+and+After%3A+A+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0684856352&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosher1992" class="citation book cs1">Mosher, Steven W. (1992). China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465098134" title="Special:BookSources/0465098134"><bdi>0465098134</bdi></a>. <q>... a figure that <a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. Fairbank">Fairbank</a> has cited as the upper range of 'sober' estimates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Misperceived%3A+American+Illusions+and+Chinese+Reality&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0465098134&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, p. 96: "By 1952 they had extended land reform throughout the countryside, but in the process somewhere between two and five million landlords had been killed." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001436-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001436_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShort2001">Short 2001</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentino2004121–122-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentino2004121–122_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentino2004121–122_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFValentino2004">Valentino 2004</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangyu" class="citation web cs1">Changyu, Li. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729194758/http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2005/CRF-2005-4_Quota.pdf">"Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC). September 26, 2005, at Shandong University"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2005/CRF-2005-4_Quota.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+%22Killing+Quotas.%22+Human+Rights+in+China+%28HRIC%29.+September+26%2C+2005%2C+at+Shandong+University&rft.aulast=Changyu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrichina.org%2Fpublic%2FPDFs%2FCRF.4.2005%2FCRF-2005-4_Quota.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627092313/http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/jeremy50sessay.htm">"Terrible Honeymoon: Struggling with the Problem of Terror in Early 1950s China"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/jeremy50sessay.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrible+Honeymoon%3A+Struggling+with+the+Problem+of+Terror+in+Early+1950s+China&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forpheus.ucsd.edu%2Fchinesehistory%2Fpgp%2Fjeremy50sessay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottelier2018" class="citation book cs1">Bottelier, Pieter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMhUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">Economic Policy Making In China (1949–2016): The Role of Economists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351393812" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351393812"><bdi>978-1351393812</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>We should remember, however, that Mao also did wonderful things for China; apart from reuniting the country, he restored a sense of natural pride, greatly improved women's rights, basic healthcare and primary education, ended opium abuse, simplified Chinese characters, developed pinyin and promoted its use for teaching purposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Policy+Making+In+China+%281949%E2%80%932016%29%3A+The+Role+of+Economists&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1351393812&rft.aulast=Bottelier&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMhUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy_opium-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_opium_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_opium_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy" class="citation web cs1">McCoy, Alfred W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404134938/http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/opi010.htm">"Opium History, 1858 to 1940"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/opi010.htm">the original</a> on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opium+History%2C+1858+to+1940&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1b2c3.com%2Fdrugs%2Fopi010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankGoldman2002" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John; Goldman, Merle (2002). China: A New History. Cambridge, MA: The <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001437-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001437_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShort2001">Short 2001</a>, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318093047/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808241-5,00.html">"High Tide of Terror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 5 March 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808241-5,00.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=High+Tide+of+Terror&rft.date=1956-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C808241-5%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001631-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001631_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001631_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001631_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShort2001">Short 2001</a>, p. 631. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/China/Economic-policies">"China – Economic policies"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+%E2%80%93+Economic+policies&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FChina%2FEconomic-policies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zJaAAAAYAAJ">Doing Business in the People's Republic of China</a>. Price, Waterhouse. 1994. p. 3 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>At the same time, agriculture was organized on a collective basis (socialist cooperatives), as were industry and trade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Price%2C+Waterhouse&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zJaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/China/The-transition-to-socialism-1953-57">"China – The transition to socialism, 1953–57"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+%E2%80%93+The+transition+to+socialism%2C+1953%E2%80%9357&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FChina%2FThe-transition-to-socialism-1953-57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeszar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Teszar, David Tibor (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpoliticsreview.com/publications/2464-9929_v01_i01_p18.pdf">"The Hungarian Connection: the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and its Impact on Mao Zedong's Domestic Policies in the late 1950s"</a> (PDF). Global Politics Review. 1 (1): 18–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Politics+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Connection%3A+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolution+and+its+Impact+on+Mao+Zedong%27s+Domestic+Policies+in+the+late+1950s&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-34&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Teszar&rft.aufirst=David+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpoliticsreview.com%2Fpublications%2F2464-9929_v01_i01_p18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal, Christine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01306892/document">"The 1957–1958 Anti-Rightist Campaign in China: History and Memory (1978–2014)"</a>. Hal-SHS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hal-SHS&rft.atitle=The+1957%E2%80%931958+Anti-Rightist+Campaign+in+China%3A+History+and+Memory+%281978%E2%80%932014%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01306892%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1Mac-189"><a href="#cite_ref-1Mac_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar1997" class="citation book cs1">MacFarquhar, Roderick (13 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrkpx6iKq48C&dq=550000+anti-rightist+china&pg=PA82">The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58863-8"><bdi>978-0-521-58863-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+China%3A+The+Eras+of+Mao+and+Deng&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-01-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58863-8&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyrkpx6iKq48C%26dq%3D550000%2Banti-rightist%2Bchina%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi1994">Li 1994</a>, pp. 198, 200, 468–469 </li> <li id="cite_note-:172-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:172_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_191-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrean2024" class="citation book cs1">Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. 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The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dl4TRDxqexMC">The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400837625" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400837625"><bdi>978-1400837625</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Soviet+Split%3A+Cold+War+in+the+Communist+World&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400837625&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCthi&rft.aufirst=Lorenz+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddl4TRDxqexMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2002" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Jasper (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyGtw4cXJjMC&pg=PA271">The Chinese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199727223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199727223"><bdi>978-0199727223</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0199727223&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyGtw4cXJjMC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver2016" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_OuCgAAQBAJ">China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190261054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190261054"><bdi>978-0190261054</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Quest%3A+The+History+of+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0190261054&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_OuCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:322_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:322_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_211-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyskens2020" class="citation book cs1">Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108784788">10.1017/9781108784788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8"><bdi>978-1-108-78478-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145096137">1145096137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218936313">218936313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Third+Front%3A+The+Militarization+of+Cold+War+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145096137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218936313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108784788&rft.isbn=978-1-108-78478-8&rft.aulast=Meyskens&rft.aufirst=Covell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHou2021" class="citation book cs1">Hou, Li (2021). Building for oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Institute">Harvard-Yenching Institute</a> monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1"><bdi>978-0-674-26022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+for+oil%3A+Daqing+and+the+Formation+of+the+Chinese+Socialist+State&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+monograph+series&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-674-26022-1&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:92_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon2002140-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeigon2002140_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeigon2002">Feigon 2002</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-maostats-215"><a href="#cite_ref-maostats_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Mao">"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm"</a>. Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century. Retrieved 23 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Source+List+and+Detailed+Death+Tolls+for+the+Twentieth+Century+Hemoclysm&rft.pub=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c5m.htm%23Mao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasilogambros2016" class="citation news cs1">Vasilogambros, Matt (16 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/05/cultural-revolution-china/482964/">"The Cultural Revolution's Legacy in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Revolution%27s+Legacy+in+China&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft.aulast=Vasilogambros&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F05%2Fcultural-revolution-china%2F482964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1179">"Debating the Cultural Revolution in China"</a>. Reviews in History. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Debating+the+Cultural+Revolution+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freviews.history.ac.uk%2Freview%2F1179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPye1986" class="citation journal cs1">Pye, Lucian W. (1986). "Reassessing the Cultural Revolution". The China Quarterly. 108 (108): 597–612. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000037085">10.1017/S0305741000037085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/653530">653530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153730706">153730706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Reassessing+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=108&rft.pages=597-612&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153730706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F653530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000037085&rft.aulast=Pye&rft.aufirst=Lucian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pacepa0-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Pacepa0_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIon_Mihai_Pacepa2006" class="citation web cs1">Ion Mihai Pacepa (28 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808171854/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ%3D">"The Kremlin's Killing Ways"</a>. National Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ=">the original</a> on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kremlin%27s+Killing+Ways&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.au=Ion+Mihai+Pacepa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticle.nationalreview.com%2F%3Fq%3DMzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution lasting until 1976: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/c/u.htm">"Marxists.org Glossary: Cultural Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Encyclopedia of Marxism. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Marxists.org+Glossary%3A+Cultural+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fglossary%2Fevents%2Fc%2Fu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424130644/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cultrev.htm">"The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, 1966–1976"</a>. sjsu.edu. San José State University Department of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cultrev.htm">the original</a> on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sjsu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Great+Proletarian+Cultural+Revolution+in+China%2C+1966%E2%80%931976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fcultrev.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2001" class="citation web cs1">Spence, Jonathan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131124840/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/115/CRintro.pdf">"Introduction to the Cultural Revolution"</a> (PDF). iis-db.stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/115/CRintro.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iis-db.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiis-db.stanford.edu%2Fdocs%2F115%2FCRintro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> – Adapted from <a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China", (Adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on 27 June 1981) Resolution on CPC History (1949–81). (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981). p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisner1999" class="citation book cs1">Meisner, Maurice (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpV7vbvclfgC&pg=PA354">Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic</a> (3rd ed.). Free Press. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684856353" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684856353"><bdi>978-0684856353</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+China+and+After%3A+A+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.pages=354&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0684856353&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYpV7vbvclfgC%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006262-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006262_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals 2006</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Лев Котюков. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ykt.ru/ilken/n0803/s13.htm">Забытый поэт.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062213/http://www.ykt.ru/ilken/n0803/s13.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkSnyder2012-225"><a href="#cite_ref-ParkSnyder2012_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkSnyder2012" class="citation book cs1">Park, Kyung-Ae; Snyder, Scott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwoD97Y8XPMC&pg=PA214">North Korea in Transition: Politics, Economy, and Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442218130" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442218130"><bdi>978-1442218130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea+in+Transition%3A+Politics%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1442218130&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kyung-Ae&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmwoD97Y8XPMC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Heavy smoker: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqOhYRUITWwC&pg=PA79">Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: A Concise History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822393023" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822393023"><bdi>978-0822393023</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0822393023&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqOhYRUITWwC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmons2013" class="citation news cs1">Timmons, Heather (30 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/12/the-end-of-chinas-ashtray-diplomacy/282703/">"The End of China's 'Ashtray Diplomacy'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+End+of+China%27s+%27Ashtray+Diplomacy%27&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.aulast=Timmons&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fchina%2Farchive%2F2013%2F12%2Fthe-end-of-chinas-ashtray-diplomacy%2F282703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNylander2014" class="citation news cs1">Nylander, Johan (9 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/stubbing-out-mao-smoky-legacy-2014255326672545.html">"Stubbing out Mao's smoky legacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stubbing+out+Mao%27s+smoky+legacy&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft.aulast=Nylander&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F02%2Fstubbing-out-mao-smoky-legacy-2014255326672545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorcruz2011" class="citation news cs1">Florcruz, Jamie (7 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/01/07/florcruz.china.smokers/">"China clouded in cigarette smoke"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=China+clouded+in+cigarette+smoke&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft.aulast=Florcruz&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F01%2F07%2Fflorcruz.china.smokers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-KissengerTrans-227"><a href="#cite_ref-KissengerTrans_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsa/publications/DOC_readers/kissinger/notes.htm">"The Kissenger Transcripts: Notes and Excerpts"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Kissenger+Transcripts%3A+Notes+and+Excerpts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fpublications%2FDOC_readers%2Fkissinger%2Fnotes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkinsons-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Parkinsons_228-0">^</a> Parkinson's disease: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/prof_maozedong.html">"Mao Zedong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fminitext%2Fprof_maozedong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/mao-tse-tung-9398142">"Mao Tse-tung Biography"</a>. biography.com. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biography.com&rft.atitle=Mao+Tse-tung+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fmao-tse-tung-9398142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0909.html#article">"Mao Tse-Tung Dies In Peking At 82; Leader Of Red China Revolution; Choice Of Successor Is Uncertain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 25 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mao+Tse-Tung+Dies+In+Peking+At+82%3B+Leader+Of+Red+China+Revolution%3B+Choice+Of+Successor+Is+Uncertain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0909.html%23article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LouGehring-230"><a href="#cite_ref-LouGehring_230-0">^</a> Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2010" class="citation book cs1">Li, Zhisui (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAOHE8xK4OEC&pg=PA581">Private Life Of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1407059228" title="Special:BookSources/978-1407059228"><bdi>978-1407059228</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Life+Of+Chairman+Mao%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Mao%27s+Personal+Physician&rft.pages=581&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1407059228&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhisui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsAOHE8xK4OEC%26pg%3DPA581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2014" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Nicholas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXStAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP163">Ping-Pong Diplomacy: Ivor Montagu and the Astonishing Story Behind the Game That Changed the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857207371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857207371"><bdi>978-0857207371</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ping-Pong+Diplomacy%3A+Ivor+Montagu+and+the+Astonishing+Story+Behind+the+Game+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0857207371&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXStAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler-Smith2010" class="citation book cs1">Sadler-Smith, Eugene (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf94TfWkbSAC&pg=PT223">The Intuitive Mind: Profiting from the Power of Your Sixth Sense</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470685389" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470685389"><bdi>978-0470685389</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intuitive+Mind%3A+Profiting+from+the+Power+of+Your+Sixth+Sense&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0470685389&rft.aulast=Sadler-Smith&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZf94TfWkbSAC%26pg%3DPT223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriplett,_II2004" class="citation book cs1">Triplett, II, William C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roguestate00will">Rogue State: How a Nuclear North Korea Threatens America</a> (illustrated ed.). Regnery Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roguestate00will/page/224">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895260680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895260680"><bdi>978-0895260680</bdi></a>. 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McFarland. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786428519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786428519"><bdi>978-0786428519</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Mummies%3A+The+Preservation+of+the+Human+Body+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=40-42&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0786428519&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVP2JxzGGlNwC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1976/09/18/Chinese-bid-Mao-sad-farewell/3331505529812/">"Chinese bid Mao sad farewell"</a>. UPI. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Chinese+bid+Mao+sad+farewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1976%2F09%2F18%2FChinese-bid-Mao-sad-farewell%2F3331505529812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation web cs1">James, S. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/china-communist-history">"China: Communist History Through Film"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+Communist+History+Through+Film&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchina-communist-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/9/newsid_3020000/3020374.stm">"1976: Chairman Mao Zedong dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 9 September 1976. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1976%3A+Chairman+Mao+Zedong+dies&rft.date=1976-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F9%2Fnewsid_3020000%2F3020374.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19760915&id=lBwsAAAAIBAJ&pg=2059,3249975&hl=en">"Chinese Bid Farewell to Nation's Leader"</a>. Florence Times + Tri-Cities Daily. United Press International. 18 September 1976. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florence+Times+%2B+Tri-Cities+Daily&rft.atitle=Chinese+Bid+Farewell+to+Nation%27s+Leader&rft.date=1976-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1842%26dat%3D19760915%26id%3DlBwsAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2059%2C3249975%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu2017" class="citation book cs1">Lu, Xing (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qby8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50">The Rhetoric of Mao Zedong: Transforming China and Its People</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611177534" title="Special:BookSources/978-1611177534"><bdi>978-1611177534</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>In 1956 Mao signed a proposal for cremation along with 151 other high-ranking officials. According to hearsay, Mao wrote in his will that he wanted to be cremated after his death. Ironically his successors decided to keep his dead body on display for the nation to pay its respects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Mao+Zedong%3A+Transforming+China+and+Its+People&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1611177534&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQby8DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_237-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History. Asia-Pacific series. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w">10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11hpp6w">j.ctv11hpp6w</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World%3A+a+Concise+History&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.series=Asia-Pacific+series&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Meisner" title="Maurice Meisner">Meisner, Maurice J.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Mao%27s_China_and_After" title="Mao's China and After">Mao's China and After: a History of the People's Republic</a> (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85635-3"><bdi>978-0-684-85635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+China+and+After%3A+a+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85635-3&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebley2011" class="citation news cs1">Webley, Kayla (4 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2045849,00.html">"Top 25 Political Icons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+25+Political+Icons&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Webley&rft.aufirst=Kayla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2046285_2045996_2045849%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321185302/http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/samplep02">"Mao Zedong"</a>. The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/samplep02">the original</a> on 21 March 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Politics+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Mao+Zedong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fpages%2Fsamplep02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShort2001">Short 2001</a>, p. 630 "Mao had an extraordinary mix of talents: he was visionary, statesman, political and military strategist of cunning intellect, a philosopher and poet." </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712232214/http://blog.eteacherchinese.com/history-of-china/chinese-leader-mao-zedong-part-i/">"Chinese Leader Mao Zedong / Part I"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.eteacherchinese.com/history-of-china/chinese-leader-mao-zedong-part-i/">the original</a> on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Leader+Mao+Zedong+%2F+Part+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.eteacherchinese.com%2Fhistory-of-china%2Fchinese-leader-mao-zedong-part-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2013" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2013). Mao: The Real Story. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451654486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451654486"><bdi>978-1451654486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1451654486&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galtung-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaltungStenslie2014" class="citation book cs1">Galtung, Marte Kjær; Stenslie, Stig (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqqDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">49 Myths about China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442236226" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442236226"><bdi>978-1442236226</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=49+Myths+about+China&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442236226&rft.aulast=Galtung&rft.aufirst=Marte+Kj%C3%A6r&rft.au=Stenslie%2C+Stig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqqDBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopulationStudies2015-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopulationStudies2015_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopulationStudies2015_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabiarzEggleston2015" class="citation journal cs1">Babiarz, Kimberly Singer; Eggleston, Karen; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331212">"An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Population_Studies_(journal)" title="Population Studies (journal)">Population Studies</a>. 69 (1): 39–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324728.2014.972432">10.1080/00324728.2014.972432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331212">4331212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25495509">25495509</a>. <q>China's growth in life expectancy at birth from 35–40 years in 1949 to 65.5 years in 1980 is among the most rapid sustained increases in documented global history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=An+exploration+of+China%27s+mortality+decline+under+Mao%3A+A+provincial+analysis%2C+1950%E2%80%9380&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-56&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4331212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25495509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00324728.2014.972432&rft.aulast=Babiarz&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+Singer&rft.au=Eggleston%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4331212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/12/mao-achievements-outweigh-mistakes-poll-2013122553410272409.html">"Mao's achievements 'outweigh' mistakes: poll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Mao%27s+achievements+%27outweigh%27+mistakes%3A+poll&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fasia-pacific%2F2013%2F12%2Fmao-achievements-outweigh-mistakes-poll-2013122553410272409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby_247-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, J.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinafallr00fenb/page/351">Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecco_Press" title="Ecco Press">Ecco Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinafallr00fenb/page/351">351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061661167" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061661167"><bdi>978-0061661167</bdi></a>. <q>Mao's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Great+Power%2C+1850+to+the+Present&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Ecco+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061661167&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernchinafallr00fenb%2Fpage%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2005" class="citation book cs1">Evangelista, Matthew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IAfLDzySd4C&pg=PA96">Peace Studies: Critical Concepts in Political Science</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33923-0"><bdi>978-0-415-33923-0</bdi></a>. <q>It resulted in an estimate of as many as 80 million deaths resulting from Chinese government policies under Mao Zedong between 1950 and 1976.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Studies%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Political+Science&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33923-0&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IAfLDzySd4C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-249"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraussSoutherl1994" class="citation news cs1">Strauss, Valerie; Southerl, Daniel (17 July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/07/17/how-many-died-new-evidence-suggests-far-higher-numbers-for-the-victims-of-mao-zedongs-era/01044df5-03dd-49f4-a453-a033c5287bce/">"How Many Died? New Evidence Suggest Far Higher Numbers for the Victims of Mao Zedong's Era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+Many+Died%3F+New+Evidence+Suggest+Far+Higher+Numbers+for+the+Victims+of+Mao+Zedong%27s+Era&rft.date=1994-07-17&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=Southerl%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1994%2F07%2F17%2Fhow-many-died-new-evidence-suggests-far-higher-numbers-for-the-victims-of-mao-zedongs-era%2F01044df5-03dd-49f4-a453-a033c5287bce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001631–632-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001631–632_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShort2001">Short 2001</a>, p. 631–632. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001632-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001632_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001632_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001632_251-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2001632_251-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShort2001">Short 2001</a>, p. 632. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-252"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4329308/cultural-revolution-history-totalitarianism/">"The Cultural Revolution and the History of Totalitarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Revolution+and+the+History+of+Totalitarianism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4329308%2Fcultural-revolution-history-totalitarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Johnson_(writer)" title="Ian Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Ian</a> (5 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/02/05/who-killed-more-hitler-stalin-or-mao/">"Who Killed More: Hitler, Stalin, or Mao?"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205193203/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/02/05/who-killed-more-hitler-stalin-or-mao/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Who+Killed+More%3A+Hitler%2C+Stalin%2C+or+Mao%3F&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2018%2F02%2F05%2Fwho-killed-more-hitler-stalin-or-mao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-254"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, Jonathan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinafallr00fenb/page/351/mode/2up">Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061661167" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061661167"><bdi>978-0061661167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Great+Power%2C+1850+to+the+Present&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061661167&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernchinafallr00fenb%2Fpage%2F351%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_R._Schram" title="Stuart R. Schram">Schram, Stuart</a> (March 2007). "Mao: The Unknown Story". <a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a> (189): 205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs030574100600107x">10.1017/s030574100600107x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154814055">154814055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story&rft.issue=189&rft.pages=205&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs030574100600107x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154814055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2005" class="citation book cs1">Evangelista, Matthew A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IAfLDzySd4C&q=80+million">Peace Studies: Critical Concepts in Political Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415339230" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415339230"><bdi>978-0415339230</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Studies%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Political+Science&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415339230&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IAfLDzySd4C%26q%3D80%2Bmillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyrant-257"><a href="#cite_ref-tyrant_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals 2006</a>, p. 471: "Together with Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, Mao appears destined to go down in history as one of the great tyrants of the twentieth century" </li> <li id="cite_note-compare-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compare_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_258-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_258-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Lynch_(historian,_born_1938)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Lynch (historian, born 1938) (page does not exist)">Lynch, Michael</a> (2004). Mao. Routledge Historical Biographies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.series=Routledge+Historical+Biographies&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmCKPmUzKeZUCpgPA428_428]-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmCKPmUzKeZUCpgPA428_428]_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCKPmUzKeZUC&pg=PA428">428</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Mao Zedong sixiang wan sui! (1969), p. 195. Referenced in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberthal2003" class="citation book cs1">Lieberthal, Kenneth (2003). Governing China: From Revolution to Reform (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393924920" title="Special:BookSources/0393924920"><bdi>0393924920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+China%3A+From+Revolution+to+Reform&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0393924920&rft.aulast=Lieberthal&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZedong" class="citation web cs1">Zedong, Mao. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_10.htm">"Speeches At The Second Session Of The Eighth Party Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved 28 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Speeches+At+The+Second+Session+Of+The+Eighth+Party+Congress&rft.aulast=Zedong&rft.aufirst=Mao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fmao%2Fselected-works%2Fvolume-8%2Fmswv8_10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttane2002" class="citation journal cs1">Attane, Isabelle (2002). "China's Family Planning Policy: An Overview of Its Past and Future". 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He confuses the worship of truth with a personality cult, despite there being an essential difference between them. But this remark played a role in helping to promote the personality cult that gradually arose in the CCP.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cult+of+Mao&rft.pub=library.thinkquest.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F26469%2Fcultural-revolution%2Fcult.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chineseposters.net/resources/landsberger-paint-it-red.php">"Stefan Landsberger, Paint it Red. Fifty years of Chinese Propaganda Posters"</a>. chineseposters.net. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Black_Dog_Publishing" title="Black Dog Publishing">Black Dog</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579123697" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579123697"><bdi>978-1579123697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here%2C+There%2C+and+Everywhere%3A+The+100+Best+Beatles+Songs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Black+Dog&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1579123697&rft.aulast=Spignesi&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1976" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Peter (1976). Mao. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192731401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192731401"><bdi>978-0192731401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0192731401&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClisson2014" class="citation book cs1">Clisson, Tim (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWqBAwAAQBAJ">Chinese Rules: Mao's Dog, Deng's Cat, and Five Timeless Lessons from the Front Lines in China</a>. NY: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062316578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062316578"><bdi>978-0062316578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Rules%3A+Mao%27s+Dog%2C+Deng%27s+Cat%2C+and+Five+Timeless+Lessons+from+the+Front+Lines+in+China&rft.pub=NY%3A+Harper&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0062316578&rft.aulast=Clisson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWqBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeigon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Feigon" title="Lee Feigon">Feigon, Lee</a> (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566634588" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566634588"><bdi>978-1566634588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+A+Reinterpretation&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1566634588&rft.aulast=Feigon&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2008" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Mobo (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745327808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745327808"><bdi>978-0745327808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+China%27s+Past%3A+Mao+and+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0745327808&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Mobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollingworth1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hollingworth" title="Clare Hollingworth">Hollingworth, Clare</a> (1985). Mao and the Men Against Him. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224017602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0224017602"><bdi>978-0224017602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+the+Men+Against+Him&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0224017602&rft.aulast=Hollingworth&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuisong2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kuisong, Yang (March 2008). "Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries". <a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a>. 193 (193): 102–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741008000064">10.1017/S0305741008000064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154927374">154927374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Campaign+to+Suppress+Counterrevolutionaries&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=193&rft.pages=102-121&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741008000064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154927374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuisong&rft.aufirst=Yang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhisui" title="Li Zhisui">Li, Zhisui</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privatelifeofcha00lizh_0">The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679764434" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679764434"><bdi>978-0679764434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Chairman+Mao%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Mao%27s+Personal+Physician&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0679764434&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhisui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivatelifeofcha00lizh_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Roderick</a>; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). Mao's Last Revolution. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674027480" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674027480"><bdi>978-0674027480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Last+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0674027480&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Schoenhals%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2012" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2012). Mao: The Real Story. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451654479" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451654479"><bdi>978-1451654479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1451654479&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_R._Schram" title="Stuart R. Schram">Schram, Stuart</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr">Mao Tse-Tung</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140208405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140208405"><bdi>978-0140208405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Tse-Tung&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0140208405&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaotsetung0000schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Short" title="Philip Short">Short, Philip</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y6mACbLWGsC">Mao: A Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Owl_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Owl Books">Owl Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805066388" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805066388"><bdi>978-0805066388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0805066388&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y6mACbLWGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maozedong00spen">Mao Zedong</a>. Penguin Lives. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670886692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670886692"><bdi>978-0670886692</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41641238">41641238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Penguin+Lives&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41641238&rft.isbn=978-0670886692&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaozedong00spen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2000" class="citation news cs1">Burns, John F. (6 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/06/reviews/000206.06burnst.html">"Methods of the Great Leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Methods+of+the+Great+Leader&rft.date=2000-02-06&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F02%2F06%2Freviews%2F000206.06burnst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrill1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Terrill" title="Ross Terrill">Terrill, Ross</a> (1980). Mao: A Biography. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Terrill&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988">, which is superseded by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrill1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Terrill" title="Ross Terrill">Terrill, Ross</a> (1999). Mao: A Biography. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804729212" title="Special:BookSources/0804729212"><bdi>0804729212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0804729212&rft.aulast=Terrill&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2004" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801439650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801439650"><bdi>978-0801439650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0801439650&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQfeXVU_EvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewRapp2000" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Anita M.; Rapp, John A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQOhVb5Fbt4C&pg=PA110">Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 110–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847695805" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847695805"><bdi>978-0847695805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autocracy+and+China%27s+Rebel+Founding+Emperors%3A+Comparing+Chairman+Mao+and+Ming+Taizu&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0847695805&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Anita+M.&rft.au=Rapp%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQOhVb5Fbt4C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavin2013" class="citation book cs1">Davin, Delia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfShg2lD8Y4C">Mao: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191654039" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191654039"><bdi>978-0191654039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0191654039&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=Delia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfShg2lD8Y4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2004" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Schoppa R. (2004). Twentieth Century in China: A History in Documents. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199732005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199732005"><bdi>978-0199732005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+in+China%3A+A+History+in+Documents&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0199732005&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Schoppa+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaik2011" class="citation book cs1">Schaik, Sam (2011). Tibet: A History. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300154047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300154047"><bdi>978-0300154047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0300154047&rft.aulast=Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMao+Zedong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Mao Zedong <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mao+Zedong">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mao+Zedong&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mao Zedong at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" class="extiw" title="c:Mao Zedong">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" class="extiw" title="q:Mao Zedong">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mao_Zedong" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Mao Zedong">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/227/foundations-of-chinese-foreign-policy">"Foundations of Chinese Foreign Policy</a> online documents in English from the Wilson Center in Washington</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000510085445/http://www.asiasource.org/society/mao.cfm">Asia Source biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinesemao.com/">ChineseMao.com: Extensive resources about Mao Zedong</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906033211/http://www.chinesemao.com/">Archived</a> 6 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/inside.china/profiles/mao.tsetung/">CNN profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209035950/http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/index.html">Collected Works of Mao at the Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo47030">Collected Works of Mao Tse-tung (1917–1949)</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint_Publications_Research_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Publications Research Service">Joint Publications Research Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art-bin.com/art/omaotoc.html">Mao quotations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/index.htm">Mao Zedong Reference Archive at marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/samplep02">Oxford Companion to World Politics: Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909234651/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66095/4468893.html">Bio of Mao at the official Communist Party of China web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/188416">Photo of Chairman Mao strolling outside his official residence, 1957</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary">Commentary</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305093011/http://www.chairmanmaozedong.org/">Discusses the life, military influence and writings of Chairman Mao ZeDong.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/what-maoism-has-contributed">What Maoism Has Contributed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812060630/https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/what-maoism-has-contributed/">Archived</a> 12 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Samir Amin (21 September 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/02/china.jonathanwatts">China must confront dark past, says Mao confidant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jan/18/comment.china">Mao was cruel – but also laid the ground for today's China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2004/09/01/on-the-role-of-mao-zedong">On the Role of Mao Zedong</a> by William Hinton. Monthly Review Foundation 2004 Volume 56, Issue 04 (September)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artchina.free.fr/items/creasite.php?params=Mao%20Zedong_CATEGORY_0">Propaganda paintings showing Mao as the great leader of China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,483023,00.html">Remembering Mao's Victims</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/opinion/16iht-eddikotter16.html">Mao's Great Leap to Famine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/dec/20/finding-facts-about-maos-victims/">Finding the Facts About Mao's Victims</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-margolis/remembering-chinas-great_b_303107.html">Remembering China's Great Helmsman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/commentary/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward">Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011135700/https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward/">Archived</a> 11 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/video/hulu/vi3081083673/">Mao Tse Tung: China's Peasant Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Early life of Mao Zedong">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">Rule as Chinese leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Mao_Memorial_Hall" title="Chairman Mao Memorial Hall">Chairman Mao Memorial Hall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Forum" title="Yan'an Forum">Yan'an Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">7th National Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">First five-year plan (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th National Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_the_Class_Ranks" title="Cleansing the Class Ranks">Cleansing the Class Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Mao_badge" title="Chairman Mao badge">Chairman Mao badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th National Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th National Congress of the Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">Continuous Revolution Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">Mass line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun" title="Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun">Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">Revolutionary base area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">Seek truth from facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Political works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Contradiction" title="On Contradiction">On Contradiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Guerrilla_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="On Guerrilla Warfare">On Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_New_Democracy" title="On New Democracy">On New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">On Protracted War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Correct_Handling_of_Contradictions_Among_the_People" title="On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People">On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_People%27s_Democratic_Dictatorship" title="On the People's Democratic Dictatorship">On the People's Democratic Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppose_Book_Worship" title="Oppose Book Worship">Oppose Book Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reply_to_Li_Shuyi" title="Reply to Li Shuyi">Reply to Li Shuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_an_Investigation_of_the_Peasant_Movement_in_Hunan" title="Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan">Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Works_of_Mao_Tse-Tung" title="Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung">Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shian_Kian_Weekly_Review" title="The Shian Kian Weekly Review">The Shian Kian Weekly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Major_Relationships" title="Ten Major Relationships">Ten Major Relationships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Poetry of Mao Zedong">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_(poem)" title="Changsha (poem)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Double_Ninth" title="The Double Ninth">The Double Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loushan_Pass" title="Loushan Pass">Loushan Pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zemin" title="Mao Zemin">Mao Zemin</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zetan" title="Mao Zetan">Mao Zetan</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zejian" title="Mao Zejian">Mao Zejian</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Yixiu" title="Luo Yixiu">Luo Yixiu</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Kaihui" title="Yang Kaihui">Yang Kaihui</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anying" title="Mao Anying">Mao Anying</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anqing" title="Mao Anqing">Mao Anqing</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Min_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Min (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Min</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Anqing" title="Mao Anqing">Mao Anqing</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> (fourth wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Xinyu" title="Mao Xinyu">Mao Xinyu</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Dongmei" title="Kong Dongmei">Kong Dongmei</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yuanxin" title="Mao Yuanxin">Mao Yuanxin</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mao_Zedong" title="Category:Mao Zedong">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Head of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> 1924–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Head of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> Propaganda Department 1925–1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ku_Meng-yu" title="Ku Meng-yu">Ku Meng-yu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lu Yi</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Head of the <a href="/wiki/General_Political_Department_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army">CPC Central Military Commission General Political Department</a> 1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Yili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Yili (page does not exist)">Zhou Yili</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission</a> 1936–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Fa" title="Deng Fa">Deng Fa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">CPC</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School" title="Central Party School">Central Party School</a> 1943–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">General Secretary</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of China">Politburo of the Communist Party of China</a> 1943–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Post merged with the Chairman of the Central Committee </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China">Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China</a> 1945–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as Chairman of the PRC People's Revolutionary Military Council </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission</a> 1954–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Chinese Soviet Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> 1931–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Chinese Soviet Republic disbanded </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> 1931–1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">People's Republic of China </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> 1949–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China">Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China</a> 1949–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the People's Republic of China">Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)">People's Revolutionary Military Council of the Central People's Government</a> 1949–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as Chairman of the National Defence Commission in the capacity as President of the PRC </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as Chairman of the Central People's Government </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of the People's Republic of China</a> 1954–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Mao_Zedong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Mao_Zedong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Mao Zedong</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leaders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">4</a>)</li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/20px-Danghui_golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/30px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/40px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> (1921–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa" title="Xiang Zhongfa">Xiang Zhongfa</a> (1928–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> (1931–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> (1935–1943)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a> (1943–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (1976–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (1989–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Work_Department" title="Social Work Department">Social Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Directly administered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">Secrecy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Cryptography_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Cryptography Administration (page does not exist)">Cryptography Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Administration_of_China" title="National Archives Administration of China">Central Archives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office" title="Central Policy Research Office">Policy Research Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Commissions for co-ordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Auditing_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Auditing Committee (page does not exist)">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Comprehensively_Law-Based_Governance_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Comprehensively Law-Based Governance Commission (page does not exist)">Comprehensively Law-Based Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Commission" title="Central Financial Commission">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Cyberspace Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Science_and_Technology_Commission" title="Central Science and Technology Commission">Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Spiritual Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission" title="Central Institutional Organization Commission">Institutional Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Public_Sector_Reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Public Sector Reform (page does not exist)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Secrecy_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Secrecy Commission (page does not exist)">Secrecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Dispatched institutions for co-ordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_Committee_of_Central_and_State_Organs" title="Working Committee of Central and State Organs">Working Committee of Central and State Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission" title="Central Financial Work Commission">Central Financial Work Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a> in Hong Kong</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leading_small_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading small group">Leading groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Leading_Group_for_Cryptography_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Leading Group for Cryptography Work (page does not exist)">Cryptography Work</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Cryptography_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Cryptography Administration (page does not exist)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Leading_Group_for_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Leading Group for Education (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rural_Work_Leading_Group" title="Central Rural Work Leading Group">Rural Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Inspection Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">Military Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Hong Kong and Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Academy of Governance">Chinese Academy of Governance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature" title="Institute of Party History and Literature">Institute of Party History and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiushi" title="Qiushi">Qiushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily" title="Guangming Daily">Guangming Daily</a></li> <li>Executive Leadership Academies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_in_Pudong" class="mw-redirect" title="China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong">Pudong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_in_Yan%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Executive Leadership Academy in Yan'an (page does not exist)">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_in_Jinggangshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Executive Leadership Academy in Jinggangshan (page does not exist)">Jinggangshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">4th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">6th (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">7th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">11th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">17th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Elected by the Central Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Leading_Organisation_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Leading Organisation of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Military Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Revolutionary_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Approved by the Central Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1980–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">CCDI Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">7th 1949–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">CCDI Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (1955–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1978–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Elected by National Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">1st: 1921–1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd: 1922–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Discipline Inspection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li>6th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Review_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Review Committee (page does not exist)">1928–1933</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Party_Affairs_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Party Affairs Commission (page does not exist)">1933–1945</a></li> <li>7th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">1949–1955</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">1955–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wider_organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wider organisation (page does not exist)">Wider organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front (China)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanpai" title="Tuanpai">Tuanpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_clique" title="Tsinghua clique">Tsinghua clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princelings" title="Princelings">Crown Prince Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_clique" title="Fujian clique">Fujian clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zhijiang_Army" title="New Zhijiang Army">New Zhijiang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan_Society" title="Xishan Society">Xishan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party">Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Category:Chinese Communist Party">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_representative_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_representative_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a> (1949–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">CPG Chairman</a></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a> (1954–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Chairperson</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (co-acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (acting)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a> & <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a> Constitutions (1975–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPCSC Chairperson</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a> (1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CPPCCHeads" title="Template:CPPCCHeads"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CPPCCHeads" title="Template talk:CPPCCHeads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCCHeads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCCHeads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairpersons of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao ♀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng" title="Yu Zhengsheng">Yu Zhengsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_(CPPCC)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg/70px-Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg/105px-Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg/140px-Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="750" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1973–1977)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">before Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>, died Sep 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Jan 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a> (Vice-Chairman, arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, died Dec 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, resigned Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (died Jul 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (died Apr 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Jan 1975, Vice-Chairman; dismissed Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (added Apr 1976, Vice-Chairman)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">after Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (Vice-Chairman, reinstated Jul 1977)</li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (to PSC Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Dec 1973, to PSC Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (from PSC Jan 1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1969–1973)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Qun" title="Ye Qun">Ye Qun</a> (died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zuopeng" title="Li Zuopeng">Li Zuopeng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a> (died Mar 1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1956–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 11th Plenum (Aug 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (added May 1958, Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a> (died May 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (to PSC May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> (died Dec 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> (added May 1958, died Apr 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (added May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (added May 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 11th Plenum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standing Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (purged Sep 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> (purged Aug 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1945–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> (died 1950) → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1950)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (to Secretariat 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> (committed suicide 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (added 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added 1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maoism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maoism" title="Template:Maoism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Maoism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maoism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maoism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maoism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antagonistic_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonistic contradiction">Antagonistic contradiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="Anti-revisionism (Marxism–Leninism)">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprador" title="Comprador">Comprador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">Continuous Revolution Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">Mass line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probable_defeat" title="Probable defeat">Probable defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation#Use_in_Maoism" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">Revolutionary base area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">Seek truth from facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_and_self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao-spontex" title="Mao-spontex">Mao-spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad" title="Faiz Ahmad">Faiz Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Baidya" title="Mohan Baidya">Mohan Baidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Bangash" title="Afzal Bangash">Afzal Bangash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Charles Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biplav" title="Biplav">Biplav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Xilai" title="Bo Xilai">Bo Xilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Dutta" title="Saroj Dutta">Saroj Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Gallagher" title="Norm Gallagher">Norm Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hill_(Australian_communist)" title="Ted Hill (Australian communist)">Ted Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Kaypakkaya" title="İbrahim Kaypakkaya">İbrahim Kaypakkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li Minqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Majumdar" title="Charu Majumdar">Charu Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Yuanzi" title="Nie Yuanzi">Nie Yuanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathy_(Maoist)" title="Ganapathy (Maoist)">Muppala Lakshmana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sanyal_(politician)" title="Narayan Sanyal (politician)">Narayan Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_Sikder" title="Siraj Sikder">Siraj Sikder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_Yari" title="Akram Yari">Akram Yari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Rubaya_Ali" title="Salim Rubaya Ali">Salmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_an_Investigation_of_the_Peasant_Movement_in_Hunan" title="Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan">Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Contradiction" title="On Contradiction">On Contradiction</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Guerrilla_Warfare_(Mao_Zedong_book)" title="On Guerrilla Warfare (Mao Zedong book)">On Guerrilla Warfare</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">On Protracted War</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Major_Relationships" title="Ten Major Relationships">On the Ten Major Relationships</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Correct_Handling_of_Contradictions_Among_the_People" title="On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People">On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Eight_Documents" title="Historic Eight Documents">Historic Eight Documents</a> (1965—1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_May_Notification" title="16 May Notification">16 May Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_uprising" title="Naxalbari uprising">Naxalbari uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">Death and funeral of Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_model" title="Chongqing model">Chongqing model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">Communist Party of India (Maoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_East_Bengal" title="Proletarian Party of East Bengal">Proletarian Party of East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ecuador_%E2%80%93_Red_Sun" title="Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun">Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_the_People_(Norway)" title="Serve the People (Norway)">Serve the People – Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Internationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Internationalist Movement">Revolutionary Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_(Maoist)_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan">Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(International_Newsletter)" title="International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter)">International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Maoist)" title="International Communist League (Maoist)">International Communist League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Left communism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Mao's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjie" title="Nanjie">Nanjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Philippines)" title="National Democracy (Philippines)">National Democracy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalism" title="Naxalism">Naxalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_in_Japan" title="New Left in Japan">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_reform_in_China" title="Thought reform in China">Thought reform in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f3c7b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template talk:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Marxist Philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Daoxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Mixed School</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Schools_of_Thought" title="Nine Schools of Thought">Nine Schools of Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Shang" title="Bu Shang">Bu Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xi" title="Deng Xi">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Duanmu Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozi" title="Gaozi">Gaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Shi" title="Hui Shi">Hui Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_period)" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States period)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Wu" title="Dou Wu">Dou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(scholar)" title="Jia Kui (scholar)">Jia Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Yue" title="Xun Yue">Xun Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)" title="Yang Xiong (author)">Yang Xiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhen" title="Fan Zhen">Fan Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xuan" title="Fu Xuan">Fu Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Xuan" title="Xiahou Xuan">Xiahou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoyun" title="Xie Daoyun">Xie Daoyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Can" title="Xun Can">Xun Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhitui" title="Yan Zhitui">Yan Zhitui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Dun" title="Zhi Dun">Zhi Dun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yi" title="Fu Yi">Fu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe" title="Zhang Zhihe">Zhang Zhihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a> <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiru" title="Chen Jiru">Chen Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Zicheng" title="Hong Zicheng">Hong Zicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Hong" title="Jiao Hong">Jiao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Zhide" title="Lai Zhide">Lai Zhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Rufang_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)">Luo Rufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Dehong" title="Qian Dehong">Qian Dehong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ji_(philosopher)" title="Wang Ji (philosopher)">Wang Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gen" title="Wang Gen">Wang Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ai" title="Xu Ai">Xu Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ruoshui" title="Zhan Ruoshui">Zhan Ruoshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongmou" title="Chen Hongmou">Chen Hongmou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Menglei" title="Chen Menglei">Chen Menglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhen" title="Dai Zhen">Dai Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bao" title="Fang Bao">Fang Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lanfen" title="Fang Lanfen">Fang Lanfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Quan" title="Fang Quan">Fang Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guifen" title="Feng Guifen">Feng Guifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zizhen" title="Gong Zizhen">Gong Zizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Liangji" title="Hong Liangji">Hong Liangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yun" title="Ji Yun">Ji Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yiming" title="Liu Yiming">Liu Yiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pingge" title="Pan Pingge">Pan Pingge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhen" title="Tang Zhen">Tang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yuan_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)">Yan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengxie" title="Yu Zhengxie">Yu Zhengxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuecheng" title="Zhang Xuecheng">Zhang Xuecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Cunyu" title="Zhuang Cunyu">Zhuang Cunyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Daqi" title="Chen Daqi">Chen Daqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Chung-ying Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Keli" title="Fang Keli">Fang Keli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Gang" title="Hua Gang">Hua Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Shui-chuen" title="Lee Shui-chuen">Lee Shui-chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Renzong" title="Qiu Renzong">Qiu Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Chun-i" title="Tang Chun-i">Tang Chun-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Lap_Chuen" title="Tsang Lap Chuen">Tsang Lap Chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Haiguang" title="Yin Haiguang">Yin Haiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dunkang" title="Yu Dunkang">Yu Dunkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shenfu" title="Zhang Shenfu">Zhang Shenfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guoping" title="Zhou Guoping">Zhou Guoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" title="Fa (philosophy)">Fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Jian'ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_zuo" title="Jing zuo">Jing zuo</a></li> <li>Li <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Ming yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_(philosophy)" title="Qing (philosophy)">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" title="Si (philosophy)">Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" title="Ti (philosophy)">Ti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#East_Asian_philosophies" title="Nature (philosophy)">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhengming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics#Classical_China" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting#Philosophy" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui#Concepts" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Chinese_philosophy" title="Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy">Legitimacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template talk:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_Experience" title="Taoyuan Experience">Taoyuan Experience</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_the_Class_Ranks" title="Cleansing the Class Ranks">Cleansing the Class Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Countercurrent" title="February Countercurrent">February Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_incident" title="Wuhan incident">Wuhan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Strike-Three_Anti_Campaign" title="One Strike-Three Anti Campaign">One Strike-Three Anti Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_571" title="Project 571">Project 571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Painting_incident" title="Black Painting incident">Black Painting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_incident" title="Hangzhou incident">Hangzhou incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">1975 Banqiao Dam failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Incident_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Incident (1976)">1976 Nanjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daxing_Massacre" title="Daxing Massacre">Daxing Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Massacre" title="Guangxi Massacre">Guangxi Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_incident" title="Inner Mongolia incident">Inner Mongolia incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Cultural_Revolution_Massacre" title="Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre">Guangdong Massacre</a></li> <li>Hunan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxian_massacre" title="Daoxian massacre">Daoxian massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_County_Massacre" title="Shaoyang County Massacre">Shaoyang County Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yunnan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jianmin_spy_case" title="Zhao Jianmin spy case">Zhao Jianmin spy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin_Massacre" title="Ruijin Massacre">Ruijin Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(historian)" title="Wu Han (historian)">Wu Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(politician)" title="Wang Li (politician)">Wang Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yuanxin" title="Mao Yuanxin">Mao Yuanxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="May 16 Notification">May 16 Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_of_Public_Security" title="Six Articles of Public Security">Six Articles of Public Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_Away_All_Cow_Demons_and_Snake_Spirits" title="Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits">Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Class_Origins" title="On Class Origins">On Class Origins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_demons_and_snake_spirits" title="Cow demons and snake spirits">Cow demons and snake spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodline_theory" title="Bloodline theory">Bloodline theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">Continuous Revolution Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_power_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)">Seizure of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent struggle">Violent Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Eight model plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_dance" title="Loyalty dance">Loyalty dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiku_sitian" title="Yiku sitian">Yiku sitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Daqing_in_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Learn from Daqing in industry">Learn from Daqing in industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Dazhai_in_agriculture" title="Learn from Dazhai in agriculture">Learn from Dazhai in agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinking_Old_Ninth" title="Stinking Old Ninth">Stinking Old Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Black_Categories" title="Five Black Categories">Five Black Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Red_Categories" title="Five Red Categories">Five Red Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Conservative Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Guards" title="Little Red Guards">Little Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Rebel Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Guards" title="Scarlet Guards">Scarlet Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Ultra-Left Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyao_Faction" title="Xiaoyao Faction">Xiaoyao Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sixteenth_elements" title="May Sixteenth elements">May Sixteenth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Man_Group" title="Five Man Group">Five Man Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_Group" title="Cultural Revolution Group">Cultural Revolution Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_and_Propaganda_Leading_Group" title="Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group">Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(China)" title="Revolutionary committee (China)">Revolutionary committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Heilongjiang Revolutionary Committee">in Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Shanghai Revolutionary Committee">in Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61889_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="61889 Regiment">8341 Special Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">Sent-down youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61_Renegades" title="61 Renegades">61 Renegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">Barefoot doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant-Soldier_student" title="Worker-Peasant-Soldier student">Worker-Peasant-Soldier student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Seventh_Cadre_School" title="May Seventh Cadre School">May Seventh Cadre School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River_Storm_and_Thunder" title="Xiang River Storm and Thunder">Xiang River Storm and Thunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Mao Zedong's cult of personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mango_cult" title="Mango cult">Mango cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_Sun_(film)" title="Morning Sun (film)">Morning Sun (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">Scar literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_Revolution" title="Category:Cultural Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5816#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120961122">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51699962">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/28307/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckPVCk9rPGHbgHCtPmh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118577425">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/79812">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140108866">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90651454">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002209744&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000006779&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000554690&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000042211">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=138604">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000043461">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199631416">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlgg5q502wmgq">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810534792105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/178702">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265069905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000051867">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516447406706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14131820">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00595713?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500322044">ULAN</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFChen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClissold2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClisson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrean2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDingJaved2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirlik2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastmanCh\u0026#039;enPepperSlyke1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvangelista2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFairbank1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbankGoldman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeigon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlorcruz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaltungStenslie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarver2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhandhi1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollingworth1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHou2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIon_Mihai_Pacepa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl2010\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuisong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiTian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberthal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLüthi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquhar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquhar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMairSanpingWood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm_Moore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquisQiao2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisner1999\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMeisner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyskens2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoise2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosher1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNylander2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalestini2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPantsovLevine2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPantsovLevine2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParkSnyder2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPottinger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPye1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuigley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadler-Smith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalapino1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheidel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram_\u0026amp;_al.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenthilingam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalom1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShort2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlatyer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmil1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpignesiLewis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraussSoutherl1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwitzer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatlow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrill1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrill1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrill1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeszar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_P.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibbetts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimmons2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriplett,_II2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwitchettFairbankMacFarquhar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpreti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentino2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasilogambros2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestad1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilburHow1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYushi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZedong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF作者：劉向上2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"10th Politburo of the Communist Party of China\"] = 1,\n [\"7th Politburo of the Communist Party of China\"] = 1,\n [\"8th Politburo of the Communist Party of China\"] = 1,\n [\"9th Politburo of the Communist Party of China\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Big\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"CCPHeads\"] = 1,\n [\"CPPCCHeads\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 90,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Clarification needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Cultural Revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Mao, Zedong\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"External media\"] = 2,\n [\"Family name explanation\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:100000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1200000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1290000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:15000\"] = 3,\n [\"Formatnum:160000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1800\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:20000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:2000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:25000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:400000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:50000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:500000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:700000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:712000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:800000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:85000\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gale\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 216,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Italics correction\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 39,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Mao Zedong\"] = 1,\n [\"Maoism\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 29,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 11,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 8,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-non\"] = 2,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 14,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 80,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"Time needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Zh\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","22.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","11.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","5.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.4"],["type","60","2.4"],["[others]","660","26.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4d6jn","timestamp":"20241124053039","ttl":21600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mao_Zedong","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5816","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5816","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-21T23:14:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T16:11:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"1st Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and founder of the People's Republic of China (1893\u20131976)"}</script> </body> </html>