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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zhu+De" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zhu+De" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism_and_warlordism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism_and_warlordism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nationalism and warlordism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism_and_warlordism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converting_to_Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converting_to_Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Converting to Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Converting_to_Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zhu-Mao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zhu-Mao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Zhu-Mao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zhu-Mao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Army_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Army_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Red Army leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Army_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhu De</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="تشو دي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشو دي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9D%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87" title="ঝু দে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঝু দে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Tek" title="Chu Tek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chu Tek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%8D" title="Чжу Дэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чжу Дэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu_Te" title="Ču Te – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ču Te" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%87" title="چو ته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چو ته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BB_Tet" title="Chû Tet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chû Tet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EB%8D%94" title="주더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%94" title="ז'ו דה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ו דה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ჯუ დე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯუ დე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csu_Te" title="Csu Te – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csu Te" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%89_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="تشو دى (سياسى من جمهوريه الصين) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشو دى (سياسى من جمهوريه الصين)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ချူတေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချူတေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%BE%B3" title="朱徳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朱徳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%92" title="ژو دے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ژو دے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%8D" title="Чжу Дэ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжу Дэ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEu_De" title="Džu De – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džu De" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5" title="Џу Де – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џу Де" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zhu De" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD" title="จู เต๋อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จู เต๋อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B5" title="Чжу Де – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чжу Де" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%92" title="ژو دے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ژو دے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuh_Dwz" title="Cuh Dwz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cuh Dwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Chu Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chu Đức" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese general and politician (1886–1976)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_(surname)" title="Zhu (surname)">Zhu</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">(朱)</span></span></span></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuanshuai" title="Yuanshuai">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Zhu De</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">朱德</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_De,_Commander_of_PLA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Zhu_De%2C_Commander_of_PLA.jpg/220px-Zhu_De%2C_Commander_of_PLA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Zhu_De%2C_Commander_of_PLA.jpg/330px-Zhu_De%2C_Commander_of_PLA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Zhu_De%2C_Commander_of_PLA.jpg/440px-Zhu_De%2C_Commander_of_PLA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1097" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Marshal Zhu De <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950s</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 April 1959 – 6 July 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a><br /><i>None</i> (Post abolished in 1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Shaoqi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> <small>(acting)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China">Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the People's Republic of China">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 September 1956 – 1 August 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 November 1949 – 31 March 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 November 1946 – 27 September 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Post established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Post abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1886-12-01</span>)</span>1 December 1886<br /><a href="/wiki/Yilong_County" title="Yilong County">Yilong County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 July 1976<span style="display:none">(1976-07-06)</span> (aged 89)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (1925–1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Xiao Jufang</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1912; died 1916)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Chen Yuzhen</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1916; died 1935)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Wu Ruolan</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928; died 1929)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1929)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Zhu Qi</li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Min_(Russian_language_professor)" title="Zhu Min (Russian language professor)">Zhu Min</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Military_Academy" title="Yunnan Military Academy">Yunnan Military Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"Old Chief Zhu"</li><li>"The Father of the Red Army"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/43px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">People's Liberation Army Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army">Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_clique" title="Yunnan clique">Yunnan clique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1927–1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_rank_insignia_(PRC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marshal_rank_insignia_%28PRC%29.jpg/48px-Marshal_rank_insignia_%28PRC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="48" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marshal_rank_insignia_%28PRC%29.jpg/72px-Marshal_rank_insignia_%28PRC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marshal_rank_insignia_%28PRC%29.jpg/96px-Marshal_rank_insignia_%28PRC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yuanshuai#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Yuanshuai">Marshal of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-9_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg/48px-Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg/72px-Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg/96px-Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Encirclement campaigns">Encirclement campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:朱">朱</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:德">德</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhū Dé</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chu Teh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mandarin pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʂú<span class="wrap"> </span>tĕ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a>: Yujie</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">朱玉阶</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">朱玉階</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhū Yùjiē</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chu Yu-chieh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mandarin pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʂú<span class="wrap"> </span>ŷ.tɕjé]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zhu De</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, military strategist, politician and revolutionary in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). </p><p>Zhu was born into poverty in 1886 in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. He was adopted by a wealthy uncle at age nine and received a superior early education that led to his admission into a military academy. After graduating, he joined a rebel army and became a <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">warlord</a>. Afterward he joined the CCP. He commanded the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. By the end of the civil war he was also a high-ranking party official. </p><p>Zhu is regarded as one of the principal founders of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, and was a prominent political figure until dying in 1976. In 1955, he was ranked first among the ten <a href="/wiki/Yuanshuai#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Yuanshuai">marshals</a>. He was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> from 1959 to 1976. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu was born on 1 December 1886, to a poor tenant farmer's family in <a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Zhu_De" title="Former Residence of Zhu De">Hung</a>, a town in <a href="/wiki/Yilong_County" title="Yilong County">Yilong County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a>, a hilly and isolated part of northern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971245_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971245-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 15 children born to the family only eight survived. His family relocated to Sichuan during the migration from <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-loving_memories_of_mother_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loving_memories_of_mother-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His origins are often given as <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>, but Agnes Smedley's biography of him says his people came from Guangdong and speaks of Hakka as merely associates of his.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also says that older generations of his family had spoken the "Kwangtung dialect" (which would be close to but probably different from modern <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>) and that his generation also spoke <a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a>, a distinct regional variant of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a> that is unintelligible to other speakers of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (Mandarin).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his family's poverty, by pooling resources Zhu was chosen to be sent to a regional private school in 1892. At age nine he was adopted by his prosperous uncle, whose political influence allowed him to gain access to Yunnan Military Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enrolled in a Sichuan high school around 1907 and graduated in 1908. Subsequently, he returned to Yilong's primary school as a gym instructor. An advocate of modern science and political teaching rather than the strict classical education afforded by schools, he was dismissed from his post<sup id="cite_ref-loving_memories_of_mother_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loving_memories_of_mother-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered the Yunnan Military Academy in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 151">: 151 </span></sup> There he joined the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> secret political society (the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism_and_warlordism">Nationalism and warlordism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nationalism and warlordism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_Zhu_De.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1916_Zhu_De.jpg/130px-1916_Zhu_De.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1916_Zhu_De.jpg/195px-1916_Zhu_De.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1916_Zhu_De.jpg/260px-1916_Zhu_De.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Zhu De in 1916.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming, he first met <a href="/wiki/Cai_E" title="Cai E">Cai E</a> (Tsai Ao).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught at the academy after his graduation in July 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siding with the revolutionary forces after the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a>, he joined Brig. Cai E in the October 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan. He served as a regimental commander in the <a href="/wiki/Cai_E#Opposition_to_Yuan_Shikai" title="Cai E">campaign to unseat</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> in 1915–16. When Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhu was made a brigade commander.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of his mentor <a href="/wiki/Cai_E" title="Cai E">Cai E</a> and of his first wife Xiao Jufang in 1916, Zhu developed a severe <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> habit that afflicted him for several years until 1922, when he underwent treatment in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His troops continued to support him, and so he consolidated his forces to become a <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">warlord</a>. In 1920, after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward the Tibetan border, he returned to <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> as a public security commissioner of the provincial government. Around this time he decided to leave China for study in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first traveled to Shanghai, where he broke his opium habit and, according to historians of the Kuomintang, met <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>. He attempted to join the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> in early 1922, but was rejected for being a warlord.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Converting_to_Communism">Converting to Communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Converting to Communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_De_(1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Zhu_De_%281922%29.jpg/220px-Zhu_De_%281922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Zhu_De_%281922%29.jpg/330px-Zhu_De_%281922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Zhu_De_%281922%29.jpg/440px-Zhu_De_%281922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Zhu photographed in Berlin, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1922 Zhu went to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, along with his partner He Zhihua. He resided in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> until 1925, studying at one point at <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Command_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Command-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he met <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and was expelled from Germany for his role in a number of student protests.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time he joined the Chinese Communist Party; Zhou Enlai was one of his sponsors (having sponsors being a condition of probationary membership, the stage before actual membership).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1925, after being expelled from Germany, he traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to study military affairs and Marxism at the <a href="/wiki/Communist_University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East" title="Communist University of the Toilers of the East">Communist University of the Toilers of the East</a>. While in Moscow He Zhihua gave birth to his only daughter, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Min_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Min (linguist)">Zhu Min</a>. Zhu returned to China in July 1926 to unsuccessfully persuade Sichuan warlord <a href="/wiki/Yang_Sen" title="Yang Sen">Yang Sen</a> to support the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Command_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Command-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a>, Kuomintang authorities ordered Zhu to lead a force against Zhou Enlai and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Command_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Command-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having helped orchestrate the uprising, Zhu and his army defected from the Kuomintang.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising failed to gather support, however, and Zhu was forced to flee <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a> with his army. Under the false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find shelter for his remaining forces by joining warlord <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Shisheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Shisheng (page does not exist)">Fan Shisheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zhu-Mao">Zhu-Mao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Zhu-Mao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930s_Mao_Zhu_De_Zhou_Enlai_Bogu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1930s_Mao_Zhu_De_Zhou_Enlai_Bogu.jpg/180px-1930s_Mao_Zhu_De_Zhou_Enlai_Bogu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1930s_Mao_Zhu_De_Zhou_Enlai_Bogu.jpg/270px-1930s_Mao_Zhu_De_Zhou_Enlai_Bogu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1930s_Mao_Zhu_De_Zhou_Enlai_Bogu.jpg/360px-1930s_Mao_Zhu_De_Zhou_Enlai_Bogu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Zhu (second from right) photographed with Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai (second from left) and Bo Gu (left) in 1937.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zhu's close affiliation with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> began in 1928 when, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng's protection and marched his army of 10,000 men to <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jinggang_Mountains" title="Jinggang Mountains">Jinggang Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Mao had formed a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviet</a> in 1927, and Zhu began building up his army into the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>, consolidating and expanding the Soviet areas of control.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting, which happened on the <a href="/wiki/Longjiang_Bridge" title="Longjiang Bridge">Longjiang Bridge</a> on 28 April 1928, was facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zetan" title="Mao Zetan">Mao Zetan</a>, who was Mao's brother serving under Zhu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He carried a letter to his brother <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> where Zhu stated, "We must unite forces and carry out a well-defined military and agrarian policy."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development became a turning point, with the merged forces forming the "Fourth Red Army", with Zhu as Military Commander and Mao as Party representative.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhu's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige; locals even credited him with supernatural abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time Mao and Zhu became so closely associated that to the local villagers they were known collectively as "Zhu-Mao"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Zhu De and Mao Zedong were forced to flee <a href="/wiki/Jinggangshan_City" title="Jinggangshan City">Jinggangshan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a> following military pressure from <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here they formed the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi%E2%80%93Fujian_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>, which would eventually grow to cover some 30,000 square kilometers (11,584 square miles) and include some three million people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931 Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Army in <a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a> by the CCP leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He successfully led a conventional military force against the Kuomintang in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_encirclement_campaign" title="Fourth encirclement campaign">Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was not able to do the same during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_encirclement_campaign_against_the_Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Fifth encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet">Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign</a> and the CCP fled.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu helped form the 1934 break-out that began the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Army_leader">Red Army leader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red Army leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Long March Zhu and Zhou Enlai organized certain battles in tandem. There were few positive effects since the real power was in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Braun_(communist)" title="Otto Braun (communist)">Otto Braun</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a>, Zhu supported Mao Zedong's criticisms of Bo and Braun.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conference, Zhu cooperated with Mao and Zhou on military affairs. In July 1935 Zhu and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> were with the Fourth Red Army while Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai with the First Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When separation between the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a>, the leader of Fourth Red Army, to go south.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Province. Arriving in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, Zhu directed the reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, he held the position of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Red Army<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised and organized the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a>. Initially, Mao supported this offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a successful campaign, Mao later attributed it as the main provocation for the devastating Japanese <a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> later and used it to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955%E6%8E%88%E8%A1%943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1955%E6%8E%88%E8%A1%943.jpg/220px-1955%E6%8E%88%E8%A1%943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1955%E6%8E%88%E8%A1%943.jpg/330px-1955%E6%8E%88%E8%A1%943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1955%E6%8E%88%E8%A1%943.jpg/440px-1955%E6%8E%88%E8%A1%943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Zhu and <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> (left) at the Marshal of the People's Republic of China rank awarding ceremony.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949 Zhu was named Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From November 1949 to May 1955, he served as the first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu also served as the vice-chairman of the Communist Party (1956–1966) and vice-chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–1959).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu oversaw the PLA during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> within his authority as Commander-in-Chief.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, he was conferred the rank of marshal.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a>, he tried to protect <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, by giving some mild criticisms of Peng; rather than denouncing him, he merely gently reproved his targeted comrade, who was a target of Mao Zedong. Mao was not satisfied with Zhu De's behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conference, Zhu was dismissed from vice chairmen of Central Military Commission, not in least part due to his loyalty for the fallen Peng.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1969, during the summit of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Zhu was dismissed from his position on the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, and the activity of the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> was halted.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1969, Lin Biao issued a command named "<i>Order Number One</i>" that evacuated important martial figures to distant areas due to the tension between China and Soviet Union, and Zhu De was taken to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in the Politburo Standing Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He continued to work as a statesman until his death on 6 July 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His passing came six months after the death of Zhou Enlai,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and just two months before the death of Mao Zedong.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu was cremated three days later, and received a funeral days afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu De married four times, according to the unfinished biography written by <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a>. However, there is no evidence of his marrying the mother of his only daughter. His known relationships were with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Jufang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Jufang (page does not exist)">Xiao Jufang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">萧菊芳</span> or Hsiao Chu-fen). Xiao was a fellow student of Zhu's at <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> Normal Institute (<span lang="zh">昆明师范学院</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-cpc_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair married in 1912. Xiao died of a fever in 1916 after giving birth to Zhu's only son, Baozhu.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cpc_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yuzhen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yuzhen (page does not exist)">Chen Yuzhen</a> (<span lang="zh">陈玉珍</span>). After the death of Xiao Jufang, Zhu was advised to find a mother for his infant son. He was introduced to Chen by friends in the military. Chen had participated in revolutionary activities in <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">1911</a>, as well as in 1916. Chen reportedly set the condition that she would not marry unless her future husband proposed to her in person, which Zhu did. The two married in 1916. Chen looked after the home, even building a study for Zhu and his scholarly friends to meet, which she furnished with pamphlets, books, and manifestos on the Russian <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. In the spring of 1922, Zhu left his home to visit the Sichuanese warlord <a href="/wiki/Yang_Sen" title="Yang Sen">Yang Sen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cpc_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a>'s biography, Zhu considered himself separated from Chen after leaving her and felt free to marry again, though there had been no formal divorce. Chen was killed by the Kuomintang in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He Zhihua (<span lang="zh">贺治华</span>). She met Zhu in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and followed him to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in late 1922.When Zhu was deported from Germany in 1925, she was already pregnant and later gave birth in a village on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Zhu named the daughter Sixun (<span lang="zh">四旬</span>), but relations between the two had diminished, and He Zhihua rejected his choice, naming the baby Feifei (<span lang="zh">菲菲</span>) instead. He Zhihua sent her daughter to live with her sister in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> shortly after the birth. She then married Huo Jiaxin (<span lang="zh">霍家新</span>) in the same year. He returned to Shanghai in 1928. She reportedly betrayed wanted communists to the Kuomintang, before being blinded in a gun attack by <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers that killed her husband. After this, she returned to Sichuan, dying of illness before 1949.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Ruolan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Ruolan (page does not exist)">Wu Ruolan</a> (<span lang="zh">伍若兰</span> or Wu Yu-lan). Wu was the daughter of an <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a> from Jiuyantang (<span lang="zh">九眼塘</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. Zhu met Wu after attacking <a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang</a> with the Peasant's and Workers Army. They married in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1929, Zhu and Wu were encircled by Kuomintang troops at a temple in the <a href="/wiki/Jinggang_Mountains" title="Jinggang Mountains">Jinggang Mountains</a>. Zhu escaped, but Wu was captured. She was executed by <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitation</a> and her head was allegedly sent to <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> for display.<sup id="cite_ref-cpc2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpc2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a> (K'ang K'e-ching or Kang Keh-chin). Zhu married Kang in 1929 when he was 43.<sup id="cite_ref-cpc2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpc2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and also a peasant leader. Kang was highly studious and Zhu taught her to read and write before they married. Kang outlived him.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most women who joined the Long March, she did not become part of the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">propaganda</a> unit marching at the rear. Kang fought by the side of her husband, distinguishing herself as a combat soldier, a markswoman, and a troop leader.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Zhu Baozhu (<span lang="zh">朱保柱</span>) was born in 1916 and later changed his name to Zhu Qi (<span lang="zh">朱琦</span>). He died in 1974 from illness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Min_(Russian_language_professor)" title="Zhu Min (Russian language professor)">Zhu Min</a> (<span lang="zh">朱敏</span>) was born in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in April 1926 to He Zhihua (<span lang="zh">贺治华</span>). Zhu De named her Sixun (<span lang="zh">四旬</span>), but she rejected this and choose Feifei (<span lang="zh">菲菲</span>). He Zhihua sent her daughter to her sister in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> shortly after her birth, where she went by the name He Feifei (<span lang="zh">贺飞飞</span>). She pursued higher education in Moscow from 1949 to 1953 before teaching at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a>. She died of illness in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaDaily_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaDaily-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg/40px-KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg/60px-KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg/80px-KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Cambodia" title="Royal Order of Cambodia">Royal Order of Cambodia</a> (Grand Cross Medal) (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg/40px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg/60px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg/80px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Star of the Republic of Indonesia">Star of the Republic of Indonesia</a> (2nd Class Medal) (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhu1986" class="citation book cs1">Zhu De (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225092348/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/b39f7ece-232a-4fe5-9a73-13544e284395/"><i>Selected Works of Zhu De</i></a> (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-1573-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-1573-9"><bdi>0-8351-1573-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/b39f7ece-232a-4fe5-9a73-13544e284395/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Zhu+De&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8351-1573-9&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=De&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2Fb39f7ece-232a-4fe5-9a73-13544e284395%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_China" title="List of generals of China">List of generals of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[朱德] <span style="color:#d33">Error: [undefined] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>: invalid parameter: |w= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span></span>/</a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971245-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971245_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinClark1971">KleinClark (1971)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009073813/http://family.netor.com/familytree/text_1252_622.html"><bdi lang="zh">朱德的祖籍家世</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://family.netor.com/familytree/text_1252_622.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%96%E7%B1%8D%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffamily.netor.com%2Ffamilytree%2Ftext_1252_622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loving_memories_of_mother-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loving_memories_of_mother_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loving_memories_of_mother_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026215002/http://www.putclub.com/html/ability/translation/translation/training/2010/0604/15632.html"><bdi lang="zh">朱德《母亲的回忆》英译</bdi></a>. 4 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.putclub.com/html/ability/translation/translation/training/2010/0604/15632.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%B1%E5%BE%B7%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E3%80%8B%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%91&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.putclub.com%2Fhtml%2Fability%2Ftranslation%2Ftranslation%2Ftraining%2F2010%2F0604%2F15632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley, <i>The Great Road</i>, p. 14 and 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley, <i>The Great Road</i>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2012" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVcKAaedfJsC&pg=PA210"><i>Mao</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451654493" title="Special:BookSources/9781451654493"><bdi>9781451654493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.isbn=9781451654493&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVcKAaedfJsC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/china/history/imperial_china/the_manchu_qing_dynasty_1644-1911/internal_threats.htm">"The Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), Internal Threats"</a>. <i>Countries Quest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Countries+Quest&rft.atitle=The+Manchu+Qing+Dynasty+%281644%E2%80%931911%29%2C+Internal+Threats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countriesquest.com%2Fasia%2Fchina%2Fhistory%2Fimperial_china%2Fthe_manchu_qing_dynasty_1644-1911%2Finternal_threats.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span> Tongmenghui</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2007" class="citation book cs1">Platt, Stephen R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac5eFSWg02QC&pg=PA168"><i>Provincial Patriots</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674026650" title="Special:BookSources/9780674026650"><bdi>9780674026650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+Patriots&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780674026650&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAc5eFSWg02QC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225143529/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/safti/pointer/back/journals/2000/Vol26_2/14.htm">"V26N2 - Personality Profile: Zhu De [Chu Teh]"</a>. <i>mindef.gov.sg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindef.gov.sg/safti/pointer/back/journals/2000/Vol26_2/14.htm">the original</a> on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mindef.gov.sg&rft.atitle=V26N2+-+Personality+Profile%3A+Zhu+De+%5BChu+Teh%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindef.gov.sg%2Fsafti%2Fpointer%2Fback%2Fjournals%2F2000%2FVol26_2%2F14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shum Kui-kwong, <i>Zhu-De (Chu Teh),</i> University of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortzelWortzelHigham1999" class="citation book cs1">Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfu-hR8msh4C&pg=PA307"><i>Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313293375" title="Special:BookSources/9780313293375"><bdi>9780313293375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Chinese+Military+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313293375&rft.aulast=Wortzel&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.au=Wortzel%2C+Larry&rft.au=Higham%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drfu-hR8msh4C%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225041306/http://hfmhmg08.fotopages.com/?entry=4104070">Zhu De and his Marriages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shum Kui-kwong, <i>Zhu-De (Chu Teh),</i> University of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), p. 4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-High_Command-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-High_Command_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_Command_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_Command_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Whitson, Huang Chen-hsia, <i>The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927–1971</i>, Praeger Publishers: New York, 1973, p. 30f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortzelWortzelHigham1999" class="citation book cs1">Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfu-hR8msh4C&pg=PA307"><i>Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313293375" title="Special:BookSources/9780313293375"><bdi>9780313293375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Chinese+Military+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313293375&rft.aulast=Wortzel&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.au=Wortzel%2C+Larry&rft.au=Higham%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drfu-hR8msh4C%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF马玉佳" class="citation web cs1">马玉佳. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/21/content_22829447.htm">"The legacy of overseas study for China's early leaders: Zhu De"</a>. <i>china.org.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+overseas+study+for+China%27s+early+leaders%3A+Zhu+De&rft.au=%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%89%E4%BD%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2FCPC_90_anniversary%2F2011-06%2F21%2Fcontent_22829447.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/cpc2011/2010-09/30/content_12475227.htm">"Zhu De"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Zhu+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2Fcpc2011%2F2010-09%2F30%2Fcontent_12475227.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/COLDzhu.htm">"Zhu De"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Zhu+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FCOLDzhu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao1992" class="citation book cs1">Mao, Zedong (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0odGKx3TnAC&pg=PA177"><i>Mao's Road to Power: From the Jinggangshan to the establishment of the ...</i></a> M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244391" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244391"><bdi>9781563244391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Road+to+Power%3A+From+the+Jinggangshan+to+the+establishment+of+the+...&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781563244391&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Zedong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0odGKx3TnAC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Morley2012" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Morley (9 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/chinese-comminist-party-1927-37-part-6.htm">"The Chinese Communist Party 1927–37 – The development of Maoism – Part Six"</a>. <i>In Defence of Marxism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+1927%E2%80%9337+%E2%80%93+The+development+of+Maoism+%E2%80%93+Part+Six&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.au=Daniel+Morley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Fchinese-comminist-party-1927-37-part-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2013" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander; Levine, Steven (2013). <i>Mao: The Real Story</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451654479" title="Special:BookSources/9781451654479"><bdi>9781451654479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781451654479&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrance2004" class="citation book cs1">Lawrance, Alan (2004). <i>China Since 1919: Revolution and Reform : a Sourcebook</i>. London: Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415251419" title="Special:BookSources/0415251419"><bdi>0415251419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Since+1919%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+%3A+a+Sourcebook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0415251419&rft.aulast=Lawrance&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225232410/http://jpkc.swjtusfl.cn/content3.aspx?id=5801&&CId=21&&PId=2">Zhu De Early History Profile</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianco1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bianco" title="Lucien Bianco">Bianco, Lucien</a> (1957). <i><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Chinese_Revolution,_1915%E2%80%931949" title="Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949">Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949</a></i>. Stanford Press. p. 64, note 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Chinese+Revolution%2C+1915%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=64%2C+note+10&rft.pub=Stanford+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Bianco&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chineseposters.net/themes/zhude.php">http://chineseposters.net/themes/zhude.php</a> Zhu De Biography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204223548/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_30564.htm">"Ruijin Revolutionary Memorial"</a>. <i>chinaculture.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_30564.htm">the original</a> on 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinaculture.org&rft.atitle=Ruijin+Revolutionary+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaculture.org%2Fgb%2Fen_museum%2F2003-09%2F24%2Fcontent_30564.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/jiangxi-soviet/">"The Jiangxi Soviet"</a>. <i>Chinese Revolution</i>. 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Revolution&rft.atitle=The+Jiangxi+Soviet&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fchineserevolution%2Fjiangxi-soviet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaoSchram1992" class="citation book cs1">Mao, Zedong; Schram, Stuart R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZRHhd5-WrwC&pg=PR76"><i>Mao's Road to Power – Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244575" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244575"><bdi>9781563244575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Road+to+Power+%E2%80%93+Revolutionary+Writings%2C+1912%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781563244575&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Zedong&rft.au=Schram%2C+Stuart+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZRHhd5-WrwC%26pg%3DPR76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortzelWortzelHigham1999" class="citation book cs1">Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfu-hR8msh4C&pg=PA72"><i>Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313293375" title="Special:BookSources/9780313293375"><bdi>9780313293375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Chinese+Military+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313293375&rft.aulast=Wortzel&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.au=Wortzel%2C+Larry&rft.au=Higham%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drfu-hR8msh4C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2001" class="citation book cs1">Short, Philip (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y6mACbLWGsC&pg=PA311"><i>Mao</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805066388" title="Special:BookSources/9780805066388"><bdi>9780805066388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001-02&rft.isbn=9780805066388&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y6mACbLWGsC%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/long_march_1934_to_1935.htm">"The Long March 1934 to 1935"</a>. <i>historylearningsite.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historylearningsite.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Long+March+1934+to+1935&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Flong_march_1934_to_1935.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampen2000" class="citation book cs1">Kampen, Thomas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meBsMli4JN4C&pg=PA71"><i>Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788787062763" title="Special:BookSources/9788787062763"><bdi>9788787062763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong%2C+Zhou+Enlai+and+the+Evolution+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Leadership&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788787062763&rft.aulast=Kampen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmeBsMli4JN4C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1999" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Gregor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayLTpS8iujQC&pg=PA117"><i>New Fourth Army</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520219922" title="Special:BookSources/9780520219922"><bdi>9780520219922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Fourth+Army&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520219922&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DayLTpS8iujQC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/chinese-revolution-timeline/">"Chinese Revolution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fchineserevolution%2Fchinese-revolution-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.republicanchina.org/BattleOfBaizhangguanPass-v0.pdf">Battle of Baizhangguan Pass</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctv.com/lm/176/71/71839.html">CCTV Eyewitnesses to history: Yan'an</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657001/Zhu-De">"Zhu De"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhu+De&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F657001%2FZhu-De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2014" class="citation book cs1">Song, Yuwu (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGbyzKLVh30C&pg=PA427"><i>Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476602981" title="Special:BookSources/9781476602981"><bdi>9781476602981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=9781476602981&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Yuwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGbyzKLVh30C%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangEdwin_Vaughan2002" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Chunhou; Edwin Vaughan, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWtBMQgUGmEC&pg=PA87"><i>Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739104064" title="Special:BookSources/9780739104064"><bdi>9780739104064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+as+Poet+and+Revolutionary+Leader&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780739104064&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Chunhou&rft.au=Edwin+Vaughan%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWtBMQgUGmEC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2012" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Bruce (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xsBBw7uCBcC&pg=PA38"><i>Distant Water</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936909353" title="Special:BookSources/9781936909353"><bdi>9781936909353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+Water&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781936909353&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xsBBw7uCBcC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n1/2016/1130/c85037-28912791.html">"朱德：中央纪委第一任书记"</a> [Zhu De: First Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection]. <i>People's Daily</i>. 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%B1%E5%BE%B7%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%A7%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdangshi.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2016%2F1130%2Fc85037-28912791.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140226063530/http://www.cpcchina.org/2010-09/30/content_14470703.htm">Zhu De Concurrent Positions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/zhu-de">"Zhu De"</a>. <i>Answers.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers.com&rft.atitle=Zhu+De&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fzhu-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/pla2010/2010-07/29/content_11068610.htm">"Marshal of People's Liberation Army: Zhu De"</a>. <i>chinadaily.com.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Marshal+of+People%27s+Liberation+Army%3A+Zhu+De&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2Fpla2010%2F2010-07%2F29%2Fcontent_11068610.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortzelWortzelHigham1999" class="citation book cs1">Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfu-hR8msh4C&pg=PA201"><i>Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History</i></a>. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313293375" title="Special:BookSources/9780313293375"><bdi>9780313293375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Chinese+Military+History&rft.pages=201&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313293375&rft.aulast=Wortzel&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.au=Wortzel%2C+Larry&rft.au=Higham%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drfu-hR8msh4C%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64561/index.html"><bdi lang="zh">共产党新闻网—资料中心—历次党代会</bdi></a>. <i>people.com.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91%E2%80%94%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E2%80%94%E5%8E%86%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%9A%E4%BB%A3%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64162%2F64168%2F64561%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngang2017" class="citation book cs1">Angang, Hu (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189"><i>Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2)</i></a>. Enrich Professional Publishing Limited. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62320-154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62320-154-8"><bdi>978-1-62320-154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+the+Cultural+Revolution+%28Volume+2%29&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Enrich+Professional+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62320-154-8&rft.aulast=Angang&rft.aufirst=Hu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNPNDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig1989" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, David (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgtsU4789kMC&pg=PA58"><i>Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01175-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01175-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01175-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+Radicalism+in+China%2C+1968-1981&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01175-5&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgtsU4789kMC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈霞" class="citation web cs1">陈霞. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/16/content_22798472.htm">"The Tenth National Congress (Aug. 1973)"</a>. <i>china.org.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=The+Tenth+National+Congress+%28Aug.+1973%29&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E9%9C%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2FCPC_90_anniversary%2F2011-06%2F16%2Fcontent_22798472.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/cpc2011/2011-07/06/content_12849381.htm">"Zhu De Death"</a>. <i>chinadaily.com.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Zhu+De+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2Fcpc2011%2F2011-07%2F06%2Fcontent_12849381.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_leaders.htm">"Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping – Asia for Educators – Columbia University"</a>. <i>columbia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Three+Chinese+Leaders%3A+Mao+Zedong%2C+Zhou+Enlai%2C+and+Deng+Xiaoping+%E2%80%93+Asia+for+Educators+%E2%80%93+Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fspecial%2Fchina_1950_leaders.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/9/newsid_3020000/3020374.stm">"BBC ON THIS DAY – 9 – 1976: Chairman Mao Zedong dies"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. 9 September 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%E2%80%93+9+%E2%80%93+1976%3A+Chairman+Mao+Zedong+dies&rft.date=1976-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F9%2Fnewsid_3020000%2F3020374.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Douglas J. (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdhDM6Qcl1IC&pg=PA121"><i>Encyclopedia of Cremation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409423171" title="Special:BookSources/9781409423171"><bdi>9781409423171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cremation&rft.date=2010-10&rft.isbn=9781409423171&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdhDM6Qcl1IC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://politics.ntu.edu.tw/RAEC/comm2/InterviewItaly%20Sauro%20Angelini%20English.pdf">http://politics.ntu.edu.tw/RAEC/comm2/InterviewItaly%20Sauro%20Angelini%20English.pdf</a> Sauro Angelini Interview</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpc-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpc_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpc_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpc_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang_常2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Chang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, ed. (14 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719051253/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/64915/4591918.html"><bdi lang="zh">朱德与四位女性的感情经历</bdi></a> [The relationship experience of Zhu De with four women]. Communist Party of China News (中国共产党新闻). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/64915/4591918.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%B1%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%8E%E5%9B%9B%E4%BD%8D%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9F%E6%83%85%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86&rft.pub=Communist+Party+of+China+News+%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%29&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64162%2F64172%2F64915%2F4591918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley, <i>The Great Road</i>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley, <i>The Great Road</i>, p. 122 and 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley, <i>The Great Road</i>, p. 223-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpc2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpc2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpc2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang_常2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Chang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, ed. (14 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010713/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/64915/4591927.html"><bdi lang="zh">朱德与四位女性的感情经历（2）</bdi></a> [The relationship experience of Zhu De with four women, part 2]. Communist Party of China News (中国共产党新闻). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/64915/4591927.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%B1%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%8E%E5%9B%9B%E4%BD%8D%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9F%E6%83%85%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Communist+Party+of+China+News+%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%29&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64162%2F64172%2F64915%2F4591927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley, <i>The Great Road</i>, p. 272-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2004" class="citation book cs1">Ho, Alfred (2004). <i>China's Reforms and Reformers</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275960803" title="Special:BookSources/0275960803"><bdi>0275960803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Reforms+and+Reformers&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0275960803&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaDaily-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaDaily_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-04/20/content_7693955.htm">"Late Chinese marshal Zhu De's daughter dies at 83"</a>. China Daily. 20 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Late+Chinese+marshal+Zhu+De%27s+daughter+dies+at+83&rft.pub=China+Daily&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2009-04%2F20%2Fcontent_7693955.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmrb.zhouenlai.info/%E5%91%A8%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E4%B8%93%E6%A0%8F/%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3/1964/1964-10-06%200330124%20%E4%B8%AD%E6%9F%AC%E4%B8%A4%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5%E5%9C%A8%E4%BA%AC%E7%AD%BE%E5%AD%97.htm">"中柬两国联合公报在京签字"</a>. <i>People's Daily (zhouenlai.info)</i>. 6 October 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+%28zhouenlai.info%29&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%9F%AC%E4%B8%A4%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5%E5%9C%A8%E4%BA%AC%E7%AD%BE%E5%AD%97&rft.date=1964-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmrb.zhouenlai.info%2F%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2580%25BB%25E7%2590%2586%25E4%25B8%2593%25E6%25A0%258F%2F%25E6%2580%25BB%25E7%2590%2586%25E7%259B%25B8%25E5%2585%25B3%2F1964%2F1964-10-06%25200330124%2520%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%259F%25AC%25E4%25B8%25A4%25E5%259B%25BD%25E8%2581%2594%25E5%2590%2588%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%258A%25A5%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E7%25AD%25BE%25E5%25AD%2597.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/1961/6/15/1/">"1961年6月15日人民日报第1版"</a>. <i>People's Daily (govopendata)</i>. 15 June 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+%28govopendata%29&rft.atitle=1961%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8815%E6%97%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5+%E7%AC%AC1%E7%89%88&rft.date=1961-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.govopendata.com%2Frenminribao%2F1961%2F6%2F15%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>English sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Pozhilov, I. "Zhu De: The Early Days of a Commander". <i>Far Eastern Affairs</i> (1987), Issue 1, pp. 91–99. Covers Zhu from 1905 to 1925.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoorman1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boorman, Howard L. (1967). "Chu Teh". <i>Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 459–465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231089589" title="Special:BookSources/0231089589"><bdi>0231089589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chu+Teh&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Republican+China+Volume+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=459-465&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0231089589&rft.aulast=Boorman&rft.aufirst=Howard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinClark1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klein, Donald W.; Clark, Anne B. (1971). "Chu Te". <i>Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921-1965</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 245–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674074106" title="Special:BookSources/0674074106"><bdi>0674074106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chu+Te&rft.btitle=Biographic+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Communism%2C+1921-1965&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=245-254&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0674074106&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Anne+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+De" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Road:_The_Life_and_Times_of_Chu_Teh" title="The Great Road: The Life and Times of Chu Teh">The Great Road: The Life and Times of Chu Teh</a></i> (Monthly Review Press, New York and London, 1956)</li> <li>Nym Wales (<a href="/wiki/Helen_Foster_Snow" title="Helen Foster Snow">Helen Foster Snow</a>), <i>Inside Red China</i> (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1939)</li> <li>William W. Whitson, <i>The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927–71</i> (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Chinese sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Liu Xuemin, Hong jun zhi fu: Zhu De zhuan (Father of the Red Army: Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 2000)</li> <li>Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiu shibian, Zhu De Zhuan (Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2000)</li> <li>Liu Xuemin, Wang Fa’an, and Xiao Sike, Zhu De Yuanshi (Marshal Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenshu chubanshe, 2006)</li> <li>Zhu De guju jinianguan, Renmin de guangrong Zhu De (Glory of the People: Zhu De) (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 2006).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_De&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the People's Republic of China">Vice President of the People's Republic of China</a> </b><br />1954–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> </b><br />1949–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Marshal <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></div><i><b>as Minister of National Defense </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_(vertical).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Template:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Template talk:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Template:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Template talk:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hebo" title="Wang Hebo">Wang Hebo</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (1928–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a> (1934–45)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu De</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (1955–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1978–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Incumbent<br />deputies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Pei" title="Xiao Pei">Xiao Pei</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Hongqiu" title="Yu Hongqiu">Yu Hongqiu</a> (2021–)</li> <li>Fu Kui (2021–)</li> <li>Sun Xinyang (2022–)</li> <li>Liu Xuexin (2022–)</li> <li>Zhang Fuhai (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary<br />General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kecheng" title="Huang Kecheng">Huang Kecheng</a> (1978–82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a> (1982–87)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Deying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Deying (page does not exist)">Wang Deying</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Guang">Wang Guang</a> (1992–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Chunqing" title="Yuan Chunqing">Yuan Chunqing</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Dingfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Dingfu (page does not exist)">Wu Dingfu</a> (2001–02)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gan_Yisheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gan Yisheng (page does not exist)">Gan Yisheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(politician)" title="Zhang Yi (politician)">Zhang Yi</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yuliang" title="Wu Yuliang">Wu Yuliang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Shaopeng" title="Cui Shaopeng">Cui Shaopeng</a> (2012–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiaochao" title="Yang Xiaochao">Yang Xiaochao</a> (2015–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xinran" title="Li Xinran">Li Xinran</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SC sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_7th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 7th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th</a> (1949–56)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_8th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 8th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th</a> (1956–69)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th</a> (1978–82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th</a> (1982–87)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th</a> (1992–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">15th</a> (1997–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">17th</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CCDI sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">7th</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th</a> (1955–56)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th</a> (1956–69)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th</a> (1978–82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th</a> (1982–87)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th</a> (1992–97)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">15th</a> (1997–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">17th</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_organization_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Internal organization of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Internal organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_directly_under_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Institutions directly under the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Institutions directly under the CCDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1973–1977)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">before Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>, died Sep 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Jan 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a> (Vice-Chairman, arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, died Dec 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, resigned Jan 1975)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu De</a> (died Jul 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (died Apr 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Jan 1975, Vice-Chairman; dismissed Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (added Apr 1976, Vice-Chairman)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">after Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (Vice-Chairman, reinstated Jul 1977)</li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (to PSC Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Dec 1973, to PSC Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (from PSC Jan 1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1969–1973)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Qun" title="Ye Qun">Ye Qun</a> (died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zuopeng" title="Li Zuopeng">Li Zuopeng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a> (died Mar 1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1956–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 11th Plenum<br />(Aug 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu De</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (added May 1958, Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a> (died May 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (to PSC May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> (died Dec 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> (added May 1958, died Apr 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (added May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (added May 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 11th Plenum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standing Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (purged Sep 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> (purged Aug 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1945–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> (died 1950) → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1950)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to Secretariat 1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(committed suicide 1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22513#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000360902885">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/222109395">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/81772/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8GCFRvHptV7fWPTpVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118666177">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zhu, De, 1886-1976"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81127474">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12210864f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12210864f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00623840">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36607882">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20140612006&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140444939">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000224277&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2019E1883">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810665586105606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810669750205606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259730505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08265971?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1324566">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03075643X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570330">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j39thw">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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