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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dimensions of data quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions_of_data_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_quality_assurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_quality_assurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data quality assurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_quality_assurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_quality_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_quality_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Data quality control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_quality_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimum_use_of_data_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimum_use_of_data_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Optimum use of data quality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optimum_use_of_data_quality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optimum use of data quality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optimum_use_of_data_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_data_security_and_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_data_security_and_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Health data security and privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_data_security_and_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_quality_in_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_quality_in_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Data quality in public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_quality_in_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_data_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_data_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Open data quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_data_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Professional associations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional associations subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data quality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3" title="উপাত্তের গুণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপাত্তের গুণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Качество на данните – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Качество на данните" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitat_de_dades" title="Qualitat de dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qualitat de dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalita_dat" title="Kvalita dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvalita dat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datakvalitet" title="Datakvalitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Datakvalitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidad_de_datos" title="Calidad de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calidad de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualit%C3%A9_des_donn%C3%A9es" title="Qualité des données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qualité des données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%ED%92%88%EC%A7%88" title="데이터 품질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 품질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualit%C3%A0_dei_dati" title="Qualità dei dati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qualità dei dati" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of qualitative or quantitative pieces of information</div> <p><b>Data quality</b> refers to the state of <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative data">qualitative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative data">quantitative</a> pieces of information. There are many definitions of data quality, but data is generally considered high quality if it is "fit for [its] intended uses in <a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decision making</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Redman2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redman2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fadahunsi_e024722_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadahunsi_e024722-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents the real-world construct to which it refers. Furthermore, apart from these definitions, as the number of data sources increases, the question of internal <a href="/wiki/Data_consistency" title="Data consistency">data consistency</a> becomes significant, regardless of fitness for use for any particular external purpose. People's views on data quality can often be in disagreement, even when discussing the same set of data used for the same purpose. When this is the case, <a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">data governance</a> is used to form agreed upon definitions and standards for data quality. In such cases, <a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">data cleansing</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a>, may be required in order to ensure data quality.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallwoodInfo14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallwoodInfo14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defining data quality is difficult due to the many contexts data are used in, as well as the varying perspectives among end users, producers, and custodians of data.<sup id="cite_ref-FürberData15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FürberData15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a consumer perspective, data quality is:<sup id="cite_ref-FürberData15_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FürberData15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"data that are fit for use by data consumers"</li> <li>data "meeting or exceeding consumer expectations"</li> <li>data that "satisfies the requirements of its intended use"</li></ul> <p>From a business perspective, data quality is: </p> <ul><li>data that are "'fit for use' in their intended operational, decision-making and other roles" or that exhibits "'conformance to standards' that have been set, so that fitness for use is achieved"<sup id="cite_ref-HerzogData07_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerzogData07-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>data that "are fit for their intended uses in operations, decision making and planning"<sup id="cite_ref-FleckensteinModern18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FleckensteinModern18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"the capability of data to satisfy the stated business, system, and technical requirements of an enterprise"<sup id="cite_ref-MahantiData19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahantiData19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From a standards-based perspective, data quality is: </p> <ul><li>the "degree to which a set of inherent characteristics (quality dimensions) of an object (data) fulfills requirements"<sup id="cite_ref-ISO9000_15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO9000_15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FürberData15_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FürberData15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"the usefulness, accuracy, and correctness of data for its application"<sup id="cite_ref-NISTBig19_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISTBig19-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Arguably, in all these cases, "data quality" is a comparison of the actual state of a particular set of data to a desired state, with the desired state being typically referred to as "fit for use," "to specification," "meeting consumer expectations," "free of defect," or "meeting requirements." These expectations, specifications, and requirements are usually defined by one or more individuals or groups, standards organizations, laws and regulations, business policies, or software development policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FürberData15_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FürberData15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions_of_data_quality">Dimensions of data quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dimensions of data quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drilling down further, those expectations, specifications, and requirements are stated in terms of characteristics or dimensions of the data, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-FürberData15_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FürberData15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HerzogData07_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerzogData07-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FleckensteinModern18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FleckensteinModern18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MahantiData19_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahantiData19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> or availability</li> <li>accuracy or correctness</li> <li>comparability</li> <li>completeness or comprehensiveness</li> <li>consistency, coherence, or clarity</li> <li>credibility, reliability, or reputation</li> <li>flexibility</li> <li>plausibility</li> <li>relevance, pertinence, or usefulness</li> <li>timeliness or latency</li> <li>uniqueness</li> <li>validity or reasonableness</li></ul> <p>A systematic scoping review of the literature suggests that data quality dimensions and methods with real world data are not consistent in the literature, and as a result quality assessments are challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of these data.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the rise of the inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">computer data storage</a>, massive <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> computers were used to maintain name and address data for delivery services. This was so that mail could be properly routed to its destination. The mainframes used business rules to correct common misspellings and typographical errors in name and address data, as well as to track customers who had moved, died, gone to prison, married, divorced, or experienced other life-changing events. Government agencies began to make postal data available to a few service companies to cross-reference customer data with the National Change of Address registry <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">(NCOA)</a>. This technology saved large companies millions of dollars in comparison to manual correction of customer data. Large companies saved on postage, as bills and direct marketing materials made their way to the intended customer more accurately. Initially sold as a service, data quality moved inside the walls of corporations, as low-cost and powerful server technology became available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Companies with an emphasis on marketing often focused their quality efforts on name and address information, but data quality is recognized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as an important property of all types of data. Principles of data quality can be applied to supply chain data, transactional data, and nearly every other category of data found. For example, making supply chain data conform to a certain standard has value to an organization by: 1) avoiding overstocking of similar but slightly different stock; 2) avoiding false stock-out; 3) improving the understanding of vendor purchases to negotiate volume discounts; and 4) avoiding logistics costs in stocking and shipping parts across a large organization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For companies with significant research efforts, data quality can include developing <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(natural_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (natural sciences)">protocols</a> for research methods, reducing <a href="/wiki/Measurement_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement error">measurement error</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bounds_checking" title="Bounds checking">bounds checking</a> of data, <a href="/wiki/Cross_tabulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross tabulation">cross tabulation</a>, modeling and <a href="/wiki/Outlier" title="Outlier">outlier</a> detection, verifying <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a>, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of theoretical frameworks for understanding data quality. A systems-theoretical approach influenced by American pragmatism expands the definition of data quality to include information quality, and emphasizes the inclusiveness of the fundamental dimensions of accuracy and precision on the basis of the theory of science (Ivanov, 1972). One framework, dubbed "Zero Defect Data" (Hansen, 1991) adapts the principles of statistical process control to data quality. Another framework seeks to integrate the product perspective (conformance to specifications) and the <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">service</a> perspective (meeting consumers' expectations) (Kahn et al. 2002). Another framework is based in <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> to evaluate the quality of the form, meaning and use of the data (Price and Shanks, 2004). One highly theoretical approach analyzes the <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> nature of <a href="/wiki/Information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Information systems">information systems</a> to define data quality rigorously (Wand and Wang, 1996). </p><p>A considerable amount of data quality research involves investigating and describing various categories of desirable attributes (or dimensions) of data. Nearly 200 such terms have been identified and there is little agreement in their nature (are these concepts, goals or criteria?), their definitions or measures (Wang et al., 1993). Software engineers may recognize this as a similar problem to "<a href="/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">ilities</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> has an Information Quality (MITIQ) Program, led by Professor Richard Wang, which produces a large number of publications and hosts a significant international conference in this field (International Conference on Information Quality, ICIQ). This program grew out of the work done by Hansen on the "Zero Defect Data" framework (Hansen, 1991). </p><p>In practice, data quality is a concern for professionals involved with a wide range of information systems, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Data_warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data warehousing">data warehousing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a>. One industry study estimated the total cost to the U.S. economy of data quality problems at over U.S. $600 billion per annum (Eckerson, 2002). Incorrect data – which includes invalid and outdated information – can originate from different data sources – through data entry, or <a href="/wiki/Data_migration" title="Data migration">data migration</a> and conversion projects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the USPS and PricewaterhouseCoopers released a report stating that 23.6 percent of all U.S. mail sent is incorrectly addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One reason contact data becomes stale very quickly in the average database – more than 45 million Americans change their address every year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, the problem is such a concern that companies are beginning to set up a <a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">data governance</a> team whose sole role in the corporation is to be responsible for data quality. In some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> organizations, this <a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">data governance</a> function has been established as part of a larger Regulatory Compliance function - a recognition of the importance of Data/Information Quality to organizations. </p><p>Problems with data quality don't only arise from <i>incorrect</i> data; <i>inconsistent</i> data is a problem as well. Eliminating <a href="/wiki/Shadow_system" title="Shadow system">data shadow systems</a> and centralizing data in a warehouse is one of the initiatives a company can take to ensure data consistency. </p><p>Enterprises, scientists, and researchers are starting to participate within data curation communities to improve the quality of their common data.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market is going some way to providing data quality assurance. A number of vendors make tools for analyzing and repairing poor quality data <i>in situ</i>, service providers can clean the data on a contract basis and consultants can advise on fixing processes or systems to avoid data quality problems in the first place. Most data quality tools offer a series of tools for improving data, which may include some or all of the following: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Data_profiling" title="Data profiling">Data profiling</a> - initially assessing the data to understand its current state, often including value distributions</li> <li>Data standardization - a <a href="/wiki/Business_rules_engine" title="Business rules engine">business rules engine</a> that ensures that data conforms to standards</li> <li>Geocoding - for name and address data. Corrects data to U.S. and Worldwide geographic standards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_linkage" title="Record linkage">Matching or Linking</a> - a way to compare data so that similar, but slightly different records can be aligned. Matching may use "fuzzy logic" to find duplicates in the data. It often recognizes that "Bob" and "Bbo" may be the same individual. It might be able to manage "householding", or finding links between spouses at the same address, for example. Finally, it often can build a "best of breed" record, taking the best components from multiple data sources and building a single super-record.</li> <li>Monitoring - keeping track of data quality over time and reporting variations in the quality of data. Software can also auto-correct the variations based on pre-defined business rules.</li> <li>Batch and Real time - Once the data is initially cleansed (batch), companies often want to build the processes into enterprise applications to keep it clean.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">ISO 8000</a> is an international standard for data quality.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_quality_assurance">Data quality assurance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Data quality assurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data quality assurance is the process of <a href="/wiki/Data_profiling" title="Data profiling">data profiling</a> to discover inconsistencies and other anomalies in the data, as well as performing <a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">data cleansing</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> activities (e.g. removing <a href="/wiki/Outliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Outliers">outliers</a>, missing data <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a>) to improve the data quality. </p><p>These activities can be undertaken as part of <a href="/wiki/Data_warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data warehousing">data warehousing</a> or as part of the <a href="/wiki/Database_administration" title="Database administration">database administration</a> of an existing piece of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_quality_control">Data quality control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data quality control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Data quality control</b> is the process of controlling the usage of data for an application or a process. This process is performed both before and after a Data <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality Assurance">Quality Assurance</a> (QA) process, which consists of discovery of data inconsistency and correction. </p><p>Before: </p> <ul><li>Restricts inputs</li></ul> <p>After QA process the following statistics are gathered to guide the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_quality_control" title="Analytical quality control">Quality Control</a> (QC) process: </p> <ul><li>Severity of inconsistency</li> <li>Incompleteness</li> <li>Accuracy</li> <li>Precision</li> <li>Missing / Unknown</li></ul> <p>The Data QC process uses the information from the QA process to decide to use the data for analysis or in an application or business process. General example: if a Data QC process finds that the data contains too many errors or inconsistencies, then it prevents that data from being used for its intended process which could cause disruption. Specific example: providing invalid measurements from several sensors to the automatic pilot feature on an aircraft could cause it to crash. Thus, establishing a QC process provides data usage protection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optimum_use_of_data_quality">Optimum use of data quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Optimum use of data quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data Quality (DQ) is a niche area required for the integrity of the data management by covering gaps of data issues. This is one of the key functions that aid data governance by monitoring data to find exceptions undiscovered by current data management operations. Data Quality checks may be defined at attribute level to have full control on its remediation steps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>DQ checks and business rules may easily overlap if an organization is not attentive of its DQ scope. Business teams should understand the DQ scope thoroughly in order to avoid overlap. Data quality checks are redundant if <b>business logic</b> covers the same functionality and fulfills the same purpose as DQ. The DQ scope of an organization should be defined in DQ strategy and well implemented. Some data quality checks may be translated into business rules after repeated instances of exceptions in the past.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Below are a few areas of data flows that may need perennial DQ checks: </p><p><b>Completeness</b> and <b>precision</b> DQ checks on all data may be performed at the point of entry for each mandatory attribute from each source system. Few attribute values are created way after the initial creation of the transaction; in such cases, administering these checks becomes tricky and should be done immediately after the defined event of that attribute's source and the transaction's other core attribute conditions are met. </p><p>All data having attributes referring to <i>Reference Data</i> in the organization may be validated against the set of well-defined valid values of Reference Data to discover new or discrepant values through the <b>validity</b> DQ check. Results may be used to update <i>Reference Data</i> administered under <i>Master Data Management (MDM)</i>. </p><p>All data sourced from a <i>third party</i> to organization's internal teams may undergo <b>accuracy</b> (DQ) check against the third party data. These DQ check results are valuable when administered on data that made multiple hops after the point of entry of that data but before that data becomes authorized or stored for enterprise intelligence. </p><p>All data columns that refer to <i>Master Data</i> may be validated for its <b>consistency</b> check. A DQ check administered on the data at the point of entry discovers new data for the MDM process, but a DQ check administered after the point of entry discovers the failure (not exceptions) of consistency. </p><p>As data transforms, multiple timestamps and the positions of that timestamps are captured and may be compared against each other and its leeway to validate its value, decay, operational significance against a defined SLA (service level agreement). This <b>timeliness</b> DQ check can be utilized to decrease data value decay rate and optimize the policies of data movement timeline. </p><p>In an organization complex logic is usually segregated into simpler logic across multiple processes. <b>Reasonableness</b> DQ checks on such complex logic yielding to a logical result within a specific range of values or static interrelationships (aggregated business rules) may be validated to discover complicated but crucial business processes and outliers of the data, its drift from BAU (business as usual) expectations, and may provide possible exceptions eventually resulting into data issues. This check may be a simple generic aggregation rule engulfed by large chunk of data or it can be a complicated logic on a group of attributes of a transaction pertaining to the core business of the organization. This DQ check requires high degree of business knowledge and acumen. Discovery of reasonableness issues may aid for policy and strategy changes by either business or data governance or both. </p><p><b>Conformity</b> checks and <b>integrity checks</b> need not covered in all business needs, it's strictly under the database architecture's discretion. </p><p>There are many places in the data movement where DQ checks may not be required. For instance, DQ check for completeness and precision on not–null columns is redundant for the data sourced from database. Similarly, data should be validated for its accuracy with respect to time when the data is stitched across disparate sources. However, that is a business rule and should not be in the DQ scope.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Regretfully, from a software development perspective, DQ is often seen as a nonfunctional requirement. And as such, key data quality checks/processes are not factored into the final software solution. Within Healthcare, <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">wearable technologies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Body_area_network" title="Body area network">Body Area Networks</a>, generate large volumes of data.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of detail required to ensure data quality is extremely high and is often underestimated. This is also true for the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a> apps, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">EHRs</a> and other health related software solutions. However, some open source tools exist that examine data quality.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary reason for this, stems from the extra cost involved is added a higher degree of rigor within the software architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_data_security_and_privacy">Health data security and privacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Health data security and privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of mobile devices in health, or mHealth, creates new challenges to <a href="/wiki/Health_data" title="Health data">health data</a> security and privacy, in ways that directly affect data quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadahunsi_e024722_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadahunsi_e024722-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mHealth is an increasingly important strategy for delivery of health services in low- and middle-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile phones and tablets are used for collection, reporting, and analysis of data in near real time. However, these mobile devices are commonly used for personal activities, as well, leaving them more vulnerable to security risks that could lead to data breaches. Without proper security safeguards, this personal use could jeopardize the quality, security, and confidentiality of <a href="/wiki/Health_data" title="Health data">health data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_quality_in_public_health">Data quality in public health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Data quality in public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data quality has become a major focus of public health programs in recent years, especially as demand for accountability increases.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work towards ambitious goals related to the fight against diseases such as AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria must be predicated on strong Monitoring and Evaluation systems that produce quality data related to program implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These programs, and program auditors, increasingly seek tools to standardize and streamline the process of determining the quality of data,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verify the quality of reported data, and assess the underlying data management and reporting systems for indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is WHO and MEASURE Evaluation's Data Quality Review Tool<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WHO, the Global Fund, GAVI, and MEASURE Evaluation have collaborated to produce a harmonized approach to data quality assurance across different diseases and programs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_data_quality">Open data quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Open data quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of scientific works devoted to the analysis of the data quality in <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a> sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>, <a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a> and other. In the case of Wikipedia, quality analysis may relate to the whole article<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modeling of quality there is carried out by means of various methods. Some of them use <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> algorithms, including <a href="/wiki/Random_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Random Forest">Random Forest</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Support_Vector_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Support Vector Machine">Support Vector Machine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. Methods for assessing data quality in Wikidata, DBpedia and other <a href="/wiki/Linked_Open_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Linked Open Data">LOD</a> sources differ.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_associations">Professional associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Professional associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>IQ International—the International Association for Information and Data Quality<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt> <dd>IQ International is a not-for-profit, vendor neutral, professional association formed in 2004, dedicated to building the information and data quality profession.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ECCMA_(Electronic_Commerce_Code_Management_Association)"><span id="ECCMA_.28Electronic_Commerce_Code_Management_Association.29"></span>ECCMA (Electronic Commerce Code Management Association)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: ECCMA (Electronic Commerce Code Management Association)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Electronic Commerce Code Management Association (ECCMA) is a member-based, international not-for-profit association committed to improving data quality through the implementation of international standards. ECCMA is the current project leader for the development of ISO 8000 and ISO 22745, which are the international standards for data quality and the exchange of material and service master data, respectively. ECCMA provides a platform for collaboration amongst subject experts on data quality and data governance around the world to build and maintain global, open standard dictionaries that are used to unambiguously label information. The existence of these dictionaries of labels allows information to be passed from one computer system to another without losing meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-eccma_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccma-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_quality_firewall" title="Data quality firewall">Data quality firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Data validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_linkage" title="Record linkage">Record linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_quality" title="Information quality">Information quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_data_management" title="Master data management">Master data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Analysis">Data Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VACUUM" title="VACUUM">VACUUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_data_management" title="Clinical data management">Clinical data management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Redman2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redman2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRedman2013" class="citation book cs1">Redman, Thomas C. (30 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5CJJ2wVkYAC"><i>Data Driven: Profiting from Your Most Important Business Asset</i></a>. Harvard Business Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4221-6364-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4221-6364-1"><bdi>978-1-4221-6364-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Driven%3A+Profiting+from+Your+Most+Important+Business+Asset&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+Press&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4221-6364-1&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5CJJ2wVkYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadahunsi_e024722-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadahunsi_e024722_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadahunsi_e024722_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadahunsiAkinluaO’ConnorWark2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fadahunsi, Kayode Philip; Akinlua, James Tosin; O’Connor, Siobhan; Wark, Petra A; Gallagher, Joseph; Carroll, Christopher; Majeed, Azeem; O’Donoghue, John (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429947">"Protocol for a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of information quality frameworks in eHealth"</a>. <i>BMJ Open</i>. <b>9</b> (3): e024722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2018-024722">10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024722</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055">2044-6055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429947">6429947</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30842114">30842114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Open&rft.atitle=Protocol+for+a+systematic+review+and+qualitative+synthesis+of+information+quality+frameworks+in+eHealth&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e024722&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6429947%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2044-6055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30842114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2018-024722&rft.aulast=Fadahunsi&rft.aufirst=Kayode+Philip&rft.au=Akinlua%2C+James+Tosin&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Connor%2C+Siobhan&rft.au=Wark%2C+Petra+A&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Majeed%2C+Azeem&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Donoghue%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6429947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadahunsiO'ConnorAkinluaWark2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fadahunsi, Kayode Philip; O'Connor, Siobhan; Akinlua, James Tosin; Wark, Petra A.; Gallagher, Joseph; Carroll, Christopher; Car, Josip; Majeed, Azeem; O'Donoghue, John (2021-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8167621">"Information Quality Frameworks for Digital Health Technologies: Systematic Review"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>. <b>23</b> (5): e23479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2F23479">10.2196/23479</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8167621">8167621</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33835034">33835034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=Information+Quality+Frameworks+for+Digital+Health+Technologies%3A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e23479&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8167621%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33835034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2F23479&rft.aulast=Fadahunsi&rft.aufirst=Kayode+Philip&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Siobhan&rft.au=Akinlua%2C+James+Tosin&rft.au=Wark%2C+Petra+A.&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Car%2C+Josip&rft.au=Majeed%2C+Azeem&rft.au=O%27Donoghue%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8167621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmallwoodInfo14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmallwoodInfo14_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallwood,_R.F.2014" class="citation book cs1">Smallwood, R.F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5U6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118218303" title="Special:BookSources/9781118218303"><bdi>9781118218303</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730001620/https://books.google.com/books?id=m5U6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-18</span></span>. <q>Having a standardized data governance program in place means cleaning up corrupted or duplicated data and providing users with clean, accurate data as a basis for line-of-business software applications and for decision support analytics in business intelligence (BI) applications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Governance%3A+Concepts%2C+Strategies%2C+and+Best+Practices&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118218303&rft.au=Smallwood%2C+R.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5U6AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FürberData15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FürberData15_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FürberData15_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FürberData15_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FürberData15_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FürberData15_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFürber,_C.2015" class="citation book cs1">Fürber, C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLQvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">"3. Data Quality"</a>. <i>Data Quality Management with Semantic Technologies</i>. Springer. pp. 20–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783658122249" title="Special:BookSources/9783658122249"><bdi>9783658122249</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731140320/https://books.google.com/books?id=nLQvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Data+Quality&rft.btitle=Data+Quality+Management+with+Semantic+Technologies&rft.pages=20-55&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783658122249&rft.au=F%C3%BCrber%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLQvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerzogData07-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HerzogData07_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HerzogData07_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog,_T.N.;_Scheuren,_F.J.;_Winkler,_W.E.2007" class="citation book cs1">Herzog, T.N.; Scheuren, F.J.; Winkler, W.E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iofCetdcJSoC&pg=PA7">"Chapter 2: What is data quality and why should we care?"</a>. <i>Data Quality and Record Linkage Techniques</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 7–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387695020" title="Special:BookSources/9780387695020"><bdi>9780387695020</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731163052/https://books.google.com/books?id=iofCetdcJSoC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+What+is+data+quality+and+why+should+we+care%3F&rft.btitle=Data+Quality+and+Record+Linkage+Techniques&rft.pages=7-15&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780387695020&rft.au=Herzog%2C+T.N.%3B+Scheuren%2C+F.J.%3B+Winkler%2C+W.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiofCetdcJSoC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FleckensteinModern18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FleckensteinModern18_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FleckensteinModern18_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleckenstein,_M.;_Fellows,_L.2018" class="citation book cs1">Fleckenstein, M.; Fellows, L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+Data+Quality&rft.btitle=Modern+Data+Strategy&rft.pages=101-120&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783319689920&rft.au=Fleckenstein%2C+M.%3B+Fellows%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOBLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MahantiData19-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MahantiData19_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MahantiData19_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahanti,_R.2019" class="citation book cs1">Mahanti, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+9000%3A2015%28en%29+Quality+management+systems+%E2%80%94+Fundamentals+and+vocabulary&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=2015-09&rft.au=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Astd%3Aiso%3A9000%3Aed-4%3Av1%3Aen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NISTBig19-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NISTBig19_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIST_Big_Data_Public_Working_Group,_Definitions_and_Taxonomies_Subgroup2019" class="citation journal cs1">NIST Big Data Public Working Group, Definitions and Taxonomies Subgroup (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.1500-4r2.pdf">"NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework: Volume 4, Security and Privacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NIST Special Publication 1500-4r2</i> (3rd ed.). National Institute of Standards and Technology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2FNIST.SP.1500-4r2">10.6028/NIST.SP.1500-4r2</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509103951/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.1500-4r2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>Validity refers to the usefulness, accuracy, and correctness of data for its application. 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"Tell me more". <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Open Collaboration</i>. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2491055.2491063">10.1145/2491055.2491063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450318525" title="Special:BookSources/9781450318525"><bdi>9781450318525</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18523960">18523960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tell+me+more&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+9th+International+Symposium+on+Open+Collaboration&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18523960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2491055.2491063&rft.isbn=9781450318525&rft.aulast=Warncke-Wang&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft.au=Cosley%2C+Dan&rft.au=Riedl%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan_DalipAndré_GonçalvesCristoCalado2009" class="citation book cs1">Hasan Dalip, Daniel; André Gonçalves, Marcos; Cristo, Marco; Calado, Pável (2009). "Automatic quality assessment of content created collaboratively by web communities". <i>Proceedings of the 2009 joint international conference on Digital libraries - JCDL '09</i>. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1555400.1555449">10.1145/1555400.1555449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605583228" title="Special:BookSources/9781605583228"><bdi>9781605583228</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14421291">14421291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automatic+quality+assessment+of+content+created+collaboratively+by+web+communities&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2009+joint+international+conference+on+Digital+libraries+-+JCDL+%2709&rft.pages=295&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14421291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1555400.1555449&rft.isbn=9781605583228&rft.aulast=Hasan+Dalip&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Marcos&rft.au=Cristo%2C+Marco&rft.au=Calado%2C+P%C3%A1vel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFärberBartschererMenneRettinger2017" class="citation journal cs1">Färber, Michael; Bartscherer, Frederic; Menne, Carsten; Rettinger, Achim (2017-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw275">"Linked data quality of DBpedia, Freebase, OpenCyc, Wikidata, and YAGO"</a>. <i>Semantic Web</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 77–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FSW-170275">10.3233/SW-170275</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125955/https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw275">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semantic+Web&rft.atitle=Linked+data+quality+of+DBpedia%2C+Freebase%2C+OpenCyc%2C+Wikidata%2C+and+YAGO&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-129&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FSW-170275&rft.aulast=F%C3%A4rber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bartscherer%2C+Frederic&rft.au=Menne%2C+Carsten&rft.au=Rettinger%2C+Achim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.iospress.com%2Farticles%2Fsemantic-web%2Fsw275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iaidq.org/">"IQ International - the International Association for Information and Data Quality"</a>. IQ International website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081325/http://iaidq.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IQ+International+-+the+International+Association+for+Information+and+Data+Quality&rft.pub=IQ+International+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiaidq.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eccma-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eccma_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eccma.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>ECCMA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819180602/https://eccma.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECCMA&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feccma.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronselaer2021" class="citation book cs1">Bronselaer, Antoon (16 September 2021). <i>Data Quality Management: An Overview of Methods and Challenges</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Quality+Management%3A+An+Overview+of+Methods+and+Challenges&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.aulast=Bronselaer&rft.aufirst=Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian-Coleman2012" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian-Coleman, Laura (12 Dec 2012). <i>Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement: A Data Quality Assessment Framework</i> (1 ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123970334" title="Special:BookSources/0123970334"><bdi>0123970334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+Data+Quality+for+Ongoing+Improvement%3A+A+Data+Quality+Assessment+Framework&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.isbn=0123970334&rft.aulast=Sebastian-Coleman&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoshin2010" class="citation book cs1">Loshin, David (29 Oct 2010). <i>The Practitioner’s Guide to Data Quality Improvement</i> (1 ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123737176" title="Special:BookSources/0123737176"><bdi>0123737176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practitioner%E2%80%99s+Guide+to+Data+Quality+Improvement&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.isbn=0123737176&rft.aulast=Loshin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGilvray2008" class="citation book cs1">McGilvray, Danette (25 July 2008). <i>Executing Data Quality Projects: Ten Steps to Quality Data and Trusted Information</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123743699" title="Special:BookSources/0123743699"><bdi>0123743699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executing+Data+Quality+Projects%3A+Ten+Steps+to+Quality+Data+and+Trusted+Information&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft.isbn=0123743699&rft.aulast=McGilvray&rft.aufirst=Danette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedman2008" class="citation book cs1">Redman, Thomas C. (2008). <i>Data driven : profiting from your most important business asset</i>. Harvard Business Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781422119129" title="Special:BookSources/9781422119129"><bdi>9781422119129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+driven+%3A+profiting+from+your+most+important+business+asset&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781422119129&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2003" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Jack E. (2003). <i>Data Quality: The Accuracy dimension</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558608917" title="Special:BookSources/9781558608917"><bdi>9781558608917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Quality%3A+The+Accuracy+dimension&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781558608917&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaškaradaKoronios2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baškarada, S; Koronios, A (2014). "A Critical Success Factors Framework for Information Quality Management". <i>Information Systems Management</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10580530.2014.958023">10.1080/10580530.2014.958023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33018618">33018618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Systems+Management&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Success+Factors+Framework+for+Information+Quality+Management&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10580530.2014.958023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33018618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ba%C5%A1karada&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Koronios%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baamann, Katharina, "Data Quality Aspects of Revenue Assurance", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitiq.mit.edu/iciq/PDF/DATA%20QUALITY%20ASPECTS%20OF%20REVENUE%20ASSURANCE.pdf">Article</a></li> <li>Eckerson, W. (2002) "Data Warehousing Special Report: Data quality and the bottom line", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050405233600/http://www.adtmag.com/article.asp?id=6321">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristo_Ivanov" title="Kristo Ivanov">Ivanov, K.</a> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901161852/http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/diss-avh.html">"Quality-control of information: On the concept of accuracy of information in data banks and in management information systems"</a>. The University of Stockholm and The Royal Institute of Technology. Doctoral dissertation.</li> <li>Hansen, M. (1991) Zero Defect Data, MIT. Masters thesis <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/13812">[1]</a></li> <li>Kahn, B., Strong, D., Wang, R. (2002) "Information Quality Benchmarks: Product and Service Performance," Communications of the ACM, April 2002. pp. 184–192. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitiq.mit.edu/Documents/Publications/TDQMpub/2002/IQ%20Benchmarks.pdf">Article</a></li> <li>Price, R. and Shanks, G. (2004) A Semiotic Information Quality Framework, Proc. IFIP International Conference on Decision Support Systems (DSS2004): Decision Support in an Uncertain and Complex World, Prato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050617044405/http://vishnu.sims.monash.edu.au/dss2004/proceedings/pdf/65_Price_Shanks.pdf">Article</a></li> <li>Wand, Y. and Wang, R. (1996) "Anchoring Data Quality Dimensions in Ontological Foundations," Communications of the ACM, November 1996. pp. 86–95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/tdqm/www/tdqmpub/WandWangCACMNov96.pdf">Article</a></li> <li>Wang, R., Kon, H. & Madnick, S. (1993), Data Quality Requirements Analysis and Modelling, Ninth International Conference of Data Engineering, Vienna, Austria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/tdqm/www/tdqmpub/IEEEDEApr93.pdf">Article</a></li> <li>Fournel Michel, Accroitre la qualité et la valeur des données de vos clients, éditions Publibook, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7483-3847-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7483-3847-8">978-2-7483-3847-8</a>.</li> <li>Daniel F., Casati F., Palpanas T., Chayka O., Cappiello C. (2008) "Enabling Better Decisions through Quality-aware Reports", International Conference on Information Quality (ICIQ), MIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dit.unitn.it/~themis/publications/iciq08.pdf">Article</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodallOberhoferBorek2014" class="citation journal cs1">Woodall, P; Oberhofer, M; Borek, A (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJIQ.2014.068656">"A Classification of Data Quality Assessment and Improvement Methods"</a>. <i>International Journal of Information Quality</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 298–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJIQ.2014.068656">10.1504/IJIQ.2014.068656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Information+Quality&rft.atitle=A+Classification+of+Data+Quality+Assessment+and+Improvement+Methods&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=298-321&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJIQ.2014.068656&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Oberhofer%2C+M&rft.au=Borek%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inderscienceonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1504%2FIJIQ.2014.068656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodallBorekParlikad2013" class="citation journal cs1">Woodall, P.; Borek, A.; Parlikad, A. (2013). "Data Quality Assessment: The Hybrid Approach". <i>Information and Management</i>. <b>50</b> (7): 369–382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+and+Management&rft.atitle=Data+Quality+Assessment%3A+The+Hybrid+Approach.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=369-382&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Borek%2C+A.&rft.au=Parlikad%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/data-quality">Data quality 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