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Kinases (EC 2.7.x.x) | Enzymes | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
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<h4>Contents</h4> <ul style="list-style:none;"> <li><a href="#overview">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="#subfamilies">Subfamilies</a></li> <li><a href="#reading">Further reading</a></li> <li><a href="#references">References</a></li> <li><a href="#subcommittee">NC-IUPHAR subcommittee and family contributors</a></li> <li><a href="#citing">How to cite this family page</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- end .grid_16 --> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 START ==================== --> <div class="grid_16 alpha"> <a name="overview"></a> <h4>Overview</h4> <div class="contentboxfullhelp"> <div class="imageleft"> <a style="color:white;" href="JavaScript:callRef('helpPagePopup.jsp#overview', 800, 400)" title="Click here for help"><img style="vertical-align:baseline;" src="images/help_blue_small.png" alt="Click here for help"/></a> </div> <div class="textright"> <p class="split_para"> <a id="show_overview" style="display:none;" href="javascript:toggleLayerAndLink('overview_text', 'show_overview', 'hide_overview');"><small>Show</small> »</a><a id="hide_overview" href="javascript:toggleLayerAndLink('overview_text', 'show_overview', 'hide_overview');">« <small>Hide</small></a> <span class="split_para_right_text detailed_view_link"><a href="FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=698">More detailed introduction <img src="images_dev27082012/go.jpg" alt="go icon to follow link"></a></span> </p> <div id="overview_text"> <p class="grac_text"> Protein kinases (<a href="http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/search_brite?option=-a&search_string=2.7.11.1">E.C. 2.7.11.-</a>) use the co-substrate <a href="LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1713">ATP</a> to phosphorylate serine and/or threonine residues on target proteins. Analysis of the human genome suggests the presence of 518 protein kinases in man (divided into 15 subfamilies), with over 100 protein kinase-like pseudogenes [<a href='javascript:callRef("ReferenceDisplayForward?referenceId=16561&displayId=2", 960, 600)' title="2. Manning G, Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T, Sudarsanam S. (2002) Science. 298 (5600): 1912-34">2</a>]. It is beyond the scope of the Concise Guide to list all these protein kinase activities, but full listings are available on the 'Detailed page' provided for each enzyme.<br><br>Most inhibitors of these enzymes have been assessed in cell-free investigations and so may appear to 'lose' potency and selectivity in intact cell assays. In particular, ambient <a href="LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1713">ATP</a> concentrations may be influential in responses to inhibitors, since the majority are directed at the ATP binding site [<a href='javascript:callRef("ReferenceDisplayForward?referenceId=16562&displayId=1", 960, 600)' title="1. Davies SP, Reddy H, Caivano M, Cohen P. (2000) Biochem J. 351 (Pt 1): 95-105">1</a>] . </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 END ========================================--> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 START ==================== --> <div class="grid_16 alpha"> <a name="subfamilies"></a> <h4>Subfamilies</h4> <div class="contentboxfullhelp"> <div class="textright"> <div style="text-align:right;"> <button class="button_gtoimmupdb_off" onClick='window.location.href="http://www.guidetoimmunopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=698"; return false;'>GtoImmuPdb View OFF</button> <button onClick="expandTree('family_tree');return false;">Expand all nodes</button> <button onClick="collapseTree('family_tree'); return false;">Collapse all nodes</button> </div> <table> <tr> <td width="400px"> <ul class="mktree" id ="family_tree"><li class="liOpen">AGC: Containing PKA, PKG, PKC families<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen">DMPK family<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link500" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=500">GEK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link573" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=573">Other DMPK family kinases</a></li><li><a id="link289" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=289">Rho kinase</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) <a href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=283&familyType=ENZYME"><img style="vertical-align:top;" src="images/overview.png"/></a><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link507" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=507">Beta-adrenergic receptor kinases (βARKs)</a></li><li><a id="link508" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=508">Opsin/rhodopsin kinases</a></li><li><a id="link937" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=937">GRK4 subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link583" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=583">MAST family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link587" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=587">NDR family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link604" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=604">PDK1 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link284" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=284">Protein kinase A (PKA) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link285" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=285">Akt (Protein kinase B, PKB) family</a></li><li class="liOpen">Protein kinase C (PKC) family<span class="cgtp"> C</span> <a href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=286&familyType=ENZYME"><img style="vertical-align:top;" src="images/overview.png"/></a><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link532" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=532">Alpha subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link533" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=533">Delta subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link534" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=534">Eta subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link535" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=535">Iota subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link287" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=287">Protein kinase G (PKG) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link601" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=601">Protein kinase N (PKN) family</a></li><li class="liOpen">RSK family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link539" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=539">MSK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link540" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=540">p70 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link541" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=541">RSK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link705" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=705">RSKR subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link614" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=614">RSKL family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link616" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=616">SGK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link644" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=644">YANK family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Atypical<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen">ABC1 family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link468" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=468">ABC1-A subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link469" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=469">ABC1-B subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Alpha kinase family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link471" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=471">ChaK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link472" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=472">eEF2K subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link556" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=556">Other alpha kinase family kinases</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link874" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=874">BCR family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link558" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=558">Bromodomain kinase (BRDK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link576" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=576">G11 family</a></li><li class="liOpen">Phosphatidyl inositol 3' kinase-related kinases (PIKK) family<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link528" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=528">ATR subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link529" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=529">FRAP subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link530" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=530">SMG1 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link531" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=531">TRRAP subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link598" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=598">Other PIKK family kinases</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">RIO family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link536" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=536">RIO1 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link537" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=537">RIO2 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link538" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=538">RIO3 subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link596" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=596">PDHK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link608" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=608">Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link626" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=626">TAF1 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link631" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=631">TIF1 family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">CAMK: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen"><a id="link561" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=561">CAMK1 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link562" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=562">CAMK2 family</a></li><li class="liOpen">CAMK-like (CAMKL) family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link474" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=474">AMPK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link475" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=475">BRSK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link476" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=476">CHK1 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link477" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=477">HUNK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link478" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=478">LKB subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link479" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=479">MARK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link480" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=480">MELK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link700" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=700">NIM1 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link481" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=481">NuaK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link482" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=482">PASK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link483" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=483">QIK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link484" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=484">SNRK subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link563" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=563">CAMK-unique family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link566" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=566">CASK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link571" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=571">DCAMKL family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link572" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=572">Death-associated kinase (DAPK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen">MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPKAPK) family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link512" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=512">MAPKAPK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link513" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=513">MKN subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link585" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=585">Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link599" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=599">Phosphorylase kinase (PHK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link600" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=600">PIM family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link605" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=605">Protein kinase D (PKD) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link607" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=607">PSK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link609" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=609">RAD53 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link630" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=630">Testis specific kinase (TSSK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link635" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=635">Trbl family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link636" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=636">Trio family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">CK1: Casein kinase 1<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen"><a id="link564" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=564">Casein kinase 1 (CK1) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link627" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=627">Tau tubulin kinase (TTBK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link640" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=640">Vaccina related kinase (VRK) family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">CMGC: Containing CDK, MAPK, GSK3, CLK families<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen"><a id="link568" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=568">CLK family</a></li><li class="liOpen">Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family<span class="cgtp"> C</span> <a href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=453&familyType=ENZYME"><img style="vertical-align:top;" src="images/overview.png"/></a><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link485" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=485">CCRK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link492" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=492">CDK1 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link488" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=488">CDK4 subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link495" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=495">CDK5 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link496" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=496">CDK7 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link497" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=497">CDK8 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link489" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=489">CDK9 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link494" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=494">CDK10 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link490" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=490">CRK7 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link498" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=498">PITSLRE subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link491" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=491">TAIRE subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link570" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=570">Cyclin-dependent kinase-like (CDKL) family</a></li><li class="liOpen">Dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase (DYRK) family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link503" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=503">Dyrk1 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link504" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=504">Dyrk2 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link505" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=505">HIPK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link506" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=506">PRP4 subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) family<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link509" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=509">GSK subfamily</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) <a href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=288&familyType=ENZYME"><img style="vertical-align:top;" src="images/overview.png"/></a><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link514" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=514">ERK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link515" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=515">Erk7 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link518" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=518">JNK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link519" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=519">p38 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link520" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=520">nmo subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link612" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=612">RCK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link620" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=620">SRPK family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Lipid modifying kinases<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen"><a id="link638" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=638">1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link671" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=671">Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link672" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=672">Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link673" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=673">Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link913" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=913">1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link675" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=675">Type I PIP kinases (1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase family)</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link674" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=674">Type II PIP kinases (1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase family)</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link787" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=787">Sphingosine kinase</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Other protein kinases<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen">CAMKK family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link473" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=473">Meta subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link557" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=557">Aurora kinase (Aur) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link559" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=559">Bub family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link560" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=560">Bud32 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link565" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=565">Casein kinase 2 (CK2) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link567" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=567">CDC7 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link577" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=577">Haspin family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link578" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=578">IKK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link580" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=580">IRE family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link584" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=584">MOS family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link586" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=586">NAK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link588" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=588">NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)- related kinase (NEK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link589" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=589">NKF1 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link590" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=590">NKF2 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link591" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=591">NKF4 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link592" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=592">NKF5 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link593" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=593">NRBP family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link594" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=594">Numb-associated kinase (NAK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link595" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=595">Other-unique family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link602" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=602">Polo-like kinase (PLK) family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li class="liOpen">PEK family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link526" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=526">GCN2 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link527" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=527">PEK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link597" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=597">Other PEK family kinases</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link617" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=617">SgK493 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link618" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=618">Slob family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link628" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=628">TBCK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link633" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=633">TOPK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link634" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=634">Tousled-like kinase (TLK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link637" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=637">TTK family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link639" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=639">Unc-51-like kinase (ULK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link641" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=641">VPS15 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link642" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=642">WEE family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link643" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=643">Wnk family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Miscellaneous protein kinases<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen">actin-binding proteins ADF family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link470" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=470">Twinfilin subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link615" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=615">SCY1 family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link890" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=890">Hexokinases</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">STE: Homologs of yeast Sterile 7, Sterile 11, Sterile 20 kinases<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen"><a id="link623" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=623">STE7 family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link621" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=621">STE11 family</a></li><li class="liOpen">STE20 family<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link542" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=542">FRAY subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link543" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=543">KHS subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link544" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=544">MSN subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link545" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=545">MST subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link546" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=546">NinaC subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link547" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=547">PAKA subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link548" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=548">PAKB subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link549" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=549">SLK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link622" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=622">STE20 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link550" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=550">STLK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link551" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=551">TAO subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link552" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=552">YSK subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link624" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=624">STE-unique family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">TK: Tyrosine kinase<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen">Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)<span class="cgtp"> C</span> <a href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=304&familyType=ENZYME"><img style="vertical-align:top;" src="images/overview.png"/></a><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link320" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=320">Type I RTKs: ErbB (epidermal growth factor) receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link321" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=321">Type II RTKs: Insulin receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link322" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=322">Type III RTKs: PDGFR, CSFR, Kit, FLT3 receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link324" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=324">Type IV RTKs: VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link323" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=323">Type V RTKs: FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link792" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=792">Type VI RTKs: PTK7/CCK4</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link326" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=326">Type VII RTKs: Neurotrophin receptor/Trk family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link332" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=332">Type VIII RTKs: ROR family </a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link793" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=793">Type IX RTKs: MuSK</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link325" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=325">Type X RTKs: HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link328" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=328">Type XI RTKs: TAM (TYRO3-, AXL- and MER-TK) receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link330" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=330">Type XII RTKs: TIE family of angiopoietin receptors</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link327" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=327">Type XIII RTKs: Ephrin receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link794" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=794">Type XIV RTKs: RET</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link795" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=795">Type XV RTKs: RYK</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link331" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=331">Type XVI RTKs: DDR (collagen receptor) family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link796" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=796">Type XVII RTKs: ROS receptors</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link658" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=658">Type XVIII RTKs: LMR family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link329" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=329">Type XIX RTKs: Leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK) receptor family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link668" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=668">Type XX RTKs: STYK1</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (nRTKs)<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link553" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=553">Abl family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link554" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=554">Ack family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link569" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=569">Csk family</a></li><li><a id="link574" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=574">Fak family</a></li><li><a id="link575" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=575">Fer family</a></li><li><a id="link581" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=581">Janus kinase (JakA) family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link619" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=619">Src family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link625" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=625">Syk family</a></li><li><a id="link629" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=629">Tec family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">TKL: Tyrosine kinase-like<span class="cgtp"> C</span><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li class="liOpen"><a id="link579" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=579">Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link582" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=582">Leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen">LIM domain kinase (LISK) family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link510" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=510">LIMK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link511" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=511">TESK subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen">Mixed Lineage Kinase (MLK) family<ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link521" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=521">HH498 subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link522" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=522">ILK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link523" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=523">LZK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link524" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=524">MLK subfamily</a></li><li><a id="link525" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=525">TAK1 subfamily</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link610" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=610">RAF family</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link613" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=613">Receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) family</a></li><li class="liOpen">Receptor serine/threonine kinase (RSTK) family<span class="cgtp"> C</span> <a href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=303&familyType=ENZYME"><img style="vertical-align:top;" src="images/overview.png"/></a><ul style="margin-bottom:0px;"><li><a id="link318" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=318">Type I receptor serine/threonine kinases</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link319" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=319">Type II receptor serine/threonine kinases</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link798" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=798">Type III receptor serine/threonine kinases</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li><li><a id="link797" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=797">RSTK functional heteromers</a><span class="cgtp"> C</span></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link632" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=632">TKL-unique family</a></li></ul></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link1090" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=1090">Diacylglycerol kinases</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link994" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=994">Pyruvate kinases (EC 2.7.1.40)</a></li><li class="liOpen"><a id="link1080" href="FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=1080">Sugar kinases</a></li> </td> <td width="400px" valign="top" text-align="right" style="padding:25px 0px 0px 25px"> <img id="myImg" src="images/approved_Ki_targets_kinome.jpg" alt="The Kinome image shown here was obtained from Chartier et al. (2013, <a href='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740139/figure/fig-4/' target='_blank'>Figure 4</a>) <a href='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940838' target='_blank'>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940838</a> and has been annotated to show the kinases that are targeted by currently approved kinase inhibitor drugs (last updated in April 2018)." width="377px" height="357px"> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 LIST END ========================================--> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 START ==================== --> <div class="grid_16 alpha"> <a name="reading"></a> <h4>Further reading</h4> <div class="contentboxfullhelp"> <div class="imageleft"> <a style="color:white;" href="JavaScript:callRef('helpPagePopup.jsp#furtherReading', 800, 400)" title="Click here for help"><img style="vertical-align:baseline;" src="images/help_blue_small.png" alt="Click here for help"/></a> </div> <div class="textright"> <p> <a id="show_fr" href="javascript:toggleLayerAndLink('fr', 'show_fr', 'hide_fr');"><small>Show</small> »</a><a id="hide_fr" style="display:none;" href="javascript:toggleLayerAndLink('fr', 'show_fr', 'hide_fr');">« <small>Hide</small></a> </p> <div id="fr" style="display: none;"> <p>* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk</p> <p class="grac_text"> Akritopoulou-Zanze I, Hajduk PJ. (2009) Kinase-targeted libraries: the design and synthesis of novel, potent, and selective kinase inhibitors. <i>Drug Discov Today</i>, <b>14</b> (5-6): 291-7. [PMID:<a href="javascript:newWindow('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=19121409', 800, 500)">19121409</a>] </p> <p class="grac_text"> Arencibia JM, Pastor-Flores D, Bauer AF, Schulze JO, Biondi RM. (2013) AGC protein kinases: from structural mechanism of regulation to allosteric drug development for the treatment of human diseases. <i>Biochim Biophys Acta</i>, <b>1834</b> (7): 1302-21. [PMID:<a href="javascript:newWindow('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=23524293', 800, 500)">23524293</a>] </p> <p class="grac_text"> * Attwood MM, Fabbro D, Sokolov AV, Knapp S, Schi枚th HB. (2021) Trends in kinase drug discovery: targets, indications and inhibitor design. <i>Nature Reviews Drug Discovery</i>,. 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Davies SP, Reddy H, Caivano M, Cohen P. (2000) Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. <i>Biochem J</i>, <b>351</b> (Pt 1): 95-105. [PMID:<a href="javascript:newWindow('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10998351', 800, 500)">10998351</a>] </p> <p class="grac_text"> 2. Manning G, Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T, Sudarsanam S. (2002) The protein kinase complement of the human genome. <i>Science</i>, <b>298</b> (5600): 1912-34. [PMID:<a href="javascript:newWindow('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12471243', 800, 500)">12471243</a>] </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 END ========================================--> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 START ==================== --> <div class="grid_16 alpha"> <a name="subcommittee"></a> <h4>NC-IUPHAR subcommittee and family contributors</h4> <div class="contentboxfullhelp"> <div class="textright"> <p> <a id="698_show_subcommittee" href="javascript:toggleLayerAndLink('698_subcommittee', '698_show_subcommittee', '698_hide_subcommittee');"><small>Show</small> »</a><a id="698_hide_subcommittee" style="display:none;" href="javascript:toggleLayerAndLink('698_subcommittee', '698_show_subcommittee', '698_hide_subcommittee');">« <small>Hide</small></a> </p> <div id="698_subcommittee" style="display:none;"> <table> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h3>Subcommittee members:</h3> <p> <b>Doriano Fabbro (Chairperson)</b><br/> PIQUR Therapeutics AG<br/>C1-27 Hochbergerstrasse 60C<br/>CH-4057 Basel<br/>Switzerland </p> <p> <b>Elena Faccenda</b><br/> <i>(Curator)</i><br/> Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences<br/>Edinburgh Medical School: Deanery of Biomedical Sciences<br/>The University of Edinburgh<br/>Room 338 Hugh Robson Building<br/>George Square<br/>Edinburgh EH8 9XD<br/>UK </p> <p> <b>David Gray</b><br/> Head of Biology<br/>Drug Discovery Unit<br/>University of Dundee<br/>Dundee<br/>DD1 5EH </p> <p> <b>Peter Norman</b><br/> Norman Consulting<br/>18 Pink Lane<br/>Burnham<br/>Bucks SL1 8JW<br/>UK </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 END ==================== --> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 START ==================== --> <div class="grid_16 alpha"> <a name="citing"></a> <h4>How to cite this family page</h4> <div class="contentboxfullhelp"> <div class="textright"> <!-- Old database citation --> <p style="font-style:italic;"> Database page citation: </p> <p> Doriano Fabbro, Elena Faccenda, David Gray, Peter Norman. Kinases (EC 2.7.x.x). Accessed on 24/11/2024. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, <a href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=698">http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=698</a>. </p> <!-- NEW (August 2019) database citation --> <p style="font-style:italic;">Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY citation:</p> <p> Alexander SPH, Fabbro D, Kelly E, Mathie A, Peters JA, Veale EL, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Southan C, Davies JA; CGTP Collaborators. (2019) <b>The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Enzymes.</b> <i>Br J Pharmacol.</i> <b>176</b> Issue S1: S297-S396. </p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- ==================== GRID 16 END ==================== --> </div> </div> <!-- ==================== CONTENT END ============================================ --> <!-- ====== Script to handle return to top ====== --> <script>$(window).scroll(function() { if ($(this).scrollTop() >= 50) { // If page is scrolled more than 50px $('#return-to-top').fadeIn(200); // Fade in the arrow } else { $('#return-to-top').fadeOut(200); // Else fade out the arrow } }); $('#return-to-top').click(function() { // When arrow is clicked $('body,html').animate({ scrollTop : 0 // Scroll to top of body }, 500); });</script> <script> // When the user scrolls down 20px from the top of the document, slide down the navbar window.onscroll = function() {scrollFunction()}; function scrollFunction() { if (document.body.scrollTop > 150 || document.documentElement.scrollTop > 150) { document.getElementById("dropbar").style.top = "0"; 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