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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_panchayat_de_Nepal" title="Sistema panchayat de Nepal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema panchayat de Nepal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Panchayat (Nepal)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="पञ्चायती व्यवस्था – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पञ्चायती व्यवस्था" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat-demokratiet" title="Panchayat-demokratiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panchayat-demokratiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA_(%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="پەنچایەت (نیپال) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنچایەت (نیپال)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="நேபாள தேசியப் பஞ்சாயத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேபாள தேசியப் பஞ்சாயத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5)" title="ปัญจายัต (เนปาล) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัญจายัต (เนปาล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%9F%A5%E4%BA%9E%E7%89%B9_(%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE)" title="潘查亞特 (尼泊爾) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="潘查亞特 (尼泊爾)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Political system of Nepal from 1960 to 1990</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Panchayat (disambiguation)">Panchayat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nepal" title="Category:History of Nepal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of <span class="fn org label">Nepal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Nepal"><img alt="Map of Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/200px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/300px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/400px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal#Etymology" title="Nepal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nepalese_history" title="Timeline of Nepalese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Kingdom</a>, c. 1st millennium BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Nepal in Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasas in Mahabharata</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan tribal states</a> c. 580 BCE – 1774 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Videhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Videhas">Videha kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_dynasty" title="Gopala dynasty">Gopala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisapala_dynasty" title="Mahisapala dynasty">Mahisapala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_dynasty" title="Soma dynasty">Soma dynasty</a>, c. 205 – c. 305</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi Kingdom</a>, c. 400 – c. 750 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakuri_dynasty" title="Thakuri dynasty">Thakuri dynasty</a>, c. 600 – c. 1200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri kings</a>, c. 700 CE – 1065 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas_Malla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas Malla Kingdom">Khas Malla Kingdom</a>, c. 954 CE – 14th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnat_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnat dynasty">Karnat dynasty</a>, c. 1097 CE – c. 1324 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_(Kathmandu_Valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Kathmandu Valley)">Malla Dynasty</a>, c. 1201 – 1482</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand kings</a> c. 12th century CE – 1790 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lo">Kingdom of Lo</a> c. 1380 CE – 1795 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallala_dynasty" title="Kallala dynasty">Kallala dynasty</a> c. 1404 CE – 1789 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Golden Age</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Three Kingdoms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kantipur" title="Kingdom of Kantipur">Kingdom of Kantipur</a>, c. 1484 – 1826</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Patan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Patan">Kingdom of Patan</a>, c. 1482 – 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhaktapur" title="Kingdom of Bhaktapur">Kingdom of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1482 – 1769</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Twenty-four kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Argha" title="Kingdom of Argha">Kingdom of Argha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bajhang" title="Kingdom of Bajhang">Kingdom of Bajhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhirkot" title="Kingdom of Bhirkot">Kingdom of Bhirkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butwal" title="Kingdom of Butwal">Kingdom of Butwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhor" title="Kingdom of Dhor">Kingdom of Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhurkot" title="Kingdom of Dhurkot">Kingdom of Dhurkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galkot" title="Kingdom of Galkot">Kingdom of Galkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ghiring" title="Kingdom of Ghiring">Kingdom of Ghiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Garahun" title="Kingdom of Garahun">Kingdom of Garahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gorkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Gorkha">Kingdom of Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gulmi" title="Kingdom of Gulmi">Kingdom of Gulmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Isma" title="Kingdom of Isma">Kingdom of Isma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaski" title="Kingdom of Kaski">Kingdom of Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khanchi" title="Kingdom of Khanchi">Kingdom of Khanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lamjung" title="Kingdom of Lamjung">Kingdom of Lamjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Musikot" title="Kingdom of Musikot">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nuwakot" title="Kingdom of Nuwakot">Kingdom of Nuwakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Paiyun" title="Kingdom of Paiyun">Kingdom of Paiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Palpa" title="Kingdom of Palpa">Kingdom of Palpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Parbat" title="Kingdom of Parbat">Kingdom of Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pyuthan" title="Kingdom of Pyuthan">Kingdom of Pyuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rishing" title="Kingdom of Rishing">Kingdom of Rishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Satahun" title="Kingdom of Satahun">Kingdom of Satahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanahun" title="Kingdom of Tanahun">Kingdom of Tanahun</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Twenty-two kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jumla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Jumla">Kingdom of Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Doti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Doti (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Doti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jajarkot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jajarkot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jajarkot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bajura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Bajura (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Bajura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Musikot_(Baise)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Musikot (Baise) (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gajur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gajur (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gajur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Biskot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Biskot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Biskot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Malneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Malneta (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Malneta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Thalahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Thalahara (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Thalahara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dailekh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dailekh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dailekh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dullu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dullu (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dullu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Duryal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Duryal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Duryal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dang (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sallyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Sallyana (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Sallyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Chilli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Chilli (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Chilli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Phalawagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Phalawagh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Phalawagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jehari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jehari (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jehari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Darnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Darnar (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Darnar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Atbis_Gotam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Atbis Gotam (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Atbis Gotam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Majal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Majal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Majal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gurnakot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gurnakot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gurnakot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Rukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Rukum (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Rukum</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuwakot" title="Battle of Nuwakot">Battle of Nuwakot</a>, c. 1744</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1762)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1762)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1762</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirtipur" title="Battle of Kirtipur">Battle of Kirtipur</a>, c. 1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sindhuli" title="Battle of Sindhuli">Battle of Sindhuli</a>, c.1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kathmandu" title="Battle of Kathmandu">Battle of Kathmandu</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalitpur" title="Battle of Lalitpur">Battle of Lalitpur</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhaktapur" title="Battle of Bhaktapur">Battle of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1769</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal</a>, c. 1768</li> <li>Sino-Nepalese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">First Campaign Against Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Second Campaign Against Gurkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nepal-Tibet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Nepal-Tibet War">Third Nepal-Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khurbura" title="Battle of Khurbura">Battle of Khurbura</a>, c. 1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1806 Bhandarkhal massacre">1806 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha–Sikh War">Gurkha–Sikh War</a>, c. 1809</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> c. 1814 – 1816 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaithak" title="Battle of Jaithak">Battle of Jaithak</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1816)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1816)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a>, c. 1816</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a>, c.1846 – 1951 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1846 Bhandarkhal massacre">1846 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alau" title="Battle of Alau">Battle of Alau</a>, c. 1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar_Jute_Mill_Strike" title="Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike">Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatu_Sanskritam" title="Jayatu Sanskritam">Jayatu Sanskritam</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Accord" title="Delhi Accord">Delhi Accord</a>, c. 1951</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panchayat</a>, c. 1960 – 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village National Campaign</a>, c. 1967 – 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">1990 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, c. 1996 – 2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a>, c. 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhalubang" title="Battle of Bhalubang">Battle of Bhalubang</a>, c. 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Beni_attack" title="2004 Beni attack">2004 Beni attack</a>, c. 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Khara" title="Second Battle of Khara">Second Battle of Khara</a>, c. 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Accord" title="Comprehensive Peace Accord">Comprehensive Peace Accord</a>, c. 2006</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly</a>, c. 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_humanitarian_crisis_(2015-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)">Nepal humanitarian crisis</a>, c. 2015 – 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mount_Everest_avalanches" title="2015 Mount Everest avalanches">2015 Mount Everest avalanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a>, c. 2015</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Panchayat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: पञ्चायत) was a political system in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> from 1961 to 1990. It banned <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">political parties</a> and placed all governmental power, including power over the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Federal Parliament</a>, under the sole authority of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">king</a>; this made the country a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After sidelining the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> government of <a href="/wiki/B._P._Koirala" class="mw-redirect" title="B. P. Koirala">B. P. Koirala</a> on 15 December 1960 (1 Poush 2017 <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">BS</a>) in a <a href="/wiki/1960_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Nepal coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">King Mahendra</a> introduced the panchayat system on 5 January 1961 (22 Poush 2017 BS). Mahendra introduced a four-tier structure (<a href="/wiki/Village_development_committee_(Nepal)" title="Village development committee (Nepal)">village</a>, town, <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Panchayat" title="Rastriya Panchayat">national</a>) based on limited elected executive committees. The king consolidated power by institutionalizing three pillars of national identity—<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali language</a>, and the monarchy—as foundations of everyday social and religious life. This was encapsulated in the slogan, <i>Ek Raja, Ek Bhesh, Ek Bhasa</i> (one king, one dress, one language).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular discontent with the panchayat system grew and exploded on 18 February 1990, when the banned <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal,_1990)" title="United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)">United Left Front</a> (a coalition of left-wing Nepali parties) launched a campaign of popular demonstrations and strikes to end the system and restore multiparty democracy. The campaign, later known as the <a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">People's Movement</a>, compelled <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">King Birendra</a> to lift the political-party ban on 8 April of that year and end the panchayat system that had dominated Nepal for almost 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayat_(Nepal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Nepal coup d'état">1960 Nepal coup d'état</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/King_Mahendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mahendra">King Mahendra</a> invoked his emergency powers to dissolve the government in 1960, citing that the Congress government had fostered corruption, promoted parties above national interest, failed to maintain law and order, and "encouraged anti-national elements".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (March 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the Congress leadership vowed to resist non-violently in alliance with several political parties (including former rivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkha Parishad">Gorkha Parishad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Prajatantra_Party" title="Samyukta Prajatantra Party">United Democratic Party</a>), their protests had little public reaction and the king's new government moved to modify the constitution and outlaw political parties. The Congress's leadership (including the <a href="/wiki/Bishweshwar_Prasad_Koirala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala">prime minister</a>) were imprisoned, and civil liberties and press freedom were curtailed. The Congress government continued non-violent resistance from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, with India attempting to aid democratic factions by imposing an unofficial trade blockage on Nepal; Indian involvement ended in 1962, however, with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adopted on the second anniversary of the dissolution of the government, the new constitution of 16 December 1962 created a four-tier <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">panchayat system</a>. At the local level, 4,000 village assemblies (<i>gaun sabha</i>) elected nine village panchayat members who selected a mayor (<i>sabhapati</i>). Each village panchayat sent a member to sit on one of 75 district (<a href="/wiki/Zila_(country_subdivision)" title="Zila (country subdivision)">zilla</a>) panchayats representing 40 to 70 villages; the town panchayat chose one-third of the members of these assemblies. District panchayat members elected representatives to fourteen zone assemblies (<i>anchal sabha</i>), which were <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral colleges</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Panchayat" title="Rastriya Panchayat">Rastriya Panchayat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>. Organizations also existed at the village, district, and zone levels for peasants, youth, women, elders, laborers and ex-soldiers, who elected their representatives to assemblies. The national Rastriya Panchayat, with about 90 members, could not debate the principles of non-party democracy, introduce budget bills without royal approval, or enact bills without the king's permission. Mahendra was the supreme commander of the armed forces, appointed (and had the power to remove) members of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a>, appointed a public-service commission to oversee the civil service, and could change any judicial decision or amend the constitution at will. Within ten years, the king had reclaimed sovereign power exercised by the eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A smiling King Mahendra, wearing sunglasses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mahendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev_1967.jpg/220px-Mahendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mahendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev_1967.jpg/330px-Mahendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mahendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev_1967.jpg/440px-Mahendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah_Dev_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>King Mahendra in 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>The first elections to the Rastriya Panchayat were held in March and April 1963. Although political parties were banned and the major opposition parties refused to participate, about one-third of the legislature's members were associated with the Nepali Congress. Support for the king by the army and the government prevented opposition to his rule from developing within the panchayat system. The real power was exercised by the king's secretariat. In the countryside, influence was in the offices of zone commissioners and staff or the parallel system of development officers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded on having a system "suitable to the soil" by King Mahendra,<sup id="cite_ref-Chautari_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chautari-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the panchayat polity was marked by a party-less system emphasizing decentralization, while class coordination was to be implemented "only through the active and dynamic leadership of the crown".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (March 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Mahendra dismissed the first democratically-elected <a href="/wiki/BP_Koirala" title="BP Koirala">BP Koirala</a> government, and the panchayat has had a lasting impact on Nepal's history. It equated nationalism with the Nepali language, <a href="/wiki/Daura-Suruwal" title="Daura-Suruwal">Daura-Suruwal</a> and Hinduism, aggressively campaigning to mold a Nepali identity along these lines. However, the panchayat's institutions and policies were riddled with contradictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Chautari_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chautari-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms"><span class="anchor" id="Reforms_during_Panchayat_Regime"></span>Reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayat_(Nepal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Mahendra's direct leadership, the government implemented some significant projects initiated under the previous regime and oversaw further steps toward Nepal's development. <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a> led to the confiscation of large estates. Reforms abolished the privileges of the aristocratic elite in western Nepal. A 1963 legal code replaced the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal#Muluki_Ain_(1854)" title="Caste system in Nepal">Muluki Ain of 1854</a>, but a land-reform program launched the following year was essentially a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panchayat system brought 50,000 to 60,000 people into a unified system of representative government in a way that had been impossible for the elite political parties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nepal carried out its second (1962–65) and third <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Nepal" title="Five-Year Plans of Nepal">Five-Year Plans</a> (1965–70), and began the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970–75). Eradication of malaria, construction of the east-west Mahendra Highway along the southern foothills of the Himalayas, and land-settlement programs contributed to a massive population shift from the mountains to the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a>; this significantly increased the area devoted to agriculture. By 1986, 2,054 industrial establishments employed about 125,000 workers nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendment_to_the_1962_constitution"><span class="anchor" id="Amendments_to_the_1962_Panchayat_Constitution"></span>Amendment to the 1962 constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayat_(Nepal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amendment to the 1962 constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1967–1975 <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village National Campaign</a> was originally a rural-development effort. A 1975 amendment to the constitution made the campaign a means of maintaining political power, but it was suspended in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_system"><span class="anchor" id="End_of_Panchayat_Regime"></span>End of the system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayat_(Nepal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: End of the system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authoritarian regime and its curbs on the freedom of the political parties were resented.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace was considered unrepresentative of the masses, especially when the <a href="/wiki/Marich_Man_Singh_Shrestha" title="Marich Man Singh Shrestha">Marich Man Singh</a> government faced political scandal for misappropriating funds allocated for the victims of the <a href="/wiki/1988_Nepal_earthquake" title="1988 Nepal earthquake">August 1988 earthquake</a> or when it reshuffled the cabinet instead of investigating the deaths of people in a stampede in the national sports complex during a hailstorm.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The souring of India-Nepal trade relations also affected the popularity of the Singh government. </p><p>Nepal introduced a work permit for Indian workers in three districts in April 1987. In early 1989, Nepal provided a 40-percent duty concession to Chinese goods and later withdrew duty concessions from Indian goods so Chinese goods became cheaper than their Indian counterparts. This led to increasingly-strained relations over Nepal's purchase of Chinese arms in 1988. India refused to renew two treaties of trade and transit and insisted on a single treaty dealing with the two issues, which was unacceptable to Nepal. A deadlock ensued, and the treaties expired on 23 March 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's poorer classes bore the brunt of the restricted supply of consumer goods and petroleum products such as petrol, aviation fuel, and kerosene. Industry suffered because it depended on India for resources, trade, and transit. The government tried to deal with the situation by relying on foreign aid from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, angering those who desired negotiation with India rather than dependence on foreign aid. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> (NC) and the left-wing parties blamed the government for perpetuating the crisis and not taking any serious measures to resolve it. In December 1989, the NC observed the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/BP_Koirala" title="BP Koirala">BP Koirala</a>'s imprisonment by launching a people's awareness program. A left-wing alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal,_1990)" title="United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)">United Left Front (ULF)</a> supported the NC in its campaign for a party system. On January 18–19, 1990, the NC held a conference to which leaders of other countries and foreign reporters were invited. Leaders from India attended the meeting; Germany, Japan, Spain, and Finland supported the movement, and the US and West German ambassadors were present. Inspired by the international support and democratic activities occurring throughout the world after the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the NC and the ULF began a <a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">mass movement</a> on 18 February of that year to end the panchayat system and install a representative interim government. </p><p>On 6 April, the Marich Man Singh government was dismissed and <a href="/wiki/Lokendra_Bahadur_Chand" title="Lokendra Bahadur Chand">Lokendra Bahadur Chand</a> became prime minister; however, the insurgents opposed the nonparty system rather than the Singh government. Violence ensued, and several people were killed in a confrontation with the army. On 16 April, the Chand government was dismissed. A royal proclamation was issued the following day which dissolved the national panchayat, the panchayat system, the evaluation committee, and the class organizations. The proclamation restored Nepal's political parties, contingent on the parties' maintaining the national interest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayat_(Nepal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gktoday.in/topic/panchayat-system-in-nepal-part-i/">"Panchayat System in Nepal Part-I - GKToday"</a>. <i>www.gktoday.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301000447/https://www.gktoday.in/topic/panchayat-system-in-nepal-part-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gktoday.in&rft.atitle=Panchayat+System+in+Nepal+Part-I+-+GKToday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gktoday.in%2Ftopic%2Fpanchayat-system-in-nepal-part-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanchayat+%28Nepal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKC" class="citation web cs1">KC, Pranab Kharel & Gaurab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/56084/">"Reassessing Panchayat"</a>. <i>My Republica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602212812/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/56084/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Republica&rft.atitle=Reassessing+Panchayat&rft.aulast=KC&rft.aufirst=Pranab+Kharel+%26+Gaurab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2F56084%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanchayat+%28Nepal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/nepalese-force-king-accept-democratic-reform-jana-andolan-peoples-movement-1990">"Nepalese force king to accept democratic reform, 'Jana Andolan' (People's Movement), 1990 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"</a>. <i>nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130134645/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/nepalese-force-king-accept-democratic-reform-jana-andolan-peoples-movement-1990">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu&rft.atitle=Nepalese+force+king+to+accept+democratic+reform%2C+%27Jana+Andolan%27+%28People%27s+Movement%29%2C+1990+%7C+Global+Nonviolent+Action+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu%2Fcontent%2Fnepalese-force-king-accept-democratic-reform-jana-andolan-peoples-movement-1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanchayat+%28Nepal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavadaHarris1993" class="citation web cs1">Savada, Andrea Matles; Harris, George Lawrence. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93012226/">"Nepal and Bhutan Country Studies"</a>. <i>Library of Congress Country Studies</i>. Federal Research Division. pp. 44–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428050125/https://www.loc.gov/item/93012226/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Nepal+and+Bhutan+Country+Studies&rft.pages=44-45&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Savada&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Matles&rft.au=Harris%2C+George+Lawrence.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F93012226%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanchayat+%28Nepal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, T. Louise (1996). <i>The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415085762" title="Special:BookSources/9780415085762"><bdi>9780415085762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+to+Democracy+in+Nepal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780415085762&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=T.+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanchayat+%28Nepal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nepal/19.htm">"The Panchayat System under King Mahendra"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004114936/https://www.countrystudies.us/nepal/19.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Panchayat+System+under+King+Mahendra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnepal%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanchayat+%28Nepal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chautari-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chautari_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chautari_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024135853/http://www.martinchautari.org.np/index.php/for-more-chautari-books/58-book-review/501-reassessing-the-panchayat-rule">"Martin Chautari"</a>. <i>www.martinchautari.org.np</i>. 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"Waiting for an industrial revolution | Economic Class | Nepali Times"</a>. <i>archive.nepalitimes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630140519/https://archive.nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Economic-Class/waiting-for-an-industrial-revolution,784#:~:text=Nepal%27s%20history%20of%20industrial%20development,China%20and%20the%20then%20USSR.">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nepalitimes.com&rft.atitle=Waiting+for+an+industrial+revolution+%7C+Economic+Class+%7C+Nepali+Times&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Manish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nepalitimes.com%2Fregular-columns%2FEconomic-Class%2Fwaiting-for-an-industrial-revolution%2C784%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNepal%2527s%2520history%2520of%2520industrial%2520development%2C+China%2520and%2520the%2520then%2520USSR.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanchayat+%28Nepal%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/nepal/60.htm">"Nepal - The Panchayat System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129215356/https://countrystudies.us/nepal/60.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-6.html">"Crisis of Democracy in Nepal"</a>. <i>The Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032829/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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