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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isolated_varieties_in_Sicily_and_in_Basilicata_(Southern_Gallo-Italic_variants)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolated_varieties_in_Sicily_and_in_Basilicata_(Southern_Gallo-Italic_variants)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Isolated varieties in Sicily and in Basilicata (Southern Gallo-Italic variants)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolated_varieties_in_Sicily_and_in_Basilicata_(Southern_Gallo-Italic_variants)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>General classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lexical comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_of_the_sentence:_"She_always_closes_the_window_before_dining."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_of_the_sentence:_"She_always_closes_the_window_before_dining.""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparisons of the sentence: "She always closes the window before dining."</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_of_the_sentence:_"She_always_closes_the_window_before_dining."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallo-Italic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات غالية إيطاليقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات غالية إيطاليقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_galoitalicas" title="Luengas galoitalicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas galoitalicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_galoitalianes" title="Llingües galoitalianes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües galoitalianes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C2%B7loit%C3%A0lic" title="Gal·loitàlic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gal·loitàlic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloitalisch" title="Galloitalisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galloitalisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloitaalia_keeled" title="Galloitaalia keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Galloitaalia keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_galoit%C3%A1licas" title="Lenguas galoitálicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas galoitálicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C5%ADlo-itala_lingvaro" title="Gaŭlo-itala lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gaŭlo-itala lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_cisalpinas" title="Luengas cisalpinas – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luengas cisalpinas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_galo-italikoak" title="Hizkuntza galo-italikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza galo-italikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های گالی-ایتالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های گالی-ایتالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlers_gallo-italiques" title="Parlers gallo-italiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlers gallo-italiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_galoit%C3%A1licas" title="Linguas galoitálicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas galoitálicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="갈로이탈리아어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈로이탈리아어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoitalski_jezici" title="Galoitalski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Galoitalski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galo-Italiana_linguaro" title="Galo-Italiana linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galo-Italiana linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Gallo-Italik" title="Rumpun bahasa Gallo-Italik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Gallo-Italik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_gallo-italiche" title="Lingue gallo-italiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue gallo-italiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C5%B3-ital%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Galų-italų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galų-italų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoe_g%C3%A0llo-it%C3%A0liche" title="Léngoe gàllo-itàliche – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoe gàllo-itàliche" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengov_gall-italeghe" title="Lengov gall-italeghe – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengov gall-italeghe" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloit%C3%A1liai_nyelvek" title="Galloitáliai nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Galloitáliai nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Галоиталски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галоиталски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_gal%C3%B4-italika" title="Fiteny galô-italika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny galô-italika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Italiaanse_talen" title="Gallo-Italiaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gallo-Italiaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ガロ・イタリア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガロ・イタリア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parl%C3%A9s_gallo-italiques" title="Parlés gallo-italiques – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Parlés gallo-italiques" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Itaalsche_Spraken" title="Gallo-Itaalsche Spraken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gallo-Itaalsche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_gallo-italskie" title="Języki gallo-italskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki gallo-italskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_galo-it%C3%A1licas" title="Línguas galo-itálicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas galo-itálicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Галло-итальянские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галло-итальянские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои галлии итолиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои галлии итолиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-%C4%B0talik" title="Gallo-İtalik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gallo-İtalik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Gallo-%C3%9D" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Gallo-Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Gallo-Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7-%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="高盧-義大利語支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高盧-義大利語支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q516074#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Gallo-Italic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Gallo-Italian<br />Gallo-Cisalpine<br />Cisalpine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Gallo-Iberian<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Gallo-Italic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(Romance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian language (Romance)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian-Romagnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> • Gallo-Picene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Siculo-Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Lucano-Lombard</a></li> <li>(<i>disputed</i> <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gall1279">gall1279</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallo-Italic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gallo-Italic_languages.svg/300px-Gallo-Italic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gallo-Italic_languages.svg/450px-Gallo-Italic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gallo-Italic_languages.svg/600px-Gallo-Italic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="155" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of undisputed Gallo-Italic varieties</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gallo-Italic</b>, <b>Gallo-Italian</b>, <b>Gallo-Cisalpine</b> or simply <b>Cisalpine</b> languages constitute the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Northern_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">of northern Italy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(Romance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian language (Romance)">Ligurian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central Italy they are spoken in the northern <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marches</a> (Gallo-Italic of the Marches);<sup id="cite_ref-marches_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marches-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in southern Italy in some <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-toso_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most publications define <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a> branch, both <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> group it into the Gallo-Italic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The languages are spoken also in the <a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">departement of Alpes-Maritimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Microstates" class="mw-redirect" title="Microstates">microstates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>. They are still spoken to some extent by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> in countries with Italian immigrant communities. </p><p>Having a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a>, Gallo-Italian descends from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">northern part of Italia</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>). The group had for part of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a> a close linguistic link with <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, west and north to the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, the group adopted various characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a> languages of the south. </p><p>As a result, the Gallo-Italic languages have characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> to the northwest (including <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages</a> to the west (including <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>) and the Italo-Dalmatian languages to the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">north-east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">south Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>). For this there is some debate over the proper grouping of the Gallo-Italic languages. They are sometimes grouped with Gallo-Romance,<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other linguists group them in Italo-Dalmatian.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Gallo-Italic languages have to varying degrees given way in everyday use to <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional varieties of Italian</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The vast majority of current speakers are <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> with Italian. </p><p>Among the regional languages of Italy, they are the most endangered, since in the main cities of their area (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>) they are mainly used by the elderly. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within this sub-family, the language with the largest geographic spread is <b><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></b>, spoken in the Italian region of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>. Outside Italy it is widespread in Switzerland in the canton of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, and some southern valleys of the canton of the <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></b> refers to the languages spoken in the region of Piedmont and the north west corner of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. Historically, the Piedmontese-speaking area is the plain at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a>, and ends at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_Valleys" title="Occitan Valleys">valleys where Occitan and Franco-Provençal are spoken</a>. In recent centuries, the language has also spread into these valleys, where it is also more widely spoken than these two languages, thus the borders of Piedmontese have reached the western alps <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> that is the border with France. </p><p>The speaking area of <b><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></b> or <b>Genoese</b> cover the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, which included much of nowadays Liguria, and some mountain areas of bordering regions near the Ligurian border, the upper valley of <a href="/wiki/Roya_(river)" title="Roya (river)">Roya river</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Carloforte" title="Carloforte">Carloforte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calasetta" title="Calasetta">Calasetta</a> in Southern <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio,_Corse-du-Sud" title="Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud">Bonifacio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a></b> is spoken in the historical-cultural region of <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(region)" title="Emilia (region)">Emilia</a>, which forms part of <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, but also in many areas of the bordering regions, including southern Lombardy, south-eastern Piedmont, around the town of <a href="/wiki/Tortona" title="Tortona">Tortona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa_and_Carrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Massa and Carrara">province of Massa and Carrara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polesine" title="Polesine">Polesine</a> in Veneto, near the <a href="/wiki/Po_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Po delta">Po delta</a>. With <b><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a></b>, spoken in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, forms the <a href="/wiki/Emilian-Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian-Romagnol language">Emilian-Romagnol linguistic continuum</a>. </p><p><b>Gallo-Piceno</b> (<i>gallo-italic of the Marches</i> or <i>gallico-marchigiano</i>) is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pesaro_and_Urbino" title="Province of Pesaro and Urbino">province of Pesaro and Urbino</a> and in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ancona" title="Province of Ancona">province of Ancona</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marches">the Marches</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-marches_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marches-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once classified as a dialect of Romagnol, now there is a debate about considering it a separated Gallo-Italic language.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolated_varieties_in_Sicily_and_in_Basilicata_(Southern_Gallo-Italic_variants)"><span id="Isolated_varieties_in_Sicily_and_in_Basilicata_.28Southern_Gallo-Italic_variants.29"></span>Isolated varieties in Sicily and in Basilicata (Southern Gallo-Italic variants)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isolated varieties in Sicily and in Basilicata (Southern Gallo-Italic variants)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></div> <p>Varieties of Gallo-Italic languages are also found in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-toso_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding with the central-eastern parts of the island that received large numbers of immigrants from Northern Italy, called <a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombards</a>, during the decades following the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> conquest of Sicily (around 1080 to 1120). Given the time that has lapsed and the influence from the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a> itself, these dialects are best generically described as <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Southern Gallo-Italic</a>. The major centres where these dialects can still be heard today include <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidone" title="Aidone">Aidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperlinga" title="Sperlinga">Sperlinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Fratello" title="San Fratello">San Fratello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicosia_(EN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicosia (EN)">Nicosia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Novara_di_Sicilia" title="Novara di Sicilia">Novara di Sicilia</a>. Northern Italian dialects did not survive in some towns in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catania" title="Province of Catania">province of Catania</a> that developed large <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_(historical_region)" title="Lombardy (historical region)">Lombard</a> communities during this period, namely <a href="/wiki/Randazzo" title="Randazzo">Randazzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patern%C3%B2" title="Paternò">Paternò</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronte,_Catania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronte, Catania">Bronte</a>. However, the Northern Italian influence in the local varieties of Sicilian are marked. In the case of San Fratello, some linguists suggested that the nowadays dialect has <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Provençal language">Provençal</a> as its basis, having been a fort manned by Provençal mercenaries in the early decades of the Norman conquest (bearing in mind that it took the Normans 30 years to conquer the whole of the island). </p><p>Other dialects, attested from 13th and 14th century, are also found in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-toso_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more precisely in the province of <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potenza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tito,_Basilicata" title="Tito, Basilicata">Tito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picerno" title="Picerno">Picerno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pignola" title="Pignola">Pignola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaglio_Basilicata" title="Vaglio Basilicata">Vaglio Basilicata</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trecchina" title="Trecchina">Trecchina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivello" title="Rivello">Rivello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemoli" title="Nemoli">Nemoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Costantino_Albanese" title="San Costantino Albanese">San Costantino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_classification">General classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/300px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/450px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/600px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria, not on socio-functional ones</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>Gallo-Italic</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(Romance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian language (Romance)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li>Gallo-Piceno</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallo-Italic languages are often said to resemble Western Romance languages like French, Spanish, or Portuguese, and in large part it is due to their phonology. The Gallo-Italic languages differ somewhat in their phonology from one language to another, but the following are the most important characteristics, as contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-sources_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sources-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Most Gallo-Italic languages have lost all unstressed final vowels except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, e.g. Lombard <i>òm</i> "man", <i>füm</i> "smoke", <i>nef</i> "snow", <i>fil</i> "wire", <i>röda</i> "wheel" (Italian <i>uomo, fumo, neve, filo, ruota</i>). They remain, however, in Ligurian, with passage of <i>-o</i> to <i>-u</i>, except after <i>n</i>; e.g. <i>ramu, rami, lüme, lümi</i> "branch, branches, light, lights" (Italian <i>ramo, rami, lume, lumi</i>), but <i>can, chen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>keŋ/</span> "dog, dogs" (Italian <i>cane, cani</i>).</li> <li><i>u</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> tends to evolve as <i>ü</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>, as in French and Occitan, as in Lombard <i>füm</i> (Italian <i>fumo</i> "smoke") and Ligurian <i>lüme</i>, Piedmont <i>lüm</i> (Italian <i>lume</i> "light"). In some parts, e.g. southern Piedmont, this has further developed into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, e.g. <i>fis</i> (Italian <i>fuso</i>), <i>lim</i> (Italian <i>lume</i> "light"). In some mountainous parts of Piedmont, however (e.g. Biellese, Ossolano), this development was blocked before final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, leading to masculine <i>crü</i> (Italian <i>crudo</i> "raw") but feminine <i>cru(v)a</i> (Italian <i>cruda</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphony_(Romance_languages)" title="Metaphony (Romance languages)">Metaphony</a> is very common, affecting original open stressed <i>è</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <i>ò</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> when followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> (operating before final vowels were dropped). This leads at first to diphthongs <i>ie</i> and <i>uo</i>, but in many dialects these progress further, typically to monophthongs <i>i</i> and <i>ö</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span>. Unlike standard Italian diphthongization, this typically operates both in open and closed syllables, hence in Lombardy (where typically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> but not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> triggers metaphony) <i>quest</i> (Italian <i>questo</i> "this") vs. <i>quist</i> (Italian <i>questi</i> "these").</li> <li>Stressed closed <i>é</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and sometimes <i>ó</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, when occurring in an open syllable (followed by at most one consonant) often diphthongized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou/</span>, as in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>; e.g. Piedmont <i>beive</i> (Italian <i>bere</i> < *<i>bévere</i> "to drink"), <i>teila</i> (Italian <i>tela</i> "cloth"), <i>meis</i> (Italian <i>mese</i> "month"). In some dialects, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span> developed further into either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, e.g. <i>tèla</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɛla/</span> < <i>*teila</i> (Italian <i>tela</i> "cloth"), <i>sira</i> (Italian <i>sera</i> "evening"), <i>mis</i> (Italian <i>mese</i> "month").</li> <li>Stressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> in an open syllable often fronts to <i>ä</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> or <i>è</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a> affects single consonants between vowels. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> drop; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> or drops; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, or drop; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, or drops. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> between vowels voices to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> between vowels sometimes becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, and this <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> sometimes drops. Double consonants are reduced to single consonants, but not otherwise lenited. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> becomes velarized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>. These changes occur before a final vowel drops. After loss of final vowels, however, further changes sometimes affect the newly final consonants, with voiced obstruents often becoming voiceless, and final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> sometimes dropping. Liguria, especially in former times, showed particularly severe lenition, with total loss of intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> (probably also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, but not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>) in Old Genoese, hence <i>müa</i> (Latin <i>matura</i> "early"), <i>a éia e âe?</i> (Italian <i>aveva le ali?</i> "did it have wings?"; modern <i>a l'aveiva e ae?</i> with restoration of various consonants due to Italian influence). In Liguria and often elsewhere, collapse of adjacent vowels due to loss of an intervocalic consonant produced new long vowels, notated with a circumflex.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> preceding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> often assibilitated historically to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, respectively. This typically does not occur in Lombardy, however, and parts of Liguria have intermediate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span>, while Piemontese varieties typically have differential developments, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> assibilating (<i>sent</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɛŋt/</span> '100'), but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> retaining palatalization (<i>gent</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒɛŋt/</span> 'people').</li> <li>Latin <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kl/</span> palatalized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> (Piemontese <i>ciav</i>, Romagnol <i>ceva</i> 'key'); similarly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡj/</span> from Latin <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡl/</span> develops as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>. In Liguria, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pj/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bj/</span> from Latin <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pl/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bl/</span> are affected in the same way, e.g. Ligurian <i>cian</i> (Italian <i>piano</i> "soft") and <i>giancu</i> (Italian <i>bianco</i> "white").</li> <li>Latin <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kt/</span> develops into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jt/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, varying by locale (contrast Italian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tt/</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_comparison">Lexical comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lexical comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Numbers </th> <th>Lombard </th> <th>Istrian </th> <th>Emilian </th> <th>Piedmontese </th> <th>Venetian </th> <th>Ligurian </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>vyŋ / vœna </td> <td>uŋ / una </td> <td>oŋ / ona </td> <td>yŋ / 'yŋa </td> <td>uŋ / una </td> <td>yŋ / yna </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>dy </td> <td>dui </td> <td>du / dʌu </td> <td>dʊi̯/ 'dʊe̯ </td> <td>due / dɔ </td> <td>dui / duɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>tri/tre </td> <td>tri </td> <td>tri / trai </td> <td>trɛi̯ / trɛ </td> <td>tri / trɛ </td> <td>trei / trɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>kwatr </td> <td>kwatro </td> <td>kwatr </td> <td>kwatr </td> <td>kwatro </td> <td>kwatrʊ </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>ʃiŋk </td> <td>siŋkwe </td> <td>θeŋk </td> <td>siŋk </td> <td>siŋkwe </td> <td>siŋkwɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>ses </td> <td>seje </td> <td>sis </td> <td>ses </td> <td>sie </td> <td>sei </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>sɛt </td> <td>siete </td> <td>sɛt </td> <td>sɛt </td> <td>sɛte </td> <td>sɛtɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>vɔt </td> <td>wɔto </td> <td>ɔt </td> <td>œt </td> <td>ɔto </td> <td>øtʊ </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>nœf </td> <td>nuve </td> <td>nov </td> <td>nœw </td> <td>nove </td> <td>nøvɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>des </td> <td>ʒize </td> <td>diz </td> <td>des </td> <td>dieze </td> <td>deʒɛ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_of_the_sentence:_"She_always_closes_the_window_before_dining.""><span id="Comparisons_of_the_sentence:_.22She_always_closes_the_window_before_dining..22"></span>Comparisons of the sentence: "She always closes the window before dining."</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparisons of the sentence: "She always closes the window before dining.""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (reference)</b></td> <td><i>(Lei) chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><i>(Gallo-Italic)</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergamasque">Bergamasque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern Lombard</a>)</td> <td><i>(Lé) La sèra sèmper sö ol balcù prima de senà.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescian</a> (Eastern Lombard)</td> <td><i>(Lé) La sèra semper sö la finèstra enacc de senà.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Milanese">Milanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard">Western Lombard</a>)</td> <td><i>(Lee) la sara semper sü la fenestra inans de zena.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ludesan (<a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard">Western Lombard</a>)</td> <td><i>lé la sarà semper sü la finèstra inans da disnà.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacentine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a>)</td> <td><i>Le la sära sëimpar sö/sü la finestra (fnestra) prima da diśnä</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a> (Emilian)</td> <td><i>(Lî) la sèra sänper la fnèstra prémma ed dṡnèr.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cesenate (<a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a>)</td> <td><i>(Lî) la ciöd sèmpar la fnèstra prèmma d' z'nèr.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Riminese (Romagnol)</td> <td><i> (Léa) la ciùd sémpre la fnèstra prèima ad z'né.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pesarese</a> (Gallo-Piceno)</td> <td><i>Lìa la chiód sénpre la fnèstra préma d' ć'nè.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fanese (Gallo-Piceno)</td> <td><i>Lìa chìud sèmper la fnestra prima d' c'né.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></td> <td><i>(Chila) a sara sempe la fnestra dnans ëd fé sin-a.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canavese" title="Canavese">Canavese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>)</td> <td><i>(Chilà) a sera sémper la fnestra doant ëd far sèina.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a></td> <td><i>Lê a særa sénpre o barcón primma de çenâ.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</td> <td><i>Lé a sère fissu u barcun primma de çenò. </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrarese</a> (transition dialect among Ligurian, Emilian and Tuscan)</td> <td><i>Lê al sèr(e)/chiode sènpre la fnestra(paravento) prima de cena.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a>)</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></td> <td><i>Ella clauda/serra adina la fanestra avant ch'ella tschainia.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulan">Friulian</a></td> <td><i>Jê e siere simpri il barcon prin di cenâ.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Gherdëina Ladin</a></td> <td><i>Ëila stluj for l vier dan cené.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a> (Ladin)</td> <td><i>(Ela) la sera semper la fenestra inant zenar. ()</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Sole" title="Val di Sole">Solander</a> (Ladin)</td> <td><i>La sèra sempro (sèmper) la fenèstra prima (danànt) da cenàr.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><i>(other, for reference)</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Language">Venetian</a></td> <td><i>Ła sàra/sèra senpre el balcón vanti senàr/dixnàr.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentine</a></td> <td><i>Èla la sèra sèmper giò/zo la fenèstra prima de zenà.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Istriot">Istriot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rovigno" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovigno">Rovignese</a>)</td> <td><i>Gila insiera senpro el balcon preîma da senà.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>)</td> <td><i>Lei la 'hiude sempre la finestra prima di cenà.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican Language">Corsican</a></td> <td><i>Ella chjudi sempri a finestra primma di cenà.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></td> <td><i>Issa tancat semper sa ventana in antis de si esser chenada.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></td> <td><i>Essa abbarrechée sempe 'a fenesta primma ca cene.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Salentino">Salentino</a></td> <td><i>Quiddhra chiude sèmpre a fenéscia prìma cu mancia te sira.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a></td> <td><i>Idda chiudi sèmpri la finéstra prìma di manciari a la sira.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perugian" class="mw-redirect" title="Perugian">Perugian</a></td> <td><i>Lia chiud sempre la fnestra prima d' cenè.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td><i>Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de dîner. </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td> <td><i>(Ea) închide totdeauna fereastra înainte de a cina.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td><i>Ella siempre cierra la ventana antes de cenar.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td> <td><i>(Illa) Claudit semper fenestram antequam cenet.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages in Europe">List of languages in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_plurals" title="Romance plurals">Romance plurals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Italic_language" title="Old Gallo-Italic language">Old Gallo-Italic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vene1258">"Glottolog 4.8 – Venetian"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+%E2%80%93+Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fvene1258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallo-Italic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/vec">"Venetian"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fvec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallo-Italic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loporcaro, Michele. 2009. 'Profilo linguistico dei dialetti d'Italia. Bari: Laterza. Pg. 3.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marches-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marches_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marches_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco Avolio, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano)">Dialetti</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani Encyclopaedia</a>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toso-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toso_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toso_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toso_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiorenzo Toso, <i>Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia</i>, Il Mulino, Bologna 2008, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/vec">"Venetian"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fvec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallo-Italic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vene1258">"Glottolog 4.8 – Venetian"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+%E2%80%93+Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fvene1258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallo-Italic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1727-16">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull, Geoffrey (1982): «The linguistic unity of northern Italy and Rhaetia.» Ph.D. diss., University of Sydney West.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longobardi, Giuseppe. (2014). Theory and experiment in parametric minimalism. Language description informed by theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 217–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamburelli, M., & Brasca, L. (2018). Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: a dialectometric approach. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 33, 442–455. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx041">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Giovan Battista Pellegrini, <a href="/wiki/Tullio_De_Mauro" title="Tullio De Mauro">Tullio De Mauro</a>, Maurizio Dardano, Tullio Telmon (see Enrico Allasino et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://213.254.4.222/cataloghi/pdfires/697.pdf"><i>Le lingue del Piemonte</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810173222/http://213.254.4.222/cataloghi/pdfires/697.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IRES – Istituto di Ricerche Economico Sociali del Piemonte, Torino, 2007, p. 9) and Vincenzo Orioles (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orioles.it/materiali/pn/Class_dialetti_it.pdf"><i>Classificazione dei dialetti parlati in Italia</i></a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter De Gruyter, <i>Italienisch, Korsisch, Sardisch</i>, 1988, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michele Loporcaro, <i>Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani</i>, 2013, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Maiden, Mair Parry, <i>Dialects of Italy</i>, 1997, Introduction p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laura_Lepschy" title="Anna Laura Lepschy">Anna Laura Lepschy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Lepschy" title="Giulio Lepschy">Giulio Lepschy</a>, <i>The Italian Language Today</i>, 1998, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AA. VV. Conoscere l'Italia vol. Marche (Pag. 64), Istituto Geografico De Agostini – Novara – 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dialetti romagnoli. Seconda edizione aggiornata, Daniele Vitali, Davide Pioggia, Pazzini Editore, Verucchio (RN), 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michele Loporcaro, "Phonological Processes", in Maiden et al., 2011, <i>The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 1, Structures</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vene1258">"Glottolog 4.8 – Venetian"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+%E2%80%93+Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fvene1258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallo-Italic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sources-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sources_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Atlas of languages : the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York 2003, Facts On File. p. 40. Stephen A. Wurm, Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001, UNESCO Publishing, p. 29. Glauco Sanga: La lingua Lombarda, in Koiné in Italia, dalle origini al 500 (Koinés in Italy, from the origin to 1500), Lubrina publisher, Bèrghem Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale, (Studies in Lombard language and literature) Pisa : Giardini, 1983 Brevini, Franco – Lo stile lombardo : la tradizione letteraria da Bonvesin da la Riva a Franco Loi / Franco Brevini – Pantarei, Lugan – 1984 (Lombard style: literary tradition from Bonvesin da la Riva to Franco Loi ) Mussafia Adolfo, Beitrag zur kunde der Norditalienischen Mundarten im XV. Jahrhunderte (Wien, 1873) Pellegrini, G.B. "I cinque sistemi dell'italoromanzo", in Saggi di linguistica italiana (Turin: Boringhieri, 1975), pp. 55–87. Rohlfs, Gerhard, Rätoromanisch. Die Sonderstellung des Rätoromanischen zwischen Italienisch und Französisch. Eine kulturgeschichtliche und linguistische Einführung (Munich: C.H. Beek'sche, 1975), pp. 1–20. Canzoniere Lombardo – by Pierluigi Beltrami, Bruno Ferrari, Luciano Tibiletti, Giorgio D'Ilario – Varesina Grafica Editrice, 1970.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Atlas of languages: the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York 2003, Facts On File. p. 40.</li> <li>Stephen A. Wurm, Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001, UNESCO Publishing, p. 29.</li> <li>Glauco Sanga: La lingua Lombarda, in Koiné in Italia, dalle origini al 500 (Koinés in Italy, from the origin to 1500), Lubrina publisher, Bèrghem</li> <li>Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale, (Studies in Lombard language and literature) Pisa : Giardini, 1983</li> <li>Brevini, Franco – Lo stile lombardo : la tradizione letteraria da Bonvesin da la Riva a Franco Loi / Franco Brevini – Pantarei, Lugan – 1984 (Lombard style: literary tradition from Bonvesin da la Riva to Franco Loi )</li> <li>Hull, Geoffrey <i>The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language</i> 2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis Editions, 2017.</li> <li>Mussafia Adolfo, Beitrag zur kunde der Norditalienischen Mundarten im XV. Jahrhunderte (Wien, 1873)</li> <li>Pellegrini, G.B. "I cinque sistemi dell'italoromanzo", in <i>Saggi di linguistica italiana</i> (Turin: Boringhieri, 1975), pp. 55–87.</li> <li>Rohlfs, Gerhard, <i>Rätoromanisch. Die Sonderstellung des Rätoromanischen zwischen Italienisch und Französisch. Eine kulturgeschichtliche und linguistische Einführung</i> (Munich: C.H. Beek'sche, 1975), pp. 1–20.</li> <li><i>Canzoniere Lombardo</i> – by Pierluigi Beltrami, Bruno Ferrari, Luciano Tibiletti, Giorgio D'Ilario – Varesina Grafica Editrice, 1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Italic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judeo-Mantuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrarese_dialect" title="Ferrarese dialect">Ferrarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_dialect" title="Old Lombard dialect">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Riojan" title="Old Riojan">Old Riojan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language_of_Aas" title="Whistled language of Aas">Aas whistled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuatschin_dialect_(Romansh)" title="Tuatschin dialect (Romansh)">Tuatschin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan_dialects_(Romansh)" title="Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh)">Sutsilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Proto-Eastern Romanc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a 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