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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of White Mountain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="معركة الجبل الأبيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة الجبل الأبيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27a_Montanya_Blanca" title="Batalla d'a Montanya Blanca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Batalla d'a Montanya Blanca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="کوه سفید دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوه سفید دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бітва на Белай Гары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва на Белай Гары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бітва на Белай Гары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бітва на Белай Гары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Битка при Бялата планина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Бялата планина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_la_Muntanya_Blanca" title="Batalla de la Muntanya Blanca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de la Muntanya Blanca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_na_B%C3%ADl%C3%A9_ho%C5%99e" title="Bitva na Bílé hoře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva na Bílé hoře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Det_Hvide_Bjerg" title="Slaget ved Det Hvide Bjerg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Det Hvide Bjerg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_am_Wei%C3%9Fen_Berg" title="Schlacht am Weißen Berg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht am Weißen Berg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgem%C3%A4e_lahing" title="Valgemäe lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgemäe lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Blanca" title="Batalla de la Montaña Blanca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de la Montaña Blanca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_sur_Blanka_monto" title="Batalo sur Blanka monto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo sur Blanka monto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نبرد کوه سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد کوه سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_la_Montagne_Blanche" title="Bataille de la Montagne Blanche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de la Montagne Blanche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_op_de_Wite_Berch" title="Slach op de Wite Berch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach op de Wite Berch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_an_tSl%C3%A9ibhe_Bh%C3%A1in" title="Cath an tSléibhe Bháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath an tSléibhe Bháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_da_Monta%C3%B1a_Branca" title="Batalla da Montaña Branca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla da Montaña Branca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%82%B0_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="백산 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백산 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Սպիտակ լեռան ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակ լեռան ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Gunung_Putih" title="Pertempuran Gunung Putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Gunung Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_della_Montagna_Bianca" title="Battaglia della Montagna Bianca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia della Montagna Bianca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F" title="קרב ההר הלבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב ההר הלבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="თეთრი მთის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეთრი მთის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_ad_Montem_Album" title="Proelium ad Montem Album – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium ad Montem Album" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rhegyi_csata" title="Fehérhegyi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehérhegyi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Gunung_Putih" title="Pertempuran Gunung Putih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Gunung Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_op_de_Witte_Berg" title="Slag op de Witte Berg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag op de Witte Berg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="白山の戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白山の戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_p%C3%A5_Det_hvite_berg" title="Slaget på Det hvite berg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget på Det hvite berg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_la_Montanha_Blanca" title="Batalha de la Montanha Blanca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de la Montanha Blanca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_na_Bia%C5%82ej_G%C3%B3rze" title="Bitwa na Białej Górze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa na Białej Górze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_da_Montanha_Branca" title="Batalha da Montanha Branca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha da Montanha Branca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Muntele_Alb" title="Bătălia de la Muntele Alb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Muntele Alb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Белогорская битва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белогорская битва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of White Mountain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Bielej_hore" title="Bitka na Bielej hore – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka na Bielej hore" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Beli_gori" title="Bitka na Beli gori – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka na Beli gori" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="جەنگی چیای سپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی چیای سپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Битка на Белој гори – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка на Белој гори" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Bijeloj_gori" title="Bitka na Bijeloj gori – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka na Bijeloj gori" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkeavuoren_taistelu" title="Valkeavuoren taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkeavuoren taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_White_Mountain&params=50_04_42_N_14_19_10_E_region:CZ_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°04′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°19′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.07833°N 14.31944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.07833; 14.31944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1620 battle of the Thirty Years' War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of White Mountain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_White_Mountain_(by_Peter_Snayers).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Battle_of_White_Mountain_%28by_Peter_Snayers%29.jpg/300px-The_Battle_of_White_Mountain_%28by_Peter_Snayers%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Battle_of_White_Mountain_%28by_Peter_Snayers%29.jpg/450px-The_Battle_of_White_Mountain_%28by_Peter_Snayers%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Battle_of_White_Mountain_%28by_Peter_Snayers%29.jpg/600px-The_Battle_of_White_Mountain_%28by_Peter_Snayers%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3789" data-file-height="2626" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of White Mountain</i>, oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Snayers" title="Peter Snayers">P. Snaijers</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 November 1620</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">White Mountain (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Bílá hora</i>), near <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Confederation</a><br />(present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_White_Mountain&params=50_04_42_N_14_19_10_E_region:CZ_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°04′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°19′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.07833°N 14.31944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.07833; 14.31944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Imperial-Spanish victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Habsburg forces capture <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic League</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Confederation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Johann von Tilly</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles de Bucquoy</a><br />Guillermo Verdugo<br />Carlo Spinelli </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Christian_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg">Christian of Anhalt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_Maty%C3%A1%C5%A1_Thurn" title="Jindřich Matyáš Thurn">Jindřich Matyáš Thurn</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 23,000<br />12 guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009304,_306_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009304,_306-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 21,000<br />10 guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009304,_306_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009304,_306-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 650 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009306_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,800 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009306_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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Mountain</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Prague.png" title="File:Map of Prague.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Prague</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Prague</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech_Republic_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White Mountain is located in Czech Republic"><img alt="White Mountain is located in Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Czech_Republic_adm_location_map.svg/300px-Czech_Republic_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Czech_Republic_adm_location_map.svg/450px-Czech_Republic_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Czech_Republic_adm_location_map.svg/600px-Czech_Republic_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="611" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.722%;left:34.046%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-15px;top:-15px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="White Mountain"><img alt="White Mountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/30px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/45px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pilsen" title="Siege of Pilsen">Pilsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lomnice" title="Battle of Lomnice">Lomnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat" title="Battle of Sablat">Sablat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisternitz" title="Battle of Wisternitz">Wisternitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bautzen_(1620)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bautzen (1620) (page does not exist)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neu_Titschein" title="Battle of Neu Titschein">Neu Titschein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_campaign" title="Palatinate campaign">Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bad_Kreuznach" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bad Kreuznach">Bad Kreuznach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oppenheim" title="Capture of Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bacharach" title="Capture of Bacharach">Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim" title="Battle of Mingolsheim">Mingolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen" title="Battle of Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B6chst" title="Battle of Höchst">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Heidelberg_(1622)" title="Siege of Heidelberg (1622)">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mannheim" title="Capture of Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Frankenthal" title="Siege of Frankenthal">Frankenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stadtlohn" title="Battle of Stadtlohn">Stadtlohn</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1621)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1621) (page does not exist)">Érsekújvár</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tyrnau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tyrnau (page does not exist)">Tyrnau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Tyrnau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Tyrnau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hodon%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hodonín (page does not exist)">Hodonín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_uprisings_in_Moravia" title="Vlach uprisings in Moravia">Vlach uprisings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Danish intervention (1625–1629)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dessau_Bridge" title="Battle of Dessau Bridge">Dessau Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutter" title="Battle of Lutter">Lutter am Barenberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1628)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1628)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolgast" title="Battle of Wolgast">Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish intervention (1630–1635)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Swedish landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">Werben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">1st Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamberg" title="Battle of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rain" title="Battle of Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wiesloch_(1632)" title="Battle of Wiesloch (1632)">Wiesloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alte_Veste" title="Battle of the Alte Veste">Alte Veste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BCrth" title="Battle of Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oldendorf" title="Battle of Oldendorf">Oldendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pfaffenhofen (1633) (page does not exist)">Pfaffenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Steinau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Steinau (page does not exist)">Steinau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Konstanz_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Konstanz (1633) (page does not exist)">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Breisach_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Breisach (1633) (page does not exist)">1st Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinfelden_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinfelden (1633)">1st Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1634)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1634) (page does not exist)">Liegnitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Liegnitz_(1634)" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Liegnitz (1634)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">1st Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg_Bridge" title="Battle of Strasbourg Bridge">Strasbourg Bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ray-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ray-sur-Saône (page does not exist)">Ray-sur-Saône</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_D%C3%B6mitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dömitz (page does not exist)">Dömitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_D%C3%B6mitz" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dömitz">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hasel%C3%BCnne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Haselünne (page does not exist)">Haselünne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Hasel%C3%BCnne" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Haselünne">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Raon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Raon (page does not exist)">Raon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1636) (page does not exist)">2nd Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittstock" title="Battle of Wittstock">Wittstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leipzig_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Leipzig (1637) (page does not exist)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hanau_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hanau (1638) (page does not exist)">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rheinfelden" title="Battle of Rheinfelden">2nd Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallo" title="Battle of Kallo">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittenweiher" title="Battle of Wittenweiher">Wittenweiher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thann_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Thann (1638) (page does not exist)">Thann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treffen_auf_dem_Ochsenfelde" class="extiw" title="de:Treffen auf dem Ochsenfelde">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho" title="Battle of Vlotho">Vlotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breisach" title="Siege of Breisach">2nd Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (page does not exist)">1st Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemnitz" title="Battle of Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Melnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Melnik (page does not exist)">Melnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville" title="Relief of Thionville">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salses" title="Siege of Salses">Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrils" title="Battle of Cambrils">Cambrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)" title="Battle of Montjuïc (1641)">Montjuïc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pre%C3%9Fnitz" title="Battle of Preßnitz">Preßnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plauen (page does not exist)">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e" title="Battle of La Marfée">La Marfée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorsten" title="Siege of Dorsten">Dorsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Battle of Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kempen" title="Battle of Kempen">Kempen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt" title="Battle of Honnecourt">Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schweidnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schweidnitz (page does not exist)">Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1642)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)">2nd Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (1642) (page does not exist)">2nd Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Brno_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Brno (1643) (page does not exist)">1st Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolding_(1644)" title="Battle of Kolding (1644)">Kolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiburg" title="Battle of Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippsburg_(1644)" title="Siege of Philippsburg (1644)">Philippsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_J%C3%BCterbog" title="Battle of Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bysj%C3%B6n" title="Battle of Bysjön">Bysjön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jankau" title="Battle of Jankau">Jankau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brno_(1645)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Brno (1645)">2nd Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herbsthausen" title="Battle of Herbsthausen">Mergentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1645)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1645)">2nd Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Korneuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Korneuburg (page does not exist)">Korneuburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Korneuburg_(1646)" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Korneuburg (1646)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Totenh%C3%B6he&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Totenhöhe (page does not exist)">Totenhöhe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_auf_der_Totenh%C3%B6he" class="extiw" title="de:Gefecht auf der Totenhöhe">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hohent%C3%BCbingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hohentübingen (page does not exist)">Hohentübingen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Schloss_Hohent%C3%BCbingen" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Schloss Hohentübingen">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triebl" title="Battle of Triebl">Triebl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Revolt (1647–1648)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zusmarshausen" title="Battle of Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wevelinghoven" title="Battle of Wevelinghoven">Wevelinghoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dachau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dachau (page does not exist)">Dachau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Dachau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dachau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1648)" title="Battle of Prague (1648)">Prague</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Naval battles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">The Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1644" title="Action of 16 May 1644">Lister Dyb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colberger_Heide" title="Battle of Colberger Heide">Colberger Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehmarn_(1644)" title="Battle of Fehmarn (1644)">Fehmarn</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sub><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirty_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Template:Thirty Years' War treaties">Treaties</a></b></sub></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bohemian_Revolt" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Bohemian_Revolt" title="Template:Campaignbox Bohemian Revolt"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Bohemian_Revolt" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Bohemian Revolt"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bohemian_Revolt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Bohemian Revolt"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bohemian_Revolt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt"><span class="wrap">Bohemian Revolt</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pilsen" title="Siege of Pilsen">Pilsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lomnice" title="Battle of Lomnice">Lomnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat" title="Battle of Sablat">Sablat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisternitz" title="Battle of Wisternitz">Wisternitz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of White Mountain</b> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Bitva na Bílé hoře</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schlacht am Weißen Berg</i>) was an important battle in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. It led to the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> and ensured Habsburg control for the next three hundred years. </p><p>It was fought on 8 November 1620. An army of 21,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under <a href="/wiki/Christian_of_Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian of Anhalt">Christian of Anhalt</a> was defeated by 23,000 men of the combined armies of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy</a>, and the German <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic League</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Johann Tserclaes, later Count of Tilly</a>, at Bílá Hora ("White Mountain") near <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bohemian casualties were not severe but their morale collapsed and Imperial forces occupied Prague the next day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Mountain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 17th century most of the Bohemian estates, although under the dominion of the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Holy Roman Empire, had large <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom. </p><p>In 1617, as the health of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Matthias">Emperor Matthias</a> deteriorated, his cousin Ferdinand – a devout Catholic and proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> – was named his successor as Holy Roman Emperor and King of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. This led to deep consternation among many Bohemian Protestants, who feared not only the loss of their properties, but also of their traditional semi-autonomy, under which many of the estates had separate, individual constitutions governing their relationship with the Empire, and where the king was elected by the local leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdinand (who would become <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ferdinand II">Emperor Ferdinand II</a> following Matthias' death in 1619) saw Protestantism as inimical to the Empire, and wanted to impose absolutist rule on <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> while encouraging conversion to the Catholic faith. He also hoped to reclaim church properties which had been seized by Protestants at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> decades earlier. </p><p>Particularly galling to Protestants were perceived violations of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rudolf_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Rudolf II">Emperor Rudolf II</a>'s 1609 Letter of Majesty, which had ensured religious freedom throughout <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1618, wanting to air their grievances over this and other issues, a group of Bohemian noblemen met representatives of the Emperor at the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">royal castle in Prague</a>; the meeting ended with two of the representatives and their scribe being thrown out a high window and seriously injured. This incident, known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Defenestration_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Defenestration of Prague">Third Defenestration of Prague</a>, triggered the Bohemian Revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1619, Elector Palatine <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick V, Elector Palatine">Frederick V</a>, who like many of the rebels was a Calvinist, was chosen as King of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> by the Bohemian Electorate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Mountain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of White Mountain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+White+Mountain%22">"Battle of White Mountain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+White+Mountain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+White+Mountain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+White+Mountain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+White+Mountain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+White+Mountain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Mountain_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_Mountain_plan.jpg/170px-White_Mountain_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_Mountain_plan.jpg/255px-White_Mountain_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_Mountain_plan.jpg/340px-White_Mountain_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="4660" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the battle from <a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Europaeum" title="Theatrum Europaeum">Theatrum Europaeum</a>: Bohemians above, Imperial and Bavarian forces below</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_White_Mountain_(1620)-NL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Battle_of_White_Mountain_%281620%29-NL.svg/220px-Battle_of_White_Mountain_%281620%29-NL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Battle_of_White_Mountain_%281620%29-NL.svg/330px-Battle_of_White_Mountain_%281620%29-NL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Battle_of_White_Mountain_%281620%29-NL.svg/440px-Battle_of_White_Mountain_%281620%29-NL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Battle of White Mountain (1620)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1620, now fully established as emperor, Ferdinand II set out to conquer Bohemia and make an example of the rebels. King Frederick and his military commander, Prince <a href="/wiki/Christian_of_Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian of Anhalt">Christian of Anhalt</a>, had organized a Protestant army of 30,000 men; Ferdinand countered with a force of 25,000, many of them seasoned soldiers, under the capable leadership of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Field Marshal Tilly</a>, a Catholic Spanish-Flemish nobleman. Tilly's army enjoyed the advantage of including two successful military leaders – Tilly himself and the future <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">General Wallenstein</a>. Tilly's force was made up of two distinct groups: Imperial troops commanded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy</a>, and soldiers of the German <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic League</a>, directly under Tilly. All of the armies of the day employed numerous mercenaries, including, by some definitions, Tilly himself. Serving with the Catholic League as an official observer was the future "father of modern philosophy", <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After conquering most of western Bohemia, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Army of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial army</a> made for <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, the Bohemian capital, then in rebel hands. The Bohemians attempted to block them by setting up defensive positions, which the Imperial army simply bypassed. Force-marching his men, Christian of Anhalt managed to get ahead of the Imperial army just before Prague. He thus gained an advantageous position on the "White Mountain", actually a low plateau, but had little time to set up defensive works. Enthusiasm for joining battle was low on both sides. After the reverses of the previous several weeks, Christian of Anhalt's army had been reduced to about 15,000 men, with little prospect of victory; the mercenaries on both sides had not been paid in months; and with winter approaching, cold wet weather made for less than ideal combat conditions. </p><p>On 8 November a small Imperial force was sent to probe the Protestant flank. To their surprise, the Bohemians retreated at their advance. Tilly quickly sent in reinforcements, and the Bohemian flank began to crumble. Anhalt tried to relieve the situation by sending forward infantry and cavalry led by his son <a href="/wiki/Christian_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg">Christian II</a>. The cavalry charged into the Imperial infantry, causing significant casualties, but Tilly countered with his own cavalry, forcing the Bohemian horsemen to retire. The Bohemian infantry, who were only now approaching the Imperial army, saw the cavalry retreating, at which they fired one volley at extreme range before retreating themselves. A small group of Imperial cavalry began circling the Protestant forces, driving them to the middle of the battlefield. With the Bohemian army already demoralized, company after company began retreating, most without having actually entered the battle. Tilly and his Imperial cavalrymen advanced with 2,000 Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars">hussars</a>, steadily pushing Protestant forces back to the Star Palace (just west of Prague), where the rebels tried without success to establish a line of defense. </p><p>The Bohemian army was no match for the Emperor Ferdinand's troops. The actual battle lasted only an hour and left the Bohemian army in tatters. Some 4,000 Protestants were killed or captured, while Imperial losses amounted to only about 700.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Mountain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribute_to_the_27_victims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tribute_to_the_27_victims.jpg/220px-Tribute_to_the_27_victims.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tribute_to_the_27_victims.jpg/330px-Tribute_to_the_27_victims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tribute_to_the_27_victims.jpg/440px-Tribute_to_the_27_victims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>The 27 tributary crosses</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevens_P._Maria_V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stevens_P._Maria_V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%A1.jpg/170px-Stevens_P._Maria_V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stevens_P._Maria_V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%A1.jpg/255px-Stevens_P._Maria_V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stevens_P._Maria_V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%A1.jpg/340px-Stevens_P._Maria_V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Painting celebrating the Catholic victory, by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Stevens" title="Anton Stevens">Anton Stevens</a> (c. 1610–1675). In the upper part there is <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a> surrounded by saints; in the lower left-hand corner there is the victorious Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a> with his son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Bohemian lion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the Bohemian army destroyed, Tilly entered Prague and the revolt collapsed. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick V, Elector Palatine">Frederick</a> fled the country with his wife <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia">Elizabeth</a> after only a year on the throne (gaining him the mocking nickname <i>the Winter King</i>). Forty-seven leaders of the insurrection were put on trial, and twenty-seven of them were executed in Prague's <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square_(Prague)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Town Square (Prague)">Old Town Square</a> on what came to be called the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square_execution" title="Old Town Square execution">Old Town Square execution</a>". Amongst those executed were <a href="/wiki/Kry%C5%A1tof_Harant" title="Kryštof Harant">Kryštof Harant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Jesenius" title="Jan Jesenius">Jan Jesenius</a>. Today, 27 crosses have been laid into the cobblestones as a tribute to those executed. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There remained a strong Protestant army in Silesia under the command of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Brandenburg" title="Johann Georg von Brandenburg">Johann Georg von Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Krnov" title="Duchy of Krnov">Duke of Krnov</a>, which continued fighting the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Army of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial army</a> in Moravia and in what today is <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> until 1623. </p><p>In 1621, the Emperor ordered all Calvinists and other non-Lutherans to leave the realm in three days or to convert to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1622, he forbade practice of the Lutheran faith. In 1626, he ordered all Lutherans (most of whom had not been involved in the revolt) to convert or else leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1627, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Adalbert_of_Harrach" title="Ernst Adalbert of Harrach">Archbishop Harrach</a> of Prague and <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Borzita_of_Martinice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice">Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice</a> set out to convert the heretics, as they were termed, by peaceful means; most Bohemians converted, but a significant Protestant minority remained. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> troops, seeking to encircle their rebellious <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> provinces, seized the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Palatinate lands</a>. With the prospect of Protestantism being overrun in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> entered the struggle. Sweden was to join the Protestant forces in 1630. </p><p>The population in the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> declined by about a third until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009788_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009788-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result of the 1620 battle brought two centuries of re<a href="/wiki/Catholicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicization">catholicization</a> of the Czech lands and the decline of the Czech-speaking aristocracy and elite as well as the Czech language (accompanied with the growing influence of German-speaking elites), a process that was slowed by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a> starting in the late 18th century. Czech nationalist historians and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Alois_Jir%C3%A1sek" title="Alois Jirásek">Alois Jirásek</a> have referred to the 17th and 18th century in the Czech lands as the Dark Age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Mountain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letohr%C3%A1dek_Hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Letohrádek Hvězda">Letohrádek Hvězda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Mountain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009304,_306-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009304,_306_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009304,_306_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>, pp. 304, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009306-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009306_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009306_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.cz/en/article/41652">The Battle of White Mountain</a>, 11-06-2003 – Radio Praguel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Lonnie. Central Europe enemies, neighbours, friends. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helfferich, Tryntje. <a href="/wiki/The_Thirty_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thirty Years' War">The Thirty Years' War</a>: A Documentary History. Indianapolis: Hackett Company, Inc., 2009. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie, William P. Battles of the Thirty Years' War from White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military-history.org/articles/thinkers-at-war-descartes.htm">"Thinkers at War – Descartes | Military History Matters"</a>. 21 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thinkers+at+War+%E2%80%93+Descartes+%26%23124%3B+Military+History+Matters&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military-history.org%2Farticles%2Fthinkers-at-war-descartes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie, William P. <i>Battles of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> from White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. Print. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/czech-republic/11.htm">Consequences of Czech Defeat</a>, U.S. Library of Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2017" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Lucas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-DvDQAAQBAJ&q=the+Emperor+ordered+all+Calvinists+and+other+non-Lutherans+to&pg=PT184"><i>Unknown Memeland</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1365688317" title="Special:BookSources/978-1365688317"><bdi>978-1365688317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unknown+Memeland&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1365688317&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-DvDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BEmperor%2Bordered%2Ball%2BCalvinists%2Band%2Bother%2Bnon-Lutherans%2Bto%26pg%3DPT184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood" title="C. V. Wedgwood">Wedgwood, C. V.</a> (1964) [1938]. <i>The Thirty Years' War</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. pp. 158, 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years%27+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=158%2C+224&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009788-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009788_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>, p. 788.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Mountain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/30-1.htm">The History of the Thirty Years' War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Cristini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Cristini (page does not exist)">Luca Cristini</a>, 1618–1648 la guerra dei 30 anni. volume 1 da 1618 al 1632 2007 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-903010-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-903010-1-8">978-88-903010-1-8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Cristini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Cristini (page does not exist)">Luca Cristini</a>, 1618–1648 la guerra dei 30 anni. volume 2 da 1632 al 1648 2007 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-903010-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-903010-2-5">978-88-903010-2-5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohemia_in_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohemia in history (page does not exist)">Bohemia in history</a>. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge UP, 1998. Print.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helfferich,_Tryntje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helfferich, Tryntje (page does not exist)">Helfferich, Tryntje</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Thirty_Years%27_War:_A_Documentary_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History (page does not exist)">The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History</a>. Indianapolis: Hackett Company, Inc., 2009. Print.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_V._Polisensky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef V. Polisensky (page does not exist)">Josef V. Polisensky</a>, <i>Thirty Years' War</i>, University of California Press (June 1971); <i>La guerra dei trent'anni: da un conflitto locale a una guerra europea nella prima metà del Seicento</i> – Torino: Einaudi, 1982.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kleisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomáš Kleisner (page does not exist)">Tomáš Kleisner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pietro_de_Pomis" title="Giovanni Pietro de Pomis">Giovanni Pietro de Pomis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/418571/Giovanni_Pietro_de_Pomis_Medal_of_the_Battle_of_the_White_Mountain">Medal of the Battle of the White Mountain</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2009). <i>Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years' War</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9592-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9592-3"><bdi>978-0-7139-9592-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Tragedy%3A+A+History+of+the+Thirty+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9592-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Mountain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_White_Mountain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_L.1996" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, L. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716"><i>Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198026075" title="Special:BookSources/9780198026075"><bdi>9780198026075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Europe%3A+Enemies%2C+Neighbors%2C+Friends%3A+Enemies%2C+Neighbors%2C+Friends&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780198026075&rft.au=Johnson%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195100716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie,_W.P.2002" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, W.P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UZo2UBMdKYC"><i>Battles of the Thirty Years' War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313320286" title="Special:BookSources/9780313320286"><bdi>9780313320286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Thirty+Years%27+War%3A+From+White+Mountain+to+Nordlingen%2C+1618%E2%80%931635&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313320286&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+W.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UZo2UBMdKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeich,_M.1998" class="citation book cs1">Teich, M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxITVc66KMC"><i>Bohemia in History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521431552" title="Special:BookSources/9780521431552"><bdi>9780521431552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bohemia+in+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521431552&rft.au=Teich%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfxITVc66KMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfferich,_T.2009" class="citation book cs1">Helfferich, T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEl8LyOLoVQC"><i>The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603843638" title="Special:BookSources/9781603843638"><bdi>9781603843638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years%27+War%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781603843638&rft.au=Helfferich%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEl8LyOLoVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellum.cz/en/battle-of-white-mountain.html">Bellum.cz – "Battle of White Mountain 8th November 1620"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kafkadesk.org/2020/11/08/on-this-day-in-1620-the-bohemian-estates-were-defeated-at-the-battle-of-white-mountain">Kafkadesk.org - "...in 1620: the Bohemian estates were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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