CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Royalist (Spanish American independence) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c640aca0-166b-4b7c-9c96-b5021328ebfb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)","wgTitle":"Royalist (Spanish American independence)","wgCurRevisionId":1235576702,"wgRevisionId":1235576702,"wgArticleId":15233429,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Royalists in the Hispanic American Revolution","People of the Spanish colonial Americas","Spanish American wars of independence","Spanish colonization of the Americas","Counter-revolutionaries","Ferdinand VII"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)","wgRelevantArticleId":15233429,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7375108","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg/1200px-1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="616"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg/800px-1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="411"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg/640px-1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="329"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Royalist (Spanish American independence) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Royalist_Spanish_American_independence rootpage-Royalist_Spanish_American_independence skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Royalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Royalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Royalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Royalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Political_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Political evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_regional_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_regional_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Role of regional rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_regional_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_Ferdinand_VII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_Ferdinand_VII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Restoration of Ferdinand VII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_Ferdinand_VII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_the_Spanish_Constitution_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_the_Spanish_Constitution_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Restoration of the Spanish Constitution and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_the_Spanish_Constitution_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royalist_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royalist_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Royalist army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royalist_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royalist_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royalist_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Royalist leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royalist_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_commanders_and_last_fortresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_commanders_and_last_fortresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naval commanders and last fortresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_commanders_and_last_fortresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royalist (Spanish American independence)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="الملكية (استقلال أمريكا الإسبانية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملكية (استقلال أمريكا الإسبانية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_reialista" title="Exèrcit reialista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit reialista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_realista_en_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Ejército realista en América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército realista en América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errealista_(independentzia_hispanoamerikarra)" title="Errealista (independentzia hispanoamerikarra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errealista (independentzia hispanoamerikarra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquistas_(independ%C3%AAncia_da_Am%C3%A9rica_Espanhola)" title="Monarquistas (independência da América Espanhola) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monarquistas (independência da América Espanhola)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Роялисты во время войны за независимость испанских колоний в Америке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роялисты во время войны за независимость испанских колоний в Америке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96)" title="Роялісти (Війни за незалежність іспанських колоній в Америці) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роялісти (Війни за незалежність іспанських колоній в Америці)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7375108#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&oldid=1235576702" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Royalist_%28Spanish_American_independence%29&id=1235576702&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoyalist_%28Spanish_American_independence%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoyalist_%28Spanish_American_independence%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Royalist_%28Spanish_American_independence%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7375108" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supporters of the Spanish monarchy during the Spanish-American independence wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Royalist</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname" lang="es">Realistas</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Spanish nation according to the Cortes de Cádiz (1810)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg/250px-1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg/375px-1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg/500px-1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"> <dl><dt></dt></dl> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitutional monarchy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Absolute monarchy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1810" title="1810">1810</a>–<a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motives</th><td class="infobox-data">Preservation of the territorial integrity of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Governments_(Spanish_American_independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriot Governments (Spanish American independence)">Patriot Governments</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish Monarchy</a> (1761–1843)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Spain_(1761-1843)_-_Common_Version_of_the_Colours.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Spain_%281761-1843%29_-_Common_Version_of_the_Colours.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Spain_%281761-1843%29_-_Common_Version_of_the_Colours.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Spain_%281761-1843%29_-_Common_Version_of_the_Colours.svg/225px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Spain_%281761-1843%29_-_Common_Version_of_the_Colours.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Spain_%281761-1843%29_-_Common_Version_of_the_Colours.svg/300px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Spain_%281761-1843%29_-_Common_Version_of_the_Colours.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">Flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a>, Castles and Fortresses</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>royalists</b> were the people of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a> (mostly from native and indigenous peoples)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Europeans</a> that fought to preserve the integrity of the Spanish monarchy during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>. </p><p>In the early years of the conflict, when King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> was captive in France, royalists supported the authority in the Americas of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Central_and_Governing_Junta_of_the_Kingdom_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom (Spain)">Supreme Central Junta of Spain and the Indies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> that ruled in the King's name during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a> in 1820, after the <a href="/wiki/Mid-19th-century_Spain#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-19th-century Spain">restoration of Ferdinand VII</a> in 1814, the royalists were split between Absolutists, those that supported his insistence to rule under traditional law, and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a>, who sought to reinstate the reforms enacted by the Cortes of Cádiz. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_evolution">Political evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FCNS1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/FCNS1.svg/200px-FCNS1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/FCNS1.svg/300px-FCNS1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/FCNS1.svg/400px-FCNS1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Royalist territories in Western South America after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Battle of Chacabuco</a> of 1818. <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiloé">Chiloé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a> were royalist enclaves accessible only by sea.</figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of <a href="/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)" title="Junta (Peninsular War)">juntas</a> in Spanish America in 1810 was a direct reaction to developments in Spain during the previous two years. In 1808 Ferdinand VII had been convinced to <a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">abdicate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> in his favor, who granted the throne to his brother, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>. The Supreme Central Junta had led a resistance to Joseph's government and the French occupation of Spain, but suffered a series of reverses resulting in the loss of the northern half of the country. On February 1, 1810, French troops took <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and gained control of most of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. The Supreme Junta retreated to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> and dissolved itself in favor of a Regency Council of Spain and the Indies. As news of this arrived throughout Spanish America during the next three weeks to nine months—depending on time it took <a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">goods and people to travel</a> from Spain—political fault lines appeared. Royal officials and Spanish Americans were split between those who supported the idea of maintaining the status quo—that is leaving all the government institutions and officers in place—regardless of the developments in Spain, and those who thought that the time had come to establish local rule, initially through the creation of juntas, in order to preserve the independence of Spanish America from the French or from a rump government in Spain that could no longer legitimately claim to rule a vast empire. It is important to note that, at first, the juntas claimed to carry out their actions in the name of the deposed king and did not formally declare independence. Juntas were successfully established in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a>, and there were unsuccessful movements to do so in other regions. A few juntas initially chose to recognize the Regency, nevertheless the creation of juntas challenged the authority of all sitting royal officials and the right of the government in Spain to rule in the Americas. </p><p>In the months following the establishment of the Regency, it became clear that Spain was not lost, and furthermore the government was effectively reconstituting itself. The Regency successfully convened the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a>, the traditional parliament of the Spanish Monarchy, which in this case included representatives from the Americas. The Regency and Cortes began issuing orders to, and appointing, royal officials throughout the empire. Those who supported the new government came to be called "royalists." Those that supported the idea of maintaining independent juntas called themselves "patriots," and a few among them were proponents of declaring full, formal independence from Spain. As the Cortes instituted liberal reforms and worked on drafting a constitution, a new division appeared among royalists. Conservatives (often called "<a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutists</a>" in the historiography) did not want to see any innovations in government, while liberals supported them. These differences would become more acute after the restoration of Ferdinand VII, because the king opted to support the conservative position.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_regional_rivalry">Role of regional rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of regional rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regional rivalry also played an important role in the internecine wars that broke out in Spanish America as a result of the juntas. The disappearance of a central, imperial authority—and in some cases of even a local, viceregal authority (as in the cases of New Granada and Río de la Plata)—initiated a prolonged period of <a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">balkanization</a> in many regions of Spanish America. It was not clear which political units should replace the empire, and there were - among the <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a> elites at least - no new or old <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national identities</a> to replace the traditional sense of being Spaniards. The original juntas of 1810 appealed first, to sense of being Spanish, which was juxtaposed against the French threat; second, to a general American identity, which was juxtaposed against the Peninsula which was lost to the French; and third, to a sense of belonging to the local province, the <i><a href="/wiki/Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland">patria</a></i> in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More often than not, juntas sought to maintain a province's independence from the capital of the former viceroyalty or captaincy general, as much as from the Peninsula itself. Armed conflicts broke out between the provinces over the question of whether some provinces were to be subordinate to others in the manner that they had been under the crown. This phenomenon was particularly evident in New Granada and Río de la Plata. This rivalry also leads some regions to adopt the opposing political cause from their rivals. Peru seems to have remained strongly royalist in large part because of its rivalry with Río de la Plata, to which it had lost control of Upper Peru when the latter was elevated to a viceroyalty in 1776. The creation of juntas in Río de la Plata allowed Peru to regain formal control of Upper Peru for the duration of the wars.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_Ferdinand_VII">Restoration of Ferdinand VII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Restoration of Ferdinand VII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The restoration of Ferdinand VII signified an important change, since most of the political and legal changes done on both sides of the Atlantic—the myriad of juntas, the Cortes in Spain, and several of the congresses in the Americas that evolved out of the juntas, and the many constitutions and new legal codes—had been done in his name. Once in Spain Ferdinand VII realized that he had significant support from <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a> in the general population and the hierarchy of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholicism_in_Spain#19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Catholicism in Spain">Spanish Catholic Church</a>, and so on May 4, he repudiated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Spanish Constitution of 1812</a> and ordered the arrest of liberal leaders who had created it on May 10. Ferdinand justified his actions by stating that the Constitution and other changes had been made by a Cortes assembled in his absence and without his consent. He also declared all of the juntas and constitutions written in Spanish America invalid and restored the former law codes and political institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This, in effect, constituted a definitive break with two groups that could have been allies of Ferdinand VII: the autonomous governments, which had not yet declared formal independence, and Spanish liberals who had created a representative government that would fully include the overseas possessions and was seen as an alternative to independence by many in New Spain (today <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Caribbean</a>, Venezuela, Quito (<a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>), <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, Upper Peru (<a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. </p><p>The provinces of New Granada had maintained independence from Spain since 1810, unlike neighboring Venezuela, where royalists and pro-independence forces had exchanged control of the region several times. To pacify Venezuela and to retake New Granada, Spain organized in 1815 the largest armed force it ever sent to the New World, consisting of 10,500 troops and nearly sixty ships. (See, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Spanish reconquest of New Granada</a>). Although this force was crucial in retaking a solidly pro-independence region like New Granada, its soldiers were eventually spread out throughout Venezuela, New Granada, Quito, and Peru and were lost to tropical diseases, diluting their impact on the war. More importantly, the majority of the royalist forces were composed, not of soldiers sent from the peninsula, but of Spanish Americans. Other Spanish Americans were moderates who decided to wait and see what would come out of the restoration of normalcy. In fact, in areas of New Spain, Central America, and Quito, governors found it expedient to leave the elected constitutional <i><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">ayuntamientos</a></i> in place for several years to prevent conflict with the local society.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberals on both sides of the Atlantic, nevertheless, continued to conspire to bring back a constitutional monarchy, ultimately succeeding in 1820. The most dramatic example of transAtlantic collaboration is perhaps <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Javier Mina">Francisco Javier Mina</a>'s expedition to Texas and northern Mexico in 1816 and 1817. </p><p>Spanish Americans in royalist areas who were committed to independence had already joined guerrilla movements. Ferdinand's actions did set areas outside of the control of the royalist armies on the path to full independence. The governments of these regions, which had their origins in the juntas of 1810—and even moderates there who had entertained a reconciliation with the crown—now saw the need to separate from Spain, if they were to protect the reforms they had enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_the_Spanish_Constitution_and_independence">Restoration of the Spanish Constitution and independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Restoration of the Spanish Constitution and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></div> <p>Spanish liberals finally had success in forcing Ferdinand VII to restore the Constitution on January 1, 1820, when <a href="/wiki/Rafael_del_Riego" title="Rafael del Riego">Rafael Riego</a> headed a rebellion among troops that had been gathered for a large expeditionary force to be sent to the Americas. By March 7, the royal palace in Madrid was surrounded by soldiers under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ballesteros" title="Francisco Ballesteros">Francisco Ballesteros</a>, and three days later on March 10, the besieged Ferdinand VII, now a virtual prisoner, agreed to restore the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riego's revolt had two significant effects on the war in the Americas. First, in military matters, the large numbers of reinforcements, that were especially needed to retake New Granada and defend the Viceroyalty of Peru, would never arrive. Furthermore, as the royalist situation became more desperate in region after region, the army experienced wholesale defections of units to the patriot side. Second, in political matters, the reinstitution of a liberal regime changed the terms under which the Spanish government sought to engage the insurgents. The new government naively assumed that the insurgents were fighting for Spanish liberalism and that the Spanish Constitution could still be the basis of reconciliation between the two sides. The government implemented the Constitution and held elections in the overseas provinces, just as in Spain. It also ordered military commanders to begin armistice negotiations with the insurgents with the promise that they could participate in the restored representative government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish Constitution, it turned out, served as the basis for independence in New Spain and Central America, since in the two regions it was a coalition of conservative and liberal royalist leaders who led the establishment of new states. The restoration of the Spanish Constitution and representative government was enthusiastically welcomed in New Spain and Central America. Elections were held, local governments formed and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_(legislator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy (legislator)">deputies</a> sent to the Cortes. Among liberals, however, there was fear that the new regime would not last, and among conservatives and the Church, that the new liberal government would expand its reforms and anti-clerical legislation. This climate of instability created the conditions for the two sides to ally. This alliance coalesced towards the end of 1820 behind <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a>, a colonel in the royal army, who at the time was assigned to destroy the guerrilla forces led by <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>. Instead, Iturbide entered into negotiations, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a>, which would establish New Spain as an <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">independent kingdom</a>, with Ferdinand VII as its king. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a>, the highest Spanish official in Mexico approved the Plan of Iguala, and although the Spanish government never ratified this treaty, it did not have the resources to enforce its rejection. Ultimately, it was the royal army in Mexico that ultimately brought about that nation's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central America gained its independence along with New Spain. The regional elites supported the terms of the Plan of Iguala and orchestrated the union of Central America with the Mexican Empire in 1821. Two years later following Iturbide's downfall, the region, except Chiapas, peacefully seceded from Mexico in July 1823, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a>. The new state existed for seventeen years, centrifugal forces pulling the individual provinces apart by 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South America independence was spurred by the pro-independence fighters that had held out for the past half decade. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> inadvertently led a continental-wide <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a> from southern and northern South America that liberated most of the Spanish American nations on that continent and secured the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> had more or less experienced since 1810. In South America, royalist soldiers, officers (such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a>), and whole units also began to desert or defect to the patriots in large numbers as the royal army's situation became dire. During the end of 1820 in Venezuela, after Bolívar and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a> concluded a cease-fire, many units crossed lines knowing that Spanish control of the region would not last. The situation repeated itself in Peru from 1822 to 1825 as republican forces slowly advanced there. Unlike in Mexico, however, the top military and political leadership in these parts of South America came from the patriot side and not the royalists. </p><p>The collapse of the constitutional regime in Spain in 1823 had other implications for the war in South America. Royalist officers, split between liberals and conservatives, fought an internecine war among themselves. General Pedro Antonio Olañeta, commander in Upper Peru, rebelled against the liberal viceroy of Peru, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna" class="mw-redirect" title="José de la Serna">José de la Serna</a>, in 1823. This conflict provided an opportunity for the republican forces under the command of Bolívar and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> to advance, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a> on December 9, 1824. The royal army of Upper Peru surrendered after Olañeta was killed on April 2, 1825. Former royalists, however, played an important part in the creation of Peru and Bolivia. In Bolivia, royalists, like <a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Casimiro Olañeta">Casimiro Olañeta</a>, nephew of General Olañeta, gathered in a congress and declared the country's independence from Peru. And in Peru, after Bolívar's forces left the country in 1827, Peruvian leaders undid many of his political reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royalist_army">Royalist army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Royalist army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditionary_army_(Spanish_American_independence)_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish expeditionary army (Spanish American independence) order of battle">Spanish expeditionary army (Spanish American independence) order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronela.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coronela.png/250px-Coronela.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coronela.png/375px-Coronela.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coronela.png/500px-Coronela.png 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Regimental_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Regimental colours">King's and Regimental Colors of the Foot Regiments of Royalist Army</a> modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Burgundy flag">Cross of Burgundy flag</a> (the local <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> would replace the grey circles represented here).<br /> Motto: <i><b>Por la Religión, la Patria y el Rey. Viva Fernando VII</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two types of units: <b>expeditionary units</b> ( in Spanish: <b>expedicionarios</b>) created in Spain and <b><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a></b> (in Spanish: <b>militias</b>), units which already existed or were created during the conflict in America. The militias, which were composed wholly of militiamen who were residents or natives of Spanish America, were bolstered by the presence of "veteran units" (or "disciplined militia") composed of Peninsular and Spanish American veterans of Spain's wars in Europe and around the globe. The veteran units were expected to form a core of experienced soldiers in the local defenses, whose expertise would be invaluable to the regular militiamen who often lacked sustained military experience, if any. The veteran units were created in the past century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a> to reinforce Spanish America's defenses against the increasing encroachment of other European powers, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. </p><p>Overall, Europeans formed only about a tenth of the royalist armies in Spanish America, and only about half of the expeditionary units. Since each European soldier <a href="/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualty</a> was substituted by a Spanish American soldier, over time, there were more and more Spanish American soldiers in the expeditionary units. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a>, commander in chief in Venezuela and New Granada, reported that he only had 2,000 European soldiers, in other words, only half of the soldiers of his expeditionary force were European. It is estimated that in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maip%C3%BA" title="Battle of Maipú">Battle of Maipú</a> only a quarter of the royalist forces were European soldiers, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Battle of Carabobo</a> about a fifth, and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a> less than 1% was European. </p><p>The American militias reflected the racial makeup of the local population. For example, in 1820 the royalist army in Venezuela had 843 white (<i>español</i>), 5,378 <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a>, and 980 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native</a> soldiers. </p><p>The last royalist armed group in what is today Argentina and Chile, the <a href="/wiki/Pincheira_brothers" title="Pincheira brothers">Pincheira brothers</a>, was an outlaw gang made of European Spanish, American Spanish, Mestizos, and local indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Manara2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manara2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group was originally based near <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a> in Chile but moved later across the Andes to <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> thanks to its alliance with indigenous tribes. In the interior of Patagonia, far from the de facto territory of Chile and the United Provinces, the Pincheira brothers established a permanent encampment with thousands of settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Manara2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manara2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royalist_Hispanic_American.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Royalist_Hispanic_American.png/600px-Royalist_Hispanic_American.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Royalist_Hispanic_American.png 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Royalist army</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royalist_leaders">Royalist leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Royalist leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="background:#B0C4DE; width: 15%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> & <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></b><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virrey_F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Virrey_F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja.jpg/85px-Virrey_F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Virrey_F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja.jpg/128px-Virrey_F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Virrey_F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja.jpg/170px-Virrey_F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Félix María Calleja </td> <td style="background:#B0C4DE; width: 15%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a> & <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Quito">Quito</a></b> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pablo-morillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pablo-morillo.jpg/90px-Pablo-morillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pablo-morillo.jpg/135px-Pablo-morillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pablo-morillo.jpg/180px-Pablo-morillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Pablo Morillo </td> <td style="background:#B0C4DE; width: 15%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata, Montevideo & Paraguay</a></b> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_de_Liniers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santiago_de_Liniers.jpg/80px-Santiago_de_Liniers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santiago_de_Liniers.jpg/120px-Santiago_de_Liniers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santiago_de_Liniers.jpg/160px-Santiago_de_Liniers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="3493" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Santiago de Liniers </td> <td style="background:#B0C4DE; width: 15%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Lower</a> & <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Upper Peru</a></b> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_D%C3%ADaz_-_Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pedro_D%C3%ADaz_-_Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal.jpg/110px-Pedro_D%C3%ADaz_-_Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pedro_D%C3%ADaz_-_Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal.jpg/165px-Pedro_D%C3%ADaz_-_Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pedro_D%C3%ADaz_-_Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal.jpg/220px-Pedro_D%C3%ADaz_-_Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>José Fernando de Abascal </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <table width="100%"> </table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Iturrigaray" title="José de Iturrigaray">José de Iturrigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_J._de_Yermo" title="Gabriel J. de Yermo">Gabriel J. de Yermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Venegas,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_la_Reuni%C3%B3n_y_de_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Javier Venegas, marqués de la Reunión y de Nueva España">Francisco Xavier Venegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja_del_Rey,_1st_Count_of_Calder%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix María Calleja del Rey, 1st Count of Calderón">Félix María Calleja del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Apodaca,_1st_Count_of_Venadito" title="Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, 1st Count of Venadito">Juan Ruiz de Apodaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA" title="Juan O'Donojú">Juan O'Donojú</a></li> <li>Torcuato Trujillo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidro_Barradas" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidro Barradas">Isidro Barradas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ngel_Laborde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ángel Laborde (page does not exist)">Ángel Laborde</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Miyares_y_Gonz%C3%A1les" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Miyares y Gonzáles">Fernando Miyares y Gonzáles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ceballos" title="José Ceballos">José Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Domingo_de_Monteverde" title="Juan Domingo de Monteverde">Domingo de Monteverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Agualongo" title="Agustín Agualongo">Agustín Agualongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Boves" title="José Tomás Boves">José Tomás Boves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Cajigal" title="Juan Manuel Cajigal">Juan Manuel Cajigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a></li> <li>Juan de los Reyes Vargas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Montalvo_y_Ambulodi" title="Francisco Montalvo y Ambulodi">Francisco Montalvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A1mano_y_Uribarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan José de Sámano y Uribarri">Juan de Sámano</a>, Viceroy of New Granada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Torre" title="Miguel de la Torre">Miguel de la Torre y Pando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Tom%C3%A1s_Morales" title="Francisco Tomás Morales">Francisco Tomás Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_la_Calzada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastián de la Calzada (page does not exist)">Sebastián de la Calzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreiro_Manj%C3%B3n" title="José María Barreiro Manjón">José María Barreiro Manjón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Aymerich" title="Melchior Aymerich">Melchor Aymerich</a>, President of the Quito Audiencia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilio_Modesto_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilio Modesto García (page does not exist)">Basilio Modesto García</a>, Colonel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Arizabalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Arizabalo">Jose Arizabalo</a>, Colonel</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_de_El%C3%ADo" title="Francisco Javier de Elío">Francisco Javier de Elío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Vigodet" title="Gaspar de Vigodet">Gaspar de Vigodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Velasco" title="Bernardo de Velasco">Bernardo de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Liniers" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Liniers">Santiago de Liniers y Bremond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Nieto" title="Vicente Nieto">Vicente Nieto</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas Audiencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_y_Rojas" title="José de Córdoba y Rojas">José de Córdoba y Rojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Olaguer_Feli%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Olaguer Feliú">Antonio Olaguer Feliú</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal_y_Sousa" title="José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa">José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Goyeneche,_1st_Count_of_Guaqui" title="José Manuel de Goyeneche, 1st Count of Guaqui">José Manuel de Goyeneche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_de_Trist%C3%A1n" title="Pío de Tristán">Pío Tristán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín de la Pezuela">Joaquín de la Pezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Pedro Antonio Olañeta">Pedro Antonio Olañeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna_e_Hinojosa" class="mw-redirect" title="José de la Serna e Hinojosa">José de la Serna e Hinojosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Canterac" title="José de Canterac">José de Canterac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Jerónimo Valdés">Jerónimo Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Rodil_y_Campillo" class="mw-redirect" title="José Ramón Rodil y Campillo">José Ramón Rodil y Campillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Benavides" title="Vicente Benavides">Vicente Benavides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pareja" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Pareja">Antonio Pareja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Francisco_S%C3%A1nchez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Francisco Sánchez (page does not exist)">Juan Francisco Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabino_Ga%C3%ADnza" title="Gabino Gaínza">Gabino Gaínza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Osorio" title="Mariano Osorio">Mariano Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ordóñez (page does not exist)">José Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Maroto" title="Rafael Maroto">Rafael Maroto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Marc%C3%B3_del_Pont" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimiro Marcó del Pont">Casimiro Marcó del Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Quintanilla" title="Antonio de Quintanilla">Antonio de Quintanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Olaguer_Feli%C3%BA" title="Manuel Olaguer Feliú">Manuel Olaguer Feliú</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_commanders_and_last_fortresses">Naval commanders and last fortresses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Naval commanders and last fortresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEEB; width: 50%;"><b><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#AFEEEE; width: 50%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></b> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <table width="100%"> </table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <p><b>Commanders</b> </p> <ul><li>José María Salazar</li> <li>José Angel Michelena</li> <li>Jacinto Romarate</li> <li>Joaquín de Rocalan</li> <li>Tomas Blanco Cabreras</li> <li>Dionisio Capaz <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.xtec.es/~jrovira6/bio/capaz.htm">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vacaro" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio Vacaro">Antonio Vacaro</a></li> <li>Roque Guruceta</li></ul> <p><b>Strongholds</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a></b> until June 20, 1814</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pasto" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasto">Pasto</a></b> until July, 1824</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a></b> until October 9, 1820</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talcahuano" title="Talcahuano">Talcahuano</a></b> until November 25, 1820</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a></b> until February 6, 1820</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé</a></b> until January 15, 1826</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/El_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="El Callao">El Callao</a></b> until January 23, 1826</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <p><b>Commanders</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Enrile_Acedo" class="extiw" title="es:Pascual Enrile Acedo">Pascual Enrile</a></li> <li>Jose María Chacon</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Laborde" class="extiw" title="es:Ángel Laborde">Ángel Laborde</a></li> <li>José Guerrero</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fortress" title="San Carlos de la Barra Fortress">San Carlos de la Barra Fortress</a></b> until July 24, 1823</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabello" title="Puerto Cabello">Puerto Cabello</a></b> until November 8, 1823</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">San Juan de Ulua Veracruz</a></b> until November 18, 1825</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditionary_army_(Spanish_American_independence)_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish expeditionary army (Spanish American independence) order of battle">Spanish expeditionary army order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Spanish_America)" title="Reconquista (Spanish America)">Reconquista (Spanish America)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist (American Revolution)</a>, the equivalent of the Royalist in Anglo-America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_South" title="Campaigns of the South">Campaigns of the South</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Spence_Robertson1941" class="citation cs2">William Spence Robertson (1941), <i>RUSSIA AND THE EMANCIPATION OF SPANISH AMERICA, 1816–1826</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RUSSIA+AND+THE+EMANCIPATION+OF+SPANISH+AMERICA%2C+1816%E2%80%931826&rft.date=1941&rft.au=William+Spence+Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuqui_Lagleyze1995" class="citation book cs1">Luqui Lagleyze, Julio (1995). <i>El Ejército Realista en la guerra de Independencia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ej%C3%A9rcito+Realista+en+la+guerra+de+Independencia&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Luqui+Lagleyze&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indigenous, African-descended, and mestizo (mixed-race caste) soldiers fought in patriot and royalist armies alike".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_McGraw2018" class="citation web cs1">Jason McGraw (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageofrevolutions.com/2018/03/12/race-or-the-last-colonial-struggle-in-latin-america/">"RACE, OR THE LAST COLONIAL STRUGGLE IN LATIN AMERICA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RACE%2C+OR+THE+LAST+COLONIAL+STRUGGLE+IN+LATIN+AMERICA&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.au=Jason+McGraw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageofrevolutions.com%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2Frace-or-the-last-colonial-struggle-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 36–37, 134–135. Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 52–53. Kinsbruner, <i>Independence in Spanish America</i>, 45–46, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 121, 131–132. Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 13–19, 22,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 57-71, 162–163, 240–242. Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 111–113, 126–136, 153–159, 176–179. Kinsbruner, <i>Independence in Spanish America</i>, 53, 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 169–172. Kinsbruner, <i>Independence in Spanish America</i>, 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 336. Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 162. 171–172, 207. Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 173–175, 192–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 194. Kinsbruner, <i>Independence in Spanish America</i>, 88, 114, 120–121, 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 335–340. Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 194–195. Kinsbruner, <i>Independence in Spanish America</i>, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch analyzes the events through the older theory of a "conservative revolution": <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 319–323. Compare to Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 196–197, 199–210, 241–242. Kinsbruner, <i>Independence in Spanish America</i>, 97–99. Peter F. Guardino, "The War of Independence in Guerrero, New Spain, 1808-1821" in Archer, <i>The Wars of Independence in Spanish America</i>, 121–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Spanish American Revolutions</i>, 333–340. Rodríguez, <i>Independence of Spanish America</i>, 210–213. Kinsbruner, <i>Independence in Spanish America</i>, 100, 146–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/miscellaneous/c_spanishnationalism.html">"An Analysis of Shared Values: Spain 1808"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+Shared+Values%3A+Spain+1808&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fresearch%2Fmiscellaneous%2Fc_spanishnationalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manara2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manara2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manara2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManara2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manara, Carla G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrc.edu.ar/publicar/soc_paisajes/PdfTomoII/CarlaGManara.pdf">"Movilización en las fronteras. Los Pincheira y el última intento de reconquista hispana en el sur Americano (1818-1832)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revista Sociedad de Paisajes Áridos y Semiáridos</i> (in Spanish). <b>II</b> (II). <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_R%C3%ADo_Cuarto" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto">Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto</a>: 39–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Sociedad+de+Paisajes+%C3%81ridos+y+Semi%C3%A1ridos&rft.atitle=Movilizaci%C3%B3n+en+las+fronteras.+Los+Pincheira+y+el+%C3%BAltima+intento+de+reconquista+hispana+en+el+sur+Americano+%281818-1832%29&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=II&rft.pages=39-60&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Manara&rft.aufirst=Carla+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrc.edu.ar%2Fpublicar%2Fsoc_paisajes%2FPdfTomoII%2FCarlaGManara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyalist+%28Spanish+American+independence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kenneth J. Andrien and Lyman L. Johnson (1994). <i>The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution, 1750-1850</i>. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1489-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1489-5">978-0-8263-1489-5</a></li> <li>Timothy Anna (1983). <i>Spain & the Loss of Empire</i>. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1014-1">978-0-8032-1014-1</a></li> <li>Christon I. Archer (ed.) (2000). <i>The Wars of Independence in Spanish America</i>. Willmington, SR Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2469-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2469-7">0-8420-2469-7</a></li> <li>Benson, Nettie Lee (ed.) (1966). <i>Mexico and the Spanish Cortes.</i> Austin: University of Texas Press.</li> <li>Michael P. Costeloe (1986). <i>Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810-1840</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32083-2">978-0-521-32083-2</a></li> <li>Jorge I. Domínguez (1980). <i>Insurrection or Loyalty: The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire</i>. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-45635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-45635-8">978-0-674-45635-8</a></li> <li>Jay Kinsbruner. <i>Independence in Spanish America: Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Underdevelopment</i> (Revised edition). Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2177-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2177-1">0-8263-2177-1</a></li> <li>John Lynch. <i>The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826</i> (2nd edition). New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95537-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-95537-0">0-393-95537-0</a></li> <li>Marie Laure Rieu-Millan (1990). <i>Los diputados americanos en las Cortes de Cádiz: Igualdad o independencia.</i> (<b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">In Spanish</a>.</b>) Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-07091-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-07091-5">978-84-00-07091-5</a></li> <li>Jaime E. Rodríguez O. (1998). <i>The Independence of Spanish America</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62673-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62673-0">0-521-62673-0</a></li> <li>Mario Rodríguez (1978). <i>The Cádiz Experiment in Central America, 1808 to 1826.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03394-8">978-0-520-03394-8</a></li> <li>Tomás Straka (2000). "La voz de los vencidos. Ideas del partido realista de Caracas, 1810-1821!. Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-00-1771-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-00-1771-5">978-980-00-1771-5</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&oldid=1235576702">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&oldid=1235576702</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royalists_in_the_Hispanic_American_Revolution" title="Category:Royalists in the Hispanic American Revolution">Royalists in the Hispanic American Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Spanish_colonial_Americas" title="Category:People of the Spanish colonial Americas">People of the Spanish colonial Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Category:Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counter-revolutionaries" title="Category:Counter-revolutionaries">Counter-revolutionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_VII" title="Category:Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 July 2024, at 01:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rbglq","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.329","walltime":"0.413","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3715,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":28202,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4231,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":49551,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 329.779 1 -total"," 33.73% 111.249 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.33% 73.640 1 Template:Citation"," 22.30% 73.551 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.35% 47.328 11 Template:ISBN"," 14.32% 47.236 1 Template:Infobox_militant_organization"," 12.60% 41.555 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.33% 37.380 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.02% 26.447 11 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 7.87% 25.969 15 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.163","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5662499,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mkx9z","timestamp":"20241122144012","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Royalist (Spanish American independence)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7375108","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7375108","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-01-15T16:34:11Z","dateModified":"2024-07-20T01:30:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/1812SpanishConstitutionMap.svg","headline":"Latin American and European supporters of the various governing bodies of the Spanish Monarchy, during the Spanish American wars of independence (1808 to 1833)"}</script> </body> </html>