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id="toc-Spanish_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spanish preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>American preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(May_8–August_13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(May_8–August_13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Naval campaign in Puerto Rico (May 8–August 13)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(May_8–August_13)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naval campaign in Puerto Rico (May 8–August 13) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(May_8–August_13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombardment_of_San_Juan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment_of_San_Juan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bombardment of San Juan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment_of_San_Juan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Battle_of_San_Juan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Battle_of_San_Juan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Second Battle of San Juan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Battle_of_San_Juan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Battle_of_San_Juan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Battle_of_San_Juan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Third Battle of San Juan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Battle_of_San_Juan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(July_25_–_August_13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(July_25_–_August_13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Land campaign in Puerto Rico (July 25 – August 13)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Land_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(July_25_–_August_13)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Land campaign in Puerto Rico (July 25 – August 13) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Land_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(July_25_–_August_13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landing_in_Guánica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_in_Guánica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Landing in Guánica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_in_Guánica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_skirmish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_skirmish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First skirmish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_skirmish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Yauco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Yauco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Battle of Yauco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Yauco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Fajardo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Fajardo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Battle of Fajardo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Fajardo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Guayama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Guayama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Battle of Guayama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Guayama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Guamaní_River_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Guamaní_River_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Battle of the Guamaní River Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Guamaní_River_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Coamo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Coamo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Battle of Coamo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Coamo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Silva_Heights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Silva_Heights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Battle of Silva Heights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Silva_Heights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Asomante" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Asomante"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Battle of Asomante</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Asomante-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Guacio_Disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Guacio_Disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>The Guacio Disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Guacio_Disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Treaty of Paris of 1898</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Americanization"_of_Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Americanization"_of_Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>"Americanization" of Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Americanization"_of_Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Civil disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_military_rule_and_rise_of_the_sugar_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_military_rule_and_rise_of_the_sugar_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>End of military rule and rise of the sugar economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_military_rule_and_rise_of_the_sugar_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-54_years_after_the_end_of_the_Puerto_Rico_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#54_years_after_the_end_of_the_Puerto_Rico_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>54 years after the end of the Puerto Rico campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-54_years_after_the_end_of_the_Puerto_Rico_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markers,_monuments_and_tombstones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markers,_monuments_and_tombstones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Markers, monuments and tombstones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markers,_monuments_and_tombstones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="په پورټوریکو برید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په پورټوریکو برید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Coamo" title="Bitwa pod Coamo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Coamo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_Porto_Rico" title="Campanha de Porto Rico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha de Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_Campaign&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Puerto Rican Campaign</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military campaign of the Spanish–American War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Puerto Rico campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_Expedition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Puerto_Rico_Expedition.png/250px-Puerto_Rico_Expedition.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Puerto_Rico_Expedition.png/375px-Puerto_Rico_Expedition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Puerto_Rico_Expedition.png/500px-Puerto_Rico_Expedition.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="296" /></a></span><br />Map of the Puerto Rico campaign illustrating operations July 25 – August 12, 1898, and showing <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">municipality</a> borders in 1898. <span style="color:blue">Blue</span> are US Naval forces, <span style="color: red;">red</span> are US land forces, and <span style="color:green;">green</span> are Spanish ground forces.<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_USA-Espa%C3%B1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Puerto_Rico_USA-Espa%C3%B1a.png/250px-Puerto_Rico_USA-Espa%C3%B1a.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Puerto_Rico_USA-Espa%C3%B1a.png/375px-Puerto_Rico_USA-Espa%C3%B1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Puerto_Rico_USA-Espa%C3%B1a.png/500px-Puerto_Rico_USA-Espa%C3%B1a.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><br />Map of Puerto Rico under the US and Spanish flags from August 14 til September 19, 1898. The 23 blue-colored municipalities were under the US flag and the 55 yellow-colored municipalities were under the Spanish flag</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May 8 – August 13, 1898</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>American victory </p> <ul><li>United States post-war occupation of Puerto Rico<sup id="cite_ref-Zwick_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwick-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in Puerto Rico, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of Porto Rico">United States Military Government of Porto Rico</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William T. Sampson</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mac%C3%ADas_y_Casado" title="Manuel Macías y Casado">Manuel Macías y Casado</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15,472<sup id="cite_ref-MHPR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHPR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Spain:</b> 8,000<br /><b>Puerto Rico:</b> 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-MHPR_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHPR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Malavet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />40 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Malavet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <small>(mostly by Puerto Rican irregular troops)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Malavet_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 17 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Malavet_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />88 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Malavet_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 324 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Malavet_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />10,000 surrendered at the end of the campaign<sup id="cite_ref-MHPR_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHPR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish-American War: Puerto Rico"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish-American_War:_Puerto_Rico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish-American War: Puerto Rico"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Puerto_Rico_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_San_Juan" title="Bombardment of San Juan">1st San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_San_Juan_(1898)" title="Second Battle of San Juan (1898)">2nd San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_San_Juan_(1898)" title="Third Battle of San Juan (1898)">3rd San Juan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_skirmish">Guanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fajardo" title="Battle of Fajardo">Fajardo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Yauco">Yauco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Guayama">Guayama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Guamani">Guamani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Coamo">Coamo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Silva_Heights">Silva Heights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battle_of_Asomante">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish–American_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_American_War_Theaters" title="Template:Campaignbox Spanish American War Theaters"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_American_War_Theaters" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish American War Theaters"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_American_War_Theaters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish American War Theaters"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish–American_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War"><span class="wrap">Spanish–American War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Atlantic Ocean Theater</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Pacific Ocean Theater</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_colonial_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><span class="wrap">Spanish colonial campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands (1402–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Mar_Peque%C3%B1a" title="Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña">Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1497)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1497)">Algeria (1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Melilla" title="Conquest of Melilla"> Melilla (1497)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1505)" title="Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505)">Algeria (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1507)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507)">Algeria (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_(1508)" title="Conquest of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508)">Morocco (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">Algeria (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1510)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1510)">Algeria (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Tripoli" title="Spanish conquest of Tripoli">Tripoli (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1510)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1510)">Tunisia (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Ta%C3%ADno_War_of_San_Juan%E2%80%93Borik%C3%A9n" title="Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén">Puerto Rico (1511–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">Algeria (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Algeria (1517–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Mexico (1519–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Mexico (1519–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">Algeria (1519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1520)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1520)">Tunisia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas (1523–1695)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala (1524–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1525)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1525)">Morocco (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán (1527–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Algeria (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Algeria (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Peru (1532–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunisia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War"> Brazil (1534-36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Tlemcen_(1535)" title="Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535)">Algeria (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunisia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia (1537–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algeria (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">Algeria (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Halmahera (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Chile (1546–1662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">Algeria (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Tunisia (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Libya (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Algeria (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Algeria (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Algeria (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Tunisia (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD_Wars" title="Calchaquí Wars">Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Algeria (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">Morocco (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">Florida (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippines (1567–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">Tunisia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunisia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Brunei (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1582)" title="Ternate expedition (1582)">Insulindia (1582)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1585)" title="Ternate expedition (1585)">Insulindia (1585)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodia (1593–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Puerto Rico (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_expedition" title="Mindanao expedition">Philippines (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Cuba (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">Puerto Rico (1598)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Visayas_(1599-1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid of Visayas (1599-1600)">Philippines (1599-1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1602)" title="Jolo expedition (1602)">Philippines (1602)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1603)" title="Ternate expedition (1603)">Insulindia (1603)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Tunisia (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Moluccas (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco#Spanish_occupation_(1614–81)" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Morocco (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén (1618–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Formosa" title="Spanish expedition to Formosa">Taiwan (1626)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Kitts_(1629)" title="Battle of St. Kitts (1629)">St. Kitts <b>·</b> Nevis (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1630)" title="Jolo expedition (1630)">Philippines (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Jolo_(1638)" title="Spanish occupation of Jolo (1638)">Philippines (1638-46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chiloé <b>·</b> Valdivia (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">Tortuga (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1655)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1655)">Hispaniola (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">Jamaica (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocho_Rios" title="Battle of Ocho Rios">Jamaica (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo" title="Battle of Rio Nuevo">Jamaica (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Porto_Bello" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello">Porto Bello (1668)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo (1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_Panama_expedition" title="Henry Morgan's Panama expedition">Panama (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">New Mexico (1680–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Larache_(1689)" title="Siege of Larache (1689)">Morocco (1689)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">North America (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1712" title="Huilliche uprising of 1712">Chiloé (1712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nassau_(1720)" title="Raid on Nassau (1720)">Bahamas (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">Chile (1723–1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Oran (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Caribbean and North America (1739–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Cuba (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua">Nicaragua (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Philippines (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">Chile (1766–1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Algiers (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–1777)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">North America (1779–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Peru (1780–82)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">New Granada (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Algiers (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Algiers (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1792" title="Huilliche uprising of 1792">Chile (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Caribbean (1796–1802)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish America (1808–33)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivia (1809–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">Argentina (1810–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida_Controversy" title="West Florida Controversy">Florida (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_campaign" title="Paraguay campaign">Paraguay (1810–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico (1810–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peru (1811–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">El Salvador (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Piedras_(1811)" title="Battle of Las Piedras (1811)">Uruguay (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuela (1811–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chile (1812–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Colombia (1815–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Colombia (1819–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuador (1820–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Mexico (1821–29)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Morocco (1859–1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Republic (1863–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Peru and Chile (1864–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Puerto Rico (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuba (1868–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Cuba (1879–80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba (1895–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines (1896–98)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam (1898)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Morocco (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Morocco (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_insurgency" title="Sahrawi insurgency">Western Sahara (1973–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Western Sahara (1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Puerto Rico campaign</b> was the American military sea and land operation on the island of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. The offensive began on May 12, 1898, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> attacked the capital, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>. Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal, the Americans were able to establish a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> in the city's harbor, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a>. On June 22, the cruiser <i>Isabel II</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <i>Terror</i> delivered a <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of San Juan">Spanish counterattack</a>, but were unable to break the blockade and <i>Terror</i> was damaged. </p><p>The land offensive began on July 25, when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Major General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a> disembarked off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guánica, Puerto Rico">Guánica</a>. After controlling the first skirmish, the Americans advanced to <a href="/wiki/Coamo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Coamo, Puerto Rico">Coamo</a>, where they engaged Puerto Rican and Spanish troops in battle. The battle concluded when the allied soldiers retreated after the battle left two dead on their side, and four on the American side. The United States was able to seize control of <a href="/wiki/Fajardo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Fajardo, Puerto Rico">Fajardo</a> on August 1, but was forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican–Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city, while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse. The Americans encountered larger opposition as they advanced towards the main island's interior. They engaged in two crossfires in Guamani River and <a href="/wiki/Coamo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Coamo, Puerto Rico">Coamo</a>, both of which were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated. A battle in <a href="/wiki/San_Germ%C3%A1n,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Germán, Puerto Rico">San Germán</a> concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to <a href="/wiki/Lares,_Puerto_Rico" title="Lares, Puerto Rico">Lares</a>. </p><p>On August 9, 1898, American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo and Asomante encountered heavy resistance in <a href="/wiki/Aibonito,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aibonito, Puerto Rico">Aibonito</a> and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured. They returned three days later, reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack. After about an hour of fighting, Spanish artillery batteries had been silenced. American guns advanced some 2,150 yards and set up positions, but soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and the guns were withdrawn back to the main line. Shortly before the launch of a flanking movement on the Spanish, all military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13, after U.S. President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a>, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territories of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines and Guam. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Thayer_Mahan.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan.jpeg/120px-Alfred_Thayer_Mahan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan.jpeg/180px-Alfred_Thayer_Mahan.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan.jpeg/240px-Alfred_Thayer_Mahan.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_T._Mahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred T. Mahan">Alfred T. Mahan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1890, Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>, a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker, wrote a book titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History" title="The Influence of Sea Power upon History">The Influence of Sea Power upon History</a></i> in which he argued for the creation of a large and powerful navy modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean Sea that would serve as <a href="/wiki/Fuelling_station" title="Fuelling station">coaling</a> and naval stations, being strategic points of defense upon the construction of an <a href="/wiki/Isthmusian_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmusian canal">Isthmusian canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This idea was not new, since <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, the former secretary of state under the administrations of various presidents, among them <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Grant">Ulysses Grant</a>, had stressed that a canal be built either in Honduras, Nicaragua or Panama and that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba. The idea of annexing the Dominican Republic failed to receive the approval of the U.S. Senate and Spain did not accept the 160 million dollars which the U.S. offered for Puerto Rico and Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-SP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahan made the following statement to the War Department: "Having therefore no foreign establishments either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United States, in war will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their own shores. To provide resting places for them where they can coal and repair, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation at sea."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_tercer_batallon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bandera_tercer_batallon.jpg/150px-Bandera_tercer_batallon.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bandera_tercer_batallon.jpg/225px-Bandera_tercer_batallon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bandera_tercer_batallon.jpg/300px-Bandera_tercer_batallon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Batallón Provisional No. 3 de Puerto Rico (3rd Provisional Battalion of Puerto Rico)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1894, the <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a> had been formulating plans for war with Spain. By 1896, the Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan which included military operations in Puerto Rican waters. Not only was Puerto Rico considered valuable as a naval station, Puerto Rico and Cuba were also abundant in a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked: sugar. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 15, 1898 <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)#Sinking" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Maine (ACR-1)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba. According to the Navy's leading weapons expert, Philip Alger, the explosion was due to a coal fire igniting a reserve magazine of six tons of gunpowder, much of which was already degrading due to the humid climate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the United States forwarded an ultimatum to Spain to withdraw from Cuba following the sinking of <i>Maine</i>. In response, Spain broke off diplomatic relations with the United States, and on April 23, 1898, Spain <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a>. On April 25, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> declared that a state of war between the United States and Spain had existed since April 20.<sup id="cite_ref-Hakim_p144-149_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakim_p144-149-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the United States' principal objectives in the Spanish–American War was to take control of Spanish possessions in the Atlantic—Puerto Rico and Cuba—and their possessions in the Pacific—the Philippines and Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-World1898_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World1898-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 27, U.S. ships, the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitor</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Puritan_(BM-1)" title="USS Puritan (BM-1)">USS <i>Puritan</i></a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(ACR-2)" title="USS New York (ACR-2)">USS <i>New York</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Cincinnati_(C-7)" title="USS Cincinnati (C-7)">USS <i>Cincinnati</i></a>, bombarded the Spanish fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Matanzas,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Matanzas, Cuba">Matanzas Bay</a> in Cuba. By July 16, an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> was signed at the Arbol de La Paz (a large <a href="/wiki/Ceiba" title="Ceiba">ceiba</a> tree) in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> by U.S. and Spanish forces ending hostilities in Cuba and its waters. The United States then directed its undivided military resources to Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-World1898_ChronCuba_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World1898_ChronCuba-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two leaders of the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, <a href="/wiki/Julio_J._Henna" title="Julio J. Henna">Julio J. Henna</a> and Roberto H. Todd,<sup id="cite_ref-prfrogui_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prfrogui-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had written to U.S. President McKinley asking that Puerto Rico be included in whatever intervention was planned for Cuba as early as March 10. They even provided the U.S. government with information about the Spanish military presence on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-COPRSAW_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COPRSAW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_preparations">Spanish preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spanish preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macias1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Macias1.jpg/120px-Macias1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Macias1.jpg/180px-Macias1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Macias1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mac%C3%ADas_y_Casado" title="Manuel Macías y Casado">Manuel Macías y Casado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On April 21, 1898, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaceta_de_Puerto_Rico" title="Gaceta de Puerto Rico">Gaceta de Puerto Rico</a></i> published a decree signaling <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">martial</a> law for the island, suspending all constitutional rights in the preparation for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivero_Mendez_1922_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivero_Mendez_1922-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of war, the Spanish Crown sent the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Puerto Rican provisional battalions to defend Cuba against the Americans, depleting the Puerto Rican troops in the island. The 1st Puerto Rican Provisional Battalion, composed of the Talavera Cavalry and <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> artillery, was sent to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> where they battled the American forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a>. After the battle, the Puerto Rican battalion suffered a total of 70 casualties which included their dead, wounded, missing and prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish-appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">governor of Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mac%C3%ADas_y_Casado" title="Manuel Macías y Casado">Manuel Macías y Casado</a>, declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, resolving to resist the American forces.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared: "Providence will not permit that in these countries which were discovered by the Spanish nation the echo of our language should ever cease to be heard, nor that our flag should disappear before the eyes. ... Long live Puerto Rico, always Spanish. Long live Spain." Macías y Casado hoped that a grant of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> would ensure that Puerto Ricans would remain loyal to the Spanish Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_preparations">American preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Emerson_Jr_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Edwin_Emerson_Jr_001.jpg/140px-Edwin_Emerson_Jr_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Edwin_Emerson_Jr_001.jpg/210px-Edwin_Emerson_Jr_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Edwin_Emerson_Jr_001.jpg/280px-Edwin_Emerson_Jr_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Edwin Emerson Jr.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riefkohl_map.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Riefkohl_map.JPG/250px-Riefkohl_map.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Riefkohl_map.JPG/375px-Riefkohl_map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Riefkohl_map.JPG/500px-Riefkohl_map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>Map drawn by Rudolph Riefkohl and given to Edwin Emerson Jr.</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 24, 1898, in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> wrote, "Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it".<sup id="cite_ref-Puerto_Rico_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Rico-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish Crown was unaware that, at the time, the United States had successfully infiltrated the island with a number of spies, among them <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard_Whitney" title="Henry Howard Whitney">Henry Howard Whitney</a>, Henry Ward, George Bronson Brea, William Freeman, James Dewel, Frederick Ober and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Emerson,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Emerson, Jr. (page does not exist)">Edwin Emerson, Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-EPR_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a story published in <a href="/wiki/Century_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Century Magazine"><i>Century</i> magazine</a> in September 1898, Emerson Jr. was pretending to be a German journalist. He presented himself to the German consul in St. Thomas and asked for the names of Puerto Ricans of German descent whom he could interview. Among the names which the consul gave him were those of the Riefkohl family of the town of <a href="/wiki/Maunabo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Maunabo, Puerto Rico">Maunabo</a>. Upon his arrival in the town of Maunabo he met 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_W._Riefkohl" title="Rudolph W. Riefkohl">Rudolph W. Riefkohl</a> and asked him in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> if he had a map of Puerto Rico (Emerson had lost his). Riefkohl answered that he did, however it was decidedly too big for Emerson's use. Riefkohl returned home, not knowing that Emerson was a spy, and quickly drew another with a depiction of the major ports and harbors of Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-EPR_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerson used the map and it is believed by some that he may have given the map to the U.S. Army commanding general, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a>, influencing Mile's decision on the landing points for the invasion of Puerto Rico. A photostatic copy of Riefkohl's map was published in the <i>Century</i> article.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(May_8–August_13)"><span id="Naval_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_.28May_8.E2.80.93August_13.29"></span>Naval campaign in Puerto Rico (May 8–August 13)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naval campaign in Puerto Rico (May 8–August 13)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_actions">First actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_cristobal_cannon_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/San_cristobal_cannon_s.jpg/200px-San_cristobal_cannon_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/San_cristobal_cannon_s.jpg/300px-San_cristobal_cannon_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/San_cristobal_cannon_s.jpg/400px-San_cristobal_cannon_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Ordoñez 15 cm cannon which opened fire on <i>Yale</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first engagement between the belligerents occurred on May 8, 1898, when the converted liner <a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Paris_(1888)" title="SS City of Paris (1888)">USS <i>Yale</i></a> captured a Spanish freighter, <i>Rita</i>, in San Juan Bay. On May 9, <i>Yale</i> fought a brief battle with <i>Alfonso XIII</i>, a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary cruiser">auxiliary cruiser</a>, resulting in a Spanish victory.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, Captain <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Rivero_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Ángel Rivero Méndez">Ángel Rivero Méndez</a> was assigned the command of the Spanish forces at the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort San Cristóbal (Puerto Rico)">San Cristóbal</a> in San Juan. On May 10, when <i>Yale</i> returned to San Juan Bay, Rivero-Méndez ordered his men to open fire on the steamer with an Ordoñez 15 centimeter cannon, in the first attack against American forces in Puerto Rico during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GHA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his actions, Rivero-Mendez was awarded the <i>Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar</i> (the Cross of the Order of the Military Merit) first class.<sup id="cite_ref-GHA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombardment_of_San_Juan">Bombardment of San Juan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bombardment of San Juan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_Admiral_William_T._Sampson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rear_Admiral_William_T._Sampson.jpg/140px-Rear_Admiral_William_T._Sampson.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rear_Admiral_William_T._Sampson.jpg/210px-Rear_Admiral_William_T._Sampson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rear_Admiral_William_T._Sampson.jpg/280px-Rear_Admiral_William_T._Sampson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Rear Admiral William T. Sampson during the Spanish–American War</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_San_Juan" title="Bombardment of San Juan">Bombardment of San Juan</a> or the First Battle of San Juan (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua">Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua</a>) refers to an American <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> attack on the <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>, during the Spanish–American War. The American naval commanders believed the bulk of the Spanish fleet under <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Cervera_y_Topete" title="Pascual Cervera y Topete">Pascual Cervera y Topete</a> was steaming from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> and ultimately to Puerto Rico. With this understanding, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William T. Sampson</a> and a squadron of ten American warships, the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-4)" title="USS Iowa (BB-4)">USS <i>Iowa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Indiana_(BB-1)" title="USS Indiana (BB-1)"><i>Indiana</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(ACR-2)" title="USS New York (ACR-2)"><i>New York</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Montgomery_(C-9)" title="USS Montgomery (C-9)">USS <i>Montgomery</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Detroit_(C-10)" title="USS Detroit (C-10)"><i>Detroit</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Amphitrite_(BM-2)" title="USS Amphitrite (BM-2)">USS <i>Amphitrite</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Terror_(BM-4)" title="USS Terror (BM-4)"><i>Terror</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boat</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Porter_(TB-6)" title="USS Porter (TB-6)">USS <i>Porter</i></a>, two unidentified <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary cruiser">auxiliary cruisers</a>, and an unarmed <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier (ship type)">collier</a> had stood out from <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> at noon on May 2 bound for Puerto Rico. Sampson intended to intercept and destroy the Spanish squadron and then move on to attack secondary shore targets- San Juan's <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">forts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a>. He was unaware that Topete had already eluded them and slipped his squadron into the Bay of Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-World1898_Cervera_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World1898_Cervera-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades;_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_(1899)_(14597170710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814597170710%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814597170710%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814597170710%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="3236" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 12, Sampson's squadron arrived at San Juan, finding an empty harbor. Making the best of the situation and as an exercise for his untested gunners, Sampson ordered the bombardment of the city's citadels. Captains <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Acha_Caama%C3%B1o" title="Ramón Acha Caamaño">Ramón Acha Caamaño</a> and José Antonio Iriarte were among those who defended the city, from <a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro">Castillo San Felipe del Morro</a>. They had three batteries under their command, which were armed with at least three 15 cm Ordóñez cannons. The battle lasted three hours and resulted in the death of Justo Esquivies, the first Puerto Rican soldier to die in the Puerto Rico campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caamaño was awarded the <i>Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar</i> (the Cross of the Order of the Military Merit) first class for his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-PGHA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGHA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After causing much damage to the Spanish defenses and receiving minor damage, low on coal and ammunition, Sampson ordered a cease fire and returned to Havana, Cuba, and then on to <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>, for repairs and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-World1898_Sampson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World1898_Sampson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Battle_of_San_Juan">Second Battle of San Juan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Battle of San Juan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_of_El_Morro_in_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bombardment_of_El_Morro_in_1898.jpg/220px-Bombardment_of_El_Morro_in_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bombardment_of_El_Morro_in_1898.jpg/330px-Bombardment_of_El_Morro_in_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bombardment_of_El_Morro_in_1898.jpg/440px-Bombardment_of_El_Morro_in_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment of San Felipe del Morro</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 22, 1898, <a href="/wiki/SS_Saint_Paul_(1895)" title="SS Saint Paul (1895)">USS <i>Saint Paul</i></a> under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sigsbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Sigsbee">Charles Sigsbee</a> arrived at San Juan Bay from Cuba and joined the blockade. Shortly after midday the old Spanish cruiser <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Isabel_II" title="Spanish cruiser Isabel II"><i>Isabel II</i></a> set off from San Juan to engage <i>Saint Paul</i> with support from shore batteries. <i>Isabel II</i> opened fire on <i>Saint Paul</i> at long range without success in an attempt to break the blockade. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_destroyer_Terror" title="Spanish destroyer Terror"><i>Terror</i></a>, a Spanish destroyer docked in San Juan for repairs, attempted to cover the cruiser's escape with a <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> attack but was thwarted when her rudder was damaged by a direct hit from <i>Saint Paul</i>. Losing steerage, <i>Terror</i> inadvertently turned broadside, allowing <i>Saint Paul</i> to score direct hits near <i>Terror</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s waterline, disabling one of her engines and causing her to list. <i>Terror</i> abandoned the attack and returned to port, followed by <i>Isabel II</i>. On June 26, USS <i>Saint Paul</i> was relieved by <a href="/wiki/USS_Yosemite_(1892)" title="USS Yosemite (1892)">USS <i>Yosemite</i></a>, which continued the blockade of San Juan Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-DANFS_StPaul_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANFS_StPaul-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Battle_of_San_Juan">Third Battle of San Juan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third Battle of San Juan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngelRiveroMendez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/AngelRiveroMendez.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>Captain Angel Rivero Mendez</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 28, 1898, the American auxiliary cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Yosemite_(1892)" title="USS Yosemite (1892)">USS <i>Yosemite</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_San_Juan_(1898)" title="Third Battle of San Juan (1898)">fought</a> with a squadron of Spanish warships. This squadron consisted of one cruiser, two gunboats and one blockade runner. During the engagement, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_(shipwreck)" title="Antonio López (shipwreck)">SS <i>Antonio López</i></a>, a transoceanic steamer belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Transatl%C3%A1ntica_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Compañía Transatlántica Española">Compañía Transatlántica Española</a> carrying a cargo of needed military supplies, was pursued by <i>Yosemite</i> until the Spanish freighter ran aground at <a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Ensenada Honda</a>, Puerto Rico, with her valuable cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain Caamaño was in charge of retrieving the ship's cargo and the men under his command quickly removed as much of it as possible. The desperate efforts proved fruitful, and nearly the entire cargo was <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">salvaged</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulk (ship)">hulk</a> with only minor articles and a cannon that had fallen overboard during salvage attempts being lost.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July, the cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Orleans_(CL-22)" title="USS New Orleans (CL-22)">USS <i>New Orleans</i></a> arrived to relieve <i>Yosemite</i>, and then quickly finished off <i>Antonio Lopez</i> the next day by firing twenty <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary shells</a> into the vessel and sinking her. Though <i>Antonio Lopez</i> had been sunk, her cargo was successfully delivered and ensured that any American assault on San Juan would be met with stronger resistance. Caamaño was awarded the <i>Cruz de la Orden de Merito Naval</i> by the Spanish government.<sup id="cite_ref-PGHA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGHA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The residents of San Juan were furious with Captain Rivero-Méndez and blamed him for the destruction wreaked on their city by American bombardments. Nothing came of those recriminations and Captain Rivero-Méndez was ordered to turn over the keys of all the military installations in San Juan to Captain Henry A. Reed of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris of 1898</a> was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-GHA_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_(July_25_–_August_13)"><span id="Land_campaign_in_Puerto_Rico_.28July_25_.E2.80.93_August_13.29"></span>Land campaign in Puerto Rico (July 25 – August 13)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Land campaign in Puerto Rico (July 25 – August 13)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_in_Guánica"><span id="Landing_in_Gu.C3.A1nica"></span>Landing in Guánica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Landing in Guánica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg/140px-Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg/210px-Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg/280px-Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish forces expected the Americans to attack the northern region of the island and concentrated their defenses around San Juan and Arecibo. The Spanish government was also aware of a planned landing by the Americans at <a href="/wiki/Fajardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajardo">Fajardo</a>, located on the east coast and had that town fortified. However, the southern and western regions of Puerto Rico were left with little or no defenses at all.<sup id="cite_ref-AAMPR_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAMPR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Cuba was taken, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> approved the land invasion of Puerto Rico by way of <a href="/wiki/Fajardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajardo">Fajardo</a>, taking into consideration that the Spaniards had fortified San Juan, where they expected the initial attack. A convoy of ships left <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>, and on July 21 another convoy, which included USS <i>Yale</i>, USS <i>Massachusetts</i>, USS <i>Gloucester</i> and USS <i>Dixie</i>, departed from <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a> for a four-day journey to Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-EDG_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a> traveled aboard USS <i>Yale</i>. While approaching the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Passage" title="Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a> that separates Puerto Rico from the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> to the east, Miles opted to land his troops in the southern region of the island, choosing <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guánica, Puerto Rico">Guánica</a> as his landing zone. Miles dispatched patrol boats to notify all other convoys of his decision and to order them to proceed to Guanica. Miles' decision to change the invasion site was based on his belief that the town of Fajardo would be fortified and he feared that Spanish coastal gun boats would disrupt a landing there.<sup id="cite_ref-AAMPR_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAMPR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EDG_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanica_Lighthouse_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Guanica_Lighthouse_1893.jpg/220px-Guanica_Lighthouse_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Guanica_Lighthouse_1893.jpg/330px-Guanica_Lighthouse_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Guanica_Lighthouse_1893.jpg/440px-Guanica_Lighthouse_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Guánica Lighthouse c.1893</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 25, General Miles, 1,300 infantry soldiers of the 3,300 total that were assigned for the initial invasion and a convoy of ships, under the command of naval captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Higginson" title="Francis J. Higginson">Francis J. Higginson</a> of <a href="/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(BB-2)" title="USS Massachusetts (BB-2)">USS <i>Massachusetts</i></a> arrived at Guánica Bay. The following Navy ships and Army troopships were part of the convoy: USS <i>Yale</i> with Generals Miles and <a href="/wiki/George_A._Garretson" title="George A. Garretson">George A. Garretson</a> embarked, <a href="/wiki/USRC_Windom" title="USRC Windom">USS <i>Windom</i></a> carrying General <a href="/wiki/Guy_V._Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy V. Henry">Guy V. Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Columbia_(C-12)" title="USS Columbia (C-12)">USS <i>Columbia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Gloucester_(1891)" title="USS Gloucester (1891)">USS <i>Gloucester</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Dixie_(1893)" title="USS Dixie (1893)">USS <i>Dixie</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(1893)" title="USS Wasp (1893)">USS <i>Wasp</i></a> and the U.S. Army transports <i>Lampasas</i>, <i>Unionist</i>, <i>Stillwater</i> and <i>Specialist</i>. Two captured Spanish ships, <i>Nueces</i> and <i>Rita</i> that had been confiscated by USS <i>Yale</i> as <a href="/wiki/War_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="War prize">war prizes</a> were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-AAMPR_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAMPR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EDG_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, Guánica was a small <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> within the jurisdiction of the town of <a href="/wiki/Yauco,_Puerto_Rico" title="Yauco, Puerto Rico">Yauco</a>. It had 60 houses in all and its only defense was eleven members of the 4th Volante de Yauco, a Puerto Rican militia unit, under the command of Lieutenant Enrique Méndez López. When the <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica_Light" title="Guánica Light">Guánica lighthouse</a> keeper Robustiano Rivera spotted the approaching convoy, he immediately gave the alert to the residents of the barrio. All of the residents, with the exception Agustín Barrenechea, Vicente Ferrer, Juan María Morciglio, Simón Mejil, Salvador Muñoz, Cornelio Serrano and Pascual Elena, who welcomed the invaders, abandoned their homes and joined Rivera on his journey to Yauco where he broke the news of the invading forces to the city's mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-EDG_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_skirmish">First skirmish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First skirmish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marinos.glaucester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Marinos.glaucester.jpg/220px-Marinos.glaucester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Marinos.glaucester.jpg/330px-Marinos.glaucester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Marinos.glaucester.jpg/440px-Marinos.glaucester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Gloucester landing team</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Gloucester</i> was the first ship to set anchor in the Bay of Guánica. Twenty-eight sailors and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">marines</a>, under the command of lieutenants H. P. Huse and Wood, departed from the ship on rafts and landed on the beach. The marines lowered the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spanish flag</a> from the beach flagpole and replaced it with the <a href="/wiki/American_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="American flag">American flag</a>. They then proceeded to set up a machine gun nest and placed <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> around their perimeter. The first land skirmish in Puerto Rico between the Puerto Rican militia and the American forces occurred when Lieutenant Méndez López and his men attacked and opened fire on the Americans. During the small battle which followed, the Americans returned fire with their machine gun and <i>Gloucester</i> began to bombard the Spanish position. Lieutenant Méndez López and three of his men were wounded and the militia unit was forced to retreat to the town of Yauco.<sup id="cite_ref-AAMPR_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAMPR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EDG_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion">Invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Nelson_Miles_and_other_soldiers_on_horseback_Puerto_Rico..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/General_Nelson_Miles_and_other_soldiers_on_horseback_Puerto_Rico..JPG/150px-General_Nelson_Miles_and_other_soldiers_on_horseback_Puerto_Rico..JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/General_Nelson_Miles_and_other_soldiers_on_horseback_Puerto_Rico..JPG/225px-General_Nelson_Miles_and_other_soldiers_on_horseback_Puerto_Rico..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/General_Nelson_Miles_and_other_soldiers_on_horseback_Puerto_Rico..JPG/300px-General_Nelson_Miles_and_other_soldiers_on_horseback_Puerto_Rico..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption>General Nelson Miles and other soldiers on horseback in Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> <p>After the skirmish was over, men from <i>Lampasas</i> landed on the beach to secure the area and to build a landing dock. Three thousand and three-hundred American soldiers under the command of General Miles landed. The units that landed were the 6th Volunteer Regiments of Illinois and Massachusetts, an artillery battalion, five battery companies, two engineer companies and a medical unit.<sup id="cite_ref-EDG_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men who had not abandoned the barrio of Guanica swore allegiance to the United States. Garretson named Agustín Barrenechea mayor of Guanica and Simón Mejil the chief of police. On the afternoon of the 25th, Garretson left Guánica with seven companies of the 6th Massachusetts and one company of the 6th Illinois and headed towards Yauco.<sup id="cite_ref-EDG_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a> learned about the landing at Guanica the next day when he read an <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> report in a local <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, newspaper. The War Department had ordered Miles to invade Puerto Rico by way of San Juan and therefore Alger was completely surprised with the report. Miles would have been subject to disciplinary actions had the invasion not gone so smoothly. Alger received the following cable from Miles three days after the invasion:<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Spanish troops are retreating from southern part of Puerto Rico. This is a prosperous and beautiful country. The Army will soon be in mountain region. Weather delightful; troops in the best of health and spirit. Anticipate no insurmountable obstacles in future results. Results thus far have been accomplished without loss of a single life.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Yauco">Battle of Yauco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Yauco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yauco_Battle_Site" title="Yauco Battle Site">Yauco Battle Site</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Puig_(1898).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Francisco_Puig_%281898%29.gif/120px-Francisco_Puig_%281898%29.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Francisco_Puig_%281898%29.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Col. Francisco Puig</figcaption></figure> <p>After Rivera, the keeper of the Guánica lighthouse notified Atilio Gaztambide, the mayor of the town of <a href="/wiki/Yauco,_Puerto_Rico" title="Yauco, Puerto Rico">Yauco</a>, located six miles (9.7 km) north of Guánica, of the American invasion of Guánica, the mayor in turn notified Governor Macías via telegraph. Governor Macías ordered Captain Salvador Meca and his 3rd Company of the 25th Patria Battalion from Yauco to head for Guánica. Meca and his men were joined by Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Puig, who assumed command of the Spanish forces at Hacienda Desideria two miles (3.2 km) from Guánica. Puig arrived with two companies known as "Cazador Patria Battalion", and they were joined by Puerto Rican volunteers, the civil guards, and mounted guerrillas from the towns of Yauco and <a href="/wiki/Sabana_Grande,_Puerto_Rico" title="Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico">Sabana Grande</a>. Puig had the men positioned on both sides of the road that ran from Guánica to the coffee Hacienda Desideria (owned by Antonio Mariani) in Yauco, as well as an infantry company positioned on a hill south of the hacienda.<sup id="cite_ref-BY_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Garretson set out of Guánica with his men towards Yauco with the intention of capturing the Yauco rail terminus that ran between that town and the city of <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a>, the largest in the southern region of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-BY_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garretson and his men arrived in the darkness of night and were informed by his scouts of the possibility of a hostile situation at the Hacienda Desideria. He ordered the Illinois company and two companies (companies L and M) of the 6th Massachusetts to occupy a small hill on his right that overlooked the hacienda.<sup id="cite_ref-BY_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yauco_Battlefield_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yauco_Battlefield_1898.jpg/220px-Yauco_Battlefield_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yauco_Battlefield_1898.jpg/330px-Yauco_Battlefield_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yauco_Battlefield_1898.jpg/440px-Yauco_Battlefield_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Hacienda Desideria, owned by Antonio Mariani, where the Battle of Yauco took place in 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Captain San Pedro detected the movements of the American troops from his positions on a nearby hill and ordered his men to open fire. Garretson then ordered a direct attack on the Spanish and Puerto Rican forces in the hacienda. At day break, the 6th Massachusetts overran the Spanish forces and suffered four casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-BY_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puig was expecting reinforcements from Yauco which did not arrive and was ordered to disengage and retreat. Before retreating the right wing of the Spanish force, which was not overrun, initiated a flanking attack against two positions held by the Illinois and Massachusetts companies. The unexpected strength of the Spanish force caused some of the 6th Massachusetts troops to momentarily withdraw, but the Spanish forces were eventually driven off. Puig and his forces suffered two officers and three soldiers wounded and two soldiers dead.<sup id="cite_ref-BY_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_Station_in_Yauco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Train_Station_in_Yauco.jpg/220px-Train_Station_in_Yauco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Train_Station_in_Yauco.jpg/330px-Train_Station_in_Yauco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Train_Station_in_Yauco.jpg/440px-Train_Station_in_Yauco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>19th century train station in Yauco</figcaption></figure> <p>Puig and his men retreated towards Yauco, but failed to destroy the rail terminus which connected the town to the city of Ponce, and proceeded to march towards the town of <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1uelas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Peñuelas, Puerto Rico">Peñuelas</a>. Garretson's troops entered Yauco on the afternoon of July 26 and on July 27 Puig's men continued their march, leaving their artillery and heavy equipment behind, passing the towns of <a href="/wiki/Adjuntas" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjuntas">Adjuntas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utuado" class="mw-redirect" title="Utuado">Utuado</a> and finally arriving at the town of <a href="/wiki/Arecibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecibo">Arecibo</a> on the northern coast of the island on July 29.<sup id="cite_ref-BY_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Puig, believing that he would be dishonored and accused by the Spanish government of abandoning military equipment during his retreat, committed suicide on August 2.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miles, upon learning about the lack of discipline of the 6th Massachusetts during the battle, ordered an investigation. The 6th Massachusetts was sent on a hard march from Guánica to Ponce as punishment and the regimental commander, a lieutenant colonel, a major, and a captain resigned upon request.<sup id="cite_ref-BY_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Fajardo">Battle of Fajardo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Fajardo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fajardo" title="Battle of Fajardo">Battle of Fajardo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fajardo_lighthouse_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fajardo_lighthouse_1898.jpg/220px-Fajardo_lighthouse_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Fajardo_lighthouse_1898.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan (Cape San Juan lighthouse), c. 1898. It is located on the northeastern part of the highest point of Cape San Juan in Fajardo, Puerto Rico.</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 1, the monitors <a href="/wiki/USS_Puritan_(BM-1)" title="USS Puritan (BM-1)">USS <i>Puritan</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Amphitrite_(BM-2)" title="USS Amphitrite (BM-2)">USS <i>Amphitrite</i></a>, armed tug <a href="/wiki/USS_Leyden_(1865)" title="USS Leyden (1865)">USS <i>Leyden</i></a>, and collier <a href="/wiki/USS_Hannibal" title="USS Hannibal">USS <i>Hannibal</i></a> were sailing off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Fajardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajardo">Fajardo</a> on the northeast corner of Puerto Rico, when Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rodgers" title="Frederick Rodgers">Frederick W. Rodgers</a>, <i>Puritan</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s commanding officer and senior officer afloat, spotted the <i>Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_San_Juan_Light" title="Cape San Juan Light">Cape San Juan Lighthouse</a>) that had been designated the landing site for the US Army's invasion of Puerto Rico. Rodgers ordered a reconnaissance landing party ashore, including Puerto Rican volunteers. The sailors advanced to within a one-half mile (0.80 km) of Fajardo, about five miles (8.0 km) from the coast, but withdrew when they encountered Spanish troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FLH_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-home.coqui.net_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home.coqui.net-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 25-man Spanish garrison stationed in Fajardo was alerted to the American presence and ordered to withdraw after notifying their superiors in San Juan. When Santiago Veve Calzada, a Fajardan, realized that the garrison was abandoned and his town defenseless against the Americans, he implored the Spanish authorities in San Juan to dispatch troops to defend Fajardo.<sup id="cite_ref-FLH_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losing hope that Spanish troops would come to the town's aid, Veve went to the lighthouse to seek protection for the town from the Americans. On the afternoon of August 5, Veve entered Fajardo with a contingent of <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">bluejackets</a> and United States flags were hoisted over the Fajardo Customs House at the harbor and city hall.<sup id="cite_ref-FLH_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of August 6, Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Barclay_(U.S._Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles James Barclay (U.S. Navy officer)">Charles J. Barclay</a> of <i>Amphitrite</i> ordered 28 sailors and 7 officers commanded by Lieutenant Charles N. Atwater and Assistant Engineer David J. Jenkins ashore to relight and occupy the Fajardo Light. They were also ordered to quarter 60 women and children of the town's families that were deemed in danger for having sided with the Americans. As the first group of sailors was entering the darkened lighthouse, naval cadet William H. Boardman was mortally wounded when his revolver fell from a faulty holster and discharged into his thigh, cutting the femoral artery. His was one of only two Navy deaths during the Puerto Rico campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-home.coqui.net_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home.coqui.net-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 4, Governor General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mac%C3%ADas_y_Casado" title="Manuel Macías y Casado">Manuel Macías y Casado</a> sent Colonel Pedro del Pino and about 220 troops, including civil guardsmen to recapture the city. When Colonel Pino entered Fajardo on August 7, he found it nearly deserted because the residents, fearing a battle, had fled to the Fajardo Light and the surrounding hills. At close to midnight on August 8, Pino's troops began their assault on the lighthouse. The landing party of <i>Amphitrite</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s sailors occupying the lighthouse doused the light and signaled the ships offshore, initiating shore bombardment as the naval guns began firing a protective pattern. After two hours, the Spanish forces retreated back to the town. The Americans suffered no casualties, despite a close call when a wayward naval shell smashed through the two-foot (0.61 m) thick walls of the lighthouse within touch of six men but failed to explode. The Spanish losses were two dead and three wounded, including a lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-FLH_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-home.coqui.net_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home.coqui.net-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early the next morning, Barclay decided the continued occupation of the lighthouse was of marginal value and ordered his men back to the ship. A landing party of 30 sailors from <i>Amphitrite</i> and a similar number of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> from <a href="/wiki/USS_Cincinnati_(C-7)" title="USS Cincinnati (C-7)">USS <i>Cincinnati</i></a> under Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lejeune" title="John A. Lejeune">John A. Lejeune</a> came ashore to secure the area while the 60 Fajardan civilians boarded <i>Leyden</i> for passage to <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> and the lighthouse was abandoned to the Spaniards. In Fajardo, Pino's men tore down the U.S. flags that flew over the harbor Customs House and City Hall, returning to San Juan after verifying that the lighthouse was abandoned. The contingent of about 20 civil guards that had accompanied Pino, were left to maintain order in the town. The skirmish at Fajardo was the only time that American forces withdrew from a position during the Puerto Rico campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FLH_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Guayama">Battle of Guayama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of Guayama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_troopships_and_convoy_at_Playa_de_Ponce,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_troopships_and_convoy_at_Playa_de_Ponce%2C_1898.jpg/220px-US_troopships_and_convoy_at_Playa_de_Ponce%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_troopships_and_convoy_at_Playa_de_Ponce%2C_1898.jpg/330px-US_troopships_and_convoy_at_Playa_de_Ponce%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_troopships_and_convoy_at_Playa_de_Ponce%2C_1898.jpg/440px-US_troopships_and_convoy_at_Playa_de_Ponce%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>US troopships and convoy at Playa de Ponce, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>After the town of Yauco was taken, Miles decided to attack the City of <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> by sea and by land. Garretson's 6th Illinois and 6th Massachusetts had returned to Guanica and after the troops rested, Garretson and his men were ordered to move eastward to Ponce. Lt. Col. Rafael Martinez Illecas, in charge of the Spanish forces in that city, had pulled out, leaving behind a small garrison of 300 volunteers to hold the town.<sup id="cite_ref-PRL_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the American forces arrived in Ponce they met no resistance and the Spanish volunteers surrendered. The American forces were not the only ones who participated in the taking of Ponce. Members of the Puerto Rican Commission, which included the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Intentona_de_Yauco" title="Intentona de Yauco">Intentona de Yauco</a> revolt, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mattei_Lluberas" title="Antonio Mattei Lluberas">Antonio Mattei Lluberas</a> and his group, arrived in Ponce aboard <a href="/wiki/SS_St._Louis_(1894)" title="SS St. Louis (1894)">USS <i>St. Louis</i></a> and were assigned to the headquarters of General Miles. From this group Miles organized the "Porto Rican Scouts", which was later assigned to General Theodore Schwan, under the command of Edwardo Lugo Viñas.<sup id="cite_ref-SH_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SH-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miles then ordered Brigadier General Peter G. Hains and the men of the 3rd Illinois, 4th Ohio and 4th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiments to take <a href="/wiki/Arroyo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Arroyo, Puerto Rico">Arroyo</a>, a small port 60 miles (97 km) east of Ponce that served the larger, nearby coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Guayama,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guayama, Puerto Rico">Guayama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PRL_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arroyo was taken on August 2 and on August 5 Hanes ordered the 4th Ohio, the 3rd Illinois and a battery of Sims-Dudley guns, manned by Company G of the 4th Ohio, to capture Guayama.<sup id="cite_ref-PRL_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish forces were entrenched on the crest of two small hills, between which the road from Arroyo to Guayama ran. The Americans had crossed a stream in front of the hills when suddenly the Spanish opened fire. The Americans protected their position by the stream and increased their firepower as more reinforcements arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-PRL_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outnumbered Spanish troops retreated to Guayama as the Americans made their advance on the hills. The firefight, which lasted half an hour, left three American wounded. When the 4th Ohio entered the town they discovered that the Spaniards had fled north and abandoned the city, ending the Battle of Guayama. General <a href="/wiki/John_Rutter_Brooke" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rutter Brooke">John Rutter Brooke</a> used the Cautiño Residence (<a href="/wiki/Casa_Cauti%C3%B1o" title="Casa Cautiño">Casa Cautiño</a>) by the town square in Guayama as his military headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-PRL_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Guamaní_River_Bridge"><span id="Battle_of_the_Guaman.C3.AD_River_Bridge"></span>Battle of the Guamaní River Bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battle of the Guamaní River Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 6, Colonel Alonzo B. Coit sent two companies of the 4th Ohio on a reconnaissance mission across and beyond a cast iron bridge that crossed the Río Guamaní (<a href="/wiki/Guaman%C3%AD_River" title="Guamaní River">Guamaní River</a>). The road beyond the bridge was essential for General Hains' projected advance to the town of <a href="/wiki/Cayey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayey">Cayey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4th Ohio observed elements of Spain's 6th Provisional Battalion under the command of <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cervera_Baviera" title="Julio Cervera Baviera">Julio Cervera Baviera</a> entrenched in Guamaní Heights, six miles north of the bridge. The 4th felt that they were too strongly entrenched to attempt an assault at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-PRL_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4th Ohio requested reinforcements and on August 9, attacked the Spaniards and a short firefight erupted. The numerical superiority of the Americans forced the Spanish to retreat from Guamaní Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRL_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle was the costliest battle yet for the Americans since their landing at Guánica, as it resulted in seven wounded. The Spanish forces suffered 2 dead and 15 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Coamo">Battle of Coamo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Battle of Coamo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Wisconsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/3rd_Wisconsin.jpg/220px-3rd_Wisconsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/3rd_Wisconsin.jpg/330px-3rd_Wisconsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/3rd_Wisconsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>The 3rd Wisconsin awaits orders to charge the Spanish at Coamo</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the American soldiers disembarked, a group of Spanish and Puerto Rican units began moving from Ponce to Aibonito, marching through the <a href="/wiki/Carretera_Central_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Carretera Central (Puerto Rico)">Carretera Central</a> (Central Road). The caravan was composed of two companies of the <i>Batallón de Cazadores de la Patria</i> (Battalion of the Motherland's Hunters) and some members of the Civil Guard and a Puerto Rican guerilla force. A total of 248 infantry men and 42 members of the cavalry formed the battalions under the command of Lt. Col. Rafael Martínez Illescas, the same commander who was in charge of the Ponce garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-p.42_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.42-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling by foot, the journey would last two days. The group decided to spend one night in the resort of the town of Coamo known as the <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Coamo" title="Baños de Coamo">Baños de Coamo</a> before continuing their march in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-p.42_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.42-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martínez Illescas immediately ordered the construction of several trenches; while building these, the soldiers were ambushed by an anti-Spanish guerilla force, led by Pedro María Descartes, who managed to kill a member of the Civil Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-p.42_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.42-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpanishAmericanWarPOW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/SpanishAmericanWarPOW.jpg/220px-SpanishAmericanWarPOW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/SpanishAmericanWarPOW.jpg/330px-SpanishAmericanWarPOW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/SpanishAmericanWarPOW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Spanish and Puerto Rican prisoners of war after the Battle of Coamo</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, two battalions of volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Herbert_Ernst" title="Oswald Herbert Ernst">Oswald H. Ernst</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilson" title="James H. Wilson">James H. Wilson</a>, settled on opposite sides of the road to Coamo.<sup id="cite_ref-p.42_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.42-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 9, 1898, the Americans began their offensive, opening cannon fire against the city and completing their attack with artillery fire, the 3rd and 4th Regular Pennsylvania Artillery to provide artillery support for the frontal assault on the Baños, damaging the resort.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p.46_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.46-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans intended to encircle and defeat the defenses in the city. A group of soldiers entered the city from the backside, having advanced through a river nearby. The rear assault was reinforced by Wilson's army under General Ernst, attempting to trap the allied soldiers in a crossfire, employing a tactic known as the <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p.48_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.48-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martínez Illescas was surprised by the attack and led an improvised attack, but he was killed in the crossfire along with his second-in-command, leaving Captain Hita in charge; he ordered his men to surrender. Half of the allied troops ignored the order, and continued the attack, Troop C galloped at top speed north from the Baños de Coamo, after finding the resort abandoned by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hita's men were sent to a prisoner-of-war camp located at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Descalabrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Descalabrado">Río Descalabrado</a>, while the men who continued to attack retreated to Aibonito when they realized that the Americans were using a pincer movement.<sup id="cite_ref-p.48_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.48-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Silva_Heights">Battle of Silva Heights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle of Silva Heights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Col._Julio_Soto_Villanueva_and_staff_(1898).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Col._Julio_Soto_Villanueva_and_staff_%281898%29.jpg/220px-Col._Julio_Soto_Villanueva_and_staff_%281898%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Col._Julio_Soto_Villanueva_and_staff_%281898%29.jpg/330px-Col._Julio_Soto_Villanueva_and_staff_%281898%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Col._Julio_Soto_Villanueva_and_staff_%281898%29.jpg/440px-Col._Julio_Soto_Villanueva_and_staff_%281898%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Col. Julio Soto Villanueva (X) with his staff in Mayagüez</figcaption></figure> <p>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schwan" title="Theodore Schwan">Theodore Schwan</a> and 2,896 men of his Independent Brigade had landed in Guanica and marched towards occupied Yauco. Schwan and his men were ordered to move westward and to capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a>. Colonel Julio Soto Villanueva ordered 1,500 Spanish Regulars of the 24th Rifle Battalion, six companies of the Alfonso XIII auxiliaries, and other scattered Spanish and Puerto Rican guerilla forces dispatched from the garrison at Mayagüez to meet and defeat Schwan. The Spanish forces entrenched themselves at a high ridge called Silva Heights, located at a road near the town of <a href="/wiki/Hormigueros,_Puerto_Rico" title="Hormigueros, Puerto Rico">Hormigueros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schwan's troops arrived in the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Germ%C3%A1n,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Germán, Puerto Rico">San Germán</a> and continued the march towards their objective. Troop A of Schwan's 5th Cavalry approached Silva Heights and were soon engaged in a firefight when the Spanish forces opened fire. The Americans were aided by two companies of the 19th Infantry, supported by artillery and <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a>, as well as the 11th Infantry. The Spanish forces retreated after the American reinforcements brought them under intense fire.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schwan's men set up camp on Silva Heights for the night and the following day they continued their drive to Mayagüez. They arrived the following morning to find that the Spanish forces had abandoned the city to retreat to the east towards <a href="/wiki/Lares,_Puerto_Rico" title="Lares, Puerto Rico">Lares</a>. Schwan decided to send forces in order to follow and capture Soto Villanueva and his forces, as he was additionally ordered to take the town of <a href="/wiki/Las_Mar%C3%ADas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Las Marías, Puerto Rico">Las Marías</a> which was in the way of the retreating army's path. The outcome of the Silva Heights Battle left 3 Spanish dead, 6 wounded, and 136 prisoners. Schwan's brigade suffered 15 wounded and 2 killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Asomante">Battle of Asomante</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battle of Asomante"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asomante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Asomante.jpg/220px-Asomante.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Asomante.jpg/330px-Asomante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Asomante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Spanish trenches in Asomante</figcaption></figure> <p>The American cavalry pursued the soldiers that had retreated from Coamo, but were not able to reach them until the units had entered Aibonito Pass, a region more commonly known as Asomante. The region had been prepared by allied Puerto Rican and Spanish troops, who had built a trench and placed soldiers and equipment around the foliage.<sup id="cite_ref-p.50_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as the soldiers noticed the presence of the invading unit they opened cannon fire. The cavalry received infantry reinforcements, which were received by battery fire. Six American soldiers were injured in the crossfire, prompting a retreat order.<sup id="cite_ref-p.50_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allied units (Spanish and Puerto Rican) lost five soldiers and two civil guards.<sup id="cite_ref-p.50_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following two days the Americans decided to do a battlefield <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reber_II" title="Samuel Reber II">Samuel Reber II</a>, developed a <a href="/wiki/Croquis" title="Croquis">croquis</a> of the Aibonito Pass. Spies were deployed throughout Coamo, including a Puerto Rican separatist named Carlos Patterne, who was able to enter the city without suspicion and contact Rufino Huertas, a separatist teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-p.51_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.51-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huertas gave Patterne a series of defense plans that were previously developed and organized by Martínez Illescas.<sup id="cite_ref-p.51_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.51-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While inactive, the Puerto Rican soldiers deployed in Asomante completed rounds every two hours, working four hours daily. They mostly ate beans, some rice and meat, while conserving several cracker packs for Spanish reinforcements that were supposed to arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-p.70-71_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.70-71-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They slept in improvised huts that did not protect them from the rain.<sup id="cite_ref-p.70-71_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.70-71-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American commanders decided to attack the trenches with artillery, while sending a large group to <a href="/wiki/Barranquitas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Barranquitas, Puerto Rico">Barranquitas</a>, from which they would try to attack the allied troops from the back.<sup id="cite_ref-p.55_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.55-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 10:30 a.m. Captain Ramsay D. Potts led part of the 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment through the central highway to Aibonito. Lieutenants Bliss and O'Hern led two units with similar equipment. At 1:00 p.m. the allied troops opened cannon fire as the Americans entered their range.<sup id="cite_ref-p.59_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.59-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potts ordered the deployment of two batteries while O'Hern received orders from Commander Landcaster to set a cannon at a distance of a 100 yards to the vanguard's right.<sup id="cite_ref-p.59_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.59-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They intended to defeat a small group led by Captain Hernaíz. Shrapnel from allied cannon fire was falling close to Lancaster's location, and he asked Potts to help him by deploying a battery nearby. One of Hernaíz's Placensias cannons overheated, which forced him to order a temporary cease to the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-p.60_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.60-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landcaster believed that the opposition had been annihilated, ordered an advance. However, the allied fire was renewed, this time supported by <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> rifle fire. The sudden attack caused confusion among some soldiers, who reported seeing a second Spanish unit nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-p.81_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.81-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing that the allied units could capture the American equipment, Landcaster ordered a retreat. Lieutenant Hains was gravely injured by a Mauser bullet, being replaced by Sergeant John Long. Meanwhile, most of Potts' men fled the battlefield. In the crossfire the allied forces overpowered the American infantry, using Mauser fire to disorganize their artillery,<sup id="cite_ref-p.62_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.62-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which time four American officials were gravely injured including Long, Lieutenant Harris, Captain E.T. Lee and Corporal Oscar Sawanson.<sup id="cite_ref-p.82_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.82-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private Frederick Yough, Corporal August Yank, George J. Bruce and Private Sices also received injuries, with Yough subsequently dying. Harris' position was filled by O'Hern, while Sawanson was fatally shot while trying to support the artillery. In total the allied units had only an injured artillery man, while the American side had two dead and five injured. Wilson's camp was the first to receive a telegram from General Miles notifying him that the war had ended. The Americans sent Bliss to Asomante, but Nouvilas refused to suspend the hostilities after receiving a telegram from Macías denying any peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-p.63_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.63-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All military actions in Puerto Rico were supposed to be suspended on August 13, after President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and French Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a>, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territory of Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-COPRSAW_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COPRSAW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However a final engagement took place on the same day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Guacio_Disaster">The Guacio Disaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Guacio Disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The retreating <a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a> army marched for the next two days after leaving the city. At 10:30 am on August 11, Soto Villanueva was injured in the leg after falling through a bridge he was trying to cross. He became convinced his leg had been broken and needed to be carried by four men in a hammock for the remainder of the march. The marching army reached <a href="/wiki/Las_Mar%C3%ADas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Las Marías, Puerto Rico">Las Marias</a> on the same day. Soto Villanueva then ordered a private meeting at the house of the town Mayor between himself, Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Oses, Lieutenant Colonel Salvador Suau and Lieutenant Rodolfo Olea Mora in which it is decided to make a final stand in the town against the incoming enemy forces. Soto sent a telegram to General Macias informing him of the choice, but as a response received orders to continue the march towards <a href="/wiki/Lares,_Puerto_Rico" title="Lares, Puerto Rico">Lares</a>. Feeling incapable of leading the march, Soto once again set up a meeting between himself and the aforementioned officers. During the meeting, Soto ordered the army to leave him and relinquished his command to Lieutenant Colonel Oses. As his first order as commanding officer, Oses followed the Governor's command. However, when attempting to leave las Marias the army was halted at 11:00 pm on August 12 by the roaring Guacio River which had grown massive enough as to prevent passage through it. Oses ordered the army to wait until morning to see if the current died down. On August 13 the river currents remained at the same level. In the morning Colonel Suau remembered a crossing at the north of the river and at 9:00 am ordered troops under his command to march north in order to pass through it. At this point the American troops were spotted, beginning the battle. Oses saw victory as unlikely and ordered Lieutenant Olea to launch a barrage of cannon fire at the American troops as his forces attempted to cross the river by force. In the ensuing melee Oses and the majority of the Spanish forces were captured, taken prisoner and forced to march back to <a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a>. The forces under Colonel Suau found the crossing and retreated from the battle, later successfully arriving in Lares where they learned of the surrender. Schwan, upon receiving news of the prisoners wished to continue the pursuit of the remaining forces, but was halted by news of the surrender. The battle at <a href="/wiki/Las_Mar%C3%ADas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Las Marías, Puerto Rico">Las Marías</a> was perceived to have been a colossal military failure by the Spanish and local population, who named it the Guacio Disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898">Treaty of Paris of 1898</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Treaty of Paris of 1898"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_and_the_Goddess_of_Liberty_bring_freedom_to_Cuba,_Puerto_Rico,_and_the_Philippines_(1898_newspaper_cartoon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Uncle_Sam_and_the_Goddess_of_Liberty_bring_freedom_to_Cuba%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_and_the_Philippines_%281898_newspaper_cartoon%29.jpg/220px-Uncle_Sam_and_the_Goddess_of_Liberty_bring_freedom_to_Cuba%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_and_the_Philippines_%281898_newspaper_cartoon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Uncle_Sam_and_the_Goddess_of_Liberty_bring_freedom_to_Cuba%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_and_the_Philippines_%281898_newspaper_cartoon%29.jpg/330px-Uncle_Sam_and_the_Goddess_of_Liberty_bring_freedom_to_Cuba%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_and_the_Philippines_%281898_newspaper_cartoon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Uncle_Sam_and_the_Goddess_of_Liberty_bring_freedom_to_Cuba%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_and_the_Philippines_%281898_newspaper_cartoon%29.jpg/440px-Uncle_Sam_and_the_Goddess_of_Liberty_bring_freedom_to_Cuba%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_and_the_Philippines_%281898_newspaper_cartoon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>In an 1898 newspaper cartoon, "Uncle Sam" watches as the "Goddess of Liberty" heralds "freedom" for Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>The Puerto Rico campaign, which began with <i>Yales</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s capture of <i>Rita</i> on May 8 and ended on December 10, after the Treaty of Paris was signed, was short compared to the other campaigns in the Spanish–American War, because it came to an end before the military objective of the campaign was completed. Among the factors which benefited the invaders in the short campaign was that the Puerto Ricans who resided in the southern and western towns and villages resented Spanish rule and tended to view the Americans as their liberators.<sup id="cite_ref-HoH_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. Some Puerto Rican leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">José de Diego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Eugenio María de Hostos</a> expected the United States to grant the island its independence<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World1898_Diego_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World1898_Diego-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the case of <a href="/wiki/Rosendo_Matienzo_Cintr%C3%B3n" title="Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón">Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón</a> and the committee which he headed, greeted General Miles and the invaders in Ponce with banquets.<sup id="cite_ref-END_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-END-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that Puerto Rico would gain its independence, a group of men staged an uprising in <a href="/wiki/Ciales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciales">Ciales</a> on August 13, 1898, which became known as "El Levantamiento de Ciales"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the "Ciales Uprising of 1898" and proclaimed Puerto Rico to be a republic. The Spanish authorities who were unaware that the cease fire had been signed brutally suppressed the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason which can explain why the campaign was short and not as violent as the others is that the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Puerto Rican provisional battalions were in Cuba defending that island against the American invaders. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1899BalanceCartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/170px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/255px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/340px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>An 1899 cartoon in American newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i> depicting the people of Puerto Rico, as well as those of the new possessions of the United States, as black savage children</figcaption></figure> <p>The Puerto Rican Battalion suffered a total of 70 casualties which included their dead, wounded, MIAs and prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish, Puerto Ricans and Americans that participated in the campaign totaled 33,472. Of this total 8,000 were Spanish, 10,000 were Puerto Rican and 15,472 were American military personnel. The Spanish and Puerto Ricans suffered 429 casualties which included 17 dead, 88 wounded and 324 captured. The American forces suffered 43 casualties: 3 dead and 40 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-MHPR_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHPR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of Spain's 6th Provisional Battalion, Julio Cervera Baviera, gained notoriety as the author of a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> called <i>La defensa de <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i>, which supported Governor General Manuel Macías y Casado and in an attempt to justify Spain's defeat against the United States, blamed the Puerto Rican volunteers in the Spanish Army as the reason behind the fiasco.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of angry <i><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">Sanjuaneros</a></i> agreed to challenge Cervera to a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> if the commander did not retract his pamphlet. The men drew lots for this honor; it fell to José Janer y Soler and was seconded by <a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Coll_y_Toste" title="Cayetano Coll y Toste">Cayetano Coll y Toste</a> y Leonidas Villalón. Cervera's seconds were Colonel Pedro del Pino and Captain Emilio Barrera. The duel never took place, as Cervera explained his intentions in writing the pamphlet, and all parties were satisfied.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris of 1898</a>, ratified on April 11, 1899, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States. Spain had lost its last colony in the Western Hemisphere and the United States gained imperial strength and global presence. The United States established a military government and appointed Miles the first head of the military government established on the island, acting as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Spanish forces and civilians who were loyal to the Spanish Crown were allowed to return to Spain. By October 18, the Spanish withdrawal from Puerto Rico was completed as the final troops left San Juan for Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-COPRSAW_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COPRSAW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who belonged to the Spanish military and who decided to stay in Puerto Rico were offered the option by the United States to serve in the newly formed "<a href="/wiki/65th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="65th Infantry Regiment (United States)">Porto Rico Regiment</a>". Some took the offer, such as <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Marxuach" title="Teófilo Marxuach">Teófilo Marxuach</a>, a former lieutenant in the Spanish Army,<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others, such as Captain Angel Rivero Méndez, declined the offer and retired from the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivero_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivero-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Americanization"_of_Puerto_Rico"><span id=".22Americanization.22_of_Puerto_Rico"></span>"Americanization" of Puerto Rico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: "Americanization" of Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG/250px-School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG/375px-School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG/500px-School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>An 1899, caricature by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dalrymple" title="Louis Dalrymple">Louis Dalrymple</a> (1866–1905), showing Uncle Sam harshly lecturing four black children labelled Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1898 to 1900, Puerto Rico was governed by four military officers, commanding general Miles, Major General John R. Brooke (1898–1898), Major General Guy Vernon Henry (1898–1899) and Major General George Whitefield Davis (1899–1900). Miles, Brooke and Henry were experienced veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> and, even though they were accustomed to the pacification and administration of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, the U.S. Army had no previous experience in the administration of overseas territories.<sup id="cite_ref-SP2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry stated: "It was an entirely new duty for American Army officers. There was no precedent in the experience of these so suddenly placed in charge of this our first real colony, upon which their policy could be based."<sup id="cite_ref-SP2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The administration of Puerto Rico was the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</a>'s Division of Insular Affairs which was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>. Almost immediately, the United States began the "<a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a>" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> and did not apply democratic principles to the colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an "unincorporated territory" which meant that the protections of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> did not automatically apply because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frisbie Hoar">George Frisbie Hoar</a> described Puerto Ricans as "uneducated, simple-minded and harmless people who were only interested in wine, women, music and dancing" and recommended that Spanish should be abolished in the island's schools and only English should be taught.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey1899_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey1899-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools became the primary vehicle of Americanization, and initially all classes were taught in English, which also made for a large dropout rate.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 15, 1899, the military government changed the name of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico (On May 17, 1932, U.S. Congress changed the name back to "Puerto Rico") and the island's currency was changed from the Puerto Rican peso to the American dollar, integrating the island's currency into the U.S. monetary system.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinwiddie_p261_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinwiddie_p261-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States exerted its control over the economy of the island by prohibiting Puerto Rico from negotiating commercial treaties with other nations, from determining tariffs, and from shipping goods to the mainland on other than U.S. carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_disorder">Civil disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Civil disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_U.S._flag_over_San_Juan,_October_18,_1898.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Raising_the_U.S._flag_over_San_Juan%2C_October_18%2C_1898.JPG/150px-Raising_the_U.S._flag_over_San_Juan%2C_October_18%2C_1898.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Raising_the_U.S._flag_over_San_Juan%2C_October_18%2C_1898.JPG/225px-Raising_the_U.S._flag_over_San_Juan%2C_October_18%2C_1898.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Raising_the_U.S._flag_over_San_Juan%2C_October_18%2C_1898.JPG/300px-Raising_the_U.S._flag_over_San_Juan%2C_October_18%2C_1898.JPG 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Raising the U.S. flag over San Juan, October 18, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>A state of civil disorder existed in the island's mountainous region after the invasion of the United States. The local Criollo, who now found themselves unemployed and felt that they had been exploited by their former employers, formed bands called "Partidas". The Partidas at first attacked and robbed many of the wealthy plantation owners, who were loyal to the Spanish Crown, in vengeance, however they later began to attack the businesses owned by the local natives. One of the most notable leaders of the Partidas was <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maldonado_Rom%C3%A1n" title="José Maldonado Román">José Maldonado Román</a> a.k.a. 'Aguila Blanca". Maldonado, who operated in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Juana_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Juana Díaz">Juana Díaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a>, harassed the Spanish Civil Guard and later did the same to the American forces. Another factor contributing to the state of civil disorder on the island was the lack of discipline of the American troops who were stationed there. These troops were not professional soldiers and were composed of volunteers. Many instances were reported where these men would act disorderly, under the influence of alcohol, and get into fights with the local residents.<sup id="cite_ref-LG_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of civil disorder came to a halt on the island after the military government began to rebuild Puerto Rico's infrastructure, thereby providing employment for many of the discontented and unemployed population, and when the volunteer troops were replaced by the regular army.<sup id="cite_ref-LG_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_military_rule_and_rise_of_the_sugar_economy">End of military rule and rise of the sugar economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: End of military rule and rise of the sugar economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military rule was replaced by a civilian government by way of the <a href="/wiki/Foraker_Act" title="Foraker Act">Foraker Act</a> of 1900. However, the act stipulated that the governor, chief of police and top officials were presidentially appointed and they were all to be Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">Charles H. Allen</a>, installed himself as president of the largest sugar-refining company in the world, the <a href="/wiki/American_Sugar_Refining_Company" title="American Sugar Refining Company">American Sugar Refining Company</a>. This company was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Domino_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino Sugar">Domino Sugar</a> company. In effect, Allen leveraged his <a href="/wiki/Governorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorship">governorship</a> of Puerto Rico into a <a href="/wiki/Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling interest</a> over the entire Puerto Rican <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p.108-112_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.108-112-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="54_years_after_the_end_of_the_Puerto_Rico_campaign">54 years after the end of the Puerto Rico campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 54 years after the end of the Puerto Rico campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">governor</a>, which they first exercised in 1948. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">Constitution of Puerto Rico</a> was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, and approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year. Puerto Rico adopted the name of "Estado Libre Asociado" (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth</a>, for its <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ConstitutionSpanish_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConstitutionSpanish-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ConstitutionEnglish_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConstitutionEnglish-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markers,_monuments_and_tombstones"><span id="Markers.2C_monuments_and_tombstones"></span>Markers, monuments and tombstones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Markers, monuments and tombstones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanica_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Guanica_Rock.jpg/200px-Guanica_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Guanica_Rock.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Rock in Guánica which indicates where Major General Nelson A. Miles and his men landed</figcaption></figure> <p>In Puerto Rico there are no monuments to commemorate the Spanish–American War as such. There are various markers where some of the historical events took place and some tombstones which honor both the American invaders and the Spanish and Puerto Rican defenders of the island. In the town of Guánica there is a rock on the coastal port with an inscription indicating that Major General Nelson A. Miles and his men landed on that spot. There is also a monument in the town dedicated to the veterans of the Spanish–American War, though the monument does not specify to which veterans it is dedicated, the Americans or the Spanish/Puerto Ricans. In Yauco there is a monument/tombstone dedicated to an unknown Spanish soldier who had fallen in combat and was left there on that very spot. In Coamo there are two markers that indicate where Rafael Martínez Illescas and Frutos López died. López's tomb is located in the old cemetery of Coamo next to that of the tomb of the three unknown Puerto Rican soldiers who perished in that conflict. Martínez Illescas' body was transferred in 1916 to his hometown of Cartagena in Spain, where he is buried. The town of Guayama has a monument dedicated to the members of the 4th Ohio Infantry. In Asomante, there is a marker which indicates the place where the "Battle of Asomante" took place.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Puerto_Rican_Occupation_Medal" title="Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal">Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military history of Puerto Rico">Military history of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Las_Casas" title="Camp Las Casas">Camp Las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Politics of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Grito_de_Lares" class="mw-redirect" title="El Grito de Lares">El Grito de Lares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentona_de_Yauco" title="Intentona de Yauco">Intentona de Yauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_I" title="Puerto Ricans in World War I">Puerto Ricans in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War">Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Infantry Regiment">65th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zwick-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zwick_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZwick1995" class="citation news cs1">Zwick, Jim (April 23, 1995). "Sitting in Darkness: An Unheeded Message About U.S. Militarism". <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. pp. J1, J6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Sitting+in+Darkness%3A+An+Unheeded+Message+About+U.S.+Militarism&rft.pages=J1%2C+J6&rft.date=1995-04-23&rft.aulast=Zwick&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHPR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MHPR_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MHPR_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MHPR_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MHPR_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegroni,_Héctor_Andrés1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Andres_Negroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Andres Negroni">Negroni, Héctor Andrés</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130162348/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/historia.negroni.htm"><i>La Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico (Military history of Puerto Rico)</i></a>. 1898 Los Documentos de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7844-138-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-7844-138-7"><bdi>84-7844-138-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/historia.negroni.htm">the original</a> on January 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Guerra+Hispanoamericana+en+Puerto+Rico+%28Military+history+of+Puerto+Rico%29&rft.series=1898+Los+Documentos+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Sociedad+Estatal+Quinto+Centenario&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=84-7844-138-7&rft.au=Negroni%2C+H%C3%A9ctor+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortunecity.com%2Fvictorian%2Fchurchmews%2F1216%2Fhistoria.negroni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malavet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malavet_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malavet_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malavet_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malavet_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malavet_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malavet_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalavet2004" class="citation book cs1">Malavet, Pedro (2004). <i>America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the United States and Puerto Rico</i>. NYU Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814756805" title="Special:BookSources/9780814756805"><bdi>9780814756805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Colony%3A+The+Political+and+Cultural+Conflict+Between+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780814756805&rft.aulast=Malavet&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Strategy as Politics'; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 7; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5">978-0-8477-0160-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.T.Mahan, "The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1660–1783)", London: Sampson Low, Marston, Seale; page 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strategy as Politics</i> by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 13; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5">978-0-8477-0160-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jenniferhallock.com/tag/puerto-rico/">"Puerto Rico"</a>. June 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914162831/http://jenniferhallock.com/tag/puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjenniferhallock.com%2Ftag%2Fpuerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakim_p144-149-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hakim_p144-149_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHakim1994">Hakim 1994</a>, pp. 144–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World1898-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World1898_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html"><i>The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</i></a>. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125650/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=Hispanic+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World1898_ChronCuba-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World1898_ChronCuba_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chroncuba.html">"Chronology of Cuba in the Spanish–American War"</a>. <i>The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</i>. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224061453/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chroncuba.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Cuba+in+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fchroncuba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prfrogui-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prfrogui_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prfrogui.com/fortune/ballester.htm">"Hombres Illustres de Puerto Rico"</a> (in Spanish). www.prfrogui.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913170559/http://www.prfrogui.com/fortune/ballester.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hombres+Illustres+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=www.prfrogui.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prfrogui.com%2Ffortune%2Fballester.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COPRSAW-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COPRSAW_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COPRSAW_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COPRSAW_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html">"Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War"</a>. <i>The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</i>. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104123909/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Puerto+Rico+in+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fchronpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivero_Mendez_1922-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rivero_Mendez_1922_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivero_Méndez1922" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivero Méndez, Angel (November 23, 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abz5671.0001.001.umich.edu/page/36">"Crónica de la guerra hispano-americana en Puerto Rico"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Cr%C3%B3nica+de+la+guerra+hispano-americana+en+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=1922-11-23&rft.aulast=Rivero+M%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabz5671.0001.001.umich.edu%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EC_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/tropas.htm">"Tropas de España en Puerto"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125013109/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/tropas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropas+de+Espa%C3%B1a+en+Puerto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Ftropas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DT-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DT_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Rico-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Rico_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64500545.pdf">"Spanish-American War in Puerto Rico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Park Service</i>. United States Department of the Interior. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211073515/https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64500545.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Spanish-American+War+in+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2Fpdfhost%2Fdocs%2FNRHP%2FText%2F64500545.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPR-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPR_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPR_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/Espias.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Los espías estadounidenses de la Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico" (American Spies in Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War); By: Roberto Ramos-Perea del Ateneo Puertorriqueño"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007152108/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/Espias.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Los+esp%C3%ADas+estadounidenses+de+la+Guerra+Hispanoamericana+en+Puerto+Rico%22+%28American+Spies+in+Puerto+Rico+during+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War%29%3B+By%3A+Roberto+Ramos-Perea+del+Ateneo+Puertorrique%C3%B1o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2FEspias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=cent;cc=cent;rgn=full%20text;idno=cent0056-5;didno=cent0056-5;view=image;seq=684;node=cent0056-5%3A6;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset;">"Alone in Puerto Rico, by Edwin Emerson, Jr., <i>Century Magazine</i>, Vol. 56, Issue 5, pp. 666–676, September 1898"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408092036/http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=cent;cc=cent;rgn=full%20text;idno=cent0056-5;didno=cent0056-5;view=image;seq=684;node=cent0056-5%3A6;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset;">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alone+in+Puerto+Rico%2C+by+Edwin+Emerson%2C+Jr.%2C+Century+Magazine%2C+Vol.+56%2C+Issue+5%2C+pp.+666%E2%80%93676%2C+September+1898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dcent%3Bcc%3Dcent%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bidno%3Dcent0056-5%3Bdidno%3Dcent0056-5%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D684%3Bnode%3Dcent0056-5%253A6%3Bpage%3Droot%3Bsize%3Ds%3Bfrm%3Dframeset%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041640/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/unif.artilleria.htm">"Cañón Ordóñez de 15 cm modelo 1885"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/unif.artilleria.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n+Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez+de+15+cm+modelo+1885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortunecity.com%2Fvictorian%2Fchurchmews%2F1216%2Funif.artilleria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edicionesdigitales.info/diariorivero/diariorivero.pdf">"Ediciones Digitales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529002339/http://edicionesdigitales.info/diariorivero/diariorivero.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ediciones+Digitales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedicionesdigitales.info%2Fdiariorivero%2Fdiariorivero.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHA_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHA_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHA_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~adjuntas1/guerra1.html">"1898 – Adjuntas en la Guerra Hispanoamericana"</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330055709/http://adjuntas1.tripod.com/guerra1.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1898+%E2%80%93+Adjuntas+en+la+Guerra+Hispanoamericana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2F~adjuntas1%2Fguerra1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World1898_Cervera-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World1898_Cervera_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/cervera.html">"Pascual Cervera y Topete"</a>. <i>The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</i>. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117093420/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/cervera.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.atitle=Pascual+Cervera+y+Topete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fcervera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forocoches.com/foro/showthread.php?t=1994679&page=2">"Foros"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926231127/http://www.forocoches.com/foro/showthread.php?t=1994679&page=2">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forocoches.com%2Fforo%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D1994679%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PGHA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGHA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGHA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers1.htm">"Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023007/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protagonistas+de+la+Guerra+Hispano+Americana+en+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fpers1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World1898_Sampson-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World1898_Sampson_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/sampson.html">"Rear Admiral William T. Sampson"</a>. <i>The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</i>. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105054533/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/sampson.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.atitle=Rear+Admiral+William+T.+Sampson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fsampson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DANFS_StPaul-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DANFS_StPaul_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s3/saint_paul-i.htm">"Saint Paul"</a>. <i>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</i>. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020041246/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s3/saint_paul-i.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=Saint+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fs3%2Fsaint_paul-i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berta Pensado, <i>El Marqués de Comillas</i> (1954)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=-359793475&ResourceType=Site">"ANTONIO LOPEZ (Shipwreck)"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007063530/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=-359793475&ResourceType=Site">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=ANTONIO+LOPEZ+%28Shipwreck%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D-359793475%26ResourceType%3DSite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAMPR-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAMPR_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAMPR_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAMPR_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAMPR_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/puertoland2.htm">"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico, Part 2"</a>. <i>War in Puerto Rico</i>. Spanish American War Centennial Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724113938/http://spanamwar.com/puertoland2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=The+American+Army+Moves+on+Puerto-Rico%2C+Part+2&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2Fpuertoland2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDG-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EDG_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDG_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDG_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDG_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDG_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDG_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDG_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/desembarco.guanica.htm">"El desembarco en Guánica"</a>. <i>1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421161340/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/desembarco.guanica.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1898+La+Guerra+Hispano+Americana+en+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=El+desembarco+en+Gu%C3%A1nica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fdesembarco.guanica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoH-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoH_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012235248/http://homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/14_puertorico.html">"Puerto Rico — "A Moonlight Picnic"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Home of Heroes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/14_puertorico.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico+%E2%80%94+%22A+Moonlight+Picnic%22&rft.pub=Home+of+Heroes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeofheroes.com%2Fwallofhonor%2Fspanish_am%2F14_puertorico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BY-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BY_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/puertoland2.htm">"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico: The Landing and Skirmish at Guánica and the Battle of Yauco"</a>. <i>War in Puerto Rico</i>. Spanish American War Centennial Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724113938/http://spanamwar.com/puertoland2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=The+American+Army+Moves+on+Puerto-Rico%3A+The+Landing+and+Skirmish+at+Gu%C3%A1nica+and+the+Battle+of+Yauco&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2Fpuertoland2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers7.htm#anchor221005">"Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico"</a>. <i>1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509092337/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers7.htm#anchor221005">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1898+La+Guerra+Hispano+Americana+en+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=Protagonistas+de+la+Guerra+Hispano+Americana+en+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fpers7.htm%23anchor221005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLH-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FLH_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FLH_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FLH_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FLH_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FLH_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012235248/http://homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/14_puertorico.html">"Fajardo lighthouse"</a>. Home of Heroes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/14_puertorico.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fajardo+lighthouse&rft.pub=Home+of+Heroes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeofheroes.com%2Fwallofhonor%2Fspanish_am%2F14_puertorico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-home.coqui.net-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-home.coqui.net_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-home.coqui.net_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-home.coqui.net_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/incidente.fajardo.htm#anchor239953">"Los incidentes de Fajardo 3 al 7 de agosto de 1898"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222154436/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/incidente.fajardo.htm#anchor239953">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+incidentes+de+Fajardo+3+al+7+de+agosto+de+1898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fincidente.fajardo.htm%23anchor239953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRL-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRL_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRL_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRL_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRL_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRL_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRL_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRL_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/puertoland3.htm">"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico Part 3"</a>. <i>War in Puerto Rico</i>. Spanish American War Centennial Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011060957/http://spanamwar.com/puertoland3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=The+American+Army+Moves+on+Puerto-Rico+Part+3&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2Fpuertoland3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SH-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SH_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Enciclopedia_Ilustrada/Documentos_historicos/Protagonistas/P12.htm">"Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte XII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092737/http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Enciclopedia_Ilustrada/Documentos_historicos/Protagonistas/P12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protagonistas+de+la+Guerra+Hispano+Americana+en+Puerto+Rico+Parte+XII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proyectosalonhogar.com%2FEnciclopedia_Ilustrada%2FDocumentos_historicos%2FProtagonistas%2FP12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.42-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.42_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.42_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.42_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.42_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/puertoland3.htm">"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011060957/http://spanamwar.com/puertoland3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Army+Moves+on+Puerto-Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2Fpuertoland3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.46-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.46_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.48-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.48_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.48_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://army.togetherweserved.com/army/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=405039">"U.S. Army Service Tribute | TWS Roll of Honor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107220915/https://army.togetherweserved.com/army/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=405039">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Service+Tribute+%7C+TWS+Roll+of+Honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmy.togetherweserved.com%2Farmy%2Fservlet%2Ftws.webapp.WebApp%3Fcmd%3DShadowBoxProfile%26type%3DPerson%26ID%3D405039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.50-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.50_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.50_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.50_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.51-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.51_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.51_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.70-71-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.70-71_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.70-71_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, pp. 70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.55-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.55_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.59-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.59_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.59_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.60-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.60_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.81-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.81_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.62-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.62_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.82-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.82_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.63-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.63_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratts2006">Pratts 2006</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/desastre.guasio.htm">"desastre.guasio.htm"</a>. <i>home.coqui.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home.coqui.net&rft.atitle=desastre.guasio.htm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fdesastre.guasio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hostos.cuny.edu/about/hostos.html">"About Eugenio María de Hostos (1839–1903)"</a>. Hostos Community College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002115622/http://www.hostos.cuny.edu/about/hostos.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Eugenio+Mar%C3%ADa+de+Hostos+%281839%E2%80%931903%29&rft.pub=Hostos+Community+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hostos.cuny.edu%2Fabout%2Fhostos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World1898_Diego-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World1898_Diego_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/diego.html">"José de Diego"</a>. <i>The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</i>. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827093712/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/diego.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+de+Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fdiego.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-END-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-END_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zonai.com/promociones/biografias/0401/rosendo.asp">El Nuevo Dia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603005313/http://www.zonai.com/promociones/biografias/0401/rosendo.asp">Archived</a> 2009-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El levantamiento de Ciales, by Juan Manuel Delgado, Editorial Guasábara, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Enciclopedia_Ilustrada/Almanaque_historico3.htm#donde">Projecto Salon Hogar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605155510/http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/Almanaque_historico3.htm#donde">Archived</a> June 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved December 20, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Negrón-Muntaner, <i>Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture</i> (New York: NYU Press, 2004), 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers2.htm">"Pers2.htm"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130100035/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pers2.htm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fpers2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1896" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Nelson Appleton (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.Miles"><i>Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles</i></a>. Chicago: Werner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121121309/http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.Miles">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2008. <q>Embracing a Brief View of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the Story of his Indian Campaigns, with Comments on the Exploration, Development and Progress of Our Great Western Empire"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Recollections+and+Observations+of+General+Nelson+A.+Miles&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Werner&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Nelson+Appleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FHistory.Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitt-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewittHolmesWilliams1905">Hewitt, Holmes & Williams 1905</a>, p. 440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivero-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rivero_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111061510/http://perso.wanadoo.es/padron/rivero/">"Angel Rivero, Crónica de la Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.wanadoo.es/padron/rivero/">the original</a> on January 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angel+Rivero%2C+Cr%C3%B3nica+de+la+Guerra+Hispanoamericana+en+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperso.wanadoo.es%2Fpadron%2Frivero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strategy as Politics</i> by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 18–19; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5">978-0-8477-0160-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CT-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CT_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CT_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CT_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CT_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafa2003" class="citation web cs1">Safa, Helen (March 22, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4172324_ITM">"Changing forms of U.S. hegemony in Puerto Rico: the impact on the family and sexuality"</a>. <i>Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205090026/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4172324_ITM">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Anthropology+and+Studies+of+Cultural+Systems+and+World+Economic+Development&rft.atitle=Changing+forms+of+U.S.+hegemony+in+Puerto+Rico%3A+the+impact+on+the+family+and+sexuality&rft.date=2003-03-22&rft.aulast=Safa&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-4172324_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey1899-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey1899_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1899" class="citation news cs1">Harvey, S.S. (February 22, 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CE2D6163DE433A25751C2A9649C94689ED7CF">"Americanizing Puerto Rico"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200226/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CE2D6163DE433A25751C2A9649C94689ED7CF">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Americanizing+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1899-02-22&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE2D6163DE433A25751C2A9649C94689ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinwiddie_p261-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dinwiddie_p261_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDinwiddie1899">Dinwiddie 1899</a>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LG_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1898-La Guerra Despues de la Guerra</i> by: Fernando Pico; Publishers: Ediciones Huracan; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940238-25-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-940238-25-X">0-940238-25-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.108-112-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.108-112_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ribes Tovar et al., pp. 122–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm">Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish (Spanish)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003340/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm">Archived</a> 2011-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConstitutionSpanish-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConstitutionSpanish_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003340/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm">"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"</a> (in Spanish). LexJuris de Puerto Rico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm">the original</a> on November 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=LexJuris+de+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexjuris.com%2Flexprcont.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConstitutionEnglish-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConstitutionEnglish_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml">"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"</a>. Welcome.toPuertoRico.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125081800/http://www.topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Welcome.toPuertoRico.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopuertorico.org%2Fconstitu.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/monu.htm">"Monumentos y tumbas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515014700/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/monu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monumentos+y+tumbas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fmonu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeruff2007" class="citation book cs1">Beruff, Jorge Rodríguez (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0sYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Strategy as Politics: Puerto Rico on the Eve of the Second World War</i></a>. La Editorial, Universidad de Puerto Rico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8477-0160-5"><bdi>978-0-8477-0160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+as+Politics%3A+Puerto+Rico+on+the+Eve+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=La+Editorial%2C+Universidad+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8477-0160-5&rft.aulast=Beruff&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh0sYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinwiddie1899" class="citation book cs1">Dinwiddie, William (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puertoricoitsco00dinwgoog"><i>Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. <q>William Dinwiddie.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico%3A+Its+Conditions+and+Possibilities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Dinwiddie&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuertoricoitsco00dinwgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim1994" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Joy (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofextremes00haki"><i>History of US: Book Eight, An Age of Extremes</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507759-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507759-8"><bdi>0-19-507759-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+US%3A+Book+Eight%2C+An+Age+of+Extremes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-507759-8&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofextremes00haki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewittHolmesWilliams1905" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Waterman Thomas; Holmes, Frank R.; Williams, Lewis A. (1905). <i>Cornell University: A History</i>. The University Publishing Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornell+University%3A+A+History&rft.pub=The+University+Publishing+Society&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Waterman+Thomas&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Frank+R.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Lewis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratts2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pratts, Edgardo (2006). <i>De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante</i> (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Puerto Rico: Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9762185-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9762185-6-9"><bdi>0-9762185-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Coamo+a+la+Trinchera+del+Asomante&rft.place=Puerto+Rico&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Educativa+Idelfonso+Pratts&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9762185-6-9&rft.aulast=Pratts&rft.aufirst=Edgardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1996" class="citation book cs1">Trask, David F. (1996). <i>The War with Spain in 1898</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9429-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9429-8"><bdi>0-8032-9429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Spain+in+1898&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8032-9429-8&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Rivero_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Ángel Rivero Méndez">Ángel Rivero Méndez</a>: <i>Crónica de la Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico</i>. Published by: Imprenta de los sucesores de Rivade- neyra (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Andr%C3%A9s_Negroni" title="Héctor Andrés Negroni">Héctor Andrés Negroni</a>: <i>Historia militar de Puerto Rico</i>. Published by: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_campaign&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_Yauco_to_Las_Marias" class="extiw" title="wikisource:From Yauco to Las Marias">From Yauco to Las Marias</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spanamwar.com/puertoland1.htm">Spanish–American War Centennial site</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927052901/http://legacy.www.nypl.org/research/chss/grd/resguides/spanamerwar/PuertoRico.html">"Puerto Rico"</a>. <i>The Spanish–American War: A Guide to the Collections of the Humanities and Social Sciences Library</i>. New York Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.www.nypl.org/research/chss/grd/resguides/spanamerwar/PuertoRico.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Collections+of+the+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Library&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.www.nypl.org%2Fresearch%2Fchss%2Fgrd%2Fresguides%2Fspanamerwar%2FPuertoRico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" 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