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class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Toxic heavy metal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Category of substances</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Heavy metal poisoning" redirects here. For the 1983 Styx song, see <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Metal_Poisoning" title="Heavy Metal Poisoning">Heavy Metal Poisoning</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg/220px-Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg/330px-Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg/440px-Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A 25-foot (7.6 m) wall of coal <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">release of 5.4 million cubic yards ash</a> slurry into the <a href="/wiki/Emory_River" title="Emory River">Emory River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewan2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewan2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river water was contaminated with toxic metals including arsenic, copper, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and thallium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewan2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewan2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleanup costs may exceed $1.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoovey2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoovey2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>toxic heavy metal</b> is a common but misleading term for an elemental <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> noted for its potential toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinMarshall1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinMarshall1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> are toxic and some <a href="/wiki/Metal_toxicity" title="Metal toxicity">toxic metals</a> are not heavy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourretBollingerHursthouse2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourretBollingerHursthouse2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements often discussed as toxic include <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrathwaiteRabone1985363_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrathwaiteRabone1985363-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which appear in the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s list of 10 chemicals of major public concern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrivastavaGoyal20102_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastavaGoyal20102-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinMarshall1999_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinMarshall1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These toxic elements are found naturally in the earth. They become concentrated as a result of human caused activities and can enter plant and animal (including human) tissues via inhalation, diet, and manual handling. Then, they can bind to and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components. The toxic effects of arsenic, mercury, and lead were known to the ancients, but methodical studies of the toxicity of some heavy metals appear to date from only 1868. In humans, heavy metal poisoning is generally treated by the administration of <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating agents</a>. Some elements otherwise regarded as toxic heavy metals are essential, in small quantities, for human health. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversial_terminology">Controversial terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Controversial terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC), which standardizes nomenclature, says the term “heavy metals<i>”</i> is both meaningless and misleading".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUPAC report focuses on the legal and toxicological implications of describing "heavy metals" as toxins when there is no scientific evidence to support a connection. The density implied by the adjective "heavy" has almost no biological consequences and pure metals are rarely the biologically active substance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002795_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002795-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This characterization has been echoed by numerous reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliKhan2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliKhan2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENieboerRichardson1980_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENieboerRichardson1980-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinMarshall1999_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinMarshall1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely used toxicology textbook, <i>Casarett and Doull’s toxicology</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996839_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996839-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses "toxic metal" not "heavy metals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002795_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002795-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless many scientific and science related articles continue to use "heavy metal" as a term for toxic substances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourretBollingerHursthouse2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourretBollingerHursthouse2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_and_minor_metal_toxins">Major and minor metal toxins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major and minor metal toxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;"></div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Sodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silicon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Phosphorus</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;">Major toxic metals</div> </div> <p>Metals with multiple toxic effects include arsenic (As), <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996818_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996818-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;"></div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Sodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silicon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Phosphorus</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;">Essential but potentially toxic elements</div> </div> <p>Elements that are nutritionally essential for animal or plant life but which are considered toxic metals in high doses or other forms include cobalt (Co), <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (Cu), <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (Fe), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Mn), <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (Mo), <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> (Se), and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (Zn).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996839_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996839-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contamination_sources">Contamination sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contamination sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png/220px-Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png/330px-Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png/440px-Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraethyl lead">Tetraethyl lead</a> is one of the most significant heavy metal contaminants in recent use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightWelbourn2002288_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightWelbourn2002288-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Toxic metals are found naturally in the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human activities, or, in some cases geochemical processes, such as accumulation in peat soils that are then released when drained for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQureshiRichardsMcBrideBaveye2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQureshiRichardsMcBrideBaveye2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common sources include <a href="/wiki/Fertilisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilisers">fertilisers</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1997_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1997-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aging water supply infrastructure;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarveyHandleyTaylor2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarveyHandleyTaylor2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> floating in the world's oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowellLaversPatersonGarrett2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowellLaversPatersonGarrett2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeLindequeHalsbandGalloway20112589‒2590_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeLindequeHalsbandGalloway20112589‒2590-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsenic is thought to be used in connection with coloring dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinchHillyerLeopold2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinchHillyerLeopold2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rat_poison" class="mw-redirect" title="Rat poison">Rat poison</a> used in grain and <a href="/wiki/Mash_ingredients" title="Mash ingredients">mash</a> stores may be another source of the arsenic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggrawal2014680_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggrawal2014680-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographical extent of sources may be very large. For example, up to one-sixth of China's arable land might be affected by heavy metal contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillmanAbbotYuBain20153349_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillmanAbbotYuBain20153349-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lead is the most prevalent heavy metal contaminant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMaioDiMaio2001527_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMaioDiMaio2001527-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a component of <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraethyl lead">tetraethyl lead</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>Pb</span>, it was used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> during the 1930s–1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovei199815_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovei199815-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lead levels in the aquatic environments of industrialised societies have been estimated to be two to three times those of pre-industrial levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryVanderklein1996336_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryVanderklein1996336-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the use of leaded gasoline was largely phased out in North America by 1996, soils next to roads built before this time retain high lead concentrations. Lead (from <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_azide" title="Lead(II) azide">lead(II) azide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lead_styphnate" title="Lead styphnate">lead styphnate</a> used in firearms) gradually accumulates at firearms training grounds, contaminating the local environment and exposing range employees to a risk of <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulton201450_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulton201450-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_routes">Entry routes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entry routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxic metals enter plant, animal and human tissues via air inhalation, diet, and manual handling. <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanizing</a>, brazing, and soldering exposes workers to fumes that may be inhaled and result in <a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">metal fume fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKayeYoungO'Sullivan2002_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayeYoungO'Sullivan2002-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motor vehicle emissions are a major source of airborne contaminants including arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, lead, antimony, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, zinc, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalasubramanianHeWang2009476_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalasubramanianHeWang2009476-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water sources (groundwater, lakes, streams and rivers) can be polluted by toxic metals leaching from industrial and consumer waste; <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> can exacerbate this process by releasing toxic metals trapped in soils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorsztynowiczMill1995361_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorsztynowiczMill1995361-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transport through soil can be facilitated by the presence of preferential flow paths (macropores) and dissolved organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamobrecoRichardsSteenhuisPeverly1996_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamobrecoRichardsSteenhuisPeverly1996-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants are exposed to toxic metals through the uptake of water; animals eat these plants; ingestion of plant- and animal-based foods are the largest sources of toxic metals in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadojevicBashkin1999406_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadojevicBashkin1999406-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absorption through skin contact, for example from contact with soil, or metal containing toys and jewelry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuneyZagury2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuneyZagury2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is another potential source of toxic metal contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuMaYangLie2014144_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuMaYangLie2014144-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxic metals can <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulate</a> in organisms as they are hard to <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPezzarossaGoriniPetruzelli201194_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPezzarossaGoriniPetruzelli201194-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detrimental_effects">Detrimental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Detrimental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxic metals "can bind to vital cellular components, such as <a href="/wiki/Protein#Structural_proteins" title="Protein">structural proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, and interfere with their functioning".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandisSofieldYu2000269_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisSofieldYu2000269-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms and effects can vary according to the metal or metal compound, and the dose involved. Broadly, long-term exposure to toxic heavy metals can have carcinogenic, central and peripheral nervous system, and circulatory effects. For humans, typical presentations associated with exposure to any of the "classical"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielenMarvin200810_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielenMarvin200810-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> toxic heavy metals, or chromium (another toxic heavy metal) or arsenic (a metalloid), are shown in the table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdalWiener2023_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalWiener2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0"><b>Element</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0"><b>Acute exposure</b><br /><i>usually a day or less</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0"><b>Chronic exposure</b><br /><i>often months or years</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">Cadmium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">Pneumonitis</a> (lung inflammation)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">Osteomalacia</a> (softening of bones)<br /><a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">Proteinuria</a> (excess protein in urine; possible kidney damage) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">Vomiting</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis" title="Stomatitis">Stomatitis</a> (inflammation of gums and mouth) <br /><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">Nephrotic syndrome</a> (nonspecific kidney disorder)<br /><a href="/wiki/Neurasthenia" title="Neurasthenia">Neurasthenia</a> (neurotic disorder)<br /><a href="/wiki/Parageusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parageusia">Parageusia</a> (metallic taste)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning#Infantile_acrodynia" title="Mercury poisoning">Pink Disease</a> (pain and pink discoloration of hands and feet)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">Encephalopathy</a> (brain dysfunction)<br />Nausea<br />Vomiting</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a><br />Encephalopathy<br /><a href="/wiki/Foot_drop" title="Foot drop">Foot drop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wrist_drop" title="Wrist drop">wrist drop</a> (palsy)<br />Nephropathy (kidney disease) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium_toxicity" title="Chromium toxicity">Chromium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal hemorrhage">Gastrointestinal hemorrhage</a> (bleeding) <br /><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">Hemolysis</a> (red blood cell destruction)<br /><a href="/wiki/Acute_renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute renal failure">Acute renal failure</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">Pulmonary fibrosis</a> (lung scarring)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic</a></td> <td>Nausea<br />Vomiting<br />Diarrhea<br />Encephalopathy<br />Multi-organ effects<br /><a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">Arrhythmia</a><br />Painful <a href="/wiki/Neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathy">neuropathy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hypopigmentation" title="Hypopigmentation">Hypopigmentation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">Hyperkeratosis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The toxic effects of arsenic, mercury and lead were known to the ancients but methodical studies of the overall toxicity of heavy metals appear to date from only 1868. In that year, Wanklyn and Chapman speculated on the adverse effects of the heavy metals "arsenic, lead, copper, zinc, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>. They noted an "absence of investigation" and were reduced to "the necessity of pleading for the collection of data".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWanklynChapman186873–78_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWanklynChapman186873–78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1871484_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1871484-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, Blake described an apparent connection between toxicity and the atomic weight of an element.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1884_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1884-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following sections provide historical thumbnails for the "classical" toxic heavy metals (arsenic, mercury and lead) and some more recent examples (chromium and cadmium). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsenic">Arsenic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arsenic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orpiment_mineral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Orpiment_mineral.jpg/200px-Orpiment_mineral.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Orpiment_mineral.jpg/300px-Orpiment_mineral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Orpiment_mineral.jpg/400px-Orpiment_mineral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">Orpiment</a>, a toxic arsenic mineral used in the tanning industry to remove hair from hides.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">realgar</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">As<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>S<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">As<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>), was known in ancient times. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (64–50 BCE – c. AD 24?), a Greek geographer and historian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDueck20001–3,_46,_53_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDueck20001–3,_46,_53-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote that only slaves were employed in realgar and orpiment mines since they would inevitably die from the toxic effects of the fumes given off from the ores. Arsenic-contaminated beer poisoned over 6,000 people in the Manchester area of England in 1900, and is thought to have killed at least 70 victims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyer2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clare_Luce" class="mw-redirect" title="Clare Luce">Clare Luce</a>, American ambassador to Italy from 1953 to 1956, suffered from <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a>. Its source was traced to flaking arsenic-laden paint on the ceiling of her bedroom. She may also have eaten food contaminated by arsenic in flaking ceiling paint in the embassy dining room.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhorton2011356_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhorton2011356-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Ground water contaminated by arsenic</a>, as of 2014, "is still poisoning millions of people in Asia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotman2014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotman2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury">Mercury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mercury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral_in_SPB.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral_in_SPB.jpeg/220px-Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral_in_SPB.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral_in_SPB.jpeg/330px-Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral_in_SPB.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral_in_SPB.jpeg/440px-Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral_in_SPB.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>-mercury <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> used to <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gild</a> its dome caused numerous casualties among the workers involved.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first emperor of unified China, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, it is reported, died of ingesting <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> pills that were intended to give him eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhaoZhuSui2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhaoZhuSui2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "mad as a hatter" is likely a reference to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a> among <a href="/wiki/Milliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliner">milliners</a> (so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mad_hatter_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad hatter disease">mad hatter disease</a>"), as mercury-based compounds were once used in the manufacture of felt hats in the 18th and 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, gold amalgam (an alloy with mercury) was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a>, leading to numerous casualties among the workers. It is estimated that during the construction of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a> alone, 60 workers died from the gilding of the main dome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011326_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011326-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> poisoning occurred in several places in Japan during the 1950s due to industrial discharges of mercury into rivers and coastal waters. The best-known instances were in <a href="/wiki/Minamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamata">Minamata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture" title="Niigata Prefecture">Niigata</a>. In Minamata alone, more than 600 people died due to what became known as <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>. More than 21,000 people filed claims with the Japanese government, of which almost 3000 became certified as having the disease. In 22 documented cases, pregnant women who consumed contaminated fish showed mild or no symptoms but gave birth to infants with severe developmental disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsonMyersWeiss20041025_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonMyersWeiss20041025-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, mercury levels have tripled in many near-surface <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawaters</a>, especially around <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Scientist20144_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Scientist20144-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead">Lead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png/170px-Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png/255px-Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png/340px-Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Dutch Boy <a href="/wiki/White_lead" title="White lead">white lead</a> paint advertisement, 1912.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></div> <p>The adverse effects of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> were known to the ancients. In the 2nd century BC the Greek botanist <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">colic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> seen in lead-poisoned people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearce2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearce2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedleman2004_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedleman2004-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>, a Greek <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> who is thought to have lived in the 1st century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200041_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200041-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote that lead "makes the mind give way". Lead was used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman aqueducts">Roman aqueducts</a> from about 500 BC to 300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbertWeiss2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbertWeiss2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s engineer, <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, reported, "water is much more wholesome from earthenware pipes than from lead pipes. For it seems to be made injurious by lead, because <a href="/wiki/White_lead" title="White lead">white lead</a> is produced by it, and this is said to be harmful to the human body."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrioreschi1998279_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrioreschi1998279-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> period in China (1271−1368 AD), lead pollution due to silver smelting in the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> region exceeded contamination levels from modern mining activities by nearly four times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillmanAbbotYuBain20153353–3354_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillmanAbbotYuBain20153353–3354-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th and 18th centuries, people in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> were afflicted by a condition referred to as <a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a>; this was discovered to be due to the imbibing of <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead-contaminated</a> <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimated that lead poisoning resulted in 143,000 deaths, and "contribute[d] to 600,000 new cases of children with intellectual disabilities", each year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. city of <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a>, lead contamination in drinking water has been <a href="/wiki/Flint_water_crisis" title="Flint water crisis">an issue since 2014</a>. The source of the contamination has been attributed to "corrosion in the lead and iron <a href="/wiki/Lead_service_line" title="Lead service line">pipes that distribute water</a> to city residents".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrice2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrice2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the lead concentration of drinking water in north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Australia, reached a level over 50 times the prescribed national drinking water guidelines. The source of the contamination was attributed to "a combination of dilapidated drinking water infrastructure, including lead jointed pipelines, end-of-life polyvinyl chloride pipes and household plumbing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarveyHandleyTaylor2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarveyHandleyTaylor2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chromium">Chromium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chromium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg/220px-Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg/330px-Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg/440px-Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chromate" title="Potassium chromate">Potassium chromate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>, is used in the dyeing of fabrics, and as a <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning agent</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(III)">Chromium(III)</a> compounds and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> metal are not considered a health hazard, while the toxicity and carcinogenic properties of <a href="/wiki/Chromium(VI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(VI)">chromium(VI)</a> have been known since at least the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux1999_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux1999-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, Newman described the elevated cancer risk of workers in a <a href="/wiki/Chromate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromate ion">chromate</a> dye company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1890_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1890-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chromate-induced dermatitis was reported in aircraft workers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHainesNieboer1988504_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHainesNieboer1988504-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, an outbreak of dermatitis, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a> to exudative <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, occurred amongst 60 automobile factory workers in England. The workers had been wet-sanding chromate-based primer paint that had been applied to car bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Research_Council197468_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Research_Council197468-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, chromium was released from the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a> <a href="/wiki/Orica" title="Orica">Orica</a> explosives plant on August 8, 2011. Up to 20 workers at the plant were exposed as were 70 nearby homes in <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_New_South_Wales" title="Stockton, New South Wales">Stockton</a>. The town was only notified three days after the release and the accident sparked a major public controversy, with Orica criticised for playing down the extent and possible risks of the leak, and the state Government attacked for their slow response to the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETovey2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETovey2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'BrienAston2011_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'BrienAston2011-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadmium">Cadmium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cadmium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/220px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/330px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/440px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5220" data-file-height="3378" /></a><figcaption>99.999% purity cadmium bar and 1 cm<sup>3</sup> cube.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">Cadmium poisoning</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> exposure is a phenomenon of the early 20th century, and onwards. In Japan in 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Mining_%26_Smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsui Mining & Smelting">Mitsui Mining & Smelting</a> Company began discharging cadmium into the <a href="/wiki/Jinz%C5%AB_River" title="Jinzū River">Jinzū River</a>, as a byproduct of mining operations. Residents in the surrounding area subsequently consumed rice grown in cadmium-contaminated irrigation water. They experienced <a href="/wiki/Itai-itai_disease" title="Itai-itai disease">softening of the bones and kidney failure</a>. The origin of these symptoms was not clear; possibilities raised at the time included "a regional or bacterial disease or lead poisoning".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValleroLetcher2013240_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValleroLetcher2013240-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, cadmium was identified as the likely cause and in 1961 the source was directly linked to mining operations in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValleroLetcher2013239–241_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValleroLetcher2013239–241-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2010, cadmium was found in <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> exclusive <a href="/wiki/Miley_Cyrus" title="Miley Cyrus">Miley Cyrus</a> jewelry. Wal-Mart continued to sell the jewelry until May, when covert testing organised by <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> confirmed the original results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2010 cadmium was detected in the paint used on promotional drinking glasses for the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek_Forever_After" title="Shrek Forever After">Shrek Forever After</a></i>, sold by <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Restaurants" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald's Restaurants">McDonald's Restaurants</a>, triggering a recall of 12 million glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvihillPritchard2010_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvihillPritchard2010-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remediation">Remediation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Remediation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human">Human</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation therapy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_detoxification" title="Heavy metal detoxification">Heavy metal detoxification</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metal-EDTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Metal-EDTA.svg/170px-Metal-EDTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Metal-EDTA.svg/255px-Metal-EDTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Metal-EDTA.svg/340px-Metal-EDTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>A metal EDTA anion. Pb displaces Ca in <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>[CaEDTA]</span> to give <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>[PbEDTA]</span>, which is passed out of the body in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsuros1997_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsuros1997-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In humans, heavy metal poisoning is generally treated by the administration of <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating agents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlannAhmed2014465_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlannAhmed2014465-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are chemical compounds, such as <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_calcium_edetate" title="Sodium calcium edetate">CaNa<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>EDTA</a></span> (calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate) that convert heavy metals to chemically inert forms that can be excreted without further interaction with the body. Chelates are not without side effects and can also remove beneficial metals from the body. Vitamin and mineral supplements are sometimes co-administered for this reason<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Cancer_Society2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Cancer_Society2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Poison_Center2010_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Poison_Center2010-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soils contaminated by heavy metals can be remediated by one or more of the following technologies: isolation; immobilization; toxicity reduction; physical separation; or extraction. <i>Isolation</i> involves the use of caps, membranes or below-ground barriers in an attempt to quarantine the contaminated soil. <i>Immobilization</i> aims to alter the properties of the soil so as to hinder the mobility of the heavy contaminants. <i>Toxicity reduction</i> attempts to oxidise or reduce the toxic heavy metal ions, via chemical or <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">biological means</a> into less toxic or mobile forms. <i>Physical separation</i> involves the removal of the contaminated soil and the separation of the metal contaminants by mechanical means. <i>Extraction</i> is an on or off-site process that uses chemicals, high-temperature volatization, or electrolysis to extract contaminants from soils. The process or processes used will vary according to contaminant and the characteristics of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvankoDzombak19971,_14–40_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvankoDzombak19971,_14–40-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some elements otherwise regarded as toxic heavy metals are <a href="/wiki/Dietary_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary element">essential</a>, in small quantities, for human health. These elements include vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, strontium and molybdenum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBánfalvi201112_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBánfalvi201112-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deficiency of these essential metals may increase susceptibility to heavy metal poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChowdhuryChandra1987_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChowdhuryChandra1987-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selenium is the most toxic of the heavy metals that are essential for mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelinger1978369_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelinger1978369-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selenium is normally excreted and only becomes toxic when the intake exceeds the excretory capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996846_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996846-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento_Rodrigues_dam_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bento Rodrigues dam disaster">Bento Rodrigues dam disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_detoxification" title="Heavy metal detoxification">Heavy metal detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_toxicity" title="Metal toxicity">Metal toxicity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewan2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewan2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDewan2008">Dewan 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewan2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewan2009_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDewan2009">Dewan 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li 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href="#CITEREFCameron1871">Cameron 1871</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1884-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1884_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlake1884">Blake 1884</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDueck20001–3,_46,_53-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDueck20001–3,_46,_53_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDueck2000">Dueck 2000</a>, pp. 1–3, 46, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer2009-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyer2009_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyer2009">Dyer 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhorton2011356-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhorton2011356_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhorton2011">Whorton 2011</a>, p. 356.</span> 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id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_heavy_metal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdalWiener2023" class="citation web cs1">Adal A, Wiener SW (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/814960-overview">"Heavy Metal Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></i>.</cite><span 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The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913595-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913595-04-6"><bdi>978-0-913595-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Pharmacopeia&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=The+United+States+Pharmacopeial+Convention&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-913595-04-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxic+heavy+metal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403065947/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/lead-20131018/en/">"Stop Lead Poisoning in Children"</a>. World Health Organization. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/lead-20131018/en/">the original</a> on April 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stop+Lead+Poisoning+in+Children&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Fnews%2Fnotes%2F2013%2Flead-20131018%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxic+heavy+metal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507034021/http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/chemicals_phc/en/">"Ten Chemicals of Major Public Health Concern"</a>. World Health Organization. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/chemicals_phc/en/">the original</a> on May 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Chemicals+of+Major+Public+Health+Concern&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fipcs%2Fassessment%2Fpublic_health%2Fchemicals_phc%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxic+heavy+metal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/photo-story/photo-story-detail/10-chemicals-of-public-health-concern">"10 chemicals of public health concern"</a>. World Health Organization. 1 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+chemicals+of+public+health+concern&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Fphoto-story%2Fphoto-story-detail%2F10-chemicals-of-public-health-concern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxic+heavy+metal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower#Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Cooling water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" title="Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment#Sources_of_industrial_wastewater" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange#Regeneration_wastewater" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper#Water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">Produced water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">Return flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis#Waste_stream_considerations" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Septage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Quality indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" title="Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Treatment options</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">Chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_aeration" title="Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">Sewer mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization pond">Stabilization pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disposal options</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine dumping">Marine dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">Septic drain field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum sewer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Poison">Poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_poison" title="History of poison">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">Toxic metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_poisoning" title="Beryllium poisoning">Beryllium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">Cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel#Toxicity" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium_poisoning" title="Thallium poisoning">Thallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_poisoning" title="Tin poisoning">Tin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_toxicity" title="Chromium toxicity">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_poisoning" title="Cobalt poisoning">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicity" title="Copper toxicity">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_poisoning" title="Iron poisoning">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganism" title="Manganism">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_toxicity" title="Zinc toxicity">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-toxic metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyria" title="Argyria">Silver</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid_poisoning" title="Sulfuric acid poisoning">Sulfuric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium#Toxicity" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas_poisoning" title="Chlorine gas poisoning">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_toxicity" title="Fluoride toxicity">Fluoride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">Pesticides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide_poisoning" title="Aluminium phosphide poisoning">Aluminium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning" title="Organophosphate poisoning">Organophosphates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide_poisoning" title="Nitrogen dioxide poisoning">Nitrogen dioxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CHO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption#Excessive_doses" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_poisoning" title="Ethylene glycol poisoning">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_toxicity" title="Methanol toxicity">Methanol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene_toxicity" title="Toluene toxicity">Toluene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">Pharmaceutical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Drug_overdoses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinesterase_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinesterase poisoning">Anticholinesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirin poisoning">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine toxicity">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_toxicity" title="Lithium toxicity">Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol_poisoning" title="Paracetamol poisoning">Paracetamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">Serotonergic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant_overdose" title="Tricyclic antidepressant overdose">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_toxicity" title="Digoxin toxicity">Digoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole#Overdose" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin poisoning">Vitamin poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A" title="Hypervitaminosis A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervitaminosis D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervitaminosis E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin-B6_syndrome" title="Megavitamin-B6 syndrome">Megavitamin-B<sub>6</sub> syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haff_disease" title="Haff disease">Haff disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoallyeinotoxism" title="Ichthyoallyeinotoxism">Ichthyoallyeinotoxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhetic_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning">Diarrhetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_amphibian" title="Poisonous amphibian">Amphibian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin" title="Bombesin">Bombesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physalaemin" title="Physalaemin">Physalaemin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_bird" title="Toxic bird">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coturnism" title="Coturnism">Coturnism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_mammal" title="Venomous mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">Snakes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">Snake venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Bungarotoxin">Alpha-Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancrod" title="Ancrod">Ancrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroxobin" title="Batroxobin">Batroxobin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_bites_and_stings" title="Arthropod bites and stings">Arthropod bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">Bee sting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Bee venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apamin" title="Apamin">Apamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_venom" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpion venom">Scorpion venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_bite" title="Spider bite">spider venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Latrodectism" title="Latrodectism">Latrodectism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoscelism" title="Loxoscelism">Loxoscelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick_paralysis" title="Tick paralysis">Tick paralysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">Plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_fungus_species" title="List of poisonous fungus species">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinchonism" title="Cinchonism">Cinchonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">Ergotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_toxins" title="Fish toxins">Fish toxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathyrism" title="Lathyrism">Lathyrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locoweed" title="Locoweed">Locoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">Mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine_poisoning" title="Strychnine poisoning">Strychnine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite" title="Animal bite">Bite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">Stinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stinging_plant" title="Stinging plant">plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">Cnidocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venomous_animals" title="List of venomous animals">Venomous animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_animals" title="List of poisonous animals">Poisonous animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungus_species" title="List of deadly fungus species">Deadly fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxicology" title="Mycotoxicology">Mycotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPA_list_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" title="EPA list of extremely hazardous substances">EPA list of hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_poisonings" title="Lists of poisonings">Lists of poisonings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_poison" title="List of types of poison">List of types of poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="1Silver_is_generally_non-toxic_metal,_but_in_large_doses_it_can_lead_to_argyria,_which_is_rare._2_including_venoms,_toxins,_foodborne_illnesses."><sup>1</sup><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to <a href="/wiki/Argyria" title="Argyria">argyria</a>, which is rare.<br /> <sup>2</sup> including <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illnesses</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Toxicology" title="Category:Toxicology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toxicology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Toxicology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Toxicology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Toxicology">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_in_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elements_in_biology" title="Template:Elements in biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Elements_in_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Elements in biology (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elements_in_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elements in biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_in_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements in biology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_in_biology" title="Manganese in biology">Manganese in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_in_biology" title="Iron in biology">Iron in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_in_biology" title="Cobalt in biology">Cobalt in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_biology" title="Copper in biology">Copper in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_in_biology" title="Zinc in biology">Zinc in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_in_biology" title="Molybdenum in biology">Molybdenum in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_biochemistry" title="Arsenic biochemistry">Arsenic biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_aspects_of_fluorine" title="Biological aspects of fluorine">Biological aspects of fluorine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CHONPS" class="mw-redirect" title="CHONPS">CHONPS</a> (Core six elements)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><b>C</b>arbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><b>H</b>ydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><b>O</b>xygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><b>N</b>itrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><b>P</b>hosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><b>S</b>ulfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_deficiency" title="Mineral deficiency">Deficiencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)" title="Manganese deficiency (medicine)">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency" title="Molybdenum deficiency">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_deficiency" title="Selenium deficiency">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyria" title="Argyria">Argyria (Silver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_poisoning" title="Beryllium poisoning">Beryllium poisoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_beryllium_poisoning" title="Acute beryllium poisoning">Acute beryllium poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas_poisoning" title="Chlorine gas poisoning">Chlorine gas poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_toxicity" title="Chromium toxicity">Chromium toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_poisoning" title="Cobalt poisoning">Cobalt poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicity" title="Copper toxicity">Copper toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">Cadmium poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_toxicity" title="Fluoride toxicity">Fluoride toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halotolerance" title="Halotolerance">Halotolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_poisoning" title="Iron poisoning">Iron poisoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">Iron overload</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_toxicity" title="Lithium toxicity">Lithium toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_toxicity" title="Metal toxicity">Metal toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_allergy" title="Nickel allergy">Nickel allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium#Toxicity" title="Selenium">Selenium toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium_poisoning" title="Thallium poisoning">Thallium poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_poisoning" title="Tin poisoning">Tin poisoning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toxic heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_toxicity" title="Zinc toxicity">Zinc toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">Composition of the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium (medication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral (Essential element)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_radon" title="Health effects of radon">Health effects of radon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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[\"CITEREFColeLindequeHalsbandGalloway2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCsuros1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsonMyersWeiss2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiMaioDiMaio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDueck2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffus2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvankoDzombak1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchHillyerLeopold2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbertWeiss2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoyerClarkson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuneyZagury2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainesNieboer1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarveyHandleyTaylor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillmanAbbotYuBain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoulton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowellLaversPatersonGarrett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayeYoungO\u0026#039;Sullivan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandisSofieldYu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovei1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulvihillPritchard2010\"] = 1,\n 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