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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Europa_Centrala" title="Mussar l'artitgel [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artitgel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussiun:Europa_Centrala" rel="discussion" title="Discussiuns davart il cuntegn da l'artitgel [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussiun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" 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Du kannst auch eine E-Mail an die <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">Steward</a>-<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>-Queue per <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> inklusive aller obigen Details schicken.</div></div><hr /> <p>Ti pos guardar e copiar il code-fundamental da questa pagina. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="rm" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[Datoteca:CentralEurope.png|thumb|240px|Emprovas da definir l’extensiun da l’Europa Centrala]] [[Datoteca:Museo_Diocesano_Tridentino.jpg|thumb|220px|La citad da Trent – in dals cunfins pussaivels tranter l’Europa Centrala e l’Europa dal Sid]] L’'''Europa Centrala''' è ina regiun da l’[[Europa]]. Ella è situada tranter las regiuns Europa dal Vest, Europa dal Nord, Europa da l’Ost, Europa dal Sidost ed Europa dal Sid. Geograficamain na datti nagins criteris stringents che sa laschassan duvrar per cunfinar la part centrala dal continent da las ulteriuras regiuns. Il term ‹Europa Centrala› sa lascha er definir tenor aspects politics, istoric-culturals u a basa dals spazis natirals. Ultra da quai è la definiziun da la noziun suttaposta a midadas istoricas e politicas. L’Europa Centrala na sa lascha perquai betg definir a moda evidenta; suenter la crudada da la tenda da fier pon ins però observar ch’i vegn deditgà dapli attenziun a questa dumonda. == Cunfins geografics da l’Europa Centrala == [[Datoteca:Floristic regions in Europe (english).png|thumb|200px|Zonas da derasaziun da la flora europeica]] Ina pussaivladad per far ina cunfinaziun geografica approximativa è quella d’applitgar criteris climatics u spazis natirals (p.ex. tips da vegetaziun u apparientschas tectonicas). Las scienzas natiralas defineschan sco criteri la zona temprada cun in clima oceanic fin subcontinental. In cunfin grop vers vest e nordvest furman il [[Rain]], la [[Mar dal Nord]] e la Eider (resp. alternativamain Skagerrak/Kattegat) e silsuenter la [[Mar da l'Ost]]. En l’ost sa porschan per quest intent la Weichsel e las Carpatas da l’Ost, en il sidost il curs inferiur dal [[Danubi]], en il sid la Drava e las Alps Centralas. I dat però dubis, schebain flums da muntada secundara sco Eider u Weichsel bastan per definir ina regiun continentala. La sutdivisiun geografica resta en tutta cas diffusa. == Cunfinaziun religiusa vers ost e sidost == Avant la Segunda ed anc pli cler avant l’[[Emprima Guerra mundiala]] sa laschava l’Europa Centrala cunfinar tenor criteris religius. En l’Europa Centrala era de facto – sper minoritads gidieuas – quasi be represchentada la varianta catolica ed evangelica dal cristianissem. En l’ost e sidost fruntava quest circul cultural sin la confessiun russ-ortodoxa resp. grec-ortodoxa e sin ils muslims da la [[Bosnia-Erzegovina]]. == Cunfinaziun culturala e politica odierna == === Germania === Ord vista tudestga na datti nagin dubi areguard l’appartegnientscha a l’Europa Centrala da la gronda part da la [[Germania]] sco er dals pajais [[Austria]], [[Svizra]], [[Luxemburg]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Pologna]], [[Tschechia]], [[Slovachia]] ed [[Ungaria]]. Tar quasi tut ils ulteriurs stadis datti in tschert spazi areguard la dumonda da l’appartegnientscha. Tut tenor puntg da vista e criteri da selecziun vegnan els attribuids parzialmain u dal tuttafatg a l’Europa Centrala resp. ad autras regiuns dal continent. En quest senn vegn er la [[Slovenia]] savens quintada tar l’Europa Centrala, magari er la [[Croazia]], ils stadis baltics, la [[Rumenia]], la [[Belgia]] ed ils [[Pajais Bass]]. La Germania dal Nord vegn tut tenor considerada sco part da l’Europa dal Nord. Pervi d’influenzas multifaras nà da diversas regiuns na sa laschan blers territoris da cunfin betg attribuir a moda precisa, mabain vegnan classifitgads tenor intenziun u ‹sentiment d’attaschadadad a la patria›. Ozendi exprima l’attribuziun d’in pajais u d’ina part da quel a l’Europa Centrala savens a medem temp ina vischinanza reala u intendida tar autras regiuns grondas culturalas u politicas, sco per exempel tar l’[[Uniun europeica]]. A medema moda duai l’attribuziun da la Germania dal Nord a l’Europa dal Nord exprimer ina tscherta vischinanza – betg be geografica, mabain er culturala e ‹mentala› – tar ils stadis scandinavs. === Austria, Svizra ed Italia dal Nord === [[Datoteca:Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_(1914)_over_present_map_(2008).PNG|thumb|200px|L’extensiun da l’Austria-Ungaria l’onn 1914 (mellen), projectada sur ils cunfins dals stadis odierns]] En l’[[Austria]] e l’Italia dal Nord, surtut en il [[Friul]] ed a [[Triest]], è la cunfinaziun usitada in pau autra ch’en [[Germania]]: Là vegn l’Europa Centrala messa a pèr cun ils stadis successurs da l’anteriura monarchia da l’[[Austria-Ungaria]]. Regiuns sco il [[Balticum]] e la planira da la Germania dal Nord e da la [[Pologna]] vegnan consideradas sco appartegnentas a l’Europa dal Nord, auters territoris da la Germania sco part da l’Europa dal Vest. Regiuns cunfinantas en Germania sco la [[Baviera]] u la [[Franconia]] vegnan medemamain resguardadas sco part da l’Europa Centrala. Tut en tut sa chatta l’Europa Centrala tenor quest puntg da vista tuttina pli en il sidost che quai ch’igl è il cas ord vista da la Germania. En l’Austria dal Vest ed en [[Svizra]] – nua che parts dal pajais sa chattan al sid da las Alps – vegn magari er considerada l’Italia dal Nord sco part da l’Europa Centrala. Quai d’ina vart cun il [[Tirol dal Sid]] e [[Trent]] (che sa considerescha explicitamain sco ''città mitteleuropea''), ma er cun citads sco [[Turin]], [[Milaun]] u [[Venezia]]. Da considerar la part centrala da las [[Alps]] sco cunfin meridiunal da l’Europa Centrala vegn resguardà qua sco vista unilaterala tudestga. === Territori linguistic englais === En il territori linguistic englais odiern fan ins savens be la differenza tranter pajais da l’Europa dal Vest e da l’Europa da l’Ost. En quest connex vegnan ils pajais da la part orientala da l’Europa Centrala er designads sco ''Central Europe''. Ils pajais da l’Europa Centrala occidentala ([[Pajais Bass]], [[Germania]], [[Svizra]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Austria]]) attribuesch’ins percunter a l’Europa dal Vest (''Western Europe''). Questa divisiun applitgescha er l’uffizi da statistica da las Naziuns unidas<ref>[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm unstats.un.org]</ref> che parta ils stadis europeics en Europa da l’Ost, dal Nord, dal Vest e dal Sid. La [[Germania]], l’[[Austria]] e la [[Svizra]] furman qua ensemen cun la [[Frantscha]] ed il [[Benelux]] l’Europa dal Vest; ils stadis da l’Europa Centrala orientala vegnan attribuids a l’Europa da l’Ost. Questa sutdivisiun clera en ost e vest deriva dal pensar da la [[Guerra fraida]]; cun la vieuta dal 1989 ha quella pers pli e pli sia muntada e dapi l’extensiun a l’ost da l’[[Uniun europeica]] sto ella vegnir considerada definitivamain sco antiquada. === Criteris religius-culturals === Il cunfin oriental da l’Europa Centrala vegn magari definì tenor criteris religius-culturals u pli exact: tenor las regiuns nua che prevala la confessiun catolic-romana. Quest ‹cunfin› tanschess oramai tras ils stadis tant catolics sco protestants Germania e Lettonia e sa cunfinass en l’Europa da l’Ost e dal Sidost da la confessiun ortodoxa ([[Bielorussia]], [[Ucraina]], [[Rumenia]], [[Serbia]]), per part er da l’islam ([[Bosnia-Erzegovina]]). Vers vest e sid na sa lascha l’Europa Centrala strusch cunfinar a basa da quest criteri. Cun la noziun da l’Europa Centrala e sia definiziun èn gia s’occupadas persunalitads sco [[Milan Kundera]], [[Robert Musil]], [[Alexander Gieysztor]], [[Ferenc Feijtö]] e [[Jacques Le Rider]]. Per part vegn quella er associada cun in tschert stil da viver. Quai sa mussa per exempel sin la pagina d’internet da l’Associazione Culturale Mitteleuropa taliana: Cuntrari a la situaziun en l’Europa dal Sid vivian ins en l’Europa Centrala plitost en chasa u en il café che sin via, dovria plitost paintg da cuschinar (enstagl ieli) e celebreschia Nadal la saira dals 24 da december (enstagl dals 25).<ref>[http://www.mitteleuropa.it/ www.mitteleuropa.it].</ref> == Colonisaziun e populaziun originara == [[Datoteca:Neanderthal_DNA_extraction.jpg|thumb|160px|Extracziun da DNA da l’uman da Neandertal (Institut Max Planck per antropologia evoluziunara a Lipsia)]] Ils emprims abitants da l’Europa Centrala vegnan attribuids al ''Homo heidelbergensis'' ch’era immigrà avant bundant in mez milliun onns nà dal sid. Avant radund 200&nbsp;000 onns è el sa sviluppà, tras adattaziun a las cundiziuns da viver extremas dal temp da glatsch, a l’uman da Neandertal, il qual ha populà l’Europa Centrala fin avant ca. 30&nbsp;000 onns.<ref name="Bick">Almut Bick: ''Steinzeit'' (= ''Theiss WissenKompakt''). Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1996-6.</ref> Durant il spazi da temp il pli fraid fin avant ca. 20&nbsp;000 onns è l’Europa Centrala alura sa depopulada quasi dal tuttafatg. La colonisaziun tras l’uman modern (''Homo sapiens'') è succedida en il spazi da temp d’avant 36&nbsp;000 fin avant 10&nbsp;000 onns. I sa tractava probablamain da gruppas da chatschaders e rimnaders che suandavan ils gronds trieps d’animals da las steppas subpolaras da quel temp che derivavan da l’Asia Centrala. Ins als designescha sco umans da Cro-Magnon. En il genom da la populaziun europeica odierna sa laschan cumprovar tant l’uman da Neantertal sco er l’uman da Cro-Magnon. Omadus na furman però betg ils origins principals dals Europeans moderns. Tge umans che vegnan en dumonda sco perdavants originars da la populaziun odierna n’è betg sclerì dal tuttafatg. En la demografia sto avair gì lieu anc almain in fenomen ch’è fin uss nunenconuschent. Imaginablas èn per exempel midadas geneticas ‹andetgas› ch’han gidà en ils ultims 6000 onns a surmuntar l’intoleranza da lactosa u ulteriuras undas da migraziun da chatschaders e rimnaders dal temp da crap nà da l’ost. Da fragments dad ossa da 22 represchentants da las societads tardivas da chatschaders e rimnaders che vivevan avant 15&nbsp;000 fin 4300 onns han ins fatg analisas geneticas. Igl è sa mussà che quests individis che derivavan da la [[Russia]], la [[Lettonia]], la [[Pologna]] e la [[Germania]] (Schwäbische Alb) furmavan ina gruppa fitg omogena. Dad els deriva la gronda part dals Europeans odierns. Avant ca. 7500 onns ha in pitschen dumber d’immigrants derivants dal [[Proxim Orient]] manà cun sai la moda da cultivar plantas e d’allevar animals. Cun excepziun da las culturas en il territori da la Mar dal Nord e da l’Ost (cultura da cups en furma da zains) è questa nova moda da viver sa messa tras fitg spert en l’Europa Centrala. Lur cultura vegn numnada cheramica da cordas. Tenor las enconuschientschas da la paleogenetica èn quests abitants dal temp neolitic però stads participads geneticamain be per ina fitg pitschna part al svilup da la populaziun odierna en l’Europa Centrala.<ref>Michael Stang: ''[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/forschak/1028737/Neolithische Revolution. Europas erste Bauern kamen von auswärts.]'' En: ''Deutschlandfunk, aus Forschung und Technik'', 4 da settember 2009.</ref> == Istorgia da la noziun ‹Europa Centrala› == [[Datoteca:Europe_religion_map_(1950).png|thumb|220px|Derasaziun approximativa da las confessiuns/religiuns en l’Europa l’onn 1950 (blau: catolic-roman, violet: evangelic, cotschen: ortodox, verd: islam)]] Il term ‹Europa Centrala› ha l’emprim furmà ina noziun politica, la quala vegniva però duvrada per intents fitg differents. Sa furmà è el en la mesadad dal 19avel tschientaner, cur ch’il publicist tudestg [[Constantin Frantz]] ha clamà suenter ina ‹Federaziun Europa Centrala› da la [[Germania]], la [[Pologna]] ed ils Slavs dal [[Danubi]]; quella dueva furmar in cuntrapais a las pussanzas grondas [[Russia]] e [[Frantscha]]. Ideas cumparegliablas eran er derasadas entaifer la partida naziunalliberala, per exempel tar [[Friedrich List]] e [[Heinrich von Gagern]] ch’han propagà in’Europa Centrala sut domini tudestg-austriac che tanschia da [[Hamburg]] fin a [[Trent]]. A medem temp – avant il 1871 – è il term daventà impurtant en l’[[Austria-Ungaria]]: sco alternativa tar l’idea d’unir tut ils Tudestgs – e be quels – en in sulet stadi. En l’[[Austria]] refusav’ins per gronda part lezz’idea, damai che quai avess muntà da far ir en tocs l’Austria-Ungaria sco stadi multinaziunal. La regenza da l’Austria ha perquai proponì sco alternativa la «schliaziun da l’Europa Centrala», numnadamain d’unir la [[Germania]] cun l’entira Austria-Ungaria ad in «imperi da 70 milliuns». Facticamain hai dà il 1871 la ‹schliaziun pitschna da la dumonda tudestga› en furma da l’Imperi tudestg da [[Bismarck]]. Silsuenter è l’idea da l’Europa Centrala sa dividida definitivamain en in puntg da vista tudestg ed in austriac.<ref>Zoran Konstantinović, Fridrun Rinner: ''Eine Literaturgeschichte Mitteleuropas'' (= ''Comparanda'', tom 3). Studien-Verlag, Innsbruck e.a. 2003, ISBN 3-7065-1555-5, p. 12.</ref> Entant che la varianta tudestga veseva l’Europa Centrala sco «la part da la terra ch’è avanzada sut la cultura tudestga a la fluriziun odierna»<ref>Joseph Partsch: ''Mitteleuropa. Die Länder und Völker von den Westalpen und dem Balkan bis an den Kanal und das Kurische Haff.'' Perthes, Gotha 1904.</ref>, resguardava l’Austria l’Europa Centrala sco organissem ch’era sa sviluppà or da la monarchia habsburgaisa.<ref>Ignaz Seipel: ''Nation und Staat.'' Braumüller, Vienna/Lipsia 1916.</ref> Ils onns avant l’[[Emprima Guerra mundiala]] eran colliadas cun l’idea da l’Europa Centrala surtut finamiras economicas. Uschia ha [[Walther Rathenau]] pretendì da stgaffir en l’Europa Centrala in’uniun da duana. A l’entschatta da l’Emprima Guerra mundiala ha [[Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg]] planisà en ses Program da settember la fundaziun d’in’associaziun economica da tut l’Europa Centrala. L’onn 1915 ha [[Friedrich Naumann]] publitgà ses cudesch ‹Mitteleuropa›. En quel ha el proponì da stgaffir in stadi federativ en il qual la Germania dueva giugar ina rolla predominanta. L’idea da Neumann ha chattà en Germania in grond eco.<ref>Stephan Verosta: ''The German Concept of Mitteleuropa, 1914–1918 and its Contemporary Critics.'' En: Robert A. Kann, Béla A. Király, Paula S. Fichtner (ed.): ''The Habsburg Empire in World War I. Essays on the Intellectual, Military, Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort'' (= ''Studies on Society in Change'', retscha 2: ''East European Monographs'', tom 23). Columbia University Press e.a., New York NY e.a. 1977, ISBN 0-914710-16-8, p. 203–220.</ref> Dapi la mesadad dals onns 1920 è il Di economic da l’Europa Centrala daventà il punct da cristallisaziun da quest’idea, cumbain ch’i sa scuntravan a l’entschatta be tschertas gruppas d’interess da l’economia. Suenter la [[Segunda Guerra mundiala]] ha il term pers in pau sia muntada, damai che l’Europa era dividida durant la Guerra fraida en vest ed ost. Confurm a questa nomenclatura dualistica èn ils stadis occidentals da l’Europa Centrala vegnids attribuids a l’Europa da Vest ed ils stadis orientals a l’Europa da l’Ost. Il term Europa Centrala vegniva però duvrà savens e gugent sch’ins vuleva s’exprimer a moda critica davart la divisiun da l’Europa en dus blocs («L’Europa Centrala è ina but da pulvra», «Debatta davart l’Europa Centrala» etc.). Dapi la fin da la [[Guerra fraida]] serva il term a stgaffir ina nova identitad en ils stadis da l’anteriur [[Patg da Varsovia]] ch’eran vegnids attribuids a l’Europa da l’Ost. Quai vala surtut per la [[Pologna]], l’[[Ungaria]], la [[Tschechia]] e la [[Slovachia]] e dapi la fin da la [[Jugoslavia]] er per la [[Slovenia]] e la [[Croazia]]. En quel senn s’avra la noziun da l’Europa Centrala puspè vers in’extensiun pli vasta en direcziun ost. == Zona d’urari da l’Europa Centrala == [[Datoteca:Time_zones_of_Europe.svg|thumb|180px|Pajais da la zona d’urari da l’Europa Centrala (cotschen)]] A la zona d’urari da l’Europa Centrala appartegnan ils suandants pajais (en successiun alfabetica): [[Albania]], [[Andorra]], [[Austria]], [[Belgia]], [[Bosnia-Erzegovina]], [[Citad dal Vatican]], [[Cosovo]], [[Croazia]], [[Danemarc]], [[Frantscha]], [[Germania]], [[Italia]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luxemburg]], [[Macedonia dal Nord]], [[Malta]], [[Monaco]], [[Montenegro]], [[Norvegia]], [[Pajais Bass]], [[Pologna]], [[San Marino]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovachia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spagna]] (senza las [[Inslas Canarias]]), [[Svezia]], [[Svizra]], [[Tschechia]] ed [[Ungaria]]. Il temp s’orientescha tenor il temp local dal 15avel meridian, il qual passa ca. per lung dal cunfin tranter la [[Germania]] e la [[Pologna]]. Damai che la terra è dividida en 24 zonas d’urari, sa chattass il cunfin dal vest circa al cunfin tranter la [[Germania]] ed ils [[Pajais Bass]]. Tuttina tutgan tar questa zona er stadis situads bundant pli en il vest sco la [[Frantscha]] e schizunt la [[Spagna]]. Quai maina a grondas differenzas areguard la posiziun dal sulegl da mezdi. == Annotaziuns == <references/> == Litteratura == * György Konrád: ''Antipolitik. Mitteleuropäische Meditationen.'' Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 1985, ISBN 3-518-11293-7. * Erhard Busek, Emil Brix: ''Projekt Mitteleuropa.'' Ueberreuter, Vienna 1986, ISBN 3-8000-3227-9. * Jürgen Elvert: ''Mitteleuropa! Deutsche Pläne zur europäischen Neuordnung (1918–1945).'' (''Historische Mitteilungen'', tom 35), Steiner, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-515-07641-7. * Michael Gehler/Paul Luif/Elisabeth Vyslonzil (ed.): ''Die Dimension Mitteleuropa in der Europäischen Union'', Hildesheim 2015. * Helga Mitterbauer, András F. Balogh (ed.): ''Zentraleuropa. Ein hybrider Kommunikationsraum.'' Praesens, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-7069-0372-5. * Günter Lehmann: ''Mitteleuropa. Handbuch zur Geschichte. Historisches Geschehen nach Zeittafel von 0001 bis 2000.'' Mecklenburger Buchverlag, Neubrandenburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-9812309-0-1. == Colliaziuns == {{Commonscat|Central Europe|Europa Centrala}} * Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen: [http://141.74.33.52/stagn/JordanEuropaRegional/tabid/71/Default.aspx ''Empfehlung zur Grossgliederung Europas''] * Ther, Philipp: [http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/forum/2006-06-004 ''Vergleich von Ostmitteleuropa und Zentraleuropa als Raumkategorien''], sin hsozkult.de * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009224558/http://www.integrace.cz/integrace/tisk.asp?id=651 Problematica actuala da la noziun] * [http://amor.rz.hu-berlin.de/~h0444vhn/tsp40505.htm ''Der heimliche Traum von Europa''], en: ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 5 da matg 2004 * Oskar Krejčí: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100405033210/http://book.publica.cz/. ''Geopolitics of the Central European Region. The view from Prague and Bratislava''] Bratislava: Veda, 2005 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071226121911/http://akademische-blaetter.de/2006/heft-1/friedrich-naumanns-mitteleuropa ''Friedrich Naumanns Mitteleuropa''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160202235910/http://www.andrassyuni.eu/mitteleuropaeische-studien/ Facultad per studis da l’Europa Centrala da l’Universitad Andrássy a Budapest] [[Categoria:Europa]] [[Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Geografia da l'Europa)]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>In model utilisà sin questa pagina: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Model:Commonscat" title="Model:Commonscat">Model:Commonscat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model:Commonscat&action=edit" title="Model:Commonscat">modifitgar</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Enavos tar <a href="/wiki/Europa_Centrala" title="Europa Centrala">Europa Centrala</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Centrala">https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Centrala</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/de">Protecziun da datas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Davart">Davart Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Impressum">Impressum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Verhaltenskodex</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Sviluppaders</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/rm.wikipedia.org">Statistiken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Stellungnahme zu Cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//rm.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europa_Centrala&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versiun mobila</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-bqhv6","wgBackendResponseTime":224,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.005","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":780,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-bqhv6","timestamp":"20241128111644","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>