CINXE.COM
Our History Timeline - High Country News
<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <script> var gform;gform||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?o():!gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",o):document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",o)},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("action",o,n,r,t)},addFilter:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("filter",o,n,r,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook("action",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook("filter",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,n){gform.removeHook("action",o,n)},removeFilter:function(o,n,r){gform.removeHook("filter",o,n,r)},addHook:function(o,n,r,t,i){null==gform.hooks[o][n]&&(gform.hooks[o][n]=[]);var e=gform.hooks[o][n];null==i&&(i=n+"_"+e.length),gform.hooks[o][n].push({tag:i,callable:r,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(n,o,r){var t;if(r=Array.prototype.slice.call(r,1),null!=gform.hooks[n][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[n][o]).sort(function(o,n){return o.priority-n.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){"function"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),"action"==n?t.apply(null,r):r[0]=t.apply(null,r)})),"filter"==n)return r[0]},removeHook:function(o,n,t,i){var r;null!=gform.hooks[o][n]&&(r=(r=gform.hooks[o][n]).filter(function(o,n,r){return!!(null!=i&&i!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][n]=r)}}); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px}</style> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://i0.wp.com' > <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Our History Timeline - High Country News</title><link rel="preload" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?fit=1763%2C253&quality=100&ssl=1" as="image" imagesrcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?w=1763&quality=100&ssl=1 1763w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=300%2C43&quality=100&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1024%2C147&quality=100&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=768%2C110&quality=100&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1536%2C220&quality=100&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1200%2C172&quality=100&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1568%2C225&quality=100&ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=400%2C57&quality=100&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?fit=1763%2C253&quality=100&ssl=1&w=370 370w" imagesizes="(max-width: 1763px) 100vw, 1763px" fetchpriority="high" /><link rel="preload" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/TomBell-ShameofIt-3.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" as="image" fetchpriority="high" /><style id="perfmatters-used-css">#page{overflow:initial !important;}</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Our History Timeline - High Country News" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Our Remarkable History SPREAD THE NEWS, TAKE US HIGHER Across the Decades – 1970 – 2020 If journalism is the first draft of history, then High Country News has been busily assembling the chapters of the comprehensive tome that will shape how we view the last 50 years of life in the Western United States. […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="High Country News" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/highcountrynews" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-11-07T23:46:33+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/TomBell-ShameofIt-3.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@highcountrynews" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="15 minutes" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="Michael Schrantz" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/","url":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/","name":"Our History Timeline - High Country News","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.hcn.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/TomBell-ShameofIt-3.jpg","datePublished":"2023-08-14T16:34:59+00:00","dateModified":"2023-11-07T23:46:33+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/TomBell-ShameofIt-3.jpg?fit=1500%2C1000&quality=100&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/TomBell-ShameofIt-3.jpg?fit=1500%2C1000&quality=100&ssl=1","width":1500,"height":1000},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/timeline/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.hcn.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"About High Country News","item":"https://www.hcn.org/about/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Our History","item":"https://www.hcn.org/about/our-history/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Our History Timeline"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.hcn.org/#website","url":"https://www.hcn.org/","name":"High Country News","description":"A nonprofit independent magazine of unblinking journalism that shines a light on all of the complexities of the West.","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.hcn.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.hcn.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.hcn.org/#organization","name":"High Country News","url":"https://www.hcn.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.hcn.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?fit=1763%2C253&quality=100&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?fit=1763%2C253&quality=100&ssl=1","width":1763,"height":253,"caption":"High Country News"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.hcn.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/highcountrynews","https://x.com/highcountrynews","https://www.instagram.com/highcountrynews","https://www.tiktok.com/@highcountrynews","https://www.linkedin.com/company/high-country-news/"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.broadstreetads.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="High Country News » Feed" href="https://www.hcn.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="High Country News » Comments Feed" href="https://www.hcn.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'>.wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='wp-parsely-recommendations-style-inline-css'>.parsely-recommendations-list-title{font-size:1.2em}.parsely-recommendations-list{list-style:none;padding:unset}.parsely-recommendations-cardbody{overflow:hidden;padding:.8em;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.parsely-recommendations-cardmedia{padding:.8em .8em 0}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'>.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #FFFFFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: #de3610;--wp--preset--color--primary-variation: #b60e00;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #40798a;--wp--preset--color--secondary-variation: #185162;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #111111;--wp--preset--color--medium-gray: #767676;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #EEEEEE;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--grad-1: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 222,54,16) 0%,rgb( 182,14,0) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-2: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 64,121,138) 0%,rgb( 24,81,98) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-3: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 17,17,17 ) 0%,rgb( 85,85,85 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-4: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 68,68,68 ) 0%,rgb( 136,136,136 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-5: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 119,119,119 ) 0%,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-6: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 0%,rgb( 255,255,255 ) 100% );--wp--preset--font-size--small: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 44px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.css?ver=1728672217"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-ads-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/includes/../dist/frontend.css?ver=1728672217"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-block-styles-stylesheet-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/block_styles.css?ver=4.3.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-newsletters-subscriptions-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-newsletters/includes/../dist/subscriptions.css?ver=1731351496' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-reader-auth-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.css?ver=5.7.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-popups-view-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.css?ver=1732050979' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-style-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/themes/newspack-scott/style.css?ver=2.2.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-print-style-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/print.css?ver=2.2.1' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-sponsors-style-css' href='https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/newspack-sponsors.css?ver=2.2.1' media='all' /> <script data-cfasync="false" src="//cdn.broadstreetads.com/init-2.min.js?v=1.50.1&ver=6.7.1" id="broadstreet-init-js" defer></script> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <!-- Google Analytics snippet added by Site Kit --> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-PHX5QDZ" id="google_gtagjs-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="google_gtagjs-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["www.hcn.org"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "GT-PHX5QDZ"); </script> <!-- End Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.hcn.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.hcn.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/179738" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.hcn.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.hcn.org/?p=179738' /> <!-- Custom Logo: hide header text --> <style id="custom-logo-css">.site-title{position: absolute;clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);}</style> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.hcn.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcn.org%2Fabout%2Four-history%2Ftimeline%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.hcn.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcn.org%2Fabout%2Four-history%2Ftimeline%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.140.0" /> <script>var Pelcro = window.Pelcro || (window.Pelcro = {}); Pelcro.siteid = "1800"; Pelcro.environment = {}; Pelcro.environment.stripe = "pk_live_Wdef2LjEQXsgFWult6IVFobB"; Pelcro.environment.domain = "https://www.pelcro.com"; Pelcro.environment.ui = "https://js.pelcro.com/ui/plugin/high-country-news/v1/main.min.js"; Pelcro.uiSettings = { selectTitle: "Subscribe to get access", selectSubTitle: "Select a subscription option below", donationSelectTitle: "Donate to High Country News", donationSelectSubTitle: "Make a tax-deductible contibution to support independent reporting on the West", enableNameFieldsInRegister: true, newsletters: [ { label: "Newsletters", id: "Newsletter" }, { label: "Indian Country News - monthly", id: "ICN" }, { label: "Landline - monthly", id: "Landline" } ],}; </script> <script src="https://js.pelcro.com/sdk/main.min.js" type="text/javascript" defer></script> <script>console.log('Paywall result: ');</script> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.hcn.org/wp-json/wp/v2/web-app-manifest"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cropped-HCN_Logo-Monogram_White_Sq-2.png?fit=192%2C192&quality=100&ssl=1"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="HCN"> <meta name="application-name" content="HCN"> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Our History Timeline","url":"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/about\/our-history\/timeline\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/about\/our-history\/timeline\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""},"articleSection":"Articles","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Michael Schrantz"}],"creator":["Michael Schrantz"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"High Country News","logo":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png"},"keywords":[],"dateCreated":"2023-08-14T16:34:59Z","datePublished":"2023-08-14T16:34:59Z","dateModified":"2023-11-07T23:46:33Z"}</script> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors-scott">.mobile-sidebar .article-section-title::before,.mobile-sidebar .accent-header::before{background-color: #000000;}.h-sb .middle-header-contain{background-color: #000000;}.h-sb .top-header-contain{background-color: #000000;border-bottom-color: #000000;}.h-sb .site-header,.h-sb .site-title,.h-sb .site-title a:link,.h-sb .site-title a:visited,.h-sb .site-description,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 .main-menu > li,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a:hover,.h-sb .top-header-contain,.h-sb .middle-header-contain{color: white;}#colophon,#colophon .widget-title,#colophon .social-navigation a,#colophon .widgettitle{color: white;}#colophon .footer-branding .wrapper,#colophon .footer-widgets:first-child{border: 0;}.site-footer .accent-header::before,.site-footer .article-section-title::before{background-color: #000000;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts-scott">.accent-header:not(.widget-title),.article-section-title,.page-title,#secondary .widget-title,.author-bio .accent-header span,#colophon .widget-title,#colophon .widgettitle,#secondary .widgettitle{text-transform: uppercase;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors">:root{--newspack-theme-color-primary: #de3610;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation: #c01800;--newspack-theme-color-secondary: #40798a !important;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation: #185162;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-5: #d9310b;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-10: #d42c06;--newspack-theme-color-primary-against-white: #de3610;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-against-white: #40798a;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation-against-white: #c01800;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation-against-white: #185162;--newspack-theme-color-against-primary: white;--newspack-theme-color-against-secondary: white;}input[type="checkbox"]::before{background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' width='24' height='24'%3E%3Cpath d='M16.7 7.1l-6.3 8.5-3.3-2.5-.9 1.2 4.5 3.4L17.9 8z' fill='white'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.mobile-sidebar{background: #000000;}.mobile-sidebar,.mobile-sidebar button:hover,.mobile-sidebar a,.mobile-sidebar a:visited,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 .sub-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav3 a{color: white;}.site-footer{background: #000000;}.site-footer,.site-footer a,.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget-title,.site-footer .widgettitle,.site-info{color: white;}.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget a:hover{opacity: 0.7;}.site-info .widget-area .wrapper,.site-info .site-info-contain:first-child{border-top-color: #000000;}.button.mb-cta,.button.mb-cta:not(:hover):visited,.tribe_community_edit .button.mb-cta{background-color: #de3610;color: white;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="newspack-theme-colors-variables">:root{--newspack-primary-color: #de3610;--newspack-secondary-color: #40798a;--newspack-cta-color: #de3610;--newspack-header-color: #000000;--newspack-primary-menu-color:;--newspack-footer-color: #000000;--newspack-primary-contrast-color: white;--newspack-secondary-contrast-color: white;--newspack-cta-contrast-color: white;--newspack-header-contrast-color: white;--newspack-primary-menu-contrast-color: white;--newspack-footer-contrast-color: white;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts">:root{--newspack-theme-font-heading: "GT America Standard","Helvetica","sans-serif";}:root{--newspack-theme-font-body: "Tiempos Text","Georgia","serif";}.tags-links span:first-child,.cat-links,.page-title,.highlight-menu .menu-label{text-transform: uppercase;}</style> <style>.sponsor-label .flag,amp-script .sponsor-label .flag{background: #FED850;color: black;}</style> <style id="bec-color-style" type="text/css">:root{--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-marigold-yellow: #fbbd4c;--bec-color-coverall-canvas: #d8a772;--bec-color-american-red-clay: #f1744f;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-:;--bec-color-neutral-gray: #a8a8a8;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has-marigold-yellow-color{color: var(--bec-color-marigold-yellow,#fbbd4c) !important;}:root .has-marigold-yellow-background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-marigold-yellow,#fbbd4c) !important;}:root .has-coverall-canvas-color{color: var(--bec-color-coverall-canvas,#d8a772) !important;}:root .has-coverall-canvas-background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-coverall-canvas,#d8a772) !important;}:root .has-american-red-clay-color{color: var(--bec-color-american-red-clay,#f1744f) !important;}:root .has-american-red-clay-background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-american-red-clay,#f1744f) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--color{color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has--background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-,) !important;}:root .has-neutral-gray-color{color: var(--bec-color-neutral-gray,#a8a8a8) !important;}:root .has-neutral-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--bec-color-neutral-gray,#a8a8a8) !important;}</style><script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/fastclick/pmfastclick.min.js" defer></script><script>"addEventListener"in document&&document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){FastClick.attach(document.body)},!1);</script> <!-- Google Tag Manager snippet added by Site Kit --> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> ( function( w, d, s, l, i ) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0], j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f ); } )( window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-K3RH36JR' ); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager snippet added by Site Kit --> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cropped-HCN_Logo-Monogram_White_Sq-2-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cropped-HCN_Logo-Monogram_White_Sq-2.png?fit=192%2C192&quality=100&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cropped-HCN_Logo-Monogram_White_Sq-2.png?fit=180%2C180&quality=100&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cropped-HCN_Logo-Monogram_White_Sq-2.png?fit=270%2C270&quality=100&ssl=1" /> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> ( function() { // Load GA script if not yet found if ( 'undefined' === typeof gtag ) { var element = document.createElement( 'script' ); element.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-698LGZT2NM'; element.async = true; document.head.appendChild( element ); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function() { window.dataLayer.push( arguments ) }; gtag( 'js', new Date() ); } gtag( 'config', 'G-698LGZT2NM' ); } )(); </script> <style id="wp-custom-css">@font-face{font-family: 'GT America Compressed';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/GT-America-Compressed-Bold.ttf');font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'GT America Compressed';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/GT-America-Compressed-Medium.ttf');font-weight: 500;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'GT America Mono';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/GT-America-Mono-Bold.OTF');font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'GT America Mono';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/GT-America-Mono-Regular.OTF');font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'GT America Standard';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Bold.ttf');font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'GT America Standard';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Regular.ttf');font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'Tiempos Headline';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/TiemposHeadline-Black.ttf');font-weight: 900;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'Tiempos Headline';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/TiemposHeadline-Medium.ttf');font-weight: 500;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'Tiempos Headline';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/TiemposHeadline-Light.ttf');font-weight: 300;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'Tiempos Text';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/TiemposText-Bold.ttf');font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'Tiempos Text';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/TiemposText-BoldItalic.ttf');font-weight: 700;font-style: italic;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'Tiempos Text';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/TiemposText-Regular.ttf');font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-display: swap;}@font-face{font-family: 'Tiempos Text';src: url('/wp-content/uploads/fonts/TiemposText-Italic.ttf');font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-display: swap;}.site-header .nav1{font-size: var(--newspack-theme-font-size-sm);}@media only screen and (min-width: 782px){.site-header .nav1 .main-menu > li:not(:last-child)::after{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray);content: '';display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 1rem;margin-left: 0.5rem;vertical-align: middle;}}.nav1 .main-menu > li > a{font-weight: 400;}ul.secondary-menu > .menu-item > a{letter-spacing: 0.01em;text-transform: uppercase;}.site-header ul.secondary-menu > .menu-item:first-of-type a{color: var(--bec-color-marigold-yellow);}.single .entry-header .entry-title{font-family: "GT America Compressed",sans-serif;font-weight: 700;}.single .newspack-post-subtitle{font-family: "GT America Standard",sans-serif;}.newspack-post-subtitle.newspack-post-subtitle--in-homepage-block{font-style: normal;}.page-description,.not-found .page-title,.error-404 .page-title,.pagination .nav-links,.wp-block-query-pagination,.comments-title,.cat-links,.comment-author .fn,.no-comments,.site-title,.post-navigation .post-title,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-weight: 900;}.accent-header:not(.widget-title)::before,.article-section-title::before,.cat-links::before,.page-title::before,.site-breadcrumb .wrapper > span::before{display: none;}.entry-content a{text-decoration: none;}.entry-meta,.entry-meta .byline a,.single-post .entry-wrapper .entry-meta .byline a{color: #666;font-style: italic;}.entry-meta .byline a:hover{color: var( --newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation);}figcaption,.wp-caption-text,.swiper-pagination-simple{color: var(--newspack-theme-color-text-main);font-family: var(--newspack-theme-font-body);font-style: italic;}figcaption,.wp-caption-text{font-weight: normal;}.entry-content figcaption,.entry-content .wp-caption-text{text-align: right;margin-right: 0px}.wp-block-image figcaption{font-size: var(--newspack-theme-font-size-xs);}figcaption{color: #555;}figcaption .credit-label-wrapper{display: none;}figcaption .image-credit{display: block;font-weight: bold;}.dropcap::first-letter{float: left;font-weight: normal;font-size: 4em;line-height: 0.75;margin: 0.125em 0.75rem 0 0;position: relative;}.has-drop-cap:not( :focus )::first-letter{font-family: var( --newspack-theme-font-body );font-weight: normal;}.entry-content p:first-child > b:first-child{float: left;font-size: 4em;font-style: normal;line-height: 0.75;margin: 0.125em 0.75rem 0 0;position: relative;text-transform: uppercase;}div.wpnbha.ts-4 article .entry-title{font-size: 1.4em;}div.wpnbha p{font-size: 0.9em;line-height: 1.4;}div.wpnbha:not(.image-alignbehind) .entry-wrapper a:hover,.home div.wpnbha:not(.image-alignbehind) .entry-wrapper a:hover,div.wpnbha:not(.image-alignbehind) .entry-title a:hover,.home div.wpnbha:not(.image-alignbehind) .entry-title a:hover{color: var( --newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation );}div.wpnbha.has-text-color a:hover,.home div.wpnbha.has-text-color a:hover,div.wpnbha.has-text-color .entry-title a:hover,.home div.wpnbha.has-text-color .entry-title a:hover{color: inherit;}.wpnbha.image-alignbehind .post-has-image{text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}div.wpnbha.image-alignbehind .post-has-image .post-thumbnail::after{background: linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,0.8) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 50%);}div.wpnbha.image-alignbehind .post-has-image .entry-wrapper{padding: 1.5rem;}div.wpnbha.image-alignbehind .post-has-image .entry-wrapper p:last-child{margin-bottom: 0;}.wp-block-column div.wpnbha.image-alignbehind,.wp-block-column div.wpnbha.image-alignbehind > div,.wp-block-column div.wpnbha.image-alignbehind article:first-of-type:last-of-type{height: 100%;}.wp-block-group.alignleft.is-style-border,.wp-block-group.alignright.is-style-border{border-color: #000;}.entry .entry-content > .wp-block-group.alignleft{border-width: 0 1px 0 0;margin-right: 30px !important;padding: 0 30px 0 0 !important;float: left;max-width: 50%;}.entry .entry-content > .wp-block-group.alignright{border-width: 0 0 0 1px;margin-left: 30px !important;padding: 0 0 0 30px !important;float: right;max-width: 50%;}.post-template-default .entry .entry-content > .wp-block-group.alignleft,.post-template-default .entry .entry-content > .wp-block-group.alignright{max-width: 40%}@media (min-width: 782px){.post-template-default .entry .entry-content > .wp-block-group.alignleft,.post-template-default .entry .entry-content > .wp-block-group.alignright{max-width: 35%}}.wp-block-group.alignleft,.wp-block-group.alignright{font-family: "GT America Standard",sans-serif;font-size: 0.85rem;}.wp-block-group.alignleft > div > *:not(:first-child),.wp-block-group.alignright > div > *:not(:first-child){margin-top: 20px;}.wp-block-group.alignleft > div > *:not(:last-child),.wp-block-group.alignright > div > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom: 20px;}.wp-block-quote{border-left: 0;}.wp-block-pullquote,blockquote{font-family: var(--newspack-theme-font-body);font-size: 2rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.25;padding: 0 2rem;text-align: center;}.wp-block-pullquote p{font-style: normal;}.wp-block-pullquote blockquote::before,.wp-block-pullquote blockquote::after,.wp-block-pullquote blockquote p:first-of-type::before{display: none;}.author-prefix,.single .entry-header .byline > span:first-child,.archive article .entry-meta .byline > span:first-child,.search article .entry-meta .byline > span:first-child,.blog article .entry-meta .byline > span:first-child{display: none;}.single-post .cat-links{border-bottom: 4px solid var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);font-size: 14px;}.single-post .cat-links .sep{display: none;}.single-post .cat-links a{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);color: var(--newspack-theme-color-bg-body);display: inline-block;padding: 0.375rem 0.5rem 0.25rem;text-decoration: none;}.single-post .entry-header .cat-links [rel*='category']{display: none;}.single-post .byline .author a{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary);}.single-post .byline .author a:focus,.single-post .byline .author a:hover{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-variation);}.single-post .posted-on{color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 700;}.single .newspack-post-subtitle{margin-bottom: 0.45em;}.sd-content ul li{margin-bottom: 0;}.single .tags-links .sep{display: none;}.single .tags-links a{color: var(--newspack-theme-color-link);border-left: 1px solid var(--newspack-theme-color-border-light);display: inline-block;font-family: var(--newspack-theme-font-body);font-size: 1rem;font-style: italic;padding: 0 0.5rem;}.single .tags-links a:focus,.single .tags-links a:hover{color: var(--newspack-theme-color-link-hover);}.single .tags-links a:first-of-type{border: none;padding-left: 0}.single .tags-links > span:first-child{display: none;}.single .tags-links a[href*='/topic/not-on-homepage/'],.single .tags-links a[href*='/topic/free/']{display: none;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .site-breadcrumb{display: none;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-header{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8);border: none;color: white;margin-bottom: 100px;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top: -90vh;width: 880px;padding: 50px;max-width: 100%;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-header a,.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-header .entry-meta{color: white;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-header a:hover,.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-header a:focus{color: var(--newspack-theme-color-bg-pre);}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .featured-image-above .post-thumbnail{height: 100vh;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .featured-image-above .post-thumbnail img{height: 100%;object-fit: cover;width: 100%;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .featured-image-above figcaption{display: none;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .main-content{max-width: 880px;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-content{background-color: var(--newspack-theme-color-bg-body);padding-left: 24px;padding-right: 24px;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .featured-image-above .entry-header .posted-on{color: #fff;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-header .cat-links{border: 0;}.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-header .cat-links a{background: transparent;padding: 0;}@media only screen and (min-width: 782px){.post-template-single-feature.single-featured-image-above .entry-content{max-width: 880px;padding-left: 50px;padding-right: 50px;}}.featured-image-behind{text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.featured-image-behind:before{background: linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,0.70) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 60%);}.featured-image-behind .entry-header{margin-bottom: 0.75rem;}.featured-image-behind .cat-links{border: 0;}.featured-image-behind .cat-links a{background: transparent;padding: 0;}.featured-image-behind .posted-on{color: #fff;}@media (min-width: 782px){.featured-image-beside .cat-links{border: 0;}.featured-image-beside .cat-links a{background: transparent;padding: 0;}.featured-image-beside .posted-on{color: #fff;}}.post-template-single-feature .entry-header,.post-template-single-feature .post-thumbnail figcaption,.post-template-single-feature .featured-image-behind + figcaption{margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;max-width: 780px;}.featured-image-beside .entry-header{max-width: 90%;width: 780px;}.entry-content .alignfull > figcaption,.entry-content .alignwide > figcaption{margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;text-align: right;}.home .main-column .article-section-title{display: flex;}.home .main-column .article-section-title span{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);width: 100%;}.home .main-column .article-section-title a{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);color: var(--newspack-theme-color-bg-body);display: flex;font-family: var(--newspack-theme-font-body);font-size: 1rem;font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;padding: 0.25rem 2.5rem 0.25rem 1rem;position: relative;text-transform: none;}.home .main-column .article-section-title a:focus,.home .main-column .article-section-title a:hover{color: var(--newspack-theme-color-bg-pre);}.home .main-column .article-section-title a::after{background-color: var(--bec-color-marigold-yellow);align-items: center;color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);content: '\203a';display: flex;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;height: 100%;padding: 0 0.5rem;position: absolute;right: 0;top: 0;}.home .wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles .entry-title a:focus,.home .wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles .entry-title a:hover{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);}.wpnbha article.tag-perspective .byline::before,.archive article.tag-perspective .byline::before{background: #e7e7e7;color: #2f2f2f;content: 'Perspective';font-size: 0.625rem;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: 0.025em;margin-right: 0.5rem;padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;text-shadow: none;text-transform: uppercase;}.wp-block-rss__item{border-bottom: 1px solid gray;padding-bottom: 10px;margin-bottom: 15px;}.archive .entry-title a:hover,.archive article a:hover{color: var( --newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation );}.archive .entry-content p{line-height: 1.4em;}.above-footer-widgets .wp-block-columns{margin: 0;}@media only screen and (max-width: 781px){.above-footer-widgets{display: none;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 782px){.footer-subscribe-form-heading{display: none !important;}}.site-footer .widget-area{padding-bottom: 0;}.site-footer p,.site-footer ul{margin: 0;padding: 0;}.site-footer .widget.widget_block{margin-bottom: 0;}.site-footer .wp-block-columns{margin: 0;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper{margin: 0;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .gform_fields{row-gap: 8px;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper .gform_heading,.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .gfield_label,.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .ginput_complex label{display: none;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme input[type="text"],.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme input[type="email"]{font-size: 12px;padding: 4px;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .gform_footer button,.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .gform_footer input,.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .gform_page_footer button,.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .gform_page_footer input{margin-bottom: 0;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper.gravity-theme .gform_footer{justify-content: flex-end;padding: 2px 0;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper .gform_footer .button{background-color: var(--bec-color-marigold-yellow);border-radius: 0;color: #111;padding: 0.5rem 0.76rem;}.site-footer .gform_wrapper .gform_footer .button:hover{background-color: var(--bec-color-coverall-canvas);}.site-info{align-items: center;display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;justify-content: space-between;margin: auto;max-width: 90vw;width: 1200px;}.site-info .wrapper{margin: 0;width: auto;}.site-info > .wrapper{gap: 0.5em;}.site-info .widget-area{order: 2}.site-info .widget-area .wrapper{padding: 0;}@media (max-width: 782px){.site-info .widget-area{flex-basis: 100%;}}.h-sb .middle-header-contain .wrapper{padding: .9rem 0 1rem;}.nav-wrapper .pelcro-login-button,.subpage-sidebar .pelcro-login-button{cursor: pointer;}.nav-wrapper .pelcro-login-button:hover,.subpage-sidebar .pelcro-login-button:hover{opacity: 0.75;}.subpage-sidebar .pelcro-login-button:hover{text-decoration: underline;}.entry-wrapper{container-type: inline-size;}@container (max-width: 200px){h2.entry-title,h1,h2,h3,h4,.entry-title{hyphens: auto;}}.hcn-print-edition-box{font-style: italic;}.hcn-magtitle::before{content: open-quote;}.hcn-magtitle::after{content: close-quote;}.republication_tracker_tool{display: none;}div.wp-block-columns.-thin-margin{gap: 16px;}.-thin-margin .wpnbha article{margin-bottom: 16px;}.even-columns table{width: 100%;table-layout: fixed;}.align-top table td{vertical-align: top;}.collapse-bottom{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}.collapse-bottom + *{margin-top: 0 !important;}a[href^="tel:"],a[href^="mailto:"]{white-space: nowrap;}.full-link{position: relative;}.full-link a:after{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;content:'';}.entry .entry-content > #triptic{margin-top: 5px}div#triptic.wp-block-columns{gap: 6px;}#triptic .wpnbha article{height: calc( 50% - 3px );margin-bottom: 6px;min-height: unset !important;}#triptic .wpnbha article:last-child{margin-bottom: 0px;}#triptic .wp-block-column:first-child .wpnbha article{height: 60vh;max-height: 600px;}#triptic div.wpnbha.image-alignbehind .post-has-image .entry-wrapper{padding: 1.5rem 2.5rem 1.5rem 1.5rem;}@media (max-width: 781px){#triptic .wpnbha article{height: 30vh;max-height: 200px;}}.sd-sharing .sharing-hidden inner{padding: 2px;}.sd-sharing .sharing-hidden ul li{margin: 0;white-space: nowrap;}.sd-sharing .sd-content .sharing-hidden ul li a.sd-button{box-shadow: none;}.sd-sharing .sd-content ul li a.sd-button{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.65);}@media (max-width: 782px){.sd-sharing .sd-content ul li.share-print{display: none;}}.wp-social-link-mail a .screen-reader-text{clip: auto;word-wrap: break-word;border: initial;-webkit-clip-path: none;clip-path: none;height: auto;margin: 0 0 0 24px;overflow: visible;padding: initial;position: static;width: auto;}.wp-social-link-mail:hover{transform: none !important;}#pelcro-app table td,#pelcro-app table td{word-break: normal;}#wpadminbar{background-color: #F2A673;}.jetpack_top_posts_widget li a{font-size: .9em;}.jetpack_top_posts_widget li:not(:last-child) a{border-bottom: 1px solid lightgray;padding-bottom: 20px;}.style-image-credit{font-weight: bold;font-size: var(--newspack-theme-font-size-xs);}figcaption .image-credit + .image-credit{display: none;}.entry-content .wp-block-image > figure > figcaption{display:table-caption;}</style> <noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:56.23%;overflow:hidden}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;border:none;cursor:pointer;transition:.5s all;-webkit-transition:.5s all;-moz-transition:.5s all}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(75%)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube .play{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;right:auto;width:68px;height:48px;margin-left:-34px;margin-top:-24px;background:url(https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/img/youtube.svg) no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;pointer-events:none;filter:grayscale(1)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube:hover .play{filter:grayscale(0)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:99}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative;}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding-bottom:0}</style></head> <body class="page-template page-template-single-wide page-template-single-wide-php page page-id-179738 page-child parent-pageid-177254 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive jps-theme-newspack-scott singular hide-homepage-title hide-page-title hide-site-tagline h-sub h-sb h-cl h-dh h-cta h-sub-cta has-tertiary-menu no-sidebar af-widget has-summary fw-stacked" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) snippet added by Site Kit --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K3RH36JR" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) snippet added by Site Kit --> <aside id="mobile-sidebar-fallback" class="mobile-sidebar"> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" > <ul id="menu-login-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-126094" class="pelcro-login-button menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126094"><a href="#">Your Dashboard</a></li> </ul> </nav> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.hcn.org/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" > <ul id="menu-primary-menu" class="main-menu"><li id="menu-item-129576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129576"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/features/">Features</a></li> <li id="menu-item-129571" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129571"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/public-lands/">Public Lands</a></li> <li id="menu-item-129572" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129572"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/indigenous-affairs/">Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-129573" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129573"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/water/">Water</a></li> <li id="menu-item-129574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129574"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></li> <li id="menu-item-129575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129575"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/arts-culture/">Arts & Culture</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="secondary-menu nav2 dd-menu" aria-label="Secondary Menu" > <ul id="menu-subscribe-menu" class="secondary-menu"><li id="menu-item-126086" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126086"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/subscribe/">Subscribe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-322368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-322368"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/support/">Donate Now</a></li> <li id="menu-item-183818" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-183818"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/the-magazine/">The Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126089" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-126089"><a href="#">Jobs & Classifieds</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState126089 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState126089 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState126089: !setState126089 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-126089"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState126089 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-126090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126090"><a href="https://classifieds.hcn.org/">Jobs & Classifieds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126091" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126091"><a href="https://highcountrynews.adperfect.com/channel/C0A801FE1b4c7201BEWYX3FF29A8/publication/C0A801FE1b4c72030CvHv3ED6703">Place a Classified Ad</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126092" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126092"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/advertising/">Display Ad Info</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </aside> <aside id="desktop-sidebar-fallback" class="desktop-sidebar dir-left"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> </aside> <aside id="subpage-sidebar-fallback" class="subpage-sidebar"> <button class="subpage-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" > <ul id="menu-login-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="pelcro-login-button menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126094"><a href="#">Your Dashboard</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" > <ul id="menu-primary-menu-1" class="main-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129576"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/features/">Features</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129571"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/public-lands/">Public Lands</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129572"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/indigenous-affairs/">Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129573"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/water/">Water</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129574"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-129575"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/arts-culture/">Arts & Culture</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="secondary-menu nav2 dd-menu" aria-label="Secondary Menu" > <ul id="menu-subscribe-menu-1" class="secondary-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126086"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/subscribe/">Subscribe</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-322368"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/support/">Donate Now</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-183818"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/topic/the-magazine/">The Magazine</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-126089"><a href="#">Jobs & Classifieds</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState126089 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState126089 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState126089: !setState126089 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-126089"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState126089 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126090"><a href="https://classifieds.hcn.org/">Jobs & Classifieds</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126091"><a href="https://highcountrynews.adperfect.com/channel/C0A801FE1b4c7201BEWYX3FF29A8/publication/C0A801FE1b4c72030CvHv3ED6703">Place a Classified Ad</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126092"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/advertising/">Display Ad Info</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </aside> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header hide-header-search" [class]="searchVisible ? 'show-header-search site-header ' : 'hide-header-search site-header'"> <div class="middle-header-contain"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="subpage-toggle-contain"> <button class="subpage-toggle" on="tap:subpage-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span> </button> </div> <div class="site-branding"> <style>.site-header .custom-logo{height: 67px;max-height: 253px;max-width: 600px;width: 467px;}@media (max-width: 781px){.site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 175px;max-height: 25px;}}@media (min-width: 782px){.h-stk:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-height: 57px;max-width: 400px;}.h-sub .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 200px;max-height: 29px;}}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 782px){.h-stk.h-cl:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 100%;width: auto;}}</style><a href="https://www.hcn.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img data-perfmatters-preload width="1763" height="253" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?fit=1763%2C253&quality=100&ssl=1" class="custom-logo" alt="High Country News" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?w=1763&quality=100&ssl=1 1763w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=300%2C43&quality=100&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1024%2C147&quality=100&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=768%2C110&quality=100&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1536%2C220&quality=100&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1200%2C172&quality=100&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=1568%2C225&quality=100&ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?resize=400%2C57&quality=100&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Horizontal_White-1.png?fit=1763%2C253&quality=100&ssl=1&w=370 370w" sizes="(max-width: 1763px) 100vw, 1763px" /></a> <div class="site-identity"> <p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/" rel="home">High Country News</a></p> <p class="site-description"> A nonprofit independent magazine of unblinking journalism that shines a light on all of the complexities of the West. </p> </div><!-- .site-identity --> </div><!-- .site-branding --> <a class="button mb-cta" href="/support/">Support</a> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle" on="tap:mobile-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Menu</span> </button> <div class="header-search-contain"> <button id="search-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState( { searchVisible: !searchVisible } ), search-form-2.focus" aria-controls="search-menu" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="searchVisible ? 'Close Search' : 'Open Search'"> Open Search </span> <span class="search-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> <span class="close-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> </button> <div id="header-search" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.hcn.org/"> <label for="search-form-2"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-2" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> </div><!-- #header-search --> </div><!-- .header-search-contain --> </div> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area "> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <header class="entry-header"> </header> <div class="main-content"> <article id="post-179738" class="post-179738 page type-page status-publish hentry entry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-lightbox newspack-popup hidden newspack-lightbox-placement-bottom newspack-lightbox-size-full-width newspack-lightbox-no-overlay " role="button" tabindex="0" id="id_329640" data-segments="10101" data-frequency="0,0,1,day" data-scroll="55" > <div class="newspack-popup-wrapper " data-popup-status="publish" style="background-color:#c1c1c3;color:#000"> <div class="newspack-popup__content-wrapper" style=""> <div class="newspack-popup__content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a4788405bd5595f1203811228390787a" style="color:#121212">Welcome to High Country News</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <p><em>HCN</em> has covered the lands, wildlife and communities of the Western U.S. for <a href="/about">more than 50 years</a>. <strong>Get to know the West better by signing up to receive <em>HCN</em>’s on-the-ground reporting and investigations in your inbox.</strong></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0;flex-basis:33.33%"> <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework newspack-subscribe-form_wrapper' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='1' id='gform_wrapper_7' ><style>#gform_wrapper_7[data-form-index="1"].gform-theme,[data-parent-form="7_1"]{--gf-color-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-primary-rgb: 32,76,229;--gf-color-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-primary-contrast-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-secondary: #fff;--gf-color-secondary-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-secondary-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-secondary-contrast-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-secondary-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-secondary-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light: rgba(17,35,55,0.1);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104,110,119,0.35);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88,94,106;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17,35,55,0.65);--gf-color-in-ctrl: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-rgb: 32,76,229;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light: rgba(17,35,55,0.1);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104,110,119,0.35);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88,94,106;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17,35,55,0.65);--gf-radius: 3px;--gf-font-size-secondary: 14px;--gf-font-size-tertiary: 13px;--gf-icon-ctrl-number: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='8' height='14' viewBox='0 0 8 14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M4 0C4.26522 5.96046e-08 4.51957 0.105357 4.70711 0.292893L7.70711 3.29289C8.09763 3.68342 8.09763 4.31658 7.70711 4.70711C7.31658 5.09763 6.68342 5.09763 6.29289 4.70711L4 2.41421L1.70711 4.70711C1.31658 5.09763 0.683417 5.09763 0.292893 4.70711C-0.0976311 4.31658 -0.097631 3.68342 0.292893 3.29289L3.29289 0.292893C3.48043 0.105357 3.73478 0 4 0ZM0.292893 9.29289C0.683417 8.90237 1.31658 8.90237 1.70711 9.29289L4 11.5858L6.29289 9.29289C6.68342 8.90237 7.31658 8.90237 7.70711 9.29289C8.09763 9.68342 8.09763 10.3166 7.70711 10.7071L4.70711 13.7071C4.31658 14.0976 3.68342 14.0976 3.29289 13.7071L0.292893 10.7071C-0.0976311 10.3166 -0.0976311 9.68342 0.292893 9.29289Z' fill='rgba(17,35,55,0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-select: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='6' viewBox='0 0 10 6' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M0.292893 0.292893C0.683417 -0.097631 1.31658 -0.097631 1.70711 0.292893L5 3.58579L8.29289 0.292893C8.68342 -0.0976311 9.31658 -0.0976311 9.70711 0.292893C10.0976 0.683417 10.0976 1.31658 9.70711 1.70711L5.70711 5.70711C5.31658 6.09763 4.68342 6.09763 4.29289 5.70711L0.292893 1.70711C-0.0976311 1.31658 -0.0976311 0.683418 0.292893 0.292893Z' fill='rgba(17,35,55,0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-search: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='640' height='640'%3E%3Cpath d='M256 128c-70.692 0-128 57.308-128 128 0 70.691 57.308 128 128 128 70.691 0 128-57.309 128-128 0-70.692-57.309-128-128-128zM64 256c0-106.039 85.961-192 192-192s192 85.961 192 192c0 41.466-13.146 79.863-35.498 111.248l154.125 154.125c12.496 12.496 12.496 32.758 0 45.254s-32.758 12.496-45.254 0L367.248 412.502C335.862 434.854 297.467 448 256 448c-106.039 0-192-85.962-192-192z' fill='rgba(17,35,55,0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-label-space-y-secondary: var(--gf-label-space-y-md-secondary);--gf-ctrl-border-color: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-size: var(--gf-ctrl-size-md);--gf-ctrl-label-color-primary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-label-color-secondary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-choice-size: var(--gf-ctrl-choice-size-md);--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-border-color-secondary: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-file-btn-bg-color-hover: #EBEBEB;--gf-field-pg-steps-number-color: rgba(17,35,55,0.8);}</style><div id='gf_7' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'></div><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_7' id='gform_7' class='newspack-subscribe-form' action='/about/our-history/timeline/#gf_7' data-formid='7' novalidate> <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_7' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id="field_7_1" class="gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_1" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_7_1'>Email address<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_text">(Required)</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_1' id='input_7_1' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email address' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" autocomplete="email"/> </div></div><div id="field_7_4" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--input-type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_4" ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_4' id='input_7_4' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='campaign-new-search' /></div></div><div id="field_7_5" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--input-type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_5" ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_5' id='input_7_5' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='bottom-bar-campaign-55' /></div></div><div id="field_7_6" class="gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_6" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_7_6'>Email</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_6' id='input_7_6' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_7_6'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></div></div></div> <div class='gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_7' class='gform_button button gform-button--width-full' value='Sign up' onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_7"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_7"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_7"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_7"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_7").trigger("submit",[true]); }' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_ajax' value='form_id=7&title=&description=&tabindex=0&theme=gravity-theme' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_7' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='7' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_7' value='WyJbXSIsIjNiMjE2M2VkNDIxNDc0ODY5ZTE3NDRmYTI5NTdkYTI2Il0=' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_7' id='gform_target_page_number_7' value='0' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_7' id='gform_source_page_number_7' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='method=bottom-bar-campaign-55&ac_tag=campaign-new-search' /> </div> <p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_2" name="ak_js" value="185"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> <iframe style='display:none;width:0px;height:0px;' src='about:blank' name='gform_ajax_frame_7' id='gform_ajax_frame_7' title='This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.'></iframe> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 7, 'https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_7').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_7');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_7').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').offset().top - mt); }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_7').val();gformInitSpinner( 7, 'https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [7, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_7').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [7]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery('#gform_confirmation_message_7').text());}else{jQuery('#gform_7').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "7", currentPage: "current_page", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event && event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_7" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_7"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_7" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [7, current_page] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 7, currentPage: current_page } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} ); </script> </div> </div> </div> <button class="newspack-lightbox__close" aria-label="Close Pop-up"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div id="page-position-marker_id_329640" class="page-position-marker" style="position: absolute; top: 55%"></div> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-lightbox newspack-popup hidden newspack-lightbox-placement-bottom newspack-lightbox-size-full-width newspack-lightbox-no-overlay " role="button" tabindex="0" id="id_329653" data-segments="12271" data-frequency="0,0,1,day" data-scroll="55" > <div class="newspack-popup-wrapper " data-popup-status="publish" style="background-color:#c1c1c3;color:#000"> <div class="newspack-popup__content-wrapper" style=""> <div class="newspack-popup__content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ff38e502546aa065418fcbe597b432c8" style="color:#121212">Read more Western reporting</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);flex-basis:66.66%"> <p>Sign up to receive <em>High Country News</em>’ email newsletters and get on-the-ground reporting and investigations delivered to your inbox each week.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0;flex-basis:33.33%"><script type="text/javascript"></script> <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework newspack-subscribe-form_wrapper' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_7' ><style>#gform_wrapper_7[data-form-index="0"].gform-theme,[data-parent-form="7_0"]{--gf-color-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-primary-rgb: 32,76,229;--gf-color-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-primary-contrast-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-secondary: #fff;--gf-color-secondary-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-secondary-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-secondary-contrast-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-secondary-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-secondary-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light: rgba(17,35,55,0.1);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104,110,119,0.35);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88,94,106;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17,35,55,0.65);--gf-color-in-ctrl: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-rgb: 32,76,229;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast-rgb: 255,255,255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light: rgba(17,35,55,0.1);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-rgb: 17,35,55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104,110,119,0.35);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88,94,106;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17,35,55,0.65);--gf-radius: 3px;--gf-font-size-secondary: 14px;--gf-font-size-tertiary: 13px;--gf-icon-ctrl-number: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='8' height='14' viewBox='0 0 8 14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M4 0C4.26522 5.96046e-08 4.51957 0.105357 4.70711 0.292893L7.70711 3.29289C8.09763 3.68342 8.09763 4.31658 7.70711 4.70711C7.31658 5.09763 6.68342 5.09763 6.29289 4.70711L4 2.41421L1.70711 4.70711C1.31658 5.09763 0.683417 5.09763 0.292893 4.70711C-0.0976311 4.31658 -0.097631 3.68342 0.292893 3.29289L3.29289 0.292893C3.48043 0.105357 3.73478 0 4 0ZM0.292893 9.29289C0.683417 8.90237 1.31658 8.90237 1.70711 9.29289L4 11.5858L6.29289 9.29289C6.68342 8.90237 7.31658 8.90237 7.70711 9.29289C8.09763 9.68342 8.09763 10.3166 7.70711 10.7071L4.70711 13.7071C4.31658 14.0976 3.68342 14.0976 3.29289 13.7071L0.292893 10.7071C-0.0976311 10.3166 -0.0976311 9.68342 0.292893 9.29289Z' fill='rgba(17,35,55,0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-select: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='6' viewBox='0 0 10 6' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M0.292893 0.292893C0.683417 -0.097631 1.31658 -0.097631 1.70711 0.292893L5 3.58579L8.29289 0.292893C8.68342 -0.0976311 9.31658 -0.0976311 9.70711 0.292893C10.0976 0.683417 10.0976 1.31658 9.70711 1.70711L5.70711 5.70711C5.31658 6.09763 4.68342 6.09763 4.29289 5.70711L0.292893 1.70711C-0.0976311 1.31658 -0.0976311 0.683418 0.292893 0.292893Z' fill='rgba(17,35,55,0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-search: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='640' height='640'%3E%3Cpath d='M256 128c-70.692 0-128 57.308-128 128 0 70.691 57.308 128 128 128 70.691 0 128-57.309 128-128 0-70.692-57.309-128-128-128zM64 256c0-106.039 85.961-192 192-192s192 85.961 192 192c0 41.466-13.146 79.863-35.498 111.248l154.125 154.125c12.496 12.496 12.496 32.758 0 45.254s-32.758 12.496-45.254 0L367.248 412.502C335.862 434.854 297.467 448 256 448c-106.039 0-192-85.962-192-192z' fill='rgba(17,35,55,0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-label-space-y-secondary: var(--gf-label-space-y-md-secondary);--gf-ctrl-border-color: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-size: var(--gf-ctrl-size-md);--gf-ctrl-label-color-primary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-label-color-secondary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-choice-size: var(--gf-ctrl-choice-size-md);--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-border-color-secondary: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-file-btn-bg-color-hover: #EBEBEB;--gf-field-pg-steps-number-color: rgba(17,35,55,0.8);}</style><div id='gf_7' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'></div><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_7' id='gform_7' class='newspack-subscribe-form' action='/about/our-history/timeline/#gf_7' data-formid='7' novalidate> <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_7' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id="field_7_1" class="gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_1" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_7_1'>Email address<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_text">(Required)</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_1' id='input_7_1' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email address' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" autocomplete="email"/> </div></div><div id="field_7_4" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--input-type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_4" ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_4' id='input_7_4' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='campaign-new-social' /></div></div><div id="field_7_5" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--input-type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_5" ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_5' id='input_7_5' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='bottom-bar-campaign-55' /></div></div><div id="field_7_6" class="gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_7_6" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_7_6'>Phone</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_6' id='input_7_6' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_7_6'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></div></div></div> <div class='gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_7' class='gform_button button gform-button--width-full' value='Sign up' onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_7"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_7"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_7"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_7")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_7"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_7").trigger("submit",[true]); }' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_ajax' value='form_id=7&title=&description=&tabindex=0&theme=gravity-theme' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_7' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='7' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_7' value='WyJbXSIsIjNiMjE2M2VkNDIxNDc0ODY5ZTE3NDRmYTI5NTdkYTI2Il0=' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_7' id='gform_target_page_number_7' value='0' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_7' id='gform_source_page_number_7' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='method=bottom-bar-campaign-55&ac_tag=campaign-new-social' /> </div> <p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="134"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> <iframe style='display:none;width:0px;height:0px;' src='about:blank' name='gform_ajax_frame_7' id='gform_ajax_frame_7' title='This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.'></iframe> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 7, 'https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_7').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_7');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_7').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').offset().top - mt); }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_7').val();gformInitSpinner( 7, 'https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [7, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_7').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [7]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery('#gform_confirmation_message_7').text());}else{jQuery('#gform_7').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "7", currentPage: "current_page", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event && event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_7" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_7"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_7" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [7, current_page] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 7, currentPage: current_page } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} ); </script> </div> </div> </div> <button class="newspack-lightbox__close" aria-label="Close Pop-up"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div id="page-position-marker_id_329653" class="page-position-marker" style="position: absolute; top: 55%"></div> <style type="text/css"><!-- body{background-color: #ffffff;color: #768390;font-family: 'minion pro',minion-pro,'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;padding: 0;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;}#main{margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;}.hcn-footer{display: none!important;}.columns{margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;}#content{margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;border: 0!important;background-color: #ffffff;}.row{max-width: 100%!important;margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;}h1.documentFirstHeading{display: none!important;}#background-color-section{width: 100%;background-color: #191919;padding: 65px 0px 60px 0px;color: #191919;}.headline-center{margin: auto;max-width: 100%;padding: 10px 20px 10px 20px;font-family: "Tiempos","Times New Roman",serif;color: #ffffff;font-size: 4.25rem;font-weight: bold;line-height: 3.375rem;text-align: center;}.sub-headline-center{margin: auto;max-width: 100%;padding: 10px 20px 10px 20px;font-family: "GT-America-Compressed",sans-serif;font-weight: regular;font-size: 1.6rem;line-height: 1.6rem;padding: 15px 5px 0px 5px;color: #ffffff;text-align: center;}.center-image{margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;padding-top: 45px;padding-bottom: 25px;text-align: center;display: block;width: 100%;background-image: url("https://www.hcn.org/external_files/wc-files/Timeline-Background-1b.jpg");background-color: #A8A8A8;height: 100%;background-position: top center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;}.center-video{margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;padding-top: 145px;padding-bottom: 145px;text-align: center;display: block;width: 100%;background-image: url("https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Tom_Bell.png");background-color: #A8A8A8;height: 100%;background-position: top center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;}.play-button{width: 300px;margin: auto;padding: 10px;}.center-content{margin: auto;padding: 10px;width: 48em;}.center-button{margin: auto;width: 500px;padding: 10px;}.cta-button{font-size: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: .6em;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none !important;background-color: #fcc74c;color: #ffffff !important;border: none;border-radius: 8px;cursor: pointer;justify-content: center;padding: 28px 52px;height: 78px;text-align: center;white-space: nowrap;font-family: "GT-America-Compressed",sans-serif;font-weight: bold;}}.cta-button:hover{background-color: #fbaf0b;background: #fbaf0b;color: #fbaf0b;}.cta-button:active{background-color: #fdb714;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{color: #3D4351;margin-top: 0;}.timeline__img{max-width: 90%;box-shadow: 0 10px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);}.para-left{padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px}.para-right{padding: 0px 40px 0px 0px}.example-header{background: #3D4351;color: #FFF;font-weight: 300;padding: 3em 1em;text-align: center;}.example-header h1{color: #FFF;font-weight: 300;margin-bottom: 20px;}.example-header p{font-size: 12px;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: 3px;font-weight: 700;}.container-fluid .row{padding: 0 0 4em 0;}.container-fluid .row:nth-child(even){background: #F1F4F5;}.example-title{text-align: left;margin-bottom: 10px;padding: 1em 0;}.example-title p{margin: 0 auto;max-width: 1100px;}.timeline{line-height: 1.4em;list-style: none;margin: 0;padding: 0;width: 100%;}.timeline-item{padding-left: 40px;position: relative;}.timeline-item:last-child{padding-bottom: 0;}.timeline-info{margin: 0 0 .5em 0;}.timeline-marker{position: absolute;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 0;width: 15px;}.timeline-marker:before{background: #007cad;border: 3px solid transparent;border-radius: 100%;content: "";display: block;height: 15px;position: absolute;top: 4px;left: 0;width: 15px;transition: background 0.3s ease-in-out,border 0.3s ease-in-out;}.timeline-marker:after{content: "";width: 3px;background: #CCD5DB;display: block;position: absolute;top: 24px;bottom: 0;left: 6px;}.timeline-item:last-child .timeline-marker:after{content: none;}.timeline-item:not(.period):hover .timeline-marker:before{background: transparent;border: 3px solid #FF6B6B;}.timeline-content{padding-bottom: 40px;}.timeline-content p:last-child{margin-bottom: 0;}.period{padding: 0;}.period .timeline-info{display: none;}.period .timeline-marker:before{background: transparent;content: "";width: 15px;height: auto;border: none;border-radius: 0;top: 0;bottom: 30px;position: absolute;border-top: 3px solid #CCD5DB;border-bottom: 3px solid #CCD5DB;}.period .timeline-marker:after{content: "";height: 32px;top: auto;}.period .timeline-content{padding: 40px 0px 70px;}.period .timeline-title{margin: 0;font-size: 42px;}@media (min-width: 992px){.headline-center{width: 36em;!important;}}.center-image{width: 100%!important;}.center-video{width: 100%!important;}.center-button{width: 55%!important;}.timeline-centered,.timeline-centered .timeline-item,.timeline-centered .timeline-info,.timeline-centered .timeline-marker,.timeline-centered .timeline-content{display: block;margin: 0;padding: 0;}.timeline-centered .timeline-item{padding-bottom: 40px;overflow: hidden;}.timeline-centered .timeline-marker{position: absolute;left: 50%;margin-left: -7.5px;}.timeline-centered .timeline-info,.timeline-centered .timeline-content{width: 47%;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(odd) .timeline-info{float: left;text-align: right;padding-right: 30px;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(odd) .timeline-content{float: right;text-align: left;padding-left: 30px;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(even) .timeline-info{float: right;text-align: left;padding-left: 30px;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(even) .timeline-content{float: left;text-align: right;padding-right: 30px;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item.period .timeline-content{float: none;padding: 0;width: 100%;text-align: center;}.timeline-centered .timeline-item.period{padding: 20px 0px 50px;}.timeline-centered .period .timeline-marker:after{height: 30px;bottom: 0;top: auto;}.timeline-centered .period .timeline-title{left: auto;}}.marker-outline .timeline-marker:before{background: transparent;border-color: #f1920a;}.marker-outline .timeline-item:hover .timeline-marker:before{background: #f1920a;}@media only screen and (max-width: 992px){.center-image{width: 100%!important;}.center-video{width: 100%!important;}.play-button{width: 250px!important;}.center-content{width: 34em !important;}.center-button{width: 45%!important;}.para-right{padding-right: 0px!important;}.para-left{padding-left: 0px!important;text-align: left!important;}.timeline__img{box-shadow: 0 1px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.4)!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 768px){.headline-center{width: 26em;!important;}.center-image{width: 100%!important;}.center-video{width: 100%!important;}.play-button{width: 200px!important;}.center-content{width: 26em!important;padding: 0px 15px 0px 15px!important;}.center-button{width: 70%!important;}.para-right{padding-right: 0px!important;}.para-left{padding-left: 0px!important;text-align: left!important;}.timeline__img{box-shadow: 0 1px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.4)!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 576px){.headline-center{font-size: 3rem!important;line-height: 2.5rem!important;padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px!important;}.sub-headline-center{font-size: 1.3rem!important;line-height: 1.3rem!important;padding: 15px 5px 0px 5px!important;}.center-image{width: 100%!important;}.center-video{width: 100%!important;}.play-button{width: 200px!important;}.center-content{width: 20em!important;}.center-button{display: inline-block;width: 95%!important;text-align: center!important;}.para-right{padding: 10px 20px 0px 20px!important;text-align: left!important;}.para-left{padding: 10px 20px 0px 20px!important;text-align: left!important;}.quick-links{width: 80%!important;}.timeline__img{box-shadow: 0 1px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.4)!important;}.timeline-marker{display: none!important;}.timeline-content{width: 100%!important;}.timeline-info{width: 100%!important;}.timeline-title{text-align: center;}.timeline__img{float: clear;align: center;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(odd) .timeline-info{float: clear!important;text-align: center!important;padding-right: 0px!important;padding-bottom: 2%!important;padding-top: 2%!important;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(odd) .timeline-content{float: clear!important;text-align: center!important;padding-left: 0px!important;padding-bottom: 2%!important;padding-top: 2%!important;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(even) .timeline-info{float: clear!important;text-align: center!important;padding-left: 0px!important;padding-bottom: 2%!important;padding-top: 2%!important;}.timeline-centered > .timeline-item:nth-child(even) .timeline-content{ffloat: clear!important;text-align: center!important;padding-right: 0px!important;padding-bottom: 2%!important;padding-top: 2%!important;}}--></style> <div id="background-color-section"> <div class="headline-center">Our Remarkable History</div> <div class="sub-headline-center"><a style="text-decoration: none; color: #ffffff;" href="https://www.hcn.org/support/">SPREAD THE NEWS, TAKE US HIGHER</a></div> </div> <div class="center-image"> <h2 style="text-align: center; color: #ffffff;"><strong>Across the Decades – 1970 – 2020</strong></h2> <p class="center-content p1" style="text-align: left; padding: 15px 20px 30px 20px; color: #ffffff;">If journalism is the first draft of history, then <em>High Country News</em> has been busily assembling the chapters of the comprehensive tome that will shape how we view the last 50 years of life in the Western United States.<br /> <br /> And what a half-century it has been. From the Great Plains to the Pacific Coast, from the desert Southwest to the wilds of Alaska, <em>HCN</em>’s writers and editors have chronicled the ever-changing interactions between the human and non-human environment, as ever more people have flooded into the region, putting pressure on its stunning geography as never before. With dogged reporting and fresh perspectives, the nonprofit publication has shed light on landscapes and communities largely overlooked by other media outlets, driving conversation and prodding progress.<br /> <br /> From its inception in 1970 as a rare environmental voice in the region, to its increasingly nuanced coverage of the social, political and economic dynamics of the country’s most rapidly growing and diverse population, <em>High Country News</em> has, story by story, unveiled the real West. It has illuminated a place of not only beauty, but of contradictions and conflicts that test our understanding of this country and the world.<br /> <br /> What follows are some of the highlights from each of <em>HCN</em>’s five decades of work, and a look at what may lie ahead.</p> <div class="col-md-12 example-title"> <p class="quick-links" style="text-align: center; width: 600px; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6); color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 15px 10px 15px 10px;"><strong>QUICK LINKS</strong><br /> <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #fcc74c;" href="#Y1">1970s</a> | <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #fcc74c;" href="#Y2">1980s</a> | <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #fcc74c;" href="#Y3">1990s</a> | <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #fcc74c;" href="#Y4">2000s</a> | <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #fcc74c;" href="#Y5">2010s</a> | <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #fcc74c;" href="#Y6">2020s</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row example-centered"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <ul class="timeline timeline-centered"> <li class="timeline-item period"> <div class="timeline-info"></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"> <h2 style="font-size: 42px; color: #007cad;" class="timeline-title" id="Y1">1970s</h2> <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y2">Next decade ↓</a></div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-perfmatters-preload data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/TomBell-ShameofIt-3.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <p class="para-right" style="padding-top: 20px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>Though called a “firebrand,” Bell was also reverent about the wonders of the natural world. “My lot has been cast with the simple wonders of the world. You cannot buy the light flashing from a rainbow’s side in limpid waters. There is no price on the hoot of an owl from dusky woods at eventide. You can only experience a coyote by hearing his howl.” August 28, 1970.</em></p> </div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"> <h3 class="timeline-title">THE BIRTH OF A WESTERN INSTITUTION</h3> <p class="para-left">In 1969, <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/high-country-news-founder-tom-bell-passes/">Tom Bell</a>, a fifth-generation Wyoming rancher, wildlife biologist and veteran of World War II, bought <em>Camping News Weekly</em>, a struggling newspaper in Lander, Wyoming. He turned it into a platform for conservation-minded reporting for “people who care about the West.” <br /> <br /> A year later, he renamed the publication <em>High Country News</em> and committed it to covering the many threats posed to the West’s public lands, water and wildlife at the hands of politicians, corporations, developers and even some of his fellow ranchers.<br /> <br /> Despite Bell’s passion, <em>High Country News</em> lost money. Bell and his wife, Tommy, took out a second mortgage on their ranch and sold their few uranium claims to keep the publication alive. Still, in 1973, Bell wrote to his readers, announcing that the gig was up: “We’ve done our best, but it was not enough.” Readers immediately responded with enough donations to keep <em>High Country News</em> going.<br /> <br /> “Each day the letters come pouring in and you alternate between humbly crying and joyfully cheering,” Bell wrote. “People whom we have never met except through the pages of a little paper write us as they would a long-lost friend. Somehow we have created another bond between people across a far-flung land.”</p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Caterpillar-Grand-Teton-scaled.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /> <p class="para-left" style="text-align: right; padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 15px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>In an era of bi-partisan cooperation, Congress passed wilderness bills protecting tens of millions of acres in the West. </em></p> </div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"> <h3 class="timeline-title">SOUNDING THE ALARM</h3> <p class="para-right">Bell retired in 1974, burned out and worried about the fate of the world. A talented cadre of young conservation-minded journalists, including Joan Nice and Bruce Hamilton, Marjane Ambler, Dan Whipple and Geoff O’Gara, ran the magazine for the rest of the decade, expanding its coverage of natural resource issues and communities.<br /> <br /> <em>HCN</em>’s reporting about the environmental damage caused by mining, and the industry’s entrenched political power, helped pass a national mining reclamation bill. The cleanup legislation was a part of a wave of lawmaking during the decade, driven by rising environmental consciousness designed to protect water, air, land and wildlife.<br /> <br /> But a national shortage of crude oil soon set off oil shale mining across Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. The federally subsidized effort collapsed under falling prices and skyrocketing costs in the 1980s, a classic Western case of boom and bust, but <em>HCN</em> chronicled the “<a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/category/issues/6-2/">oil shale fever</a>” while it lasted.</p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item period"> <div class="timeline-info"></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"><a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y1">Prev. decade ↑</a> <h2 style="font-size: 42px; color: #007cad;" class="timeline-title" id="Y2">1980s</h2> <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y3">Next decade ↓</a></div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"> <div class="timeline-info"> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <h3 class="timeline-title">NEW LEADERSHIP</h3> <p class="para-left">By the 1980s, <em>HCN</em> was operating as a nonprofit, with a circulation of 4,000 stalwart subscribers. Subscriptions and donations paid the bills, but the organization still ran on a shoestring. The staff, like Bell before them, ran themselves ragged covering the backlash to environmental regulations led by James Watt, President Ronald Reagan’s Interior Department secretary, a longtime advocate of unfettered mining, grazing, drilling and logging on public lands. <em>HCN</em> would need new leadership to write the next chapter.<br /> <br /> In 1983, <em>HCN</em>’s board of directors selected <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/ed-marston-former-publisher-of-high-country-news-dies-at-78/">Ed and Betsy Marston</a> to run the newspaper out of Paonia, Colorado. The Marstons, New York City transplants, saw the region’s complex issues with fresh eyes. Ed, a former physics professor, served as publisher, and <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/?s=Items+by+Betsy+Marston">Betsy</a>, a former TV journalist, as editor. The Marstons would run the organization for nearly two decades.</p> </div> <div class="timeline-content"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/image-367.png?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /> <p class="para-right" style="padding-top: 20px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>Ronald Reagan supported the Sagebrush Rebels’ cause, and they supported him. This appeared in <em>High Country News</em> in 1980.</em></p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"> <div class="timeline-info"> <h3 class="timeline-title">WESTERN WATER, EXPLAINED</h3> <p class="para-right">In 1983, following a record year of snowmelt and spring rains, <em>High Country News</em> made waves with the exclusive inside story of How Lake Powell nearly broke free from <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/how-lake-powell-almost-broke-free-of-glen-canyon-dam/">Glen Canyon Dam</a>.<br /> <br /> In 1986, the paper published “<a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/category/issues/18-18/">Western Water Made Simple</a>,” a four-part series on issues facing the West’s major watersheds — the Colorado, Columbia, Missouri and Rio Grande. The series won the prestigious George Polk Award for environmental reporting. <br /><br />Other stories that decade covered the efforts of conservationists and Congress to protect more wilderness, and the logging industry’s increased cutting of old-growth trees in national forests. <em>HCN</em> investigated the agency bureaucrats beholden to the industry — and the activists fighting the destruction.</p> </div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Western-Water-400px.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></div> </li> <li class="timeline-item period"> <div class="timeline-info"></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"><a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y2">Prev. decade ↑</a> <h2 style="font-size: 42px; color: #007cad;" class="timeline-title" id="Y3">1990s</h2> <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y4">Next decade ↓</a></div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mining-Reform-400px.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"> <h3 class="timeline-title">THE LORDS OF YESTERDAY</h3> <p class="para-left">Over the course of the 1990s, the Marstons and their small staff covered the decline of the West’s “Big Three” extractive industries — logging, ranching and mining. But even as conservationists cheered the Big Three’s demise, a host of new challenges rose up in their place. The Marstons chronicled everything.<br /> <br /> Regulations designed to protect the spotted owl put the final nail in the coffin of <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/category/issues/22-22/">old-growth logging in the Pacific Northwest</a>. But as mills closed and timber towns emptied out, they left behind forests choked with young trees of little use to wildlife and increasingly vulnerable to wildfire. <em>HCN</em> covered the struggle to balance logging with wildlife protection — efforts such as the 1993 Northwest Forest Plan and the work of the <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/the-timber-wars-evolve-into-a-divisive-attempt-at-peace/">Quincy Library Group</a> in California.<br /> <br /> Similarly, environmentalists waged a massive campaign against politically powerful ranchers, seeking to rein in the practice of overgrazing livestock in fragile Western ecosystems. But Ed Marston sought out examples of collaboration between ranchers and environmentalists, profiling ranchers like <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/ranchings-charismatic-reformers/">Doc and Connie Hatfield</a> of Brothers, Oregon, who pioneered grazing practices that restored the land.<br /> <br /> When fights sprang up over the cleanup of contaminated mine sites around the West, <em>HCN</em> brought together a <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/category/issues/79/">gold-mining mogul and an environmental activist</a> to work on a compromise.</p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Grappling-with-Growth-400px.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"> <h3 class="timeline-title">NEW THREATS, NEW SOLUTIONS</h3> <p class="para-right">While old industries withered, housing development sparked a new explosion. The population of the West soared, real estate boomed, and resort towns like Aspen and Vail, Colorado, became recreational empires. “The population movement is of such a scale that it carries an inherent threat,” <em>HCN</em> editors wrote in 1993: “that the West will become <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/hcn-media/archive-pdf/1993_04_05_rfs.pdf">another homogenized piece of America</a>.”<br /> <br /> Success in this new era relied on breathtaking scenery and the leap to tourism and recreation, but Congress had lost its appetite for protecting the West’s wild places. In response, Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt convinced President Bill Clinton to take matters into his own hands. <br /> <br /> With a stroke of a pen, Clinton protected 1.7 million acres of federal lands in Southern Utah as the <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/1996-clinton-takes-a-1-7-million-acre-stand-in-utah/">Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument</a>. Using the 1906 Antiquities Act, Clinton designated 19 national monuments and conservation areas during his time in office. And as always, <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/beauty-and-the-beast/"><em>HCN</em> was there to tell the story</a>, exploring what the new monuments meant for the people in nearby communities.</p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item period"><!-- YOUTUBE VIDEO SECTION--> <div class="center-video"><a href="https://youtu.be/EZxZgeaH7OE"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" alt="play-button" class="play-button" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/play-button-Video-1a.png?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <h2 style="text-align: center; color: #ffffff; padding: 15px 15px 15px 15px;"><strong>Watch classic historical footage in our 40th anniversary video: <br /> <em>High Country News</em>: Voice of the American West.</strong></h2> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item period"> <div class="timeline-info"></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"><a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y3">Prev. decade ↑</a> <h2 style="font-size: 42px; color: #007cad;" class="timeline-title" id="Y4">2000s</h2> <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y5">Next decade ↓</a></div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"> <div class="timeline-content"> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <h3 class="timeline-title">A NEW GENERATION</h3> <p class="para-left">In 2002, after nearly two decades at the helm, the Marstons decided it was time for new leadership. Longtime staffer Paul Larmer became publisher, and Greg Hanscom took over as editor. Together with the staff, they turned the black-and-white tabloid into a full-color magazine and broke important new ground while continuing to chronicle the region’s troubled relationship with extractive industries.<br /> <br /> The 2000s brought an unprecedented oil and gas boom, spurred by $100/barrel oil prices and new hydro-fracking technology that enabled producers to tap new reservoirs of hydrocarbons, particularly in Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. Industry-friendly appointees in the George W. Bush administration opened the doors to new development on public lands.<br /> <br /> Labor camps sprang up overnight and boomtowns became hotbeds for easy money, violence and drugs. Senior Editor Ray Ring published <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/disposable-workers-of-the-oil-and-gas-fields/">a groundbreaking investigative piece</a> about the boom’s human toll. Between 2000 and 2006, 89 workers died in the West’s energy fields. Ring acknowledged each by name and described how they perished.</p> </div> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/image-1517.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <p class="para-right" style="padding-top: 20px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>Despite sophisticated computers on some rigs, it is ultimately up to the drill operator to take the pulse of the rig and to watch the backs of his fellow roughnecks. “Whatever is going on, we always just move slow,” says one. JT Thomas</em></p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"><!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-content"> <h3 class="timeline-title">A WARMER, AND WIDER, WEST</h3> <p class="para-right">As <em>HCN</em> chronicled the new energy boom, the evidence mounted that fossil-fuel-driven climate change was already impacting the West, bringing increased wildfire, forest die-off and drought. <em>HCN</em> Contributing Editor Michelle Nijhuis wrote the groundbreaking climate series “<a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/global-warmings-unlikely-harbingers/">Hot Times</a>” years in advance of mainstream media coverage and received the 2006 Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism.<br /> <br /> The magazine also began to expand its coverage of social issues, exploring immigration and issues along the U.S. Mexico border, as well as stories about drug addiction and gang violence, and their connections to Western communities. In 2006, <em>HCN</em> published its first piece of fiction, “<a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/the-tamarisk-hunter/">The Tamarisk Hunter</a>,” set in the desert Southwest in 2030. The author, Paolo Bacigalupi, who served as <em>HCN</em>’s digital editor, went on to become an internationally acclaimed science fiction writer.<br /> <br /> <em>High Country News</em> survived the Great Recession of 2007-2008 with the help of its loyal readers and began a robust period of growth, both in readership and as a nonprofit organization.</p> </div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/image-2310.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <p class="para-left" style="text-align: right; padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 15px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>Stan Shaw</em></p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item period"> <div class="timeline-info"></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"><a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y4">Prev. decade ↑</a> <h2 style="font-size: 42px; color: #007cad;" class="timeline-title" id="Y5">2010s</h2> <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #768390; line-height: 2.375rem; font-size: 14px;" href="#Y6">Next decade ↓</a></div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"><!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-content"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/image-6766.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <p class="para-right" style="padding-top: 20px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>An armed member of the Oath Keepers stands guard at the Sugar Pine Mine in Josephine County, Oregon, in an operation the Oath Keepers said was aimed at defending the constitutional rights of two miners. Jim Urquhart/Reuters</em></p> </div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-info"> <h3 class="timeline-title">NEW SAGEBRUSH REBELLIONS</h3> <p class="para-left">The 2010s were marked by growing tensions across the West, as <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/timeline-a-brief-history-of-the-sagebrush-rebellion/">Sagebrush Rebels</a> rose up against the policies of President Barack Obama, while a diverse coalition of activists began to come together to stop energy development and slow climate change. <br /> <br /> Right-wing ideologies, galvanized by the election of the first African American president, coalesced in 2014 in <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/photos-of-a-standoff/">an armed standoff with Cliven Bundy</a>, a Nevada rancher who had refused to pay over $1 million in grazing fees for use of federal lands. Two years later, an armed militia led by Bundy’s son Ammon seized the <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/whos-who-inside-and-on-the-outskirts-of-the-malheur-occupation/">Malheur National Wildlife</a> Refuge headquarters in Oregon, demanding that public lands managed by the federal government be turned over to states. The conflict lasted 40 days and resulted in the death of one militia member and numerous arrests. <br /> <br /> Meanwhile, another uprising was in progress. Climate and social justice activists found common ground at <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/reckoning-at-standing-rock/">Standing Rock</a> in October 2016, when Native American tribes led a protest against the Dakota Access Pipeline after construction threatened Native water sources and sacred burial sites near the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. The violent response to the protesters gained extensive media attention, including incisive, on-the-ground coverage in <em>High Country News</em>.</p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"><!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-content"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/617c7dda-5b3b-4729-bad6-e60ca914756a.jpeg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <p class="para-left" style="text-align: right; padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 15px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>Kyle Mateo, Marisa Pelletier, and Rick Buckman Coe (from left) pose for a photograph in the Oceti Sakowin camp on the edge of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in November. Pelletier is Ojibwe. The three traveled from Vancouver, British Columbia, to oppose the Dakota Access oil pipeline. Terray Sylvester </em></p> </div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-info"> <h3 class="timeline-title">FRACTURE LINES</h3> <p class="para-right">The election of President Donald Trump in 2016 laid bare the deep divides that existed across the country — especially in the West.<br /> <br /> In one of his last acts in office, President Obama had established the 1.3 million-acre <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-ears-a-go-but-heres-where-obama-drew-the-line/">Bears Ears National Monument</a> in Utah, protecting a wealth of historic, cultural and natural resources. The designation was accomplished with the cooperation of tribes but was staunchly opposed by some locals and right-wing politicians. In December 2017, a year after Obama created the monument, Trump <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/how-to-make-sense-of-trumps-changes-to-bears-ears/">reduced its size by 85%</a> and cut Clinton’s Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument nearly in half.<br /> <br /> Trump, who had used illegal immigration as the signature issue of his campaign, proposed to <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/the-boondoggle-of-trumps-border-wall/">build a wall</a> to deter immigration along the U.S.-Mexico border. <em>High Country News</em> reporters delved deep into the <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/west-obsessed-a-desert-divided-on-the-borderlands/">Borderlands</a>, revealing the severed connections between once-united communities, and chronicling citizens pulling together to fight back against vigilante groups patrolling the region.</p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item period"> <div class="timeline-info"></div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <div class="timeline-content"> <h2 style="font-size: 42px; color: #007cad;" class="timeline-title" id="Y6">2020s</h2> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"><!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-content"> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <h3 class="timeline-title">LESSONS FROM THE FIRST 50 YEARS</h3> <p class="para-left">Fifty years in, it’s tempting to think that little has changed since Tom Bell transformed a weekly aimed at Wyoming campers into a scrappy environmental tabloid, thereby creating <em>High Country News</em>. Ranchers and Sagebrush Rebels seem as entrenched as ever. Ammon Bundy, who was cleared of all charges in the Malheur standoff, has been traveling the West, <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/the-residual-power-of-ammon-bundy/">fanning the flames of anti-government sentiment</a>. President Trump has put a former energy industry lobbyist in charge of the Department of the Interior, and <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/land-transfer-advocate-and-longtime-agency-combatant-now-leads-blm/">longtime anti-public-lands activist William Perry Pendley</a> is running the BLM. It’s Reagan-Watt all over again.<br /> <br /> But if <em>HCN</em> has proven one thing over the years, it’s that the West is far more complex than it appears on the surface. While differences and disagreements flare, and fights inevitably make the headlines, there is a bond that unites the diverse people who care about this region and want to help it live up to its potential. <br /> <br /> In Western towns and cities, people are marching against climate change and police brutality against Black Americans. Indigenous nations have increasingly taken leadership roles in movements for ecological restoration, climate sanity and racial justice. A new, diverse generation of Westerners is bringing a fresh vision and an insistence on rapid progress. <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/telling-the-story-of-the-changing-west/">Change is in the air</a>.</p> </div> <!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/argusgogglesthumb.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <p class="para-right" style="padding-top: 20px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em>Zoë van Dijk for High Country News</em></p> </div> </li> <li class="timeline-item"><!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-info"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="timeline__img" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/52-09-cover.jpg?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1" /></a> <p class="para-left" style="text-align: right; padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 15px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.175rem; font-family: 'minion pro', minion-pro, 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><em><em>HCN</em>‘s 52.9 issue celebrates the legacy of Tom Bell and the 50-year history of <em>High Country News</em>, even as a path forward is charted.</em></p> </div> <div class="timeline-marker"></div> <!-- Switch div class 'timeline-info' with div class 'timeline-content' to flip flop image/text position --> <div class="timeline-content"> <h3 class="timeline-title">THE NEXT CHAPTER</h3> <p class="para-right">In March of 2020, former <em>HCN</em> Editor Greg Hanscom took the helm as publisher after 14 years of working for news organizations on both coasts. Much remains familiar: <em>HCN</em> is still committed to clear-eyed journalism about the West in all of its complexity. It is still staffed by some of the most passionate people in the business, united by their belief in the power of journalism and their deep love for the West. And it is still funded by its readers, who provide 75% of the publication’s revenue through their subscription dues and donations.<br /> <br /> But other things have changed: While <em>HCN</em> still maintains a headquarters in Paonia, where the circulation, customer service, business and production teams are based, much of the staff has dispersed across the region. <em>HCN</em> now has employees from Tucson, Arizona, to Moscow, Idaho, and from Seattle, Washington, to Norman, Oklahoma. <br /> <br /> This dispersal has allowed <em>HCN</em> to expand its scope beyond the Intermountain West to include deeper coverage of coastal states and Indian Country. It has allowed the organization to build a more racially diverse staff, including a dedicated <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/land-grab-universities/">Indigenous Affairs desk</a>. And it allows the organization to attract top talent, including a growing product development team that will rebuild <em>HCN</em>’s website and overhaul its digital marketing strategy.<br /> <br /> “The West has changed in the last half-century, and <em>High Country News</em> has changed,” Hanscom says. “But <em>HCN</em>’s relationship with its readers, who have built this institution, and share our love of this region, remain at the heart of it all.”</p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-179738 --> </div> </main><!-- #main --> </section><!-- #primary --> <div class="above-footer-widgets"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="block-16" class="above-footer widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66667%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-large-font-size" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:0">Know the West.</h2> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.333333%"> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button has-custom-font-size has-normal-font-size"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-dark-gray-color has-marigold-yellow-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button" href="#footer-subscribe-form" style="border-radius:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)">Get 2 free issues ↓</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .above-footer-widgets --> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <aside class="widget-area footer-widgets" role="complementary" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="block-20" class="widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-borders is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33333%"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="1200" height="907" src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-126066" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png?w=1200&quality=100&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png?resize=300%2C227&quality=100&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png?resize=1024%2C774&quality=100&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png?resize=768%2C580&quality=100&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png?resize=200%2C150&quality=100&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png?resize=400%2C302&quality=100&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HCN_Logo-Stacked_White-1.png?w=370&quality=100&ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66667%"> <p>119 Grand Avenue<br>PO Box 1090<br>Paonia, CO 81428<br><a href="tel:9705274898" data-type="tel" data-id="tel:9705274898">(970) 527-4898</a></p> </div> </div> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-small-icon-size has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex"><li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/highcountrynews" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a></li> <li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-twitter has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://twitter.com/highcountrynews" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a></li> <li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-instagram has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/highcountrynews" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Instagram</span></a></li> <li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-tiktok has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@highcountrynews" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M16.708 0.027c1.745-0.027 3.48-0.011 5.213-0.027 0.105 2.041 0.839 4.12 2.333 5.563 1.491 1.479 3.6 2.156 5.652 2.385v5.369c-1.923-0.063-3.855-0.463-5.6-1.291-0.76-0.344-1.468-0.787-2.161-1.24-0.009 3.896 0.016 7.787-0.025 11.667-0.104 1.864-0.719 3.719-1.803 5.255-1.744 2.557-4.771 4.224-7.88 4.276-1.907 0.109-3.812-0.411-5.437-1.369-2.693-1.588-4.588-4.495-4.864-7.615-0.032-0.667-0.043-1.333-0.016-1.984 0.24-2.537 1.495-4.964 3.443-6.615 2.208-1.923 5.301-2.839 8.197-2.297 0.027 1.975-0.052 3.948-0.052 5.923-1.323-0.428-2.869-0.308-4.025 0.495-0.844 0.547-1.485 1.385-1.819 2.333-0.276 0.676-0.197 1.427-0.181 2.145 0.317 2.188 2.421 4.027 4.667 3.828 1.489-0.016 2.916-0.88 3.692-2.145 0.251-0.443 0.532-0.896 0.547-1.417 0.131-2.385 0.079-4.76 0.095-7.145 0.011-5.375-0.016-10.735 0.025-16.093z" /></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">TikTok</span></a></li> <li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-youtube has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/highcountrynews" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">YouTube</span></a></li> <li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/high-country-news" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a></li> <li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-feed has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/rss" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M2,8.667V12c5.515,0,10,4.485,10,10h3.333C15.333,14.637,9.363,8.667,2,8.667z M2,2v3.333 c9.19,0,16.667,7.477,16.667,16.667H22C22,10.955,13.045,2,2,2z M4.5,17C3.118,17,2,18.12,2,19.5S3.118,22,4.5,22S7,20.88,7,19.5 S5.882,17,4.5,17z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">RSS Feed</span></a></li> <li style="color: #FFFFFF; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-mail has-white-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://hcn.org/contact/" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19,5H5c-1.1,0-2,.9-2,2v10c0,1.1.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-.9,2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm.5,12c0,.3-.2.5-.5.5H5c-.3,0-.5-.2-.5-.5V9.8l7.5,5.6,7.5-5.6V17zm0-9.1L12,13.6,4.5,7.9V7c0-.3.2-.5.5-.5h14c.3,0,.5.2.5.5v.9z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Contact Us</span></a></li></ul> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"><div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-menu-1-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-126113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-126113"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/about/">About us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-324285" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-324285"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/about/jobs/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126114"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/about/submissions/">Pitch us a story</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126115"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/about/fellowships/">Fellowships</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126116"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/edu/">Education</a></li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"><div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-menu-2-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu-2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-126117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126117"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/support/">Support our work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126118"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/advertising/">Advertise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126119"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/syndication/">Syndication</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126120" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-126120"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/subscriber-services/">Subscriber services</a></li> </ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <div class="wp-block-buttons footer-subscribe-form-heading is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button has-custom-font-size has-normal-font-size"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-dark-gray-color has-marigold-yellow-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button" href="/subscribe/?view=register&product_id=2071&plan_id=27792&coupon_code=FullTrial2&campaign_key=site_footer_label" style="border-radius:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)">Get 2 free issues ↓</a></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full" id="footer-subscribe-form"><img decoding="async" width="400" height="476" src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/februarycover-24-1.jpg" alt="Magazine cover: January 11, 2024: The Creatures in Our Midst" class="wp-image-321783" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/februarycover-24-1.jpg?w=400&quality=100&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/februarycover-24-1.jpg?resize=252%2C300&quality=100&ssl=1 252w, https://i0.wp.com/www.hcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/februarycover-24-1.jpg?w=370&quality=100&ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:75%"> <p class="full-link"><a href="/subscribe/trial/?view=register&product_id=2071&plan_id=27792&coupon_code=FullTrial2&campaign_key=site_footer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Sign up for a free trial</strong></a><strong> </strong>of <em>High Country News</em>. Learn what’s happening across the West today and see if becoming a subscriber is for you.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </aside><!-- .widget-area --> <div class="site-info"> <aside class="widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Below Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="block-33" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p><a href="https://www.hcn.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="https://www.hcn.org/terms/">Terms of Use</a></p> </section> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </aside><!-- .widget-area --> <div class="wrapper site-info-contain"> <span class="copyright">© 2024 High Country News. All rights reserved</span> <a target="_blank" href="https://newspack.com/" class="imprint"> Powered by Newspack </a> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .site-info --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <script data-cfasync='false'>window.broadstreetKeywords = ['not_home_page','not_landing_page','is_article_page','timeline','page'] window.broadstreetTargets = {"pagetype":["not_home_page"],"category":["timeline","page"],"url":"timeline"}; window.broadstreet = window.broadstreet || { run: [] };window.broadstreet.run.push(function () { window.broadstreet.loadNetworkJS(8006, {}); });</script><script defer id="bilmur" data-provider="wpcloud" data-service="newspack" src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?m=202447"></script> <div class="jetpack-instant-search__widget-area" style="display: none"> <div id="jetpack-search-filters-3" class="widget jetpack-filters widget_search"> <div id="jetpack-search-filters-3-wrapper" class="jetpack-instant-search-wrapper"> </div></div> </div> <script type="module"> import { Workbox } from "https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/pwa\/wp-includes\/js\/workbox-v7.3.0\/workbox-window.prod.js"; if ( 'serviceWorker' in navigator ) { window.wp = window.wp || {}; window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow = new Workbox( "https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp.serviceworker", {"scope":"\/"} ); window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow.register(); } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" id="gform_basic-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/basic.min.css?ver=2.8.18"> <style id='gform_basic-inline-css'>.gform_body,.gform_footer{transition: opacity 200ms;}.amp-form-submitting .gform_body,.amp-form-submitting .gform_footer{opacity: 0.5;}.amp-form-submit-success .gform_body,.amp-form-submit-success .gform_footer{display: none !important;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="gform_theme_components-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/theme-components.min.css?ver=2.8.18"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="gform_theme_ie11-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/theme-ie11.min.css?ver=2.8.18"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="gform_theme-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/theme.min.css?ver=2.8.18"> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'>.wp-elements-ff38e502546aa065418fcbe597b432c8 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:#121212;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-elements-a4788405bd5595f1203811228390787a a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:#121212;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8{flex-wrap:nowrap;}</style> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.js?ver=3.2.1" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-js" defer></script> <script id="newspack-reader-activation-js-extra"> var newspack_ras_config = {"auth_intention_cookie":"np_auth_intention","cid_cookie":"newspack-cid","authenticated_email":"","otp_auth_action":"np_otp_auth","account_url":""}; var newspack_reader_data = {"store_prefix":"np_reader_1_","is_temporary":"","reader_activity":[]}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-activation.js?ver=5.7.0" id="newspack-reader-activation-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-reader-auth-js-extra"> var newspack_reader_auth_labels = {"invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","invalid_password":"Please enter a password.","blocked_popup":"The popup has been blocked. Allow popups for the site and try again.","login_canceled":"Login canceled."}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.js?ver=5.7.0" id="newspack-reader-auth-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js?ver=e87eb76272a3a08402d2" id="wp-url-js"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspackPopupsCriteria = {"is_non_preview_user":"","config":{"articles_read":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read"},"articles_read_in_session":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read_in_session"},"favorite_categories":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"favorite_categories"},"user_account":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"user_account"},"newsletter":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"newsletter"},"subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"not_subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"donation":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"donation"},"active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"not_active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"sources_to_match":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"},"sources_to_exclude":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"}}}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/criteria.js?ver=1732050979" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js" defer type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-view-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspack_popups_view = {"debug":"1","segments":{"10101":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"without-account"},{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"non-subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"max":"2"}},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"},{"criteria_id":"sources_to_match","value":"google.com, bing.com, duckduckgo.com, yahoo.com"},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"max":1}}],"priority":0},"12156":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"3","max":"6"}}],"priority":1},"12178":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"6"}},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"min":"3"}}],"priority":2},"12243":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"max":"2"}},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"max":0}},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"without-account"},{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"non-subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"}],"priority":3},"12271":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"max":1}},{"criteria_id":"sources_to_match","value":"facebook.com, twitter.com, x.com, reddit.com, substack.com, beehiiv.com, t.co, threads.net, instagram.com, bsky.app, linkedin.com, pocket.com, flipboard.com"}],"priority":4},"12272":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"max":"2"}},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"without-account"},{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"non-subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"},{"criteria_id":"sources_to_exclude","value":"google.com, bing.com, duckduckgo.com, yahoo.com, facebook.com, twitter.com, x.com, reddit.com, substack.com, beehiiv.com, t.co, threads.net, instagram.com, bsky.app, linkedin.com, pocket.com, flipboard.com, youtube.com, microsoftonline.com, amazon.com, live.com, office.com, discord.com, msn.com, discord.com, pinterest.com, github.com, twitch.tv, openai.com, linktr.ee, whatsapp.com, wikipedia.org, cnn.com, paypal.com, stackoverflow.com, tumblr.com, patreon.com, zoom.us, tiktok.com, quora.com, nytimes.com, apple.com, foxnews.com, office365.com, microsoft365.com, stackexchange.com"},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"max":"1"}}],"priority":5}}}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.js?ver=1732050979" id="newspack-popups-view-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-assets/build/i18n-loader.js?minify=true&ver=becd7d9884bc1b331e45" id="wp-jp-i18n-loader-js" defer></script> <script id="wp-jp-i18n-loader-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> wp.jpI18nLoader.state = {"baseUrl":"https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/languages/","locale":"en_US","domainMap":{"jetpack-admin-ui":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-assets":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-backup-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-blaze":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-boost-core":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-boost-speed-score":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-classic-theme-helper":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-compat":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-config":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-connection":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-explat":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-forms":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-image-cdn":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-import":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-ip":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-jitm":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-licensing":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-masterbar":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-my-jetpack":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-password-checker":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-plugins-installer":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-post-list":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-protect-models":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-protect-status":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-publicize-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-search-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-stats":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-stats-admin":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-sync":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-videopress-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-waf":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-wordads":"plugins/jetpack","woocommerce-analytics":"plugins/jetpack"},"domainPaths":{"jetpack-admin-ui":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-admin-ui/","jetpack-assets":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-assets/","jetpack-backup-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-backup/","jetpack-blaze":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-blaze/","jetpack-boost-core":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-boost-core/","jetpack-boost-speed-score":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-boost-speed-score/","jetpack-classic-theme-helper":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-classic-theme-helper/","jetpack-compat":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-compat/","jetpack-config":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-config/","jetpack-connection":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-connection/","jetpack-explat":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-explat/","jetpack-forms":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-forms/","jetpack-image-cdn":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-image-cdn/","jetpack-import":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-import/","jetpack-ip":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-ip/","jetpack-jitm":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-jitm/","jetpack-licensing":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-licensing/","jetpack-masterbar":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-masterbar/","jetpack-my-jetpack":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-my-jetpack/","jetpack-password-checker":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-password-checker/","jetpack-plugins-installer":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-plugins-installer/","jetpack-post-list":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-post-list/","jetpack-protect-models":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-protect-models/","jetpack-protect-status":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-protect-status/","jetpack-publicize-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-publicize/","jetpack-search-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-search/","jetpack-stats":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-stats/","jetpack-stats-admin":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-stats-admin/","jetpack-sync":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-sync/","jetpack-videopress-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-videopress/","jetpack-waf":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-waf/","jetpack-wordads":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-wordads/","woocommerce-analytics":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/woocommerce-analytics/"}}; </script> <script id="jetpack-instant-search-js-before"> var JetpackInstantSearchOptions=JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent("%7B%22overlayOptions%22%3A%7B%22colorTheme%22%3A%22light%22%2C%22enableInfScroll%22%3Atrue%2C%22enableFilteringOpensOverlay%22%3Atrue%2C%22enablePostDate%22%3Atrue%2C%22enableSort%22%3Atrue%2C%22highlightColor%22%3A%22%23FFC%22%2C%22overlayTrigger%22%3A%22submit%22%2C%22resultFormat%22%3A%22expanded%22%2C%22showPoweredBy%22%3Afalse%2C%22defaultSort%22%3A%22relevance%22%2C%22excludedPostTypes%22%3A%5B%22newspack_nl_list%22%2C%22newspack_nl_cpt%22%2C%22attachment%22%5D%7D%2C%22homeUrl%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.hcn.org%22%2C%22locale%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22postsPerPage%22%3A20%2C%22siteId%22%3A229054741%2C%22postTypes%22%3A%7B%22post%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Post%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Posts%22%7D%2C%22page%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Page%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Pages%22%7D%2C%22attachment%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Media%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Media%22%7D%2C%22newspack_nl_cpt%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Newsletter%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Newsletters%22%7D%2C%22newspack_nl_list%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Subscription%20List%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Subscription%20Lists%22%7D%7D%2C%22webpackPublicPath%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.hcn.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fjetpack%5C%2Fjetpack_vendor%5C%2Fautomattic%5C%2Fjetpack-search%5C%2Fbuild%5C%2Finstant-search%5C%2F%22%2C%22isPhotonEnabled%22%3Atrue%2C%22isFreePlan%22%3Afalse%2C%22apiRoot%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.hcn.org%5C%2Fwp-json%5C%2F%22%2C%22apiNonce%22%3A%2248bba17fab%22%2C%22isPrivateSite%22%3Afalse%2C%22isWpcom%22%3Afalse%2C%22hasOverlayWidgets%22%3Atrue%2C%22widgets%22%3A%5B%7B%22filters%22%3A%5B%7B%22name%22%3A%22Post%20Types%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22post_type%22%2C%22count%22%3A5%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%2C%22filter_id%22%3A%22post_type_0%22%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22taxonomy%22%2C%22taxonomy%22%3A%22product_cat%22%2C%22count%22%3A5%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%2C%22filter_id%22%3A%22taxonomy_1%22%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22taxonomy%22%2C%22taxonomy%22%3A%22product_tag%22%2C%22count%22%3A5%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%2C%22filter_id%22%3A%22taxonomy_2%22%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22taxonomy%22%2C%22taxonomy%22%3A%22product_shipping_class%22%2C%22count%22%3A5%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%2C%22filter_id%22%3A%22taxonomy_3%22%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22Categories%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22taxonomy%22%2C%22taxonomy%22%3A%22category%22%2C%22count%22%3A5%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%2C%22filter_id%22%3A%22taxonomy_4%22%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22Tags%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22taxonomy%22%2C%22taxonomy%22%3A%22post_tag%22%2C%22count%22%3A5%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%2C%22filter_id%22%3A%22taxonomy_5%22%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22Year%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22date_histogram%22%2C%22count%22%3A5%2C%22field%22%3A%22post_date%22%2C%22interval%22%3A%22year%22%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%2C%22filter_id%22%3A%22date_histogram_6%22%7D%5D%2C%22widget_id%22%3A%22jetpack-search-filters-3%22%7D%5D%2C%22widgetsOutsideOverlay%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22hasNonSearchWidgets%22%3Afalse%2C%22preventTrackingCookiesReset%22%3Afalse%7D")); </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-search/build/instant-search/jp-search.js?minify=false&ver=7699f93e2ca878e728dc" id="jetpack-instant-search-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?ver=202447" id="jp-tracks-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-parsely/build/loader.js?ver=b681bb9905652ac12735" id="wp-parsely-loader-js" defer></script> <script data-parsely-site="hcn.org" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/hcn.org/p.js?ver=3.17.0" id="parsely-cfg" defer></script> <script id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=2.2.1" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/menu-accessibility.js?ver=2.2.1" id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;});function perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(e){var t=document.createElement("iframe"),r="ID?";r+=0===e.dataset.query.length?"":e.dataset.query+"&",r+="autoplay=1",t.setAttribute("src",r.replace("ID",e.dataset.src)),t.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),t.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),t.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),e.replaceChild(t,e.firstChild)} </script> <script async src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.3.6" id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js"></script> <script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202447.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"229054741\",\"post\":\"179738\",\"tz\":\"-7\",\"srv\":\"www.hcn.org\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"6\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.1-a.3\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "229054741", "179738" ]); </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js?ver=3156534cc54473497e14" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script defer src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/jquery.json.min.js?ver=2.8.18" id="gform_json-js"></script> <script id="gform_gravityforms-js-extra"> var gform_i18n = {"datepicker":{"days":{"monday":"Mo","tuesday":"Tu","wednesday":"We","thursday":"Th","friday":"Fr","saturday":"Sa","sunday":"Su"},"months":{"january":"January","february":"February","march":"March","april":"April","may":"May","june":"June","july":"July","august":"August","september":"September","october":"October","november":"November","december":"December"},"firstDay":0,"iconText":"Select date"}}; var gf_legacy_multi = []; var gform_gravityforms = {"strings":{"invalid_file_extension":"This type of file is not allowed. Must be one of the following:","delete_file":"Delete this file","in_progress":"in progress","file_exceeds_limit":"File exceeds size limit","illegal_extension":"This type of file is not allowed.","max_reached":"Maximum number of files reached","unknown_error":"There was a problem while saving the file on the server","currently_uploading":"Please wait for the uploading to complete","cancel":"Cancel","cancel_upload":"Cancel this upload","cancelled":"Cancelled"},"vars":{"images_url":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images"}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"523e8efc70a6c86462709f69b916ea6c","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"523e8efc70a6c86462709f69b916ea6c","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; </script> <script defer src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/gravityforms.min.js?ver=2.8.18" id="gform_gravityforms-js"></script> <script defer src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/placeholders.jquery.min.js?ver=2.8.18" id="gform_placeholder-js"></script> <script defer src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/utils.min.js?ver=50c7bea9c2320e16728e44ae9fde5f26" id="gform_gravityforms_utils-js"></script> <script defer src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/vendor-theme.min.js?ver=54e7080aa7a02c83aa61fae430b9d869" id="gform_gravityforms_theme_vendors-js"></script> <script id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js-extra"> var gform_theme_config = {"common":{"form":{"honeypot":{"version_hash":"523e8efc70a6c86462709f69b916ea6c"}}},"hmr_dev":"","public_path":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/assets\/js\/dist\/"}; </script> <script defer src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/scripts-theme.min.js?ver=bab19fd84843dabc070e73326d787910" id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js"></script> <script id="wp-ajax-response-js-extra"> var wpAjax = {"noPerm":"Sorry, you are not allowed to do that.","broken":"Something went wrong."}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-includes/js/wp-ajax-response.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="wp-ajax-response-js"></script> <script id="gforms_google_analytics_frontend-js-before"> var gforms_google_analytics_frontend_strings = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"2a2244d57c","logging_enabled":false,"logging_nonce":"5c8e9710f3","ua_tracker":""}; </script> <script src="https://www.hcn.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityformsgoogleanalytics/js/google-analytics.min.js?ver=2.3.0" id="gforms_google_analytics_frontend-js" defer></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <script> var newspackPopupsData = {"329653":{"prompt_id":329653,"prompt_title":"New social newsletter sign up","prompt_frequency":"daily","prompt_placement":"bottom","action_type":"undefined"},"329640":{"prompt_id":329640,"prompt_title":"New search newsletter sign up","prompt_frequency":"daily","prompt_placement":"bottom","action_type":"undefined"}}; </script> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() { jQuery(document).on('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 7) {if(typeof Placeholders != 'undefined'){ Placeholders.enable(); }} } );jQuery(document).on('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){} ) } ); </script> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "7", currentPage: "1", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event && event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_7" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_7"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_7" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [7, 1] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 7, currentPage: 1 } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } ); </script> <script id="perfmatters-delayed-scripts-js">const pmDelayClick=false;const pmDelayTimer=setTimeout(pmTriggerDOMListener,10*1000);const pmUserInteractions=["keydown","mousedown","mousemove","wheel","touchmove","touchstart","touchend"],pmDelayedScripts={normal:[],defer:[],async:[]},jQueriesArray=[],pmInterceptedClicks=[];var pmDOMLoaded=!1,pmClickTarget="";function pmTriggerDOMListener(){"undefined"!=typeof pmDelayTimer&&clearTimeout(pmDelayTimer),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.removeEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener),"loading"===document.readyState?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",pmTriggerDelayedScripts):pmTriggerDelayedScripts()}async function pmTriggerDelayedScripts(){pmDelayEventListeners(),pmDelayJQueryReady(),pmProcessDocumentWrite(),pmSortDelayedScripts(),pmPreloadDelayedScripts(),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.normal),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.defer),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.async),await pmTriggerEventListeners(),document.querySelectorAll("link[data-pmdelayedstyle]").forEach(function(e){e.setAttribute("href",e.getAttribute("data-pmdelayedstyle"))}),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-allScriptsLoaded")),pmWaitForPendingClicks().then(()=>{pmReplayClicks()})}function pmDelayEventListeners(){let e={};function t(t,n){function r(n){return e[t].delayedEvents.indexOf(n)>=0?"perfmatters-"+n:n}e[t]||(e[t]={originalFunctions:{add:t.addEventListener,remove:t.removeEventListener},delayedEvents:[]},t.addEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.add.apply(t,arguments)},t.removeEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.remove.apply(t,arguments)}),e[t].delayedEvents.push(n)}function n(e,t){let n=e[t];Object.defineProperty(e,t,{get:n||function(){},set:function(n){e["perfmatters"+t]=n}})}t(document,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"load"),t(window,"pageshow"),t(document,"readystatechange"),n(document,"onreadystatechange"),n(window,"onload"),n(window,"onpageshow")}function pmDelayJQueryReady(){let e=window.jQuery;Object.defineProperty(window,"jQuery",{get:()=>e,set(t){if(t&&t.fn&&!jQueriesArray.includes(t)){t.fn.ready=t.fn.init.prototype.ready=function(e){pmDOMLoaded?e.bind(document)(t):document.addEventListener("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded",function(){e.bind(document)(t)})};let n=t.fn.on;t.fn.on=t.fn.init.prototype.on=function(){if(this[0]===window){function e(e){return e=(e=(e=e.split(" ")).map(function(e){return"load"===e||0===e.indexOf("load.")?"perfmatters-jquery-load":e})).join(" ")}"string"==typeof arguments[0]||arguments[0]instanceof String?arguments[0]=e(arguments[0]):"object"==typeof arguments[0]&&Object.keys(arguments[0]).forEach(function(t){delete Object.assign(arguments[0],{[e(t)]:arguments[0][t]})[t]})}return n.apply(this,arguments),this},jQueriesArray.push(t)}e=t}})}function pmProcessDocumentWrite(){let e=new Map;document.write=document.writeln=function(t){var n=document.currentScript,r=document.createRange();let a=e.get(n);void 0===a&&(a=n.nextSibling,e.set(n,a));var i=document.createDocumentFragment();r.setStart(i,0),i.appendChild(r.createContextualFragment(t)),n.parentElement.insertBefore(i,a)}}function pmSortDelayedScripts(){document.querySelectorAll("script[type=pmdelayedscript]").forEach(function(e){e.hasAttribute("src")?e.hasAttribute("defer")&&!1!==e.defer?pmDelayedScripts.defer.push(e):e.hasAttribute("async")&&!1!==e.async?pmDelayedScripts.async.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e)})}function pmPreloadDelayedScripts(){var e=document.createDocumentFragment();[...pmDelayedScripts.normal,...pmDelayedScripts.defer,...pmDelayedScripts.async].forEach(function(t){var n=t.getAttribute("src");if(n){var r=document.createElement("link");r.href=n,"module"==t.getAttribute("data-perfmatters-type")?r.rel="modulepreload":(r.rel="preload",r.as="script"),e.appendChild(r)}}),document.head.appendChild(e)}async function pmLoadDelayedScripts(e){var t=e.shift();return t?(await pmReplaceScript(t),pmLoadDelayedScripts(e)):Promise.resolve()}async function pmReplaceScript(e){return await pmNextFrame(),new Promise(function(t){let n=document.createElement("script");[...e.attributes].forEach(function(e){let t=e.nodeName;"type"!==t&&("data-perfmatters-type"===t&&(t="type"),n.setAttribute(t,e.nodeValue))}),e.hasAttribute("src")?(n.addEventListener("load",t),n.addEventListener("error",t)):(n.text=e.text,t()),e.parentNode.replaceChild(n,e)})}async function pmTriggerEventListeners(){pmDOMLoaded=!0,await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-readystatechange")),await pmNextFrame(),document.perfmattersonreadystatechange&&document.perfmattersonreadystatechange(),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-load")),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonload&&window.perfmattersonload(),await pmNextFrame(),jQueriesArray.forEach(function(e){e(window).trigger("perfmatters-jquery-load")});let e=new Event("perfmatters-pageshow");e.persisted=window.pmPersisted,window.dispatchEvent(e),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonpageshow&&window.perfmattersonpageshow({persisted:window.pmPersisted})}async function pmNextFrame(){return new Promise(function(e){requestAnimationFrame(e)})}function pmReplayClicks(){window.removeEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler),pmInterceptedClicks.forEach(e=>{e.target.outerHTML===pmClickTarget&&e.target.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent("click",{view:e.view,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0}))})}function pmWaitForPendingClicks(){return new Promise(e=>{window.pmIsClickPending?pmPendingClickFinished=e:e()})}function pmPendingClickStarted(){window.pmIsClickPending=!0}function pmPendingClickFinished(){window.pmIsClickPending=!1}function pmClickHandler(e){e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmInterceptedClicks.push(e),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation(),e.stopImmediatePropagation(),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchStartHandler(e){"HTML"!==e.target.tagName&&(pmClickTarget||(pmClickTarget=e.target.outerHTML),window.addEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.addEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"onclick","pm-onclick"),pmPendingClickStarted())}function pmTouchMoveHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchEndHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler)}function pmRenameDOMAttribute(e,t,n){e.hasAttribute&&e.hasAttribute(t)&&(event.target.setAttribute(n,event.target.getAttribute(t)),event.target.removeAttribute(t))}window.pmIsClickPending=!1,window.addEventListener("pageshow",e=>{window.pmPersisted=e.persisted}),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.addEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),pmDelayClick&&(window.addEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler)),document.addEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener);</script></body> </html> <!-- generated in 0.776 seconds 212285 bytes batcached for 300 seconds -->