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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Islamization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mongol period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Qing dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yettishar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yettishar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Yettishar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yettishar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Republic of China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 People's Republic of China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography and geology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and geology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountain_systems_and_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_systems_and_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mountain systems and basins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain_systems_and_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountain_passes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_passes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mountain passes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain_passes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_of_the_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_of_the_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Center of the continent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_of_the_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers_and_lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers_and_lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Rivers and lakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers_and_lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Deserts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Major cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_alleviation_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_alleviation_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Poverty alleviation programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_alleviation_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Human rights abuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Turkestan_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Turkestan_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 East Turkestan independence movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Turkestan_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Agriculture and fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_and_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_and_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Mining and minerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_and_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Foreign trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Economic and Technological Development Zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Vital statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Xinjiang</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" > 135 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ሢንጅያንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሢንጅያንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سنجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C4%ABnji%C4%81ng" title="Xīnjiāng – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Xīnjiāng" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkiang" title="Sinkiang – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sinkiang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincan-Uy%C4%9Fur_Muxtar_Rayonu" title="Sincan-Uyğur Muxtar Rayonu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sincan-Uyğur Muxtar Rayonu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A4%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شینجان اویغور موختار بؤلگه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شینجان اویغور موختار بؤلگه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="শিনচিয়াং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিনচিয়াং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-kiong_Uyghur_Ch%C5%AB-t%C4%AB-khu" title="Sin-kiong Uyghur Chū-tī-khu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-kiong Uyghur Chū-tī-khu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шеңжан-Уйғыр автономиялы районы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шеңжан-Уйғыр автономиялы районы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Сіньцзян-Уйгурскі аўтаномны раён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіньцзян-Уйгурскі аўтаномны раён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Сіньцьзян-Уйгурскі аўтаномны раён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сіньцьзян-Уйгурскі аўтаномны раён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="जिनजियांग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिनजियांग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синдзян-уйгурски автономен регион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синдзян-уйгурски автономен регион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤིན་ཅང་ཡུ་གུར་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤིན་ཅང་ཡུ་གུར་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Синьцзян-Уйгур автономи районĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синьцзян-Уйгур автономи районĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Zizhiqu" title="Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-%C5%A5iang" title="Sin-ťiang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sin-ťiang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorta-Turkestan" title="Nuorta-Turkestan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nuorta-Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujgurska" title="Ujgurska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ujgurska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Σιντζιάνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιντζιάνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkiang" title="Sinkiang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinkiang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujgura_A%C5%ADtonoma_Regiono_%C5%9Cin%C4%9Dango" title="Ujgura Aŭtonoma Regiono Ŝinĝango – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ujgura Aŭtonoma Regiono Ŝinĝango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سین‌کیانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سین‌کیانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkiang" title="Sinkiang – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinkiang" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincan_Uygur_%C3%96zerk_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="新疆 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="新疆" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-ki%C3%B4ng" title="Sîn-kiông – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sîn-kiông" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%97%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Шинҗән – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шинҗән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%9E%A5_%EC%9C%84%EA%B5%AC%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EA%B5%AC" title="신장 위구르 자치구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신장 위구르 자치구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սինծիան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինծիան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="शिंजियांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिंजियांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujgurska" title="Ujgurska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ujgurska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiono_autonoma_Xinjiang_Weiwuer" title="Regiono autonoma Xinjiang Weiwuer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Regiono autonoma Xinjiang Weiwuer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синьцзян-Уйгуры автономон район – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Синьцзян-Уйгуры автономон район" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שינג'יאנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שינג'יאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სინძიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინძიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%A3%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3_%D2%B0%D0%B9%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шыңжаң Ұйғыр автономиялық ауданы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шыңжаң Ұйғыр автономиялық ауданы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Шинжаң-Уйгур автоном району – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шинжаң-Уйгур автоном району" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkiang" title="Sinkiang – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sinkiang" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%87" title="ຊິນຈຽງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊິນຈຽງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%86dzjana" title="Siņdzjana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siņdzjana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синьцзян-Уйгъур автономиядин район – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Синьцзян-Уйгъур автономиядин район" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindziangas" title="Sindziangas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sindziangas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hszincsiang-Ujgur_Auton%C3%B3m_Ter%C3%BClet" title="Hszincsiang-Ujgur Autonóm Terület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hszincsiang-Ujgur Autonóm Terület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Шјинџјианг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шјинџјианг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="സിൻജിയാങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിൻജിയാങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="शिंच्यांग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिंच्यांग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სინძიანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინძიანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سین کیانگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سین کیانگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADng-gi%C5%8Fng" title="Sĭng-giŏng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭng-giŏng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шинжаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинжаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရှင်းကျန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်းကျန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="सिन्जियाङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिन्जियाङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="新疆ウイグル自治区 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新疆ウイグル自治区" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjon-Uyg%CA%BBur_muxtor_rayoni" title="Shinjon-Uygʻur muxtor rayoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shinjon-Uygʻur muxtor rayoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%99" title="ਸ਼ਿਨਚਿਆਂਙ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਨਚਿਆਂਙ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شینجیانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شینجیانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB" title="سینګیانګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سینګیانګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinciang" title="Sinciang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sinciang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Einca%C3%B1_Uy%C4%9Fur_Muhtar_Rayon%C4%B1" title="Şincañ Uyğur Muhtar Rayonı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şincañ Uyğur Muhtar Rayonı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkiyan_Uyq%27ur" title="Sinkiyan Uyq'ur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinkiyan Uyq'ur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синьцзян-Уйгурский автономный район – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синьцзян-Уйгурский автономный район" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%8D%D2%A5" title="Синдьээҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Синдьээҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkiang" title="Sinkiang – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sinkiang" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سنڪيانگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنڪيانگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-%C5%A5iang" title="Sin-ťiang – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sin-ťiang" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ind%C5%BEjang" title="Šindžjang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šindžjang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siynciyan" title="Siynciyan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Siynciyan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شینجیانگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شینجیانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Синђанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синђанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="சிஞ்சியாங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிஞ்சியாங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D2%A3%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шеңҗан-Уйгыр автономияле районы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шеңҗан-Уйгыр автономияле районы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เขตปกครองตนเองซินเจียงอุยกูร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขตปกครองตนเองซินเจียงอุยกูร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Синзян – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Синзян" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincan_Uygur_%C3%96zerk_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinji%C3%BDan_U%C3%BDgur_Awtonom_Etraby" title="Hinjiýan Uýgur Awtonom Etraby – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hinjiýan Uýgur Awtonom Etraby" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur" title="Xinjiang Uyghur – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Xinjiang Uyghur" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сіньцзян-Уйгурський автономний район – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіньцзян-Уйгурський автономний район" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سنکیانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنکیانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AD_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%8A%D8%BA%DB%87%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhgyangh_Veizvuzwj_Swcigih" title="Sinhgyangh Veizvuzwj Swcigih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sinhgyangh Veizvuzwj Swcigih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_C%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Tân Cương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tân Cương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" title="新疆維吾爾自治區 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新疆維吾爾自治區" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" title="新疆維吾爾自治區 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新疆維吾爾自治區" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="新疆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新疆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet%C3%AA_Sincan-Uyguriyo_Otonom" title="Eyaletê Sincan-Uyguriyo Otonom – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eyaletê Sincan-Uyguriyo Otonom" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="新疆维吾尔自治区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新疆维吾尔自治区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singkiang" title="Singkiang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Singkiang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34800#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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For the geographical region, see <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Xinjiang (disambiguation)">Xinjiang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Autonomous region in China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Name transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">新疆维吾尔自治区 (Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></th><td class="infobox-data">شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى (Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">XJ / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:新">新</a> (Xīn)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#F5F5F5;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid white;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F5F5F5;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:A_glance_at_Urumqi_from_Hongshan_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_glance_at_Urumqi_from_Hongshan_Park.jpg/300px-A_glance_at_Urumqi_from_Hongshan_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_glance_at_Urumqi_from_Hongshan_Park.jpg/450px-A_glance_at_Urumqi_from_Hongshan_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_glance_at_Urumqi_from_Hongshan_Park.jpg/600px-A_glance_at_Urumqi_from_Hongshan_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6846" data-file-height="1438" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F5F5F5;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg/149px-Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg/224px-Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg/298px-Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Abakh_Hoja_Tomb_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Abakh_Hoja_Tomb_-_panoramio.jpg/149px-Abakh_Hoja_Tomb_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Abakh_Hoja_Tomb_-_panoramio.jpg/224px-Abakh_Hoja_Tomb_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Abakh_Hoja_Tomb_-_panoramio.jpg/298px-Abakh_Hoja_Tomb_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F5F5F5;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Square_of_Urumqi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/People%27s_Square_of_Urumqi_1.jpg/149px-People%27s_Square_of_Urumqi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/People%27s_Square_of_Urumqi_1.jpg/224px-People%27s_Square_of_Urumqi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/People%27s_Square_of_Urumqi_1.jpg/298px-People%27s_Square_of_Urumqi_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B1%B1_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B1%B1_-_panoramio.jpg/149px-%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B1%B1_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B1%B1_-_panoramio.jpg/224px-%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B1%B1_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B1%B1_-_panoramio.jpg/298px-%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B1%B1_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="display:table-row"><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-cell;background-color:#F8F8FF;font-size:95%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Afaq Khoja Mausoleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Square_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="People's Square (Ürümqi)">People's Square of Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muztagh_Ata" title="Muztagh Ata">Muztagh Ata</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_in_China_(de-facto)_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Xinjiang within China"><img alt="Location of Xinjiang within China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Xinjiang_in_China_%28de-facto%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/250px-Xinjiang_in_China_%28de-facto%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Xinjiang_in_China_%28de-facto%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/375px-Xinjiang_in_China_%28de-facto%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Xinjiang_in_China_%28de-facto%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/500px-Xinjiang_in_China_%28de-facto%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="940" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Xinjiang within China</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=41_N_85_E_type:adm1st_region:CN-65_dim:2000000">41°N 85°E / 41°N 85°E / 41; 85</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Divisions  – <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China" title="Prefecture-level divisions of China">Prefecture-level</a>  – <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China#County_level" title="Administrative divisions of China">County-level</a>  – <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China#Township_level" title="Administrative divisions of China">Township-level</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Xinjiang" title="List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang">14 prefectures</a> 95 counties 1142 towns and subdistricts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional People's Congress</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_Secretary_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party Secretary of Xinjiang">Party Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xingrui" title="Ma Xingrui">Ma Xingrui</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Congress Chairwoman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zumret_Obul" title="Zumret Obul">Zumret Obul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Government Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erkin_Tuniyaz" title="Erkin Tuniyaz">Erkin Tuniyaz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Regional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nurlan_Abilmazhinuly" title="Nurlan Abilmazhinuly">Nurlan Abilmazhinuly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> Representation</th><td class="infobox-data">60 deputies</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-area-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,664,897 km2 (642,820 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_area" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by area">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_K2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount K2">Mount K2</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,611 m (28,251 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Ayding" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Ayding">Lake Ayding</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−154 m (−505 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,890,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_population" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by population">21st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">16/km2 (40/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">29th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic  composition  (<a href="/wiki/2020_Chinese_census" title="2020 Chinese census">2020 census</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>44.96% <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li><li>42.24% <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></li><li>12.80% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">44 languages;<a href="#cite_note-progress-5">[5]</a> including the two <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua francas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_CN-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-GDPdata-7">[7]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CN%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="CN¥">CN¥</a> 1,913 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">23th</a>) <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 271 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥ 73,774 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">16h</a>) US$ 10,469</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CN-XJ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2022)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.762<a href="#cite_note-SHDI-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI">22nd</a>) – <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinjiang.gov.cn">www.xinjiang.gov.cn</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34800#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (in Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uygur.xinjiang.gov.cn/">Uyghur version</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uyghurche.png/40px-Uyghurche.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uyghurche.png/60px-Uyghurche.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uyghurche.png/80px-Uyghurche.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="131" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur script</a>.</div></div> </div> Xinjiang,<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC), located in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">northwest of the country</a> at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. Being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_area" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by area">largest province-level division of China by area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_country_subdivisions_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest country subdivisions by area">8th-largest country subdivision</a> in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 sq mi) and has about 25 million inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-area-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Xinjiang <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">borders</a> the countries of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. The rugged <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a> regions are claimed by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> but administered by China.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_Gazetteer-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brookings_2022_f218-17">[16]</a> Xinjiang also borders the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> and the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>. The most well-known route of the historic <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border. Xinjiang is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Dzungarian Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>) in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in the south by a mountain range and only about 9.7 percent of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.<a href="#cite_note-oasis-18">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] It is home to a number of ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Chinese Tajiks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a>), <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-19">[18]</a> There are more than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Turkestan-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-iranica-21">[20]</a> Chinese Turkistan,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and East Turkistan.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of people and empires have vied for control over all or parts of this territory. The territory came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in the 18th century, which was later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. Since 1949 and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, it has been part of the People's Republic of China. In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) established the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a> (XPCC) to strengthen border defense against the Soviet Union and promote the local economy by settling soldiers into the region.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-25">[24]</a> In 1955, Xinjiang was administratively changed from a <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province" title="Xinjiang Province">province</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous region</a>. In recent decades, abundant oil and mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang and it is currently China's largest natural-gas-producing region. From the 1990s to the 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">separatist conflict</a> and the influence of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">radical Islam</a> have resulted in unrest in the region with <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China#Xinjiang" title="Terrorism in China">occasional terrorist attacks</a> and clashes between separatist and government forces.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-27">[26]</a> These conflicts prompted the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> to commit a <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">series of ongoing human rights abuses</a> against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities in the province including, according to some, genocide.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Xinjiang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Xinjiang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/110px-Xinjiang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Xinjiang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/165px-Xinjiang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Xinjiang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/220px-Xinjiang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="318" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">"Xīnjiāng" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:新疆">新疆</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xīnjiāng</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sinkiang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"New Frontier"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xīnjiāng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄒㄧㄣ   ㄐㄧㄤ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shinjiang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hsin1-chiang1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sinjiang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Syīnjyāng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shinjiang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕín.tɕjáŋ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ثٍ‌ڭِیَانْ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Щинҗён</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sîn-kiông</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sān'gēung</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">san1 goeng1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[sɐn˥ kœŋ˥]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sin-kiong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Teochew" title="Guangdong Romanization">Peng'im</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sing-kiang</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sĭng-giŏng</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:新疆维吾尔自治区">新疆维吾尔自治区</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:新疆維吾爾自治區">新疆維吾爾自治區</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄒㄧㄣ   ㄐㄧㄤ</li><li>ㄨㄟˊ   ㄨˊ   ㄦˇ</li><li>ㄗˋ   ㄓˋ   ㄑㄩ</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shinjiang Weiwueel Tzyhjyhchiu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hsin1-chiang1 Wei2-wu2-erh3 Tzu4-chih4-chʻü1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sinjiang Wéiwú'ěr Zìhjhìhcyu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Syīnjyāng Wéiwúěr Dz̀jr̀chyū</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shinjiang Wheihuel Tzyhgukhickhu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕín.tɕjáŋ wěɪ.ǔ.àɚ tsɹ̩̂.ʈʂɻ̩̂.tɕʰý]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ثٍ‌ڭِیَانْ وِوُعَر زِجِ‌کِیُوِ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Щинҗён Уйгур Зыҗычү</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">sin cian vi ng el zy zy chiu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sîn-kiông Vì-ngâ-ngì Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sin-kiong Ûi-ngô͘-ní Chū-tī-khu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Teochew" title="Guangdong Romanization">Peng'im</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sing-kiang Jûi-û-jéu Tsĕu-tī-khu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sĭng-giŏng Mì-ngù-ī Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Mongolian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Шиньжян Уйгурын өөртөө засах орон</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Mongolian" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sinjiyaŋ Uyiɣur-un öbertegen jasaqu orun (Classical) <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Shin'jyan Uiguryn öörtöö zasakh oron</div> (Khalkha)</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Uyghur name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1074196468">.mw-parser-output .font-uig{font-family:"UKIJ Tuz","UKIJ Nasq","UKIJ Basma","UKIJ_Mac Basma","UKIJ Zilwa","UKIJ Esliye","UKIJ Tuz Basma","UKIJ Tuz Kitab","UKIJ Tuz Gezit","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Tor","UKIJ Kesme","UKIJ Kesme Tuz","UKIJ Qara","UKIJ Basma Aq","UKIJ Basma Qara","UKIJ Basma Tuz","UKIJ Putuk","UKIJ Tuz Xet","UKIJ Tom Xet","UKIJ Tuz Jurnal","UKIJ Arabic","UKIJ CJK","UKIJ Ekran","UKIJ_Mac Ekran","UKIJ Teng","UKIJ Tor","UKIJ Tuz Tom","UKIJ Mono Keng","UKIJ Mono Tar","UKIJ Nokia","UKIJ SimSun","UKIJ Yanfon","UKIJ Qolyazma","UKIJ Saet","UKIJ Nasq Zilwa","UKIJ Sulus","UKIJ Sulus Tom","UKIJ 3D","UKIJ Diwani","UKIJ Diwani Yantu","UKIJ Diwani Tom","UKIJ Esliye Tom","UKIJ Esliye Qara","UKIJ Jelliy","UKIJ Kufi","UKIJ Kufi Tar","UKIJ Kufi Uz","UKIJ Kufi Yay","UKIJ Merdane","UKIJ Ruqi","UKIJ Mejnuntal","UKIJ Junun","UKIJ Moy Qelem","UKIJ Chiwer Kesme","UKIJ Orxun-Yensey","UKIJ Elipbe","UKIJ Qolyazma Tez","UKIJ Qolyazma Tuz","UKIJ Qolyazma Yantu","UKIJ Ruqi Tuz",FZWWBBOT_Unicode,FZWWHQHTOT_Unicode,"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,"Microsoft Uighur","Noto Naskh Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Microsoft Sans Serif";font-feature-settings:"cv50"1}</style>شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin Yëziqi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_New_Script" title="Uyghur New Script">Yengi Yeziⱪ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xinjang Uyƣur Aptonom Rayoni</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Uyghur" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Siril Yëziqi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Шинҗаң Уйғур Аптоном Райони</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Manchu name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡳᠴᡝ ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡠᡳᡤᡠᡵ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡤᠣᠯᠣ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Möllendorff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ice Jecen Uigur beye dasangga golo</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Kazakh name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">شينجياڭ ۇيعۇر اۆتونوميالىق رايونى Шыңжаң Ұйғыр автономиялық ауданы Shyńjań Uıǵyr aýtonomııalyq aýdany</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Kyrgyz name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></th><td class="infobox-data">شئنجاڭ ۇيعۇر اپتونوم رايونۇ Шинжаң-Уйгур автоном району Şincañ-Uyğur avtonom rayonu</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Oirat name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; max-height:5em; word-wrap:normal">ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ ᡇᡕᡅᡎᡇᠷ ᡅᠨ ᡄᡋᡄᠷᡄᡃᠨ ᠴᠠᠰᠠᡍᡇ ᡆᠷᡇᠨ Šinǰiyang Uyiγur-in ebereen zasaqu orun</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Xibe name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; max-height:4em; word-wrap:normal">ᠰᡞᠨᡪᠶᠠᡢ ᡠᡞᡤᡠᠷ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡢᡤᠠ ᡤᠣᠯᠣ Sinjyang Uigur beye dasangga golo</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Sarikoli name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></th><td class="infobox-data">شىنجاڭ ئۈيغۈر ئافتۇنۇم رەيۇن Xinjong Üighür Oftunum Rayun<a href="#cite_note-Sarikoli-31">[b]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The general region of Xinjiang has been known by many different names throughout time. These names include <a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a>, the historical <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> name for the southern half of the region referring to "the six cities" of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, as well as Khotan, Khotay, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a>, High Tartary, East Chagatay (it was the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> ("land of the Mongols"), Kashgaria, Little Bokhara, <a href="/wiki/Serindia" title="Serindia">Serindia</a> (due to Indian cultural influence)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEzNwgtiVQ0CpgPA3_3]-32">[30]</a> and, in Chinese, Xiyu (西域), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2009xviii,_60-33">[31]</a> Between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD, the Han Empire established the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> or Xiyu Protectorate (西域都護府) in an effort to secure the profitable routes of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The Western Regions during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> era were known as Qixi (磧西). Qi refers to the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> while Xi refers to the west. The Tang Empire had established the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> or Anxi Protectorate (安西都護府) in 640 to control the region. During the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, the northern part of Xinjiang, <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> was known as Zhunbu (準部, "<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> region") and the Southern Tarim Basin was known as Huijiang (回疆, "Muslim Frontier"). Both regions merged after Qing dynasty suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a> in 1759 and became the region of "Xiyu Xinjiang" (西域新疆, literally "Western Regions' New Frontier"), later simplified as "Xinjiang" (新疆; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">formerly romanized</a> as "Sinkiang"). The official name was given during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> It can be translated as "new frontier" or "new territory".<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-36">[34]</a> In fact, the term "Xinjiang" was used in many other places conquered, but never were ruled by Chinese empires directly until the gradual <a href="/wiki/Tusi#Gaitu_Guiliu" title="Tusi">Gaitu Guiliu</a> administrative reform, including regions in Southern China.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> For instance, present-day <a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_County" title="Jinchuan County">Jinchuan County</a> in Sichuan was then known as "Jinchuan Xinjiang", <a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a> in Yunnan was named directly as "Xinjiang", <a href="/wiki/Qiandongnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiandongnan">Qiandongnan</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhenning_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Zhenning Buyei and Miao Autonomous County">Zhenning</a> were named as "Liangyou Xinjiang" etc.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 1955, Xinjiang Province was renamed "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region". The name that was originally proposed was simply "Xinjiang Autonomous Region" because that was the name for the imperial territory. This proposal was not well-received by Uyghurs in the Communist Party, who found the name colonialist in nature since it meant "new territory". <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a>, the first chairman of Xinjiang, registered his strong objections to the proposed name with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, arguing that "autonomy is not given to mountains and rivers. It is given to particular nationalities." Some Uyghur Communists proposed the name "<a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> Uyghur Autonomous Region" instead. The Han Communists in the central government denied the name Xinjiang was colonialist and denied that the central government could be colonialists both because they were communists and because China was a victim of colonialism. However, due to the Uyghur complaints, the administrative region would be named "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovingdon2010199-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png/220px-Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png/330px-Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png/440px-Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Dzungaria (red) and the Tarim Basin / Altishahr (blue)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altai,_Tienschan-Orte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png/220px-Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png/330px-Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png/440px-Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Physical map showing the separation of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Altishahr) by the Tien Shan Mountains</figcaption></figure> Xinjiang consists of two main geographically, historically and ethnically distinct regions with different historical names, Dzungaria north of the Tianshan Mountains and the Tarim Basin south of the Tianshan Mountains, before Qing China unified them into one political entity called Xinjiang Province in 1884. At the time of the Qing conquest in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe dwelling, nomadic <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> Dzungar people, while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by sedentary, oasis dwelling, Turkic-speaking Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghurs, who were governed separately until 1884. The Qing dynasty was well aware of the differences between the former Buddhist Mongol area to the north of the Tian Shan and the Turkic Muslim area south of the Tian Shan and ruled them in separate administrative units at first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA69_69]-40">[38]</a> However, Qing people began to think of both areas as part of one distinct region called Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA70_70]-41">[39]</a> The very concept of Xinjiang as one distinct geographic identity was created by the Qing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA67_67]-42">[40]</a> During the Qing rule, no sense of "regional identity" was held by ordinary Xinjiang people; rather, Xinjiang's distinct identity was given to the region by the Qing, since it had distinct geography, history and culture, while at the same time it was created by the Chinese, multicultural, settled by Han and Hui and separated from Central Asia for over a century and a half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA77_77]-43">[41]</a> In the late 19th century, it was still being proposed by some people that two separate regions be created out of Xinjiang, the area north of the Tianshan and the area south of the Tianshan, while it was being argued over whether to turn Xinjiang into a province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA78_78]-44">[42]</a> Xinjiang is a large, sparsely populated area, spanning over 1.6 million km2 (comparable in size to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>), which takes up about one sixth of the country's territory. Xinjiang borders the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> provinces to the east, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govi-Altai_Province" title="Govi-Altai Province">Govi-Altai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd Provinces</a>) to the east, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almaty_Region" title="Almaty Region">Almaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region" title="East Kazakhstan Region">East Kazakhstan Regions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul_Region" title="Issyk-Kul Region">Issyk-Kul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naryn_Region" title="Naryn Region">Naryn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osh_Region" title="Osh Region">Osh Regions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> to the west. The east-west chain of the Tian Shan separate Dzungaria in the north from the Tarim Basin in the south. Dzungaria is a dry steppe and the Tarim Basin contains the massive <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a>, surrounded by oases. In the east is the <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a>. In the west, the Tian Shan split, forming the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a> valley. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Dynasty_map_2CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Han_Dynasty_map_2CE.png/220px-Han_Dynasty_map_2CE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Han_Dynasty_map_2CE.png/330px-Han_Dynasty_map_2CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Han_Dynasty_map_2CE.png/440px-Han_Dynasty_map_2CE.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Map of Han Dynasty in 2 AD. Light blue is the Tarim Basin protectorate.</figcaption></figure> The earliest inhabitants of the region encompassing modern day Xinjiang were genetically of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Northeast Asian</a> origin, with later geneflow from during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> linked to the expansion of early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-Europeans</a>. These population dynamics gave rise to a heterogeneous demographic makeup. <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> samples from Xinjiang show intensified levels of admixture between Steppe pastoralists and northeast Asians, with northern and eastern Xinjiang showing more affinities with northeast Asians, and southern Xinjiang showing more affinity with central Asians.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals in the <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a> were analyzed for <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> markers. Genetic analyses of the mummies showed that the paternal lineages of the Xiaohe people were of almost all European<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads2019-47">[45]</a> origin, while the maternal lineages of the early population were diverse, featuring both <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">East Eurasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">West Eurasian</a> lineages, as well as a smaller number of <a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Indian</a> / South Asian lineages. lineages. Over time, the west Eurasian maternal lineages were gradually replaced by east Eurasian maternal lineages. Outmarriage to women from Siberian communities, led to the loss of the original diversity of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> lineages observed in the earlier Xiaohe population.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Globalization2015-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-genetics-50">[48]</a> The Tarim population was therefore always notably diverse, reflecting a complex history of admixture between people of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Northeast Asian</a> descent. The <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> have been found in various locations in the Western Tarim Basin such as <a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Tomb complex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A4wrighul_culture" title="Qäwrighul culture">Qäwrighul</a>. These mummies have been previously suggested to have been Tocharian or Indo-European speakers, but recent evidence suggest that the earliest mummies belonged to a distinct population unrelated to Indo-European pastoralists and spoke an unknown language, probably a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[49]</a> Although many of the Tarim mummies were classified as <a href="/wiki/Caucasoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasoid">Caucasoid</a> by anthropologists, Tarim Basin sites also contain both "Caucasoid" and "Mongoloid" remains, indicating contact between newly arrived western nomads and agricultural communities in the east.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Mummies have been found in various locations in the Western Tarim Basin such as <a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Tomb complex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A4wrighul_culture" title="Qäwrighul culture">Qäwrighul</a>. Nomadic tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> were probably part of the migration of Indo-European speakers who had settled in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang long before the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and Han Chinese. By the time the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> (r. 141–87 BC) wrested the western Tarim Basin away from its previous overlords (the Xiongnu), it was inhabited by various peoples who included the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a> in Turfan and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, the Saka peoples centered in the <a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>, the various <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese groups</a> (especially people related to the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a>) as well as the Han Chinese people.<a href="#cite_note-Tremblay2007-53">[51]</a> Some linguists posit that the Tocharian language had high amounts of influence from <a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a>. Yuezhi culture is documented in the region. The first known reference to the Yuezhi was in 645 BC by the Chinese chancellor <a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a> in his work, <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a> (管子, Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the Yúshì, 禺氏 (or Niúshì, 牛氏), as a people from the north-west who supplied <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> to the Chinese from the nearby mountains (also known as Yushi) in Gansu.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The longtime jade supply<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> from the Tarim Basin is well-documented archaeologically: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the tomb of Fuhao of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, more than 750 pieces, were from <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Khotan</a> in modern Xinjiang. As early as the mid-first millennium BC, the Yuezhi engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China."<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> the Tarim and Dzungaria regions were known as the Western Regions. At the beginning of the Han dynasty the region was ruled by the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people.<a href="#cite_note-:Sun-59">[57]</a>: 148  During the 2nd century BC, the Han dynasty prepared for <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">war against Xiongnu</a> when Emperor Wu of Han dispatched <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and form an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu. As a result of the war, the Chinese controlled the strategic region from the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos</a> and Gansu <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">corridor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lop Nor">Lop Nor</a>. They separated the Xiongnu from the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang people</a> on the south and gained direct access to the Western Regions. Han China sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the states of the region, beginning several decades of struggle between the Xiongnu and Han China in which China eventually prevailed. During the 100s BCE, the Silk Road brought increasing Chinese economic and cultural influence to the region.<a href="#cite_note-:Sun-59">[57]</a>: 148  In 60 BCE, Han China established the Protectorate of the Western Regions (西域都護府) at Wulei (烏壘, near modern <a href="/wiki/Bayin%27gholin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Luntai</a>), to oversee the region as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>. The protectorate was seized during the civil war against <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> (r. AD 9–23), returning to Han control in 91 due to the efforts of general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Uyghur_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uyghur art from the Bezeklik cavels from 9th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ancient_Uyghur_Art.jpg/220px-Ancient_Uyghur_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ancient_Uyghur_Art.jpg/330px-Ancient_Uyghur_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ancient_Uyghur_Art.jpg/440px-Ancient_Uyghur_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Old Uyghur/Yugur art from the Bezeklik murals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-coded physical map of the Tarim Basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/220px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/330px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/440px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>The Tarim Basin in the 3rd century AD</figcaption></figure> The Western <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasty</a> succumbed to successive waves of invasions by nomads from the north at the beginning of the 4th century. The short-lived kingdoms that ruled northwestern China one after the other, including <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liáng</a>, all attempted to maintain the protectorate, with varying degrees of success. After the final reunification of Northern China under the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> empire, its protectorate controlled what is now the southeastern region of Xinjiang. Local states such as Shule, <a href="/wiki/Yutian_County,_Xinjiang" title="Yutian County, Xinjiang">Yutian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizi" title="Guizi">Guizi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiemo_County" title="Qiemo County">Qiemo</a> controlled the western region, while the central region around Turpan was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>, remnants of a state (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a>) that once ruled part of what is now Gansu province in northwestern China. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ceramic statue of a small amn riding a large camel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg/180px-Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg/270px-Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg/360px-Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> man on a <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a> ceramic statuette, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> During the Tang dynasty, a <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">series of expeditions</a> were conducted against the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> and their vassals: the oasis states of southern Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xiyu_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xiyu states">Campaigns against the oasis states</a> began under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">annexation of Gaochang</a> in 640.<a href="#cite_note-Wechsler-61">[59]</a> The nearby kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a> was <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">captured by the Tang</a> in 644 and the kingdom of Kucha was <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Kucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Kucha">conquered in 649</a>.<a href="#cite_note-skaff-62">[60]</a> The Tang Dynasty then established the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> (安西都護府) or Anxi Protectorate, in 640 to control the region. During the <a href="/wiki/Anshi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anshi Rebellion">Anshi Rebellion</a>, which nearly destroyed the Tang dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibet</a> invaded the Tang on a broad front from Xinjiang to <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. It occupied the Tang capital of Chang'an in 763 for 16 days, and controlled southern Xinjiang by the end of the century. The <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> took control of Northern Xinjiang, much of Central Asia and Mongolia at the same time. As Tibet and the Uyghur Khaganate declined in the mid-9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (a confederation of Turkic tribes including the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a> and Yaghmas)<a href="#cite_note-svat-63">[61]</a> controlled Western Xinjiang during the 10th and 11th centuries. After the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia was destroyed by the Kirghiz in 840, branches of the Uyghurs established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Qocha</a> (Karakhoja) and <a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a> (near present-day Turfan and Ürümqi). The Uyghur state remained in eastern Xinjiang until the 13th century, although it was ruled by foreign overlords. The Kara-Khanids converted to Islam. The Uyghur state in Eastern Xinjiang, initially <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichean</a>, later converted to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> entered Xinjiang in 1132, fleeing rebellion by the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>. They established a new empire, the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Western Liao), which ruled the Kara-Khanid and Uyghur-held parts of the Tarim Basin for the next century. Although <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a> and Chinese were the primary administrative languages, Persian and Uyghur were also used.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamization">Islamization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism_templates" title="Category:Islamism templates">series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an"><img alt="Top of the Great Mosque of Xi'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/210px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/315px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/420px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Song_dynasty" title="Islam during the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Rebellions and revolts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">First Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Second Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Post-dynastic China</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)" title="Islam in China (1912–present)">1912–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Dahai" title="Hu Dahai">Hu Dahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasim_Tuet" title="Kasim Tuet">Kasim Tuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Gui_(general)" title="Ma Gui (general)">Ma Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wanfu" title="Ma Wanfu">Ma Wanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Shams al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_fei-erh" title="Su fei-erh">Su fei-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheidie%27erding" title="Yeheidie'erding">Yeheidie'erding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daiyu" title="Wang Daiyu">Wang Daiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chengzhi" title="Zhang Chengzhi">Zhang Chengzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhuan" title="Menhuan">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China" title="Islamic Association of China">Islamic Association of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Cities</li><li>Regions</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sichuan" title="Islam in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_China" title="Ahmadiyya in China">Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #21643d;padding-top:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #21643d;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_China" title="Template talk:Islam in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Present-day Xinjiang consisted of the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria and was originally inhabited by Indo-European Tocharians and Iranian Sakas who practiced Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. The Turfan and Tarim Basins were inhabited by speakers of Tocharian languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA15_15]-65">[63]</a> with Caucasian mummies found in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA16_16]-66">[64]</a> The area became <a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Islamified</a> during the 10th century with the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>, who occupied Kashgar. During the mid-10th century, the Saka Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> was attacked by the Turkic Muslim Karakhanid ruler Musa; the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA55_55]-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_period">Mongol period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_XVI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Physical map of the Mongol states from the 14th to the 17th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mongolia_XVI.png/220px-Mongolia_XVI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mongolia_XVI.png/330px-Mongolia_XVI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mongolia_XVI.png/440px-Mongolia_XVI.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Mongol states from the 14th to the 17th centuries: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Four Oirat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> unified Mongolia and began his advance west the Uyghur state in the Turpan-Urumchi region offered its allegiance to the Mongols in 1209, contributing taxes and troops to the Mongol imperial effort. In return, the Uyghur rulers retained control of their kingdom; Genghis Khan's <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> in 1218. Xinjiang was a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a> and later came under the control of his descendant, <a href="/wiki/Kaidu" title="Kaidu">Kaidu</a>. This branch of the Mongol family kept the Yuan dynasty at bay until their rule ended. During the Mongol Empire era the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> vied with the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> for rule of the region and the latter controlled most of it. After the Chagatai Khanate divided into smaller <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> during the mid-14th century, the politically-fractured region was ruled by a number of Persianized Mongol Khans, including those from <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (with the assistance of local <a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlat</a> emirs), Uigurstan (later Turpan) and Kashgaria. These leaders warred with each other and the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> to the east: the successor Chagatai regime based in Mongolia and China. During the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a> established an empire over much of the region. The Mongolian Dzungars were the collective identity of several Oirat tribes which formed and maintained, one of the last <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">nomadic empires</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> covered Dzungaria, extending from the western <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> to present-day Eastern Kazakhstan and from present-day Northern Kyrgyzstan to Southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Most of the region was renamed "Xinjiang" by the Chinese after the fall of the Dzungar Empire, which existed from the early 17th to the mid-18th century.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-coded map, with troop movements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/220px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/330px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/440px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a>, between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungar Khanate</figcaption></figure> The sedentary Turkic Muslims of the Tarim Basin were originally ruled by the Chagatai Khanate and the nomadic Buddhist Oirat Mongols in Dzungaria ruled the Dzungar Khanate. The <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> Sufi <a href="/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)" title="Khoja (Turkestan)">Khojas</a>, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, had replaced the Chagatayid Khans as rulers of the Tarim Basin during the early 17th century. There was a struggle between two Khoja factions: the Afaqi (White Mountain) and the Ishaqi (Black Mountain). The Ishaqi defeated the Afaqi and the <a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a> invited the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> (the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>) to intervene on his behalf in 1677. The Dalai Lama then called on his Dzungar Buddhist followers in the Dzungar Khanate to act on the invitation. The Dzungar Khanate conquered the Tarim Basin in 1680, setting up the Afaqi Khoja as their puppet ruler. After converting to Islam, the descendants of the previously-<a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan</a> believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) built Buddhist monuments in their region.<a href="#cite_note-GibbLewis1998-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artists' depiction of a chaotic battle scene, from a distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1756, between the Manchu and Oirat armies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color=coded map of 19th-century China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>The Qing Empire ca. 1820</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_Awabat-chuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another battle scene, this one from a greater distance with mountains in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Battle_at_Awabat-chuang.jpg/220px-Battle_at_Awabat-chuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Battle_at_Awabat-chuang.jpg/330px-Battle_at_Awabat-chuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Battle_at_Awabat-chuang.jpg/440px-Battle_at_Awabat-chuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the 1828 Qing campaign against rebels in <a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></figcaption></figure> The Turkic Muslims of the Turfan and <a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Kumul</a> oases then submitted to the Qing dynasty and asked China to free them from the Dzungars; the Qing accepted their rulers as vassals. They warred against the Dzungars for decades before defeating them; Qing Manchu <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Bannermen</a> then conducted the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a>, nearly eradicating them and depopulating Dzungaria. The Qing freed the Afaqi Khoja leader Burhan-ud-din and his brother, Khoja Jihan, from Dzungar imprisonment and appointed them to rule the Tarim Basin as Qing vassals. The Khoja brothers reneged on the agreement, declaring themselves independent leaders of the Tarim Basin. The Qing and the Turfan leader <a href="/wiki/Emin_Khoja" title="Emin Khoja">Emin Khoja</a> crushed their revolt, and by 1759 China controlled Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdle2003203"By_the_autumn_of_1759,_the_entire_periphery_of_the_Tarim_basin_had_been_pacified"-70">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> Qing dynasty gained control of eastern Xinjiang as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">long struggle with the Dzungars</a> which began during the 17th century. In 1755, with the help of the Oirat noble <a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a>, the Qing attacked <a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Ghulja</a> and captured the Dzungar khan. After Amursana's request to be declared Dzungar khan went unanswered, he led a revolt against the Qing. Qing armies destroyed the remnants of the Dzungar Khanate over the next two years, and many Han Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> moved into the pacified areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200798-71">[69]</a> The native Dzungar Oirat Mongols suffered greatly from the brutal campaigns and a simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic. Writer <a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a> described the resulting desolation in present-day northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for several thousand <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a>, with no Oirat <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a> except those surrendered."<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> It has been estimated that 80 percent of the 600,000 (or more) Dzungars died from a combination of disease and warfare,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> and recovery took generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEzNwgtiVQ0CpgPA55_55]-74">[72]</a> Han and Hui merchants were initially only allowed to trade in the Tarim Basin; their settlement in the Tarim Basin was banned until the 1830 <a href="/wiki/%C4%80f%C4%81q%C4%AB_Khoja_Holy_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Āfāqī Khoja Holy War">Muhammad Yusuf Khoja invasion</a>, when the Qing rewarded merchants for fighting off Khoja by allowing them to settle in the basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA113_113]-75">[73]</a> The Uyghur Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> rebel of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afaqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afaqi (page does not exist)">Afaqi</a> suborder, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a> was <a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">sliced to death (Lingchi)</a> in 1828 by the Manchus for <a href="/wiki/%C4%80f%C4%81q%C4%AB_Khoja_Holy_War#Military_expeditions_with_the_support_of_Khoqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Āfāqī Khoja Holy War">leading a rebellion against the Qing</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Martin" title="Robert Montgomery Martin">Robert Montgomery Martin</a>, many Chinese with a variety of occupations were settled in Dzungaria in 1870; in Turkestan (the Tarim Basin), however, only a few Chinese merchants and garrison soldiers were interspersed with the Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1847[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSV9AAAAAYAAJpgPA21_21]-76">[74]</a> The 1765 <a href="/wiki/Uqturpan_County" title="Uqturpan County">Ush</a> rebellion by the Uyghurs against the Manchu began after Uyghur women were raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Su-cheng.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ir2CAAAQBAJpgPA124_124]-77">[75]</a> It was said that "Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on [Sucheng and son's] hides and eat their flesh" because of the months-long abuse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA108_108]-78">[76]</a> The Manchu emperor ordered the massacre of the Uyghur rebel town; Qing forces enslaved the Uyghur children and women, and killed the Uyghur men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA109_109]-79">[77]</a> Sexual abuse of Uyghur women by Manchu soldiers and officials triggered deep Uyghur hostility against Manchu rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ir2CAAAQBAJpgPA206_206–207]-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yettishar">Yettishar</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YakubBey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/YakubBey.jpg/170px-YakubBey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/YakubBey.jpg/255px-YakubBey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/YakubBey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg,_ruler_of_Yettishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakub Beg, ruler of Yettishar">Yakub Beg, ruler of Yettishar</a></figcaption></figure> By the 1860s, Xinjiang had been under <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> for a century. The region was captured in 1759 from the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> whose population (the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>) became the targets of genocide. Xinjiang was primarily semi-arid or desert and unattractive to non-trading <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Han">Han</a> settlers, and others (including the Uyghurs) settled there. The <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> by the Muslim Hui and other <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> ethnic groups was fought in China's <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and Gansu <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">provinces</a> and in Xinjiang from 1862 to 1877. The conflict led to a reported 20.77 million deaths due to migration and war, with many refugees dying of starvation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Thousands of Muslim refugees from Shaanxi fled to Gansu; some formed battalions in eastern Gansu, intending to reconquer their lands in Shaanxi. While the Hui rebels were preparing to attack Gansu and Shaanxi, <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a> (an Uzbek or <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a> commander of the <a href="/wiki/Kokand_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokand Khanate">Kokand Khanate</a>) fled from the khanate in 1865 after losing <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. Beg settled in Kashgar, and soon controlled Xinjiang. Although he encouraged trade, built <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravansareis</a>, canals and other irrigation systems, his regime was considered harsh. The Chinese took decisive action against Yettishar; an army under General <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a> rapidly approached Kashgaria, reconquering it on 16 May 1877.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B,_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8F%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of three bearded, armed men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%2C_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8F%D1%80.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%2C_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8F%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%2C_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8F%D1%80.jpg/330px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%2C_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8F%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%2C_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8F%D1%80.jpg/440px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%2C_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8F%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>19th-century Khotan Uyghurs in Yettishar</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">reconquering Xinjiang</a> in the late 1870s from Yaqub Beg,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> the Qing dynasty established Xinjiang ("new frontier") as a province in 1884<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesny19055-85">[83]</a> – making it part of China, and dropping the old names of Zhunbu (準部, Dzungar Region) and Huijiang (Muslimland).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEzNwgtiVQ0CpgPA61_61]-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> After Xinjiang became a Chinese province, the Qing government encouraged the Uyghurs to migrate from southern Xinjiang to other areas of the province (such as the region between Qitai and the capital, largely inhabited by Han Chinese, and Ürümqi, Tacheng (Tabarghatai), Yili, Jinghe, Kur Kara Usu, Ruoqiang, Lop Nor and the lower Tarim River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA151_151]-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_China">Republic of China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a>; <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a>; <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers and other sitting on benches in front of a stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg/220px-Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg/330px-Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg/440px-Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Kuomintang in Xinjiang, 1942</figcaption></figure> In 1912, the Qing dynasty was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. The ROC continued to treat the Qing territory as its own, including Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-89">[87]</a>: 69  Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a>, took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of that year. Balancing mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang controlled Xinjiang until his 1928 assassination after the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Sheng_Shicai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheng Shicai in uniform, looking left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Governor_Sheng_Shicai.jpg/170px-Governor_Sheng_Shicai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Governor_Sheng_Shicai.jpg/255px-Governor_Sheng_Shicai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Governor_Sheng_Shicai.jpg/340px-Governor_Sheng_Shicai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Governor Sheng Shicai ruled from 1933 to 1944.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> and others broke out throughout Xinjiang during the early 1930s against <a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a>, Yang's successor, involving Uyghurs, other Turkic groups and Hui (Muslim) Chinese. Jin enlisted <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russians</a> to crush the revolts. In the <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> region on 12 November 1933, the short-lived <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a> was self-proclaimed after debate about whether it should be called "East Turkestan" or "Uyghuristan".<a href="#cite_note-feener-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfcr-92">[90]</a> The region claimed by the ETR encompassed the <a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Prefecture">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefectures</a> in southwestern Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200724-93">[91]</a> The Chinese Muslim Kuomintang <a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)</a> defeated the army of the First East Turkestan Republic in the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kashgar_(1934)" title="Battle of Kashgar (1934)">Battle of Kashgar</a>, ending the republic after Chinese Muslims executed its two emirs: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Bughra" title="Abdullah Bughra">Abdullah Bughra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmad_Jan_Bughra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra">Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra</a>. The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">invaded the province</a>; it was brought under the control of northeast Han warlord <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> after the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War</a>. Sheng ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, many of whose ethnic and security policies he instituted. The Soviet Union maintained a military base in the province and deployed several military and economic advisors. Sheng invited a group of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Communists">Chinese Communists</a> to Xinjiang (including Mao Zedong's brother, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zemin" title="Mao Zemin">Mao Zemin</a>),<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-94">[92]</a>: 111  but executed them all in 1943 in fear of a conspiracy. In 1944, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, informed by the Soviet Union of Shicai's intention to join it, transferred him to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> as the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry the following year.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a>, the Soviet Union backed Uyghur separatists to form the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> (ETR) in the Ili region while most of Xinjiang remained under Kuomintang control.<a href="#cite_note-feener-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China">People's Republic of China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_ETR_(within_China).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-coded map of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png/220px-Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png/330px-Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png/440px-Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic encompassed Xinjiang's Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay districts.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">entered Xinjiang in 1949</a>, when Kuomintang commander <a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhiyue" title="Tao Zhiyue">Tao Zhiyue</a> and government chairman <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> surrendered the province to them.<a href="#cite_note-cfcr-92">[90]</a> Five ETR leaders who were to negotiate with the Chinese about ETR sovereignty died in an airplane crash that year in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Kabansk" title="Kabansk">Kabansk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The PRC continued the system of <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a> which had defined previous Chinese expansionism in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The PRC autonomous region was established on 1 October 1955, replacing the province;<a href="#cite_note-cfcr-92">[90]</a> that year (the first modern census in China was taken in 1953), Uyghurs were 73 percent of Xinjiang's total population of 5.11 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovingdon2010199-39">[37]</a> Although Xinjiang has been designated a "Uygur Autonomous Region" since 1954, more than 50 percent of its area is designated autonomous areas for 13 native non-Uyghur groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovingdon201043–46-98">[96]</a> Modern Uyghurs developed <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> in 1955, when the PRC recognized formerly separately self-identified oasis peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009176-99">[97]</a> Southern Xinjiang is home to most of the Uyghur population, about nine million people, out of a total population of twenty million; fifty-five percent of Xinjiang's Han population, mainly urban, live in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuoGuo2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsrUkAQAAIAAJ_220]-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuoHickey2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmjD8NM4AyT8CpgPA164_164]-101">[99]</a> This created an economic imbalance, since the northern Junghar basin (Dzungaria) is more developed than the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowell2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcSRw2dithoICpgPA37_37][[Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links]][[Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024]][[Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template"><span_style="white-space:_nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Link_rot|<span_title="&nbsp;Dead_link_tagged_April_2024">permanent_dead_link]]<span_style="visibility:hidden;_color:transparent;_padding-left:2px">&zwj;&#93;_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowell2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcSRw2dithoICpgPA37_37][[Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links]][[Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024]][[Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template"><span_style="white-space:_nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Link_rot|<span_title="&nbsp;Dead_link_tagged_April_2024">permanent_dead_link]]<span_style="visibility:hidden;_color:transparent;_padding-left:2px">&zwj;&#93;-102">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">Land reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivization</a> occurred in Uyghur agricultural areas at the same general pace as in most of China.<a href="#cite_note-:12-103">[101]</a>: 134  Hunger in Xinjiang was not as great as elsewhere in China during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and a million Han Chinese fleeing famine resettled in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-:12-103">[101]</a>: 134  In 1980, China allowed the United States to establish electronic listening stations in Xinjiang so the United States could monitor Soviet rocket launches in central Asia in exchange for the United States authorizing the sale of <a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">dual-use</a> civilian and military technology and nonlethal military equipment to China.<a href="#cite_note-:8-104">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> since the late 1970s has exacerbated uneven regional development, more Uyghurs have migrated to Xinjiang's cities and some Han have migrated to Xinjiang for economic advancement. <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Chinese leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> made a nine-day visit to Xinjiang in 1981 and described the region as "unsteady".<a href="#cite_note-terzani-105">[103]</a> The Deng era reforms encouraged China's ethnic minorities, including Uyghurs, to establish small private companies for commodity transit, retail, and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-:4-106">[104]</a> By the early 1990s, a total of 19 billion yuan had been spent in Xinjiang on large- and medium-sized industrial projects, with an emphasis on developing modern transportation, communications infrastructure, and support for the oil and gas industries.<a href="#cite_note-:Sun-59">[57]</a>: 149  A brisk cross-border <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle traders">shuttle trade</a> by Uyghurs further developed following the adoption of the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-106">[104]</a> Increased ethnic contact and labor competition has coincided with Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China#Xinjiang" title="Terrorism in China">terrorism</a> since the 1990s, such as the <a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009173–175-107">[105]</a> In 2000, Uyghurs made up 45 percent of Xinjiang's population and 13 percent of Ürümqi's population. With nine percent of Xinjiang's population, Ürümqi accounts for 25 percent of the region's GDP; many rural Uyghurs have migrated to the city for work in its <a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009178–179-108">[106]</a> Han in Xinjiang are older, better-educated and work in higher-paying professions than their Uyghur counterparts. Han are more likely to cite business reasons for moving to Ürümqi, while some Uyghurs cite legal trouble at home and family reasons for moving to the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009184-109">[107]</a> Han and Uyghurs are equally represented in Ürümqi's <a href="/wiki/Floating_population" title="Floating population">floating population</a>, which works primarily in commerce. <a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a> in the city is widespread in residential concentration, employment relationships and <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009187–188-110">[108]</a> In 2010, Uyghurs were a majority in the Tarim Basin and a plurality in Xinjiang as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovingdon201011-111">[109]</a> Xinjiang has 81 <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> and 23 museums, compared to none in 1949. It has <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of newspapers in China">98 newspapers</a> in 44 languages, compared with four in 1952. According to official statistics, the ratio of doctors, medical workers, <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinics</a> and hospital beds to the general population surpasses the national average; the <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a> rate has reached 85 percent.<a href="#cite_note-progress-5">[5]</a> The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a><a href="#cite_note-CACI-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunaratna-113">[111]</a> includes the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang raid">Xinjiang raid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> a thwarted 2008 suicide-bombing attempt on a <a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a> flight,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a> which killed 16 police officers four days before the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> the <a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">August 2009 syringe attacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Richburg-2011-119">[117]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> the <a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Several of the attacks were orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</a> (formerly the East Turkestan Islamic Movement), identified as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist group</a> by several entities (including Russia,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> the United States until October 2020,<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> and the United Nations).<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) leadership in Xinjiang commenced a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="People's War">People's War</a> against the "Three Evil Forces" of separatism, terrorism, and extremism. They deployed two hundred thousand party cadres to Xinjiang and the launched the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up" title="Civil Servant-Family Pair Up">Civil Servant-Family Pair Up</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-:7-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-131">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> was dissatisfied with the initial results of the People's War and replaced <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Party Committee Secretary</a> in 2016. Following his appointment Chen oversaw the recruitment of tens of thousands of additional police officers and the division of society into three categories: trusted, average, untrustworthy. He instructed his subordinated to "Take this crackdown as the top project," and "to preëmpt the enemy, to strike at the outset." Following a meeting with Xi in Beijing Chen Quanguo held a rally in Ürümqi with ten thousand troops, helicopters, and armored vehicles. As they paraded he announced a "smashing, obliterating offensive," and declared that they would "bury the corpses of terrorists and terror gangs in the vast sea of the People's War."<a href="#cite_note-:7-130">[128]</a> Chinese authorities have operated internment camps to indoctrinate Uyghurs and other Muslims as part of the People's War since at least 2017.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[27]</a> The camps have been criticized by a number of governments and human-rights organizations for patterns of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">abuse and mistreatment</a>, with various characterizations up to and including that of a genocide being perpetrated by the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP General Secretary</a> Xi Jinping said: "Practice has proven that the party's strategy for governing Xinjiang in the new era is completely correct."<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> In 2021, authorities sentenced <a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a>—former heads of Xinjiang's education and justice departments respectively—both to <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">death with a two-year reprieve</a> on separatism and bribery charges.<a href="#cite_note-:9-135">[133]</a> Such a sentence is usually commuted to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Officials said Sawut was found guilty of incorporating ethnic separatism, violence, and religious extremism content into Uyghur-language textbooks, which had influenced several people to participate in attacks in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Urumqi</a>. They said Bawudun was found guilty of colluding with <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">ETIM</a> and carrying out "illegal religious activities at his daughter's wedding".<a href="#cite_note-:9-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Three other educators were sentenced to life in prison.<a href="#cite_note-AP_death_sentences-138">[136]</a> Chen was replaced as Community Party Secretary for Xinjiang by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xingrui" title="Ma Xingrui">Ma Xingrui</a> in December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Xi Jinping made a four-day visit to Xinjiang in July 2022 where <a href="/wiki/Kompas_TV" title="Kompas TV">Kompas TV</a> had documented groups of Uyghurs welcoming his arrival.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Xi called on local officials to do more in preserving ethnic minority culture<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> and following an inspection of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a>, he praised the organisation's "great progress" in reform and development.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> During another visit to Xinjiang in August 2023, Xi said in a speech that the region should open up more for <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Xinjiang">tourism</a> to attract domestic and foreign visitors.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Xinjiang" title="List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang">List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Xinjiang" title="List of township-level divisions of Xinjiang">List of township-level divisions of Xinjiang</a>.</div> Xinjiang is divided into thirteen <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China#Prefectural_level" title="Administrative divisions of China">prefecture-level divisions</a>: four <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">prefecture-level cities</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">prefectures</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">autonomous prefectures</a> (including the sub-provincial autonomous prefecture of Ili, which in turn has two of the seven prefectures within its jurisdiction) for <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and Hui minorities.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> These are then divided into 13 districts, 29 county-level cities, 60 counties and 6 autonomous counties. Twelve of the county-level cities do not belong to any prefecture and are de facto administered by the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a> (XPCC). Sub-level divisions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is shown in the adjacent picture and described in the table below: <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto 0 auto; font-size:90%; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Administrative divisions of Xinjiang </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="font-size: larger;"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 900px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Administrative_Division_Xinjiang_%28PRC_claimed%29.svg/900px-Administrative_Division_Xinjiang_%28PRC_claimed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Administrative_Division_Xinjiang_%28PRC_claimed%29.svg/1350px-Administrative_Division_Xinjiang_%28PRC_claimed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Administrative_Division_Xinjiang_%28PRC_claimed%29.svg/1800px-Administrative_Division_Xinjiang_%28PRC_claimed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:534px; top:238px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:483px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:480px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">a</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:477px; top:148px"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">r</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:474px; top:154px"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">a</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:468px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">m</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:468px; top:166px"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">a</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:468px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">y</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:585px; top:283px"><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:705px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:570px; top:205px"><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Hui AP</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:501px; top:187px"><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">(Changji)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:324px; top:169px"><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala Mongol AP</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:498px; top:394px"><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin Mongol AP</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:336px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:370px"><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu Kyrgyz AP</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:222px; top:412px"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar Prefecture</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:472px"><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:357px; top:238px"><a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh AP</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:402px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:552px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:492px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">①</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:354px; top:355px"><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">②</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:382px"><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">③</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:537px; top:202px"><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">④</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:552px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">⑤</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:480px; top:298px"><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">⑥</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:384px; top:187px"><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">⑦</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:336px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">⑧</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:478px"><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">⑨</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:459px; top:187px"><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe">⑩</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:274px"><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang">⑪</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:402px; top:106px"><a href="/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang" title="Baiyang, Xinjiang">⑫</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:687px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">① Shihezi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:340px"><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">② Aral</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:21px; top:460px"><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">③ Tumxuk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:807px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">④ Wujiaqu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">⑤ Beitun</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:807px; top:454px"><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">⑥ Tiemenguan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">⑦ Shuanghe</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:21px; top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">⑧ Kokdala</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:735px; top:580px"><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">⑨ Kunyu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:27px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe">⑩ Huyanghe</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:813px; top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang">⑪ Xinxing</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:273px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang" title="Baiyang, Xinjiang">⑫ Baiyang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:24px; top:508px">█ <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">XPCC / Bingtuan</a> administered county-level divisions</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:24px; top:538px">█ Subordinate to Ili Kazakh A.P.</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:24px; top:556px">☐ Disputed areas claimed by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and administered by China (see <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a>)</div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_codes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China">Division code</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Division </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Area in km2<a href="#cite_note-nj2013-147">[145]</a> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Population 2020<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Seat </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4">Divisions<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/District_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="District (China)">Districts</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">Counties</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Aut. counties</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">CL cities</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <th>650000</th> <th>Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region </th> <td>1,664,900.00</td> <td>25,852,345</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> city</td> <td>13</td> <td>60</td> <td>6</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <th>650100</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> city </th> <td>13,787.90</td> <td>4,054,369</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianshan District">Tianshan District</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>650200</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a> city </th> <td>8,654.08</td> <td>490,348</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karamay_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamay District">Karamay District</a></td> <td>4</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>650400</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> city </th> <td>67,562.91</td> <td>693,988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaochang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaochang District">Gaochang District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>650500</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a> city </th> <td>142,094.88</td> <td>673,383</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yizhou_District,_Hami" title="Yizhou District, Hami">Yizhou District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>652300</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>73,139.75</td> <td>1,613,585</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>652700</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>24,934.33</td> <td>488,198</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>652800</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>470,954.25</td> <td>1,613,979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>7</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>652900</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a> </th> <td>127,144.91</td> <td>2,714,422</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>7</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>653000</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>72,468.08</td> <td>622,222</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artux" class="mw-redirect" title="Artux">Artux</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>653100</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar Prefecture</a> </th> <td>137,578.51</td> <td>4,496,377</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashi</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>653200</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a> </th> <td>249,146.59</td> <td>2,504,718</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>7</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#98fb98"> <th>654000</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>56,381.53 *</td> <td>2,848,393 *</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>7 *</td> <td>1 *</td> <td>3 * </td></tr> <tr> <th>654200</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a>* </th> <td>94,698.18</td> <td>1,138,638</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>654300</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a>* </th> <td>117,699.01</td> <td>668,587</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>6</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background: lightgrey; height: 2pt;"> <td colspan="14"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#98fb98"> <th>659000</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a> </th> <td>13,055.57</td> <td>1,573,931</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background: lightgrey; height: 2pt;"> <td colspan="14"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659001</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a> city   (8th Division) </th> <td>456.84</td> <td>498,587</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongshan_Subdistrict,_Shihezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongshan Subdistrict, Shihezi (page does not exist)">Hongshan Subdistrict</a></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659002</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a> city   (1st Division) </th> <td>5,266.00</td> <td>328,241</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinyinchuan_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinyinchuan Road Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Jinyinchuan Road Subdistrict</a></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659003</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a> city   (3rd Division) </th> <td>2,003.00</td> <td>263,245</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinxiu_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinxiu Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Jinxiu Subdistrict</a></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659004</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a> city   (6th Division) </th> <td>742.00</td> <td>141,065</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renmin_Road_Subdistrict,_Wujiaqu" title="Renmin Road Subdistrict, Wujiaqu">Renmin Road Subdistrict</a></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659005</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">Beitun</a> city   (10th Division) </th> <td>910.50</td> <td>20,414</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beitun_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beitun Town (page does not exist)">Beitun</a> Town (Altay)</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659006</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a> city   (2nd Division) </th> <td>590.27</td> <td>104,746</td> <td>Xingjiang Road, 29th Regiment</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659007</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a> city   (5th Division) </th> <td>742.18</td> <td>54,731</td> <td>Hongxing No.2 Road, 89th Regiment</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659008</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a> city   (4th Division) </th> <td>979.71</td> <td>69,524</td> <td>Xinfu Road, 66th Regiment</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659009</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a> city   (14th Division) </th> <td>687.13</td> <td>63,487</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuyuan_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuyuan Town (page does not exist)">Yuyuan</a> Town</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659010</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe">Huyanghe</a> city   (7th Division) </th> <td>677.94</td> <td>29,891</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongqing_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gongqing Town (page does not exist)">Gongqing</a> town</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659011</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang">Xinxing</a> city   (13th Division) </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huangtian_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huangtian Town (page does not exist)">Huangtian</a> Town</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <th>659012</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang" title="Baiyang, Xinjiang">Baiyang</a> city   (9th Division) </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>163rd Regiment of the 9th Division</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_divisions_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China">Sub-provincial prefecture</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a> cities </div> * – Altay Prefecture or Tacheng Prefecture are subordinate to Ili Prefecture. / The population or area figures of Ili do not include Altay Prefecture or Tacheng Prefecture which are subordinate to Ili Prefecture. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Administrative divisions in Uyghur, Chinese and varieties of romanizations </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Uyghur</th> <th>SASM/GNC Uyghur Pinyin</th> <th>Chinese</th> <th>Pinyin </th></tr> <tr> <td>Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى‎</td> <td>Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni</td> <td>新疆维吾尔自治区</td> <td>Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Ürümqi Xäĥiri</td> <td>乌鲁木齐市</td> <td>Wūlǔmùqí Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">قاراماي شەھىرى‎</td> <td>K̂aramay Xäĥiri</td> <td>克拉玛依市</td> <td>Kèlāmǎyī Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">تۇرپان شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Turpan Xäĥiri</td> <td>吐鲁番市</td> <td>Tǔlǔfān Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Hami</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">قۇمۇل شەھىرى‎</td> <td>K̂umul Xäĥiri</td> <td>哈密市</td> <td>Hāmì Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">سانجى خۇيزۇ ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى‎</td> <td>Sanji Huyzu Aptonom Oblasti</td> <td>昌吉回族自治州</td> <td>Chāngjí Huízú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">بۆرتالا موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى‎</td> <td>Börtala Mongĝul Aptonom Oblasti</td> <td>博尔塔拉蒙古自治州</td> <td>Bó'ěrtǎlā Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">بايىنغولىن موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى‎</td> <td>Bayinĝolin Mongĝul Aptonom Oblasti</td> <td>巴音郭楞蒙古自治州</td> <td>Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى‎</td> <td>Ak̂su Vilayiti</td> <td>阿克苏地区</td> <td>Ākèsū Dìqū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kirghiz_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى‎</td> <td>K̂izilsu K̂irĝiz Aptonom Oblasti</td> <td>克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州</td> <td>Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashi Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى‎</td> <td>K̂äxk̂är Vilayiti</td> <td>喀什地区</td> <td>Kāshí Dìqū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">خوتەن ۋىلايىتى‎</td> <td>Hotän Vilayiti</td> <td>和田地区</td> <td>Hétián Dìqū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى‎</td> <td>Ili K̂azak̂ Aptonom Oblasti</td> <td>伊犁哈萨克自治州</td> <td>Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">تارباغاتاي ۋىلايىتى‎</td> <td>Tarbaĝatay Vilayiti</td> <td>塔城地区</td> <td>Tǎchéng Dìqū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى‎</td> <td>Altay Vilayiti</td> <td>阿勒泰地区</td> <td>Ālètài Dìqū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">شىخەنزە شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Xihänzä Xäĥiri</td> <td>石河子市</td> <td>Shíhézǐ Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">ئارال شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Aral Xäĥiri</td> <td>阿拉尔市</td> <td>Ālā'ěr Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">تۇمشۇق شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Tumxuk̂ Xäĥiri</td> <td>图木舒克市</td> <td>Túmùshūkè Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">ۋۇجياچۈ شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Vujyaqü Xäĥiri</td> <td>五家渠市</td> <td>Wǔjiāqú Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">Beitun</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">بەيتۈن شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Bäatün Xäĥiri</td> <td>北屯市</td> <td>Běitún Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">باشئەگىم شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Baxägym Xäĥiri</td> <td>铁门关市</td> <td>Tiĕménguān Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">قوشئۆگۈز شەھىرى‎</td> <td>K̂oxögüz Xäĥiri</td> <td>双河市</td> <td>Shuānghé Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">كۆكدالا شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Kökdala Xäĥiri</td> <td>可克达拉市</td> <td>Kěkèdálā Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">قۇرۇمقاش شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Kurumkax XCĥiri</td> <td>昆玉市</td> <td>Kūnyù Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe">Huyanghe</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">خۇياڭخې شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Huyanghê Xäĥiri</td> <td>胡杨河市</td> <td>Húyánghé Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang">Xinxing</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">يېڭى يۇلتۇز شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Yëngi Yultuz Xäĥiri</td> <td>新星市</td> <td>Xīnxīng Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang" title="Baiyang, Xinjiang">Baiyang</a> city</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">بەيياڭ شەھىرى‎</td> <td>Bäyyang Xäĥiri</td> <td>白杨市</td> <td>BaíYáng Shì </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities </th></tr> <tr> <th>#</th> <th>Cities</th> <th style="background-color: #aaaaff;">2020 Urban area<a href="#cite_note-2020PRCcensus-151">[149]</a></th> <th style="background-color: #aaaaff;">2010 Urban area<a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-152">[150]</a></th> <th style="background-color: #ffaaaa;">2020 City proper </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></td> <td>3,864,136</td> <td>2,853,398</td> <td>4,054,369 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a></td> <td>654,726</td> <td>368,813</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a></td> <td>490,961</td> <td>425,182</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></td> <td>481,249</td> <td>353,299</td> <td>490,348 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a></td> <td>470,601</td> <td>284,872</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a></td> <td>461,663</td> <td>313,768</td> <td>498,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a></td> <td>451,234</td> <td>303,938</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></td> <td>426,072</td> <td>310,500<a href="#cite_note-Hami-153">[i]</a></td> <td>673,383 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashi</a></td> <td>392,730</td> <td>310,448</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashi Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a></td> <td>293,056</td> <td>119,804</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa</a></td> <td>262,771</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Kuqa-154">[ii]</a></td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a></td> <td>239,647</td> <td>65,175</td> <td>328,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuytun</a></td> <td>224,471</td> <td>20,805</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a></td> <td>177,536</td> <td>120,138</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Usu</a></td> <td>156,437</td> <td>131,661</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <td>(16)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shawan,_Xinjiang" title="Shawan, Xinjiang">Shawan</a></td> <td>150,317<a href="#cite_note-Shawan-155">[iii]</a></td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"></td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay</a></td> <td>147,301</td> <td>112,711</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></td> <td>143,456</td> <td>89,719<a href="#cite_note-Turpan-156">[iv]</a></td> <td>693,988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a></td> <td>128,056</td> <td>34,808</td> <td>263,245 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukang" title="Fukang">Fukang</a></td> <td>125,080</td> <td>67,598</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a></td> <td>122,447</td> <td>75,122</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a></td> <td>118,893</td> <td>75,088</td> <td>141,065 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artux" class="mw-redirect" title="Artux">Artux</a></td> <td>105,855</td> <td>58,427</td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <td>(24)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang" title="Baiyang, Xinjiang">Baiyang</a></td> <td>85,655<a href="#cite_note-Baiyang-157">[v]</a></td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"></td> <td>85,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a></td> <td>77,969</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Tiemenguan-158">[vi]</a></td> <td>104,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khorgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgas">Korgas</a></td> <td>44,701</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Korgas-159">[vii]</a></td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Prefecture</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <td>(27)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang">Xinxing</a></td> <td>44,700<a href="#cite_note-Xinxing-160">[viii]</a></td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"></td> <td>44,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a></td> <td>43,263</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Shuanghe-161">[ix]</a></td> <td>54,731 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a></td> <td>39,257</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Kokdala-162">[x]</a></td> <td>69,524 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a></td> <td>32,591</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Kunyu-163">[xi]</a></td> <td>63,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe">Huyanghe</a></td> <td>24,769</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Huyanghe-164">[xii]</a></td> <td>29,891 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">Beitun</a></td> <td>13,874</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Beitun-165">[xiii]</a></td> <td>20,414 </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a></td> <td>11,097</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="#cite_note-Alashankou-166">[xiv]</a></td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala Prefecture</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hami-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Hami_153-0">^</a> Hami Prefecture is currently known as Hami PLC after 2010 census; Hami CLC is currently known as <a href="/wiki/Yizhou_District,_Hami" title="Yizhou District, Hami">Yizhou</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuqa-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuqa_154-0">^</a> Kuqa County is currently known as Kuqa CLC after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shawan-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Shawan_155-0">^</a> Shawan County is currently known as Shawan CLC after 2020 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turpan-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Turpan_156-0">^</a> Turpan Prefecture is currently known as Turpan PLC after 2010 census; Turpan CLC is currently known as <a href="/wiki/Gaochang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaochang District">Gaochang</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baiyang-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Baiyang_157-0">^</a> Baiyang CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tachang CLC</a> after 2020 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiemenguan-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Tiemenguan_158-0">^</a> Tiemenguan CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla CLC</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Korgas-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Korgas_159-0">^</a> Korgas CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Huocheng_County" title="Huocheng County">Huocheng County</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinxing-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Xinxing_160-0">^</a> Xinxing CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Yizhou_District,_Hami" title="Yizhou District, Hami">Yizhou District</a> after 2020 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuanghe-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Shuanghe_161-0">^</a> Shuanghe CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole CLC</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokdala-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Kokdala_162-0">^</a> Kokdala CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Huocheng_County" title="Huocheng County">Huocheng County</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunyu-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Kunyu_163-0">^</a> Kunyu CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Hotan_County" title="Hotan County">Hotan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pishan_County" title="Pishan County">Pishan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakax_County" title="Karakax County">Moyu County</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Qira_County" title="Qira County">Qira County</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huyanghe-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Huyanghe_164-0">^</a> Huyanghe CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Usu CLC</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beitun-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Beitun_165-0">^</a> Beitun CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay CLC</a> after 2010 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alashankou-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Alashankou_166-0">^</a> Alashankou CLC was established from parts of <a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole CLC</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jinghe_County" title="Jinghe County">Jinghe County</a> after 2010 census. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakorum-d04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Karakorum-d04.jpg/220px-Karakorum-d04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Karakorum-d04.jpg/330px-Karakorum-d04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Karakorum-d04.jpg/440px-Karakorum-d04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Close to <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> in Xinjiang.</figcaption></figure> Xinjiang is the largest <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">political subdivision of China</a>, accounting for more than one sixth of China's total territory and a quarter of its boundary length. Xinjiang is mostly covered with uninhabitable deserts and dry grasslands, with dotted oases conducive to habitation accounting for 9.7 percent of Xinjiang's total area by 2015<a href="#cite_note-oasis-18">[17]</a> at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain_systems_and_basins">Mountain systems and basins</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Xinjiang">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Xinjiang is split by the Tian Shan mountain range (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1074196468">تەڭرى تاغ‎, Tengri Tagh, Тәңри Тағ), which divides it into two large basins: the <a href="/wiki/Dzungarian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungarian Basin">Dzungarian Basin</a> in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south. A small V-shaped wedge between these two major basins, limited by the Tian Shan's main range in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Borohoro_Mountains" title="Borohoro Mountains">Borohoro Mountains</a> in the north, is the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a>, which flows into Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a>; an even smaller wedge farther north is the <a href="/wiki/Emin_Valley" title="Emin Valley">Emin Valley</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fly_over_Pamir_Mountains_and_Karakoram_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fly_over_Pamir_Mountains_and_Karakoram_Highway.jpg/170px-Fly_over_Pamir_Mountains_and_Karakoram_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fly_over_Pamir_Mountains_and_Karakoram_Highway.jpg/255px-Fly_over_Pamir_Mountains_and_Karakoram_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fly_over_Pamir_Mountains_and_Karakoram_Highway.jpg/340px-Fly_over_Pamir_Mountains_and_Karakoram_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muztagh_Ata" title="Muztagh Ata">Muztagh Ata</a>.</figcaption></figure> Other major mountain ranges of Xinjiang include the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> in the southwest, the Kunlun Mountains in the south (along the border with Tibet) and the Altai Mountains in the northeast (shared with Mongolia). The region's highest point is the mountain <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">eight-thousander</a> located 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) above sea level in the Karakoram Mountains on the border with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taklamakan_desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taklamakan_desert.jpg/220px-Taklamakan_desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taklamakan_desert.jpg/330px-Taklamakan_desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taklamakan_desert.jpg/440px-Taklamakan_desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></figcaption></figure> Much of the Tarim Basin is dominated by the Taklamakan Desert. North of it is the Turpan Depression, which contains the lowest point in Xinjiang and in the entire PRC, at 155 metres (509 ft) below sea level. The Dzungarian Basin is slightly cooler, and receives somewhat more precipitation, than the Tarim Basin. Nonetheless, it, too, has a large <a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a> (also known as Dzoosotoyn Elisen) in its center. The Tian Shan mountain range marks the Xinjiang-Kyrgyzstan border at the <a href="/wiki/Torugart_Pass" title="Torugart Pass">Torugart Pass</a> (3752 m). The <a href="/wiki/Karakorum_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakorum highway">Karakorum highway</a> (KKH) links <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan with Kashgar over the <a href="/wiki/Khunjerab_Pass" title="Khunjerab Pass">Khunjerab Pass</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain_passes">Mountain passes</h3></div> From south to north, the mountain passes bordering Xinjiang are: <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Mountain passes bordering Xinjiang </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="125pt">山口 </th> <th width="125pt">Mountain Pass </th> <th width="200pt">Coordinate </th> <th>Elev. </th> <th>Appendix </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%98%86%E4%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:喀喇昆仑山口">喀喇昆仑山口</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Pass" title="Karakoram Pass">Karakoram Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=35.513333_N_77.823056_E_">35°30′48″N 77°49′23″E / 35.513333°N 77.823056°E / 35.513333; 77.823056</a> </td> <td>5540m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indira_Col" title="Indira Col">图尔吉斯坦拉山口</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indira_Col" title="Indira Col">Turkistan La Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=35.656667_N_76.860556_E_">35°39′24″N 76°51′38″E / 35.656667°N 76.860556°E / 35.656667; 76.860556</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_Gap_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Windy Gap (bergspass i Kina)">Windy Gap</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_Gap_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Windy Gap (bergspass i Kina)">Windy Gap</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=35.87318_N_76.57692_E_">35°52′23″N 76°34′37″E / 35.87318°N 76.57692°E / 35.87318; 76.57692</a> </td> <td>6111m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:木斯塔山口">木斯塔山口</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mustagh_Pass" title="Mustagh Pass">Mustagh Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=35.84_N_76.25_E_">35°50′24″N 76°15′00″E / 35.840000°N 76.250000°E / 35.840000; 76.250000</a> </td> <td>5422m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpo_Laggo_Pass" class="extiw" title="sv:Sarpo Laggo Pass">Sarpo Laggo Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpo_Laggo_Pass" class="extiw" title="sv:Sarpo Laggo Pass">Sarpo Laggo Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=35.8234_N_76.16249_E_">35°49′24″N 76°09′45″E / 35.8234°N 76.16249°E / 35.8234; 76.16249</a> </td> <td>6013m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Muztagh pass </td> <td>West Muztagh pass </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=35.8532_N_76.1424_E_">35°51′12″N 76°08′33″E / 35.8532°N 76.1424°E / 35.8532; 76.1424</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%85%B6%E6%8B%89%E7%94%AB%E5%8F%A3%E5%B2%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:红其拉甫口岸">红其拉甫口岸</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khunjerab_Pass" title="Khunjerab Pass">Khunjerab Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=36.85_N_75.427778_E_">36°51′00″N 75°25′40″E / 36.850000°N 75.427778°E / 36.850000; 75.427778</a> </td> <td>4693m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parpik Pass </td> <td>Parpik Pass </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=36.95_N_75.35_E_">36°57′N 75°21′E / 36.95°N 75.35°E / 36.95; 75.35</a> </td> <td>5467m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsjliga_Pass" class="extiw" title="sv:Mutsjliga Pass">Mutsjliga Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsjliga_Pass" class="extiw" title="sv:Mutsjliga Pass">Mutsjliga Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=36.97374_N_75.2973_E_">36°58′25″N 75°17′50″E / 36.97374°N 75.2973°E / 36.97374; 75.2973</a> </td> <td>5314m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E9%93%81%E7%9B%96%E8%BE%BE%E5%9D%82" class="extiw" title="zh:明铁盖达坂">明铁盖达坂</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mintaka_Pass" title="Mintaka Pass">Mintaka Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.0039_N_74.8511_E_">37°00′14″N 74°51′04″E / 37.0039°N 74.8511°E / 37.0039; 74.8511</a> </td> <td>4709m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E8%BE%BE%E5%9D%82" class="extiw" title="zh:基里克达坂">基里克达坂</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilik_Pass" title="Kilik Pass">Kilik Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.0792_N_74.6722_E_">37°04′45″N 74°40′20″E / 37.0792°N 74.6722°E / 37.0792; 74.6722</a> </td> <td>4827m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%B9%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%BE%E5%9D%82" class="extiw" title="zh:瓦根基达坂">瓦根基达坂</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.098_N_74.4848_E_">37°05′53″N 74°29′05″E / 37.098°N 74.4848°E / 37.098; 74.4848</a> </td> <td>4837 m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kara Jilga Pass </td> <td>Kara Jilga Pass </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.2545_N_74.6147_E_">37°15′16″N 74°36′53″E / 37.2545°N 74.6147°E / 37.2545; 74.6147</a> </td> <td>5386m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>麦曼约里达坂 </td> <td>Mihman Yoli Pass </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.28395_N_74.7328_E_">37°17′02″N 74°43′58″E / 37.28395°N 74.7328°E / 37.28395; 74.7328</a> </td> <td>4937m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%BB%A1%E8%8B%8F%E8%BE%BE%E5%9D%82" class="extiw" title="zh:托克满苏达坂">托克满苏达坂</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tegermansu_Pass" title="Tegermansu Pass">Tegermansu Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.2236_N_74.8744_E_">37°13′25″N 74°52′28″E / 37.2236°N 74.8744°E / 37.2236; 74.8744</a> </td> <td>5427m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>克克敖吊克达坂 别伊克山口 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:排依克山口">排依克山口</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beyik_Pass" title="Beyik Pass">Beyik Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.3_N_75_E_">37°18′N 75°00′E / 37.3°N 75.0°E / 37.3; 75.0</a> </td> <td>4742m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%B9%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:纳兹塔什山口">纳兹塔什山口</a> 奈扎塔什山隘 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezatash_Pass" title="Nezatash Pass">Nezatash Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.58944_N_74.93611_E_">37°35′22″N 74°56′10″E / 37.58944°N 74.93611°E / 37.58944; 74.93611</a> </td> <td>4476m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Agachak" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Agachak">Agachak Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Agachak" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Agachak">Agachak Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.82115_N_74.94492_E_">37°49′16″N 74°56′42″E / 37.82115°N 74.94492°E / 37.82115; 74.94492</a> </td> <td>5127m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%A3%E5%B2%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:卡拉苏口岸">卡拉苏口岸</a> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%94%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%B0%E5%8F%A3%E5%B2%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:阔勒买口岸">阔勒买口岸</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulma_Pass" title="Kulma Pass">Kulma Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.1498_N_74.8038_E_">38°08′59″N 74°48′14″E / 38.1498°N 74.8038°E / 38.1498; 74.8038</a> </td> <td>4362m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Saritosh" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Saritosh">Saritosh Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Saritosh" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Saritosh">Saritosh Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.27694_N_74.80111_E_">38°16′37″N 74°48′04″E / 38.27694°N 74.80111°E / 38.27694; 74.80111</a> </td> <td>4538m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Qaratokhterak" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Qaratokhterak">Qaratokhterak Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Qaratokhterak" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Qaratokhterak">Qaratokhterak Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.42833_N_74.86722_E_">38°25′42″N 74°52′02″E / 38.42833°N 74.86722°E / 38.42833; 74.86722</a> </td> <td>4877m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Aromiti" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Aromiti">Aromiti Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Aromiti" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Aromiti">Aromiti Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.62833_N_74.48472_E_">38°37′42″N 74°29′05″E / 38.62833°N 74.48472°E / 38.62833; 74.48472</a> </td> <td>4703m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Budabel" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Budabel">Budabel Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Budabel" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Budabel">Budabel Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.57556_N_74.07222_E_">38°34′32″N 74°04′20″E / 38.57556°N 74.07222°E / 38.57556; 74.07222</a> </td> <td>4251m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kiyaz-Ashu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kiyaz-Ashu">Kiyaz-Ashu</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kiyaz-Ashu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kiyaz-Ashu">Kiyaz-Ashu</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.53333_N_74_E_">38°32′00″N 74°00′00″E / 38.53333°N 74.0°E / 38.53333; 74.0</a> </td> <td>4479m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:乌孜别里山口">乌孜别里山口</a> </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbel-Pass" class="extiw" title="de:Uzbel-Pass">Uzbel-Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.653806_N_73.8023917_E_">38°39′14″N 73°48′09″E / 38.653806°N 73.8023917°E / 38.653806; 73.8023917</a> </td> <td>5540m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Qarazoq" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Qarazoq">Qarazoq Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Qarazoq" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Qarazoq">Qarazoq Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=38.85_N_73.71194_E_">38°51′00″N 73°42′43″E / 38.85°N 73.71194°E / 38.85; 73.71194</a> </td> <td>5217m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Uch-Bel" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Uch-Bel">Uch-Bel Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghbai_Uch-Bel" class="extiw" title="sv:Aghbai Uch-Bel">Uch-Bel Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=37.82115_N_74.94492_E_">37°49′16″N 74°56′42″E / 37.82115°N 74.94492°E / 37.82115; 74.94492</a> </td> <td>5127m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Togochar" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Togochar">Togochar Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Togochar" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Togochar">Togochar Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.56447_N_73.91435_E_">39°33′52″N 73°54′52″E / 39.56447°N 73.91435°E / 39.56447; 73.91435</a> </td> <td>4361m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karachaychaty" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karachaychaty">Karachaychaty Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karachaychaty" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karachaychaty">Karachaychaty Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.59439_N_73.92407_E_">39°35′40″N 73°55′27″E / 39.59439°N 73.92407°E / 39.59439; 73.92407</a> </td> <td>4284m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>斯姆哈纳 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E5%9D%A6%E5%8F%A3%E5%B2%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:伊尔克什坦口岸">伊尔克什坦口岸</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erkeshtam" title="Erkeshtam">Erkeshtam</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.7172_N_73.9735_E_">39°43′02″N 73°58′25″E / 39.7172°N 73.9735°E / 39.7172; 73.9735</a> </td> <td>3005m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karachaychaty" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karachaychaty">Kashetek Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karachaychaty" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karachaychaty">Kashetek Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.72847_N_73.91437_E_">39°43′42″N 73°54′52″E / 39.72847°N 73.91437°E / 39.72847; 73.91437</a> </td> <td>3120m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Bezymyannyy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Bezymyannyy">Bezymyannyy Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Bezymyannyy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Bezymyannyy">Bezymyannyy Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.74686_N_73.89173_E_">39°44′49″N 73°53′30″E / 39.74686°N 73.89173°E / 39.74686; 73.89173</a> </td> <td>3306m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tupik" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tupik">Tupik Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tupik" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tupik">Tupik Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.74583_N_73.88416_E_">39°44′45″N 73°53′03″E / 39.74583°N 73.88416°E / 39.74583; 73.88416</a> </td> <td>3299m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Vorota_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Vorota (bergspass i Kina)">Vorota Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Vorota_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Vorota (bergspass i Kina)">Vorota Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.75665_N_73.86167_E_">39°45′24″N 73°51′42″E / 39.75665°N 73.86167°E / 39.75665; 73.86167</a> </td> <td>3604m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Il%27tyk" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Il'tyk">Il'tyk Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Il%27tyk" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Il'tyk">Il'tyk Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.7647_N_73.8388_E_">39°45′53″N 73°50′20″E / 39.7647°N 73.8388°E / 39.7647; 73.8388</a> </td> <td>3836m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kara-Bel%27_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kara-Bel' (bergspass i Kina)">Kara-Bel' Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kara-Bel%27_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kara-Bel' (bergspass i Kina)">Kara-Bel' Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.8652_N_73.89535_E_">39°51′55″N 73°53′43″E / 39.8652°N 73.89535°E / 39.8652; 73.89535</a> </td> <td>3863m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Ityk" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Ityk">Ityk Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Ityk" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Ityk">Ityk Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=39.9114_N_73.91068_E_">39°54′41″N 73°54′38″E / 39.9114°N 73.91068°E / 39.9114; 73.91068</a> </td> <td>4133m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Dungurama" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Dungurama">Dungurama Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Dungurama" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Dungurama">Dungurama Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.01417_N_73.96673_E_">40°00′51″N 73°58′00″E / 40.01417°N 73.96673°E / 40.01417; 73.96673</a> </td> <td>4067m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karachalsu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karachalsu">Karachalsu Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karachalsu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karachalsu">Karachalsu Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.04483_N_73.97866_E_">40°02′41″N 73°58′43″E / 40.04483°N 73.97866°E / 40.04483; 73.97866</a> </td> <td>4201m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Muzbel%27_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Muzbel' (bergspass i Kina)">Muzbel' Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Muzbel%27_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Muzbel' (bergspass i Kina)">Muzbel' Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.08405_N_74.01892_E_">40°05′03″N 74°01′08″E / 40.08405°N 74.01892°E / 40.08405; 74.01892</a> </td> <td>4507m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Achiktash" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Achiktash">Achiktash Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Achiktash" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Achiktash">Achiktash Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.0807_N_74.0658_E_">40°04′51″N 74°03′57″E / 40.0807°N 74.0658°E / 40.0807; 74.0658</a> </td> <td>4191m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kyz-Dar" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kyz-Dar">Kyz-Dar Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kyz-Dar" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kyz-Dar">Kyz-Dar Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.10652_N_74.11892_E_">40°06′23″N 74°07′08″E / 40.10652°N 74.11892°E / 40.10652; 74.11892</a> </td> <td>4246m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kurumdu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kurumdu">Kurumdu Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kurumdu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kurumdu">Kurumdu Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.11038_N_74.1286_E_">40°06′37″N 74°07′43″E / 40.11038°N 74.1286°E / 40.11038; 74.1286</a> </td> <td>4369m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tart-Kul%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tart-Kul'">Tart-Kul' Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tart-Kul%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tart-Kul'">Tart-Kul' Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.1134_N_74.2698_E_">40°06′48″N 74°16′11″E / 40.1134°N 74.2698°E / 40.1134; 74.2698</a> </td> <td>3786m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Shuralu-Davan" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Shuralu-Davan">Shuralu-Davan Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Shuralu-Davan" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Shuralu-Davan">Shuralu-Davan Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.26928_N_74.58181_E_">40°16′09″N 74°34′55″E / 40.26928°N 74.58181°E / 40.26928; 74.58181</a> </td> <td>3875m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tata" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tata">Tata Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tata" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tata">Tata Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.1359_N_74.4161_E_">40°08′09″N 74°24′58″E / 40.1359°N 74.4161°E / 40.1359; 74.4161</a> </td> <td>4036m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Sulyuktur" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Sulyuktur">Sulyuktur Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Sulyuktur" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Sulyuktur">Sulyuktur Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.08974_N_74.09467_E_">40°05′23″N 74°05′41″E / 40.08974°N 74.09467°E / 40.08974; 74.09467</a> </td> <td>4086m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Talgyy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Talgyy">Talgyy Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Talgyy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Talgyy">Talgyy Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.21973_N_74.5368_E_">40°13′11″N 74°32′12″E / 40.21973°N 74.5368°E / 40.21973; 74.5368</a> </td> <td>3672m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kalmak-Ashu_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kalmak-Ashu (bergspass i Kina)">Kalmak-Ashu Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kalmak-Ashu_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kalmak-Ashu (bergspass i Kina)">Kalmak-Ashu Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.28128_N_74.61626_E_">40°16′53″N 74°36′59″E / 40.28128°N 74.61626°E / 40.28128; 74.61626</a> </td> <td>3581m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tuz-Ashu_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tuz-Ashu (bergspass i Kina)">Tuz-Ashu Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tuz-Ashu_(bergspass_i_Kina)" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tuz-Ashu (bergspass i Kina)">Tuz-Ashu Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.27238_N_74.6524_E_">40°16′21″N 74°39′09″E / 40.27238°N 74.6524°E / 40.27238; 74.6524</a> </td> <td>3625m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Dzhetimashu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Dzhetimashu">Dzhetimashu Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Dzhetimashu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Dzhetimashu">Dzhetimashu Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.42097_N_74.81503_E_">40°25′15″N 74°48′54″E / 40.42097°N 74.81503°E / 40.42097; 74.81503</a> </td> <td>3838m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>苏约克山口 </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Borgun" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Borgun">Borgun Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.46778_N_74.81406_E_">40°28′04″N 74°48′51″E / 40.46778°N 74.81406°E / 40.46778; 74.81406</a> </td> <td>3945m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%90%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%95%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:吐尔尕特山口">吐尔尕特山口</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Torugart_Pass" title="Torugart Pass">Torugart Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.5517_N_75.3939_E_">40°33′06″N 75°23′38″E / 40.5517°N 75.3939°E / 40.5517; 75.3939</a> </td> <td>3752m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Uselek" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Uselek">Uselek Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Uselek" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Uselek">Uselek Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.63374_N_75.5207_E_">40°38′01″N 75°31′15″E / 40.63374°N 75.5207°E / 40.63374; 75.5207</a> </td> <td>3638m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Chokolay" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Chokolay">Chokolay Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Chokolay" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Chokolay">Chokolay Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.59985_N_75.62223_E_">40°35′59″N 75°37′20″E / 40.59985°N 75.62223°E / 40.59985; 75.62223</a> </td> <td>3841m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Saryiymek" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Saryiymek">Saryiymek Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Saryiymek" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Saryiymek">Saryiymek Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.47055_N_75.72222_E_">40°28′14″N 75°43′20″E / 40.47055°N 75.72222°E / 40.47055; 75.72222</a> </td> <td>3820m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Ortosu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Ortosu">Ortosu Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Ortosu" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Ortosu">Ortosu Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.3261_N_75.82059_E_">40°19′34″N 75°49′14″E / 40.3261°N 75.82059°E / 40.3261; 75.82059</a> </td> <td>3903m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Terekty" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Terekty">Terekty Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Terekty" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Terekty">Terekty Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.30978_N_75.85505_E_">40°18′35″N 75°51′18″E / 40.30978°N 75.85505°E / 40.30978; 75.85505</a> </td> <td>3908m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kurpe-Bel%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kurpe-Bel'">Kurpe-Bel' Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kurpe-Bel%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kurpe-Bel'">Kurpe-Bel' Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.37611_N_75.96578_E_">40°22′34″N 75°57′57″E / 40.37611°N 75.96578°E / 40.37611; 75.96578</a> </td> <td>3667m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Buzaygyr" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Buzaygyr">Buzaygyr Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Buzaygyr" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Buzaygyr">Buzaygyr Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.36648_N_76.00256_E_">40°21′59″N 76°00′09″E / 40.36648°N 76.00256°E / 40.36648; 76.00256</a> </td> <td>3783m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Khodzhent" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Khodzhent">Khodzhent Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Khodzhent" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Khodzhent">Khodzhent Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.41093_N_76.282_E_">40°24′39″N 76°16′55″E / 40.41093°N 76.282°E / 40.41093; 76.282</a> </td> <td>3955m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Yerteke" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Yerteke">Yerteke Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Yerteke" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Yerteke">Yerteke Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.34612_N_76.33113_E_">40°20′46″N 76°19′52″E / 40.34612°N 76.33113°E / 40.34612; 76.33113</a> </td> <td>3780m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tuyukkhodzhent" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tuyukkhodzhent">Tuyukkhodzhent Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tuyukkhodzhent" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tuyukkhodzhent">Tuyukkhodzhent Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.38185_N_76.36949_E_">40°22′55″N 76°22′10″E / 40.38185°N 76.36949°E / 40.38185; 76.36949</a> </td> <td>3780m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kurumduk" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kurumduk">Kurumduk Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Kurumduk" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Kurumduk">Kurumduk Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.41196_N_76.45904_E_">40°24′43″N 76°27′33″E / 40.41196°N 76.45904°E / 40.41196; 76.45904</a> </td> <td>3822m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karabel%27_Pervyy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karabel' Pervyy">Karabel' Pervyy Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karabel%27_Pervyy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karabel' Pervyy">Karabel' Pervyy Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.42914_N_76.50312_E_">40°25′45″N 76°30′11″E / 40.42914°N 76.50312°E / 40.42914; 76.50312</a> </td> <td>4091m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karabel%27_Vtoroy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karabel' Vtoroy">Karabel' Vtoroy Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Karabel%27_Vtoroy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Karabel' Vtoroy">Karabel' Vtoroy Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.47805_N_76.53704_E_">40°28′41″N 76°32′13″E / 40.47805°N 76.53704°E / 40.47805; 76.53704</a> </td> <td>4083m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Aksaybel%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Aksaybel'">Aksaybel' Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Aksaybel%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Aksaybel'">Aksaybel' Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.56114_N_76.56965_E_">40°33′40″N 76°34′11″E / 40.56114°N 76.56965°E / 40.56114; 76.56965</a> </td> <td>4186m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tuyukbel%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tuyukbel'">Tuyukbel' Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Tuyukbel%27" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Tuyukbel'">Tuyukbel' Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=40.64156_N_76.6497_E_">40°38′30″N 76°38′59″E / 40.64156°N 76.6497°E / 40.64156; 76.6497</a> </td> <td>4091m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E8%BF%AD%E9%87%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:别迭里山口">别迭里山口</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bedel_Pass" title="Bedel Pass">Bedel Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=41.4114_N_78.4131_E_">41°24′41″N 78°24′47″E / 41.4114°N 78.4131°E / 41.4114; 78.4131</a> </td> <td>4284m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Chonteren" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Chonteren">Chonteren Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Chonteren" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Chonteren">Chonteren Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=42.04934_N_80.21078_E_">42°02′58″N 80°12′39″E / 42.04934°N 80.21078°E / 42.04934; 80.21078</a> </td> <td>5331m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Bysokiy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Bysokiy">Bysokiy Pass</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereval_Bysokiy" class="extiw" title="sv:Pereval Bysokiy">Bysokiy Pass</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=42.07022_N_80.21003_E_">42°04′13″N 80°12′36″E / 42.07022°N 80.21003°E / 42.07022; 80.21003</a> </td> <td>5435m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E5%B8%82" class="extiw" title="zh:阿拉山口市">阿拉山口市</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=45.2_N_82.6_E_">45°12′N 82°36′E / 45.2°N 82.6°E / 45.2; 82.6</a> </td> <td>291m </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" />-<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Border </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> Xinjiang is geologically young. Collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates formed the Tian Shan, <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunlun Shan">Kunlun Shan</a>, and Pamir mountain ranges; said tectonics render it a very active earthquake zone. Older geological formations are located in the far north, where <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a> is geologically part of Kazakhstan, and in the east, where is part of the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China Craton</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_of_the_continent">Center of the continent</h3></div> Xinjiang has within its borders, in the <a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a>, the location in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> that is furthest from the sea in any direction (a <a href="/wiki/Continental_pole_of_inaccessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental pole of inaccessibility">continental pole of inaccessibility</a>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=46_16.8_N_86_40.2_E_type:landmark&title=Eurasian+pole+of+inaccessibility">46°16.8′N 86°40.2′E / 46.2800°N 86.6700°E / 46.2800; 86.6700 (Eurasian pole of inaccessibility)</a>. It is at least 2,647 km (1,645 mi) (straight-line distance) from any coastline. In 1992, local geographers determined another point within Xinjiang – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xinjiang&params=43_40_52_N_87_19_52_E_">43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E / 43.68111; 87.33111</a> in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_County" title="Ürümqi County">Ürümqi County</a> – to be the "center point of Asia". A <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Center_of_Asian_Continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical Center of Asian Continent">monument to this effect</a> was then erected there and the site has become a local tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-167">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers_and_lakes">Rivers and lakes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianchi_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tianchi_Lake.jpg/220px-Tianchi_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tianchi_Lake.jpg/330px-Tianchi_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tianchi_Lake.jpg/440px-Tianchi_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tianchi_Lake_(Tianshan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianchi Lake (Tianshan)">Tianchi Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColourfulBeach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ColourfulBeach.jpg/220px-ColourfulBeach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ColourfulBeach.jpg/330px-ColourfulBeach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ColourfulBeach.jpg/440px-ColourfulBeach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Black <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Burqin_County" title="Burqin County">Burqin County</a> is a famous spot for <a href="/wiki/Sightseeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sightseeing">sightseeing</a>.</figcaption></figure> Having hot summer and low precipitation, most of Xinjiang is <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a>. Its rivers either disappear in the desert, or terminate in salt lakes (within Xinjiang itself, or in neighboring Kazakhstan), instead of running towards an ocean. The northernmost part of the region, with the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh River</a> rising in the Altai Mountains, that flows (via Kazakhstan and Russia) toward the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, is the only exception. But even so, a significant part of the Irtysh's waters were artificially diverted via the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh%E2%80%93Karamay%E2%80%93%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_Canal" title="Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal">Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal</a> to the drier regions of southern Dzungarian Basin. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LakeKanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LakeKanas.jpg/220px-LakeKanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LakeKanas.jpg/330px-LakeKanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LakeKanas.jpg/440px-LakeKanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanas_Lake" title="Kanas Lake">Kanas Lake</a></figcaption></figure> Elsewhere, most of Xinjiang's rivers are comparatively short streams fed by the snows of the several ranges of the Tian Shan. Once they enter the populated areas in the mountains' foothills, their waters are extensively used for irrigation, so that the river often disappears in the desert instead of reaching the lake to whose basin it nominally belongs. This is the case even with the main river of the Tarim Basin, the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_River" title="Tarim River">Tarim</a>, which has been dammed at a number of locations along its course, and whose waters have been completely diverted before they can reach the <a href="/wiki/Lop_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Lop Lake">Lop Lake</a>. In the Dzungarian basin, a similar situation occurs with most rivers that historically flowed into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Manas">Lake Manas</a>. Some of the salt lakes, having lost much of their fresh water inflow, are now extensively use for the production of mineral salts (used e.g., in the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> fertilizers); this includes the Lop Lake and the Manas Lake. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deserts">Deserts</h3></div> Deserts include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a>, also known as Dzoosotoyn Elisen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a>, east of Taklamakan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> Due to water scarcity, most of Xinjiang's population lives within fairly narrow belts that are stretched along the foothills of the region's mountain ranges in areas conducive to irrigated agriculture. It is in these belts where most of the region's cities are found. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xinjiang_map.png/220px-Xinjiang_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xinjiang_map.png/330px-Xinjiang_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xinjiang_map.png/440px-Xinjiang_map.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Largest cities and towns of Xinjiang</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulja">Ghulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Xinjiang_Uygur_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (China) for 1991–2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Xinjiang_Uygur_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/419px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Xinjiang_Uygur_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="419" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Xinjiang_Uygur_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/629px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Xinjiang_Uygur_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Xinjiang_Uygur_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/838px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Xinjiang_Uygur_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> A semiarid or desert climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> BSk or BWk, respectively) prevails in Xinjiang. The entire region has great seasonal differences in temperature with cold winters. The Turpan Depression often records some of the hottest temperatures nationwide in summer,<a href="#cite_note-168">[152]</a> with air temperatures easily exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). Winter temperatures regularly fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) in the far north and highest mountain elevations. On 18 February 2024, a record low temperature for the region of −52.3 °C (−62.1 °F) was recorded.<a href="#cite_note-169">[153]</a> Continuous <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> is typically found in the Tian Shan starting at the elevation of about 3,500–3,700 m above sea level. Discontinuous <a href="/wiki/Alpine_permafrost" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine permafrost">alpine permafrost</a> usually occurs down to 2,700–3,300 m, but in certain locations, due to the peculiarity of the <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a> and the microclimate, it can be found at elevations as low as 2,000 m.<a href="#cite_note-170">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time">Time</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Time" title="Xinjiang Time">Xinjiang Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_in_China#Xinjiang" title="Time in China">Time in China § Xinjiang</a></div> Despite the province's easternmost point being more than 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) west of Beijing, Xinjiang, like the rest of China, is officially in the <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> time zone, known by residents as Beijing Time. Despite this, some residents, local organizations and governments observe <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+6">UTC+6</a> as the standard time and refer to this zone as <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Time" title="Xinjiang Time">Xinjiang Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[155]</a> Han people tend to use Beijing Time, while Uyghurs tend to use Xinjiang Time as a form of resistance to Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-Han-172">[156]</a> Time zones notwithstanding, most schools and businesses open and close two hours later than in the other regions of China.<a href="#cite_note-173">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">List of current Chinese provincial leaders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashgar_(23968353536).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kashgar_%2823968353536%29.jpg/220px-Kashgar_%2823968353536%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kashgar_%2823968353536%29.jpg/330px-Kashgar_%2823968353536%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kashgar_%2823968353536%29.jpg/440px-Kashgar_%2823968353536%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in Kashgar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"> <caption>Current leaders of the Xinjiang Regional Government </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width:25%"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/25px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/38px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/50px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> </th> <th style="width:25%"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/25px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/38px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/50px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a> </th> <th style="width:25%"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/25px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/38px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/50px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a> </th> <th style="width:25%"><a href="/wiki/File:Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_(CPPCC)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg/25px-Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg/37px-Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg/49px-Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_%28CPPCC%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="750" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Title </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">CCP Committee Secretary</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">People's Congress Chairwoman </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Chairman </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Xinjiang <a href="/wiki/CPPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="CPPCC">CPPCC</a> Chairman </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xingrui" title="Ma Xingrui">Ma Xingrui</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zumret_Obul" title="Zumret Obul">Zumret Obul</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erkin_Tuniyaz" title="Erkin Tuniyaz">Erkin Tuniyaz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nurlan_Abilmazhinuly" title="Nurlan Abilmazhinuly">Nurlan Abilmazhinuly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Born </th> <td>October 1959 (age 65) </td> <td>August 1959 (age 65) </td> <td>November 1961 (age 62–63) </td> <td>December 1962 (age 61) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Assumed office </th> <td>December 2021 </td> <td>January 2023 </td> <td>September 2021 </td> <td>January 2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> Like all <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">governing institutions in mainland China</a>, Xinjiang has a parallel party-government system. The <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Regional_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Committee of the CCP</a> acts as the top policy-formulation body, and exercises control over the Regional People's Government. The CCP Committee Secretary, generally a member of the Han ethnic group, outranks the Government Chairman, always an Uyghur. The Government Chairman typically serves as a Deputy Committee Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-:42-174">[158]</a> <dl><dt>Chairmen of the Xinjiang Government</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%9C.jpg/180px-%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%9C.jpg/270px-%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%9C.jpg/360px-%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erkin_Tuniyaz" title="Erkin Tuniyaz">Erkin Tuniyaz</a>, the incumbent Chairman of the Xinjiang Government</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>1949–1955: <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> (包尔汉·沙希迪; بۇرھان شەھىدى)</li> <li>1955–1967: <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a> (赛福鼎·艾则孜; سەيپىدىن ئەزىزى)</li> <li>1968–1972: <a href="/wiki/Long_Shujin" title="Long Shujin">Long Shujin</a> (龙书金)</li> <li>1972–1978: <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a> (赛福鼎·艾则孜; سەيپىدىن ئەزىزى)</li> <li>1978–1979: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Feng_(politician)" title="Wang Feng (politician)">Wang Feng</a> (汪锋)</li> <li>1979–1985: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a> (司马义·艾买提; ئىسمائىل ئەھمەد)</li> <li>1985–1993: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCr_Dawamat" title="Tömür Dawamat">Tömür Dawamat</a> (铁木尔·达瓦买提; تۆمۈر داۋامەت)</li> <li>1993–2003: <a href="/wiki/Ablet_Abdureshit" title="Ablet Abdureshit">Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit</a> (阿不来提·阿不都热西提; ئابلەت ئابدۇرىشىت)</li> <li>2003–2007: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Tiliwaldi" title="Ismail Tiliwaldi">Ismail Tiliwaldi</a> (司马义·铁力瓦尔地; ئىسمائىل تىلىۋالدى)</li> <li>2007–2015: <a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a> (努尔·白克力; نۇر بەكرى)</li> <li>2015–2021: <a href="/wiki/Shohrat_Zakir" title="Shohrat Zakir">Shohrat Zakir</a> (雪克来提·扎克尔; شۆھرەت زاكىر)</li> <li>Since 2021: <a href="/wiki/Erkin_Tuniyaz" title="Erkin Tuniyaz">Erkin Tuniyaz</a> (艾尔肯·吐尼亚孜; ئەركىن تۇنىياز)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</h3></div> Xinjiang maintains the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), an economic and paramilitary organization administered by the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It plays a critical role in the region's economy, owning or being otherwise connected to many companies in the region as well as dominating Xinjiang's agricultural output.<a href="#cite_note-:3-175">[159]</a> It additionally directly administers cities throughout Xinjiang, mainly concentrated in the northern parts. It is headed by the CCP secretary of Xinjiang, while the CCP secretary of the XPCC is considered the second most powerful person in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:3-175">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty_alleviation_programs">Poverty alleviation programs</h3></div> Local governments in Xinjiang seek to address ethnic tensions in the region through <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">poverty alleviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistributive</a> programs.<a href="#cite_note-:13-176">[160]</a>: 189  These efforts include working with state-owned enterprises and private enterprises in the mining sector.<a href="#cite_note-:13-176">[160]</a>: 189  For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Targeted_Poverty_Alleviation" title="Targeted Poverty Alleviation">Targeted Poverty Alleviation Campaign</a>, officials paired 1,000 villages with 1,000 enterprises for economic development projects.<a href="#cite_note-:13-176">[160]</a>: 189  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_abuses">Human rights abuses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has documented the denial of due legal process and fair trials and failure to hold genuinely open trials as mandated by law e.g. to suspects arrested following ethnic violence in the city of Ürümqi's 2009 riots.<a href="#cite_note-177">[161]</a> The Chinese government, under Chinese Communist Party general secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Jinping's administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[27]</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism</a> in 2014, which involved mass detention and surveillance of ethnic Uyghurs there;<a href="#cite_note-178">[162]</a> the program was massively expanded by Chen Quanguo when he was appointed as CCP Xinjiang secretary in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:52-179">[163]</a> The campaign included the detainment of 1.8 million people in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment camps</a>, mostly Uyghurs, but also including other ethnic and religious minorities, by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:52-179">[163]</a> An October 2018 <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">exposé</a> by <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> claimed, based on analysis of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> collected over time, that hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs were likely interned in the camps, and they are rapidly being expanded.<a href="#cite_note-180">[164]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a> reported that "hundreds" of writers, artists, and academics had been imprisoned in (what the magazine qualified as) an attempt to "punish any form of religious or cultural expression" among Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-181">[165]</a> China has also been accused of targeting Muslim religious figures, Mosques and tombs in the region. <a href="#cite_note-182">[166]</a> This program has been called a genocide by some observers, while <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Office_report_on_Xinjiang" title="UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang">a report</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN Human Rights Office</a> said they may amount to crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-183">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[168]</a> On 28 June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> published a report which stated the Chinese government was taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in Xinjiang, even as it encouraged some of the country's Han majority to have more children.<a href="#cite_note-AP's_global_investigative_team-185">[169]</a> While individual women have spoken out before about forced birth control, the practice was far more widespread and systematic than previously known, according to an AP investigation based on government statistics, state documents and interviews with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former detention camp instructor. The campaign over the past four years in Xinjiang has been labeled by some experts as a form of "demographic genocide."<a href="#cite_note-AP's_global_investigative_team-185">[169]</a> The allegation of Uyghur birth rates being lower than those of Han Chinese have been disputed by pundits from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Observer" title="Pakistan Observer">Pakistan Observer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)" title="Antara (news agency)">Antara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:32-187">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detik.com" title="Detik.com">Detik.com</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Turkestan_independence_movement">East Turkestan independence movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kokbayraq_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kokbayraq_flag.svg/220px-Kokbayraq_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kokbayraq_flag.svg/330px-Kokbayraq_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kokbayraq_flag.svg/440px-Kokbayraq_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Turkestan" title="Flag of East Turkestan">Kök Bayraq</a> has become a symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement.</figcaption></figure> Some factions in Xinjiang, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur nationalists</a>, advocate establishing an independent country named <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a> (also sometimes called "Uyghuristan"),<a href="#cite_note-189">[173]</a> which has led to tension, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">conflict</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[174]</a> and ethnic strife in the region.<a href="#cite_note-191">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[177]</a> Autonomous regions in China do not have a legal right to secede, and each one is considered to be an "inseparable part of the People's Republic of China" by the government.<a href="#cite_note-194">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[179]</a> The separatist movement claims that the region is not part of China, but was invaded by the CCP in 1949 and has been under occupation since then. The Chinese government asserts that the region has been part of China since ancient times,<a href="#cite_note-196">[180]</a> and has engaged in "strike hard" campaigns targeted at separatists.<a href="#cite_note-:5-197">[181]</a> The movement has been supported by both militant Islamic extremist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[182]</a> as well as advocacy groups with no connection to extremist groups. According to the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, the two main sources for <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> in the Xinjiang Province are religion and ethnicity. Religiously, the most Uyghur peoples of Xinjiang follow <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; in the rest of China, many are Buddhist, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a>, although many follow Islam as well, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> ethnic subgroup of the Han ethnicity, comprising some 10 million people. Thus, the major difference and source of friction with eastern China is ethnicity and religious doctrinal differences that differentiate them politically from other Muslim minorities elsewhere in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:5-197">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="eeeeee"> <th align="center" colspan="2">Development of GDP </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="eeeeee"> <td>Year </td> <td align="right">GDP in billions of Yuan </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td align="right">82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td align="right">136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td align="right">260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td align="right">544 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td align="right">932 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td align="right">1,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source:<a href="#cite_note-data1995-2019-199">[183]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP.jpg/220px-%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP.jpg/330px-%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP.jpg/440px-%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption>The distribution map of Xinjiang's GDP per person (2011)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urumq_city_ZT_plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Urumq_city_ZT_plaza.jpg/220px-Urumq_city_ZT_plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Urumq_city_ZT_plaza.jpg/330px-Urumq_city_ZT_plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Urumq_city_ZT_plaza.jpg/440px-Urumq_city_ZT_plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Ürümqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_farm_xinjiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wind_farm_xinjiang.jpg/220px-Wind_farm_xinjiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wind_farm_xinjiang.jpg/330px-Wind_farm_xinjiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wind_farm_xinjiang.jpg/440px-Wind_farm_xinjiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> in Xinjiang</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg/220px-Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg/330px-Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg/440px-Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sunday market in <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Khotan</a></figcaption></figure> The GDP of Xinjiang was about <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a>1.774 trillion (US$263 billion) as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-data2022-200">[184]</a> Economic growth has been fueled by to discovery of the abundant reserves of coal, oil, gas as well as the <a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a> policy introduced by the State Council to boost economic development in Western China.<a href="#cite_note-thechinaperspective.com2-201">[185]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">per capita GDP</a> for 2022 was CN¥68,552 (US$10,191). Southern Xinjiang, with 95 percent non-Han population, has an average per capita income half that of Xinjiang as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-data2022-200">[184]</a> XPCC plays an outsized role in Xinjiang's economy, with the organization producing <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥350 billion</a> (US$52 billion), or around 19.7% of Xinjiang's economy, while the per capita GDP was CN¥98,748 (US$14,680).<a href="#cite_note-:6-202">[186]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In general, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">China's autonomous regions</a> have some of the highest per capita government spending <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a> and services.<a href="#cite_note-:022-203">[187]</a>: 366  Providing public goods and services in these areas is part of a government effort to reduce regional inequalities, reduce what the government views as a risk of separatism, and stimulate economic development.<a href="#cite_note-:022-203">[187]</a>: 366  Economic development of Xinjiang is a priority for China.<a href="#cite_note-:2-204">[188]</a> As of at least 2019, Xinjiang is among the regions of China with the highest total per capita government expenditure, including on <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_China" title="Healthcare in China">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_China" title="Social security in China">social security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-203">[187]</a>: 367–369  In 1997, the 26,000 km Uzbek-Kyrgyz-Chinese highway became operational.<a href="#cite_note-:Sun-59">[57]</a>: 150  In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Turpan%E2%80%93%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi%E2%80%93Dahuangshan_Expressway" title="Turpan–Ürümqi–Dahuangshan Expressway">Turpan–Ürümqi–Dahuangshan Expressway</a> was completed, linking several key areas in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-:Sun-59">[57]</a>: 150  In 2000, the government articulated its strategy for developing the <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">western regions</a> of the country, and that plan made Xinjiang a major focus.<a href="#cite_note-:2-204">[188]</a> Accelerating development in Xinjiang is intended by China to achieve a number of objectives, including narrowing the economic gap between Xinjiang and the more developed eastern provinces, as well as alleviating political discontent and security problems by alleviating poverty and raising the standard of living in order to increase stability.<a href="#cite_note-:2-204">[188]</a> From 2014 to 2020, fiscal transfers from China's central government to Xinjiang grew by an average of 10.4% per year.<a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-205">[189]</a>: 110  In July 2010, <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a> outlet <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a> reported that: <blockquote>Local governments in China's 19 provinces and <a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">municipalities</a>, including Beijing, Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, Zhejiang and <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, are engaged in the commitment of "pairing assistance" support projects in Xinjiang to promote the development of agriculture, industry, technology, education and health services in the region.<a href="#cite_note-leapfrog_development-206">[190]</a></blockquote> Xinjiang has traditionally been an agricultural region, but is also rich in <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>. Xinjiang is a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panel</a> components due to its large production of the base material <a href="/wiki/Polysilicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysilicon">polysilicon</a>. In 2020 45 percent of global production of solar-grade polysilicon occurred in Xinjiang. Concerns have been raised both within the solar industry and outside it that forced labor may occur in the Xinjiang part of the supply chain.<a href="#cite_note-207">[191]</a> The global solar panel industry are under pressure to move sourcing away from the region due to human rights and liability concerns.<a href="#cite_note-208">[192]</a> China's solar association claimed the allegations were baseless and unfairly stigmatized firms with operations there.<a href="#cite_note-209">[193]</a> A 2021 investigation in the United Kingdom found that 40 percent of solar farms in the UK had been built using panels from Chinese companies linked to forced labor in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-210">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fishing">Agriculture and fishing</h3></div> Main area is of irrigated agriculture. By 2015, the agricultural land area of the region is 631 thousand km2 or 63.1 million ha, of which 6.1 million ha is arable land.<a href="#cite_note-211">[195]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In 2016, the total cultivated land rose to 6.2 million ha, with the crop production reaching 15.1 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-212">[196]</a> Agriculture in Xinjiang is dominated by the XPCC, which employs a majority of the organization's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-213">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> was the main staple crop of the region, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> grown as well, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> found in the south, while only a few areas (in particular, Aksu) grew <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann2008112–113-214">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> became an important crop in several oases, notably Hotan, <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a> and Turpan by the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann2008112–113-214">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> is also practiced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann2008152-215">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Xinjiang cotton industry</a> is the world's largest cotton exporter, producing 84 percent of Chinese cotton while the country provides 26 percent of global cotton export.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_boycott-216">[200]</a> Xinjiang also produces <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a> and pepper pigments used in cosmetics such lipstick for export.<a href="#cite_note-217">[201]</a> Xinjiang is famous for its tomatoes, grapes and melons, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hami_melon" title="Hami melon">Hami melons</a> and Turpan <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-218">[202]</a> The region is a leading source for <a href="/wiki/Tomato_paste" title="Tomato paste">tomato paste</a>, which it supplies for international brands.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_boycott-216">[200]</a> The main livestock of the region have traditionally been sheep. Much of the region's pasture land is in its northern part, where more precipitation is available,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200837-219">[203]</a> but there are mountain pastures throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-220">[204]</a>: 29  Due to the lack of access to the ocean and limited amount of inland water, Xinjiang's fish resources are somewhat limited. Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of fishing in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ulungur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Ulungur">Lake Ulungur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bosten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Bosten">Lake Bosten</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh River</a>. A large number of fish ponds have been constructed since the 1970s, their total surface exceeding 10,000 hectares by the 1990s. In 2000, the total of 58,835 tons of fish was produced in Xinjiang, 85 percent of which came from <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">aquaculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[205]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The Sayram Lake is both the largest alpine lake and highest altitude lake in Xinjiang, and is the location of a major cold-water fishery.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Originally Sayram had no fish but in 1998, <a href="/wiki/Peled_(fish)" title="Peled (fish)">northern whitefish</a> (Coregonus peled) from Russia were introduced and investment in breeding infrastructure and technology has consequently made Sayram into the country's largest exporter of northern whitefish with an annual output of over 400 metric tons.<a href="#cite_note-222">[206]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_and_minerals">Mining and minerals</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_China" title="Mining industry of China">Mining-related industries</a> are a major part of Xinjiang's economy.<a href="#cite_note-:13-176">[160]</a>: 23  Xinjiang was known for producing salt, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>, gold, and <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesny1899386-223">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Lake</a> was once a large brackish lake during the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> but has slowly dried up in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> where average annual precipitation in the area has declined to just 31.2 millimeters (1.2 inches), and experiences annual evaporation rate of 2,901 millimeters (114 inches). The area is rich in brine <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, a key ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> and is the second-largest source of potash in the country. Discovery of potash in the mid-1990s, has transformed Lop Nur into a major potash mining industry.<a href="#cite_note-224">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">oil and gas extraction industry</a> in Aksu and Karamay is growing, with the <a href="/wiki/West%E2%80%93East_Gas_Pipeline" title="West–East Gas Pipeline">West–East Gas Pipeline</a> linking to Shanghai. The oil and petrochemical sector get up to 60 percent of Xinjiang's economy.<a href="#cite_note-225">[209]</a> The region contains over a fifth of China's hydrocarbon resources and has the highest concentration of fossil fuel reserves of any region in the country.<a href="#cite_note-226">[210]</a> The region is rich in coal and contains 40 percent of the country's coal reserves or around 2.2 trillion tonnes, which is enough to supply China's thermal coal demand for more than 100 years even if only 15 percent of the estimated coal reserve prove recoverable.<a href="#cite_note-227">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[212]</a> Tarim basin is the largest oil and gas bearing area in the country with about 16 billion tonnes of oil and gas reserves discovered.<a href="#cite_note-229">[213]</a> The area is still actively explored and in 2021, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> found a new oil field reserve of 1 billion tons (about 907 million tonnes). That find is regarded as being the largest one in recent decades. As of 2021, the basin produces hydrocarbons at an annual rate of 2 million tons, up from 1.52 million tons from 2020.<a href="#cite_note-230">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dabei_gas_field" title="Dabei gas field">Dabei gas field</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dina-2_gas_field" title="Dina-2 gas field">Dina-2 gas field</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_trade">Foreign trade</h3></div> Trade with Central Asian countries is crucial to Xinjiang's economy.<a href="#cite_note-231">[215]</a> Most of the overall import/export volume in Xinjiang was directed to and from Kazakhstan through Ala Pass. China's first border <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade zone">free trade zone</a> (Horgos Free Trade Zone) was located at the Xinjiang-Kazakhstan border city of Horgos.<a href="#cite_note-232">[216]</a> Horgos is the largest "land port" in China's western region and it has easy access to the Central Asian market. Xinjiang also opened its second border trade market to Kazakhstan in March 2006, the Jeminay Border Trade Zone.<a href="#cite_note-233">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> is a major importer of Xinjiang cotton.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-234">[218]</a>: 45  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones">Economic and Technological Development Zones</h3></div> <ul><li>Bole Border Economic Cooperation Area<a href="#cite_note-235">[219]</a></li> <li>Shihezi Border Economic Cooperation Area<a href="#cite_note-236">[220]</a></li> <li>Tacheng Border Economic Cooperation Area<a href="#cite_note-237">[221]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Xinjiang_Airlines_Boeing_757-200_Newton-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/China_Xinjiang_Airlines_Boeing_757-200_Newton-1.jpg/220px-China_Xinjiang_Airlines_Boeing_757-200_Newton-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/China_Xinjiang_Airlines_Boeing_757-200_Newton-1.jpg/330px-China_Xinjiang_Airlines_Boeing_757-200_Newton-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/China_Xinjiang_Airlines_Boeing_757-200_Newton-1.jpg/440px-China_Xinjiang_Airlines_Boeing_757-200_Newton-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_Diwopu_International_Airport" title="Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport">Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Ürümqi Economic & Technological Development Zone is northwest of Ürümqi. It was approved in 1994 by the State Council as a national level economic and technological development zones. It is 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the Ürümqi International Airport, 2 km (1.2 mi) from the North Railway Station and 10 km (6.2 mi) from the city center. Wu Chang Expressway and 312 National Road passes through the zone. The development has unique resources and geographical advantages. Xinjiang's vast land, rich in resources, borders eight countries. As the leading economic zone, it brings together the resources of Xinjiang's industrial development, capital, technology, information, personnel and other factors of production.<a href="#cite_note-238">[222]</a></li> <li>Ürümqi Export Processing Zone is in Urumuqi Economic and Technology Development Zone. It was established in 2007 as a state-level export processing zone.<a href="#cite_note-239">[223]</a></li> <li>Ürümqi New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992 and it is the only high-tech development zone in Xinjiang, China. There are more than 3470 enterprises in the zone, of which 23 are Fortune 500 companies. It has a planned area of 9.8 km2 (3.8 sq mi) and it is divided into four zones. There are plans to expand the zone.<a href="#cite_note-240">[224]</a></li> <li>Yining Border Economic Cooperation Area<a href="#cite_note-241">[225]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Xinjiang" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang">List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AXinjiang&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+27+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Xinjiang">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (December 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Networking_Transmission_Limited" title="Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited">Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/Urumqi_People%27s_Broadcasting_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi People's Broadcasting Station">Urumqi People's Broadcasting Station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_People%27s_Broadcasting_Station" title="Xinjiang People's Broadcasting Station">Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station</a>, broadcasting in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, Uyghur, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>. In 1995<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 50 minority-language newspapers published in Xinjiang, including the <a href="/wiki/Qapqal_News" title="Qapqal News">Qapqal News</a>, the world's only <a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe language</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-Xinhua1995-242">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Economic_Daily" title="Xinjiang Economic Daily">Xinjiang Economic Daily</a> is considered one of China's most dynamic newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-243">[227]</a> For a time after the <a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 riots</a>, authorities placed restrictions on the internet and <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, gradually permitting access to state-controlled websites like <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[228]</a> until restoring Internet to the same level as the rest of China on 14 May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-245">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyghur_language_geographical_extent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Uyghur_language_geographical_extent.svg/220px-Uyghur_language_geographical_extent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Uyghur_language_geographical_extent.svg/330px-Uyghur_language_geographical_extent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Uyghur_language_geographical_extent.svg/440px-Uyghur_language_geographical_extent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1912<a href="#cite_note-248">[232]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,098,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1928<a href="#cite_note-249">[233]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,552,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936–37<a href="#cite_note-250">[234]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,360,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+70.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1947<a href="#cite_note-251">[235]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,047,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1954<a href="#cite_note-census1954-252">[236]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,873,608</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1964<a href="#cite_note-census1964-253">[237]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,270,067</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+49.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982<a href="#cite_note-census1982-254">[238]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,081,681</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+79.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990<a href="#cite_note-census1990-255">[239]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,155,778</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000<a href="#cite_note-census2000-256">[240]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,459,511</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010<a href="#cite_note-census2010-257">[241]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">21,813,334</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020<a href="#cite_note-258">[242]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,852,345</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.5%</td></tr></tbody></table> The earliest Tarim mummies, dated to 1800 BC, are of a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> physical type.<a href="#cite_note-259">[243]</a> East Asian migrants arrived in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin about 3000 years ago and the Uyghur peoples appeared after the collapse of the Orkhon Uyghur Kingdom, based in modern-day Mongolia, around 842 AD.<a href="#cite_note-260">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[245]</a> The Islamization of Xinjiang started around 1000 AD. Xinjiang Muslim <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> contain Uyghurs, Kazaks, Kyrgyz, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>; Muslim <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> comprise Tajiks, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Sarikolis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a> (often conflated as Tajiks); Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> peoples are such as the Hui. Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">ethnic groups</a> in the region are Hans, Mongols (Oirats, <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiangs</a>), Russians, <a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Xibes</a>, Manchus. Around 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russian</a> immigrants were living in Xinjiang in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-262">[246]</a> The Han Chinese of Xinjiang arrived at different times from different directions and social backgrounds. There are now descendants of criminals and officials who had been exiled from China during the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries; descendants of families of military and civil officers from <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, Yunnan, Gansu and Manchuria; descendants of merchants from <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, Tianjin, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and Hunan; and descendants of peasants who started immigrating into the region in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200851–52-263">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_language_areas_of_Xinjiang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Map_of_language_areas_of_Xinjiang.png/220px-Map_of_language_areas_of_Xinjiang.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Map_of_language_areas_of_Xinjiang.png/330px-Map_of_language_areas_of_Xinjiang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Map_of_language_areas_of_Xinjiang.png/440px-Map_of_language_areas_of_Xinjiang.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>The languages of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyghur-redhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Uyghur-redhead.jpg/170px-Uyghur-redhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Uyghur-redhead.jpg/255px-Uyghur-redhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Uyghur-redhead.jpg/340px-Uyghur-redhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Uyghur girl in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_County-Level_Ethnicity_Map_(2018_data).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xinjiang_County-Level_Ethnicity_Map_%282018_data%29.svg/220px-Xinjiang_County-Level_Ethnicity_Map_%282018_data%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xinjiang_County-Level_Ethnicity_Map_%282018_data%29.svg/330px-Xinjiang_County-Level_Ethnicity_Map_%282018_data%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xinjiang_County-Level_Ethnicity_Map_%282018_data%29.svg/440px-Xinjiang_County-Level_Ethnicity_Map_%282018_data%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6397" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/County-level_division" class="mw-redirect" title="County-level division">County-level</a> ethnicity map of Xinjiang as of 2018</figcaption></figure> Some Uyghur scholars claim descent from both the Turkic Uyghurs and the pre-Turkic Tocharians (or Tokharians, whose language was Indo-European); also, Uyghurs often have relatively-fair skin, hair and eyes and other Caucasoid physical traits. In 2002, there were 9,632,600 males (growth rate of 1.0 percent) and 9,419,300 females (growth rate of 2.2 percent). The population overall growth rate was 1.09 percent, with 1.63 percent of <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> and 0.54 percent <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg/220px-Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg/330px-Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg/440px-Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Three Uyghur girls at a Sunday market in the oasis city <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Qing began a <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">process of settling Han, Hui, and Uyghur settlers into Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria) in the 18th century</a>. At the start of the 19th century, 40 years after the Qing reconquest, there were around 155,000 Han and Hui Chinese in northern Xinjiang and somewhat more than twice that number of Uyghurs in Southern Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007306-264">[248]</a> A census of Xinjiang under Qing rule in the early 19th century tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 30 percent Han and 60 percent Turkic and it dramatically shifted to 6 percent Han and 75 percent Uyghur in the 1953 census. However, a situation similar to the Qing era's demographics with a large number of Han had been restored by 2000, with 40.57 percent Han and 45.21 percent Uyghur.<a href="#cite_note-ddx-265">[249]</a> Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGXj4a3gss8wCpgPA243_243]-266">[250]</a> Before 1831, only a few hundred Chinese merchants lived in Southern Xinjiang oases (Tarim Basin), and only a few Uyghurs lived in Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007104-267">[251]</a> After 1831, the Qing encouraged Han Chinese migration into the Tarim Basin, in southern Xinjiang, but with very little success, and permanent troops were stationed on the land there as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007105-268">[252]</a> Political killings and expulsions of non-Uyghur populations during the uprisings in the 1860s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007105-268">[252]</a> and the 1930s saw them experience a sharp decline as a percentage of the total population<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200852-269">[253]</a> though they rose once again in the periods of stability from 1880, which saw Xinjiang increase its population from 1.2 million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesny1896272-270">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesny1899485-271">[255]</a> to 1949. From a low of 7 percent in 1953, the Han began to return to Xinjiang between then and 1964, where they comprised 33 percent of the population (54 percent Uyghur), like in Qing times. A decade later, at the beginning of the Chinese economic reform in 1978, the demographic balance was 46 percent Uyghur and 40 percent Han,<a href="#cite_note-ddx-265">[249]</a> which did not change drastically until the 2000 Census, when the Uyghur population had reduced to 42 percent.<a href="#cite_note-hrwb-272">[256]</a> In 2010, the population of Xinjiang was 45.84 percent Uyghur and 40.48 percent Han. The 2020 Census showed the share of the Uyghur population decline slightly to 44.96 percent, and the Han population rise to 42.24 percent<a href="#cite_note-273">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[258]</a> Military personnel are not counted and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">national minorities</a> are undercounted in the Chinese census, as in some other censuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGXj4a3gss8wCpgPA242_242]-275">[259]</a> 3.6 million people reside in XPCC administered areas, around 14 percent of Xinjiang's population.<a href="#cite_note-:6-202">[186]</a> While some of the shift has been attributed to an increased Han presence,<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-19">[18]</a> Uyghurs have also emigrated to other parts of China, where their numbers have increased steadily. Uyghur independence activists express concern over the Han population changing the Uyghur character of the region though the Han and Hui Chinese mostly live in Northern Xinjiang Dzungaria and are separated from areas of historic Uyghur dominance south of the Tian Shan mountains (Southwestern Xinjiang), where Uyghurs account for about 90 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Departmentof-276">[260]</a> In general, Uyghurs are the majority in Southwestern Xinjiang, including the prefectures of Kashgar, Khotan, <a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu</a> and Aksu (about 80 percent of Xinjiang's Uyghurs live in those four prefectures) as well as <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan Prefecture</a>, in Eastern Xinjiang. The Han are the majority in Eastern and Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria), including the cities of Ürümqi, <a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a> and the prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changjyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayin'gholin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a> (especially the cities of <a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuitun</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Kumul</a>. Kazakhs are mostly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Prefecture</a> in Northern Xinjiang. Kazakhs are the majority in the northernmost part of Xinjiang. <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Ethnic groups in Xinjiang </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">2020 Chinese census<a href="#cite_note-277">[261]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Nationality</a></th> <th>Population</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></td> <td>11,624,257</td> <td>44.96 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></td> <td>10,920,098</td> <td>42.24 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a></td> <td>1,539,636</td> <td>5.96 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></td> <td>1,102,928</td> <td>4.27 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kirghiz</a></td> <td>199,264</td> <td>0.77 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Mongols</a></td> <td>169,143</td> <td>0.65 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a></td> <td>72,036</td> <td>0.28 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks</a></td> <td>50,238</td> <td>0.19 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Xibe</a></td> <td>34,105</td> <td>0.13 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></td> <td>20,915</td> <td>0.080 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></td> <td>15,787</td> <td>0.086 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></td> <td>18,276</td> <td>0.071 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a></td> <td>12,301</td> <td>0.048 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></td> <td>12,220</td> <td>0.047 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russian</a></td> <td>8,024</td> <td>0.031 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></td> <td>7,752</td> <td>0.030 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></td> <td>5,727</td> <td>0.022 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></td> <td>5,447</td> <td>0.021 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatar</a></td> <td>5,183</td> <td>0.024 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Tu</a></td> <td>3,827</td> <td>0.015 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></td> <td>3,266</td> <td>0.013 percent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Other</td> <td>11,764</td> <td>0.046 percent </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: center;" colspan="5">Major ethnic groups in Xinjiang by region (2018 data)<a href="#cite_note-278">[I]</a> P = Prefecture; AP = Autonomous prefecture; PLC = Prefecture-level city; DACLC = Directly administered county-level city.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[262]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(%)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(%)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(%)</th> <th>others <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Xinjiang</td> <td>51.14</td> <td>34.41</td> <td>6.90</td> <td>7.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> PLC</td> <td>12.85</td> <td>71.21 </td> <td>2.77</td> <td>13.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a> PLC</td> <td>15.59</td> <td>74.67</td> <td>4.05</td> <td>5.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan Prefecture</a></td> <td>76.96</td> <td>16.84</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>6.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hami_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami Prefecture">Kumul Prefecture</a></td> <td>20.01</td> <td>65.49</td> <td>10.04</td> <td>4.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji AP</a></td> <td>4.89</td> <td>72.28</td> <td>10.34</td> <td>12.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rtala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala AP</a></td> <td>14.76</td> <td>63.27</td> <td>10.41</td> <td>11.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bayin%27gholin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayin'gholin AP</a></td> <td>36.38</td> <td>53.31</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>10.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a></td> <td>80.08</td> <td>18.56</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>1.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kirgiz_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu AP</a></td> <td>66.24</td> <td>6.29</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>27.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar Prefecture</a></td> <td>92.56</td> <td>6.01</td> <td>< 0.005</td> <td>1.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan Prefecture</a></td> <td>96.96</td> <td>2.85</td> <td>< 0.005</td> <td>0.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili AP</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[c]</a></td> <td>17.95</td> <td>40.09</td> <td>27.16</td> <td>14.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">– former Ili Prefecture</td> <td>26.30</td> <td>35.21</td> <td>21.57</td> <td>16.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">– <a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a></td> <td>4.25</td> <td>54.66</td> <td>26.66</td> <td>14.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">– <a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a></td> <td>1.42</td> <td>39.85</td> <td>52.76</td> <td>5.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a> DACLC</td> <td>1.09</td> <td>94.13</td> <td>0.63</td> <td>4.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a> DACLC</td> <td>3.66</td> <td>91.96</td> <td>< 0.005</td> <td>4.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tumushuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumushuke">Tumushuke</a> DACLC</td> <td>67.49</td> <td>31.73</td> <td>< 0.005</td> <td>0.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a> DACLC</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>96.29</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>3.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a> DACLC</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>95.96</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>3.97 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Does not include members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> in active service. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<a href="#cite_note-281">[263]</a> </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Live births </th> <th>Deaths </th> <th>Natural change </th> <th>Crude birth rate (per 1000) </th> <th>Crude death rate (per 1000) </th> <th>Natural change (per 1000) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>22,090,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>14.99</td> <td>4.42</td> <td>10.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>22,330,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>15.32</td> <td>4.48</td> <td>10.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>22,640,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>15.84</td> <td>4.92</td> <td>10.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>22,980,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>16.44</td> <td>4.97</td> <td>11.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>23,600,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>15.59</td> <td>4.51</td> <td>11.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>23,980,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>15.34</td> <td>4.26</td> <td>11.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>24,450,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>15.88</td> <td>4.48</td> <td>11.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>24,870,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>10.69</td> <td>4.56</td> <td>6.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>25,230,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>8.14</td> <td>4.45</td> <td>3.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>25,852,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>7.01</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>25,890,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>6.16</td> <td>5.60</td> <td>0.56<a href="#cite_note-282">[264]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DodgerBlue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 137.63819204712px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:48.175367410172px 87.630668004386px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Xinjiang (around 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> (9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> The major religions in Xinjiang are <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a>, practiced largely by Uyghurs and the Hui Chinese minority, as well as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religions</a>, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, practiced essentially by the Han Chinese. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Xinjiang" title="Christianity in Xinjiang">Christianity in Xinjiang</a> is practiced by 1 percent of the population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-283">[265]</a> According to a demographic analysis of the year 2010, Muslims formed 58 percent of the province's population.<a href="#cite_note-2010-Islam-284">[266]</a> In 1950, there were 29,000 mosques and 54,000 imams in Xinjiang, which fell to 14,000 mosques and 29,000 imams by 1966. Following the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, there were only about 1,400 remaining mosques. By the mid-1980's, the number of mosques had returned to 1950 levels.<a href="#cite_note-seymour-285">[267]</a> According to a 2020 report by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a>, since 2017, Chinese authorities have destroyed or damaged 16,000 mosques in Xinjiang – 65 percent of the region's total.<a href="#cite_note-286">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[269]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/DeWereldMorgen" title="DeWereldMorgen">DeWereldMorgen</a> report in March 2024, there are more than 100 Islamic associations in Xinjiang where imams have lessons in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, Arabic and Mandarin.<a href="#cite_note-:22-218">[202]</a> A majority of the Uyghur Muslims adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of jurisprudence or <a href="/wiki/Madhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhab">madhab</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A minority of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a>, almost exclusively of the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Ismaili</a> (Seveners) rites are located in the higher mountains of Tajik and Tian Shan. In the western mountains (the Tajiks), almost the entire population of Tajiks (Sarikolis and Wakhis), are Nizari <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili Shia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-19">[18]</a> In the north, in the Tian Shan, the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz are Sunni. <a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Afaq Khoja Mausoleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a> in Kashgar are most important Islamic Xinjiang sites. <a href="/wiki/Emin_Minaret" title="Emin Minaret">Emin Minaret</a> in Turfan is a key Islamic site. <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a> is a notable Buddhist site. In <a href="/wiki/Awat_County" title="Awat County">Awat County</a> also lies a huge park with a statue of Turkish-Muslim philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nasreddin" title="Nasreddin">Nasreddin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> Xinjiang is home to the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Flying_Tigers" title="Xinjiang Flying Tigers">Xinjiang Flying Tigers</a> professional basketball team of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Basketball_Association" title="Chinese Basketball Association">Chinese Basketball Association</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Tianshan_Leopard_F.C." title="Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C.">Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C.</a>, a football team that plays in <a href="/wiki/China_League_One" title="China League One">China League One</a>. The capital, Ürümqi, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a> baseball team, an integrated Uyghur and Han group profiled in the documentary film <a href="/wiki/Diamond_in_the_Dunes" title="Diamond in the Dunes">Diamond in the Dunes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg/220px-Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg/330px-Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg/440px-Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karakorum_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakorum highway">Karakorum highway</a></figcaption></figure> In 2008, according to the Xinjiang Transportation Network Plan, the government has focused construction on State Road 314, Alar-Hotan Desert Highway, State Road 218, Qingshui River Line-Yining Highway and State Road 217, as well as other roads. The construction of the first expressway in the mountainous area of Xinjiang began a new stage in its construction on 24 July 2007. The 56 km (35 mi) highway linking <a href="/wiki/Sayram_Lake" title="Sayram Lake">Sayram Lake</a> and Guozi Valley in Northern Xinjiang area had cost 2.39 billion yuan. The expressway is designed to improve the speed of national highway 312 in northern Xinjiang. The project started in August 2006 and several stages have been fully operational since March 2007. Over 3,000 construction workers have been involved. The 700 m-long Guozi Valley Cable Bridge over the expressway is now currently being constructed, with the 24 main pile foundations already completed. Highway 312 national highway Xinjiang section, connects Xinjiang with China's east coast, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, plus some parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It is a key factor in Xinjiang's economic development. The population it covers is around 40 percent of the overall in Xinjiang, who contribute half of the GDP in the area. <a href="/wiki/Zulfiya_Abdiqadir" title="Zulfiya Abdiqadir">Zulfiya Abdiqadir</a>, head of the Transport Department was quoted as saying that 24,800,000,000 RMB had been invested into Xinjiang's road network in 2010 alone and, by this time, the roads covered approximately 152,000 km (94,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-ts-289">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. 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.thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:475px;max-width:475px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:UrumqiSouthSta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/UrumqiSouthSta.jpg/254px-UrumqiSouthSta.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/UrumqiSouthSta.jpg/381px-UrumqiSouthSta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/UrumqiSouthSta.jpg/508px-UrumqiSouthSta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_South_railway_station" title="Ürümqi South railway station">Ürümqi South railway station</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashgar_station,_Kashgar-city,_Xinjiang,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kashgar_station%2C_Kashgar-city%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg/213px-Kashgar_station%2C_Kashgar-city%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kashgar_station%2C_Kashgar-city%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg/320px-Kashgar_station%2C_Kashgar-city%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kashgar_station%2C_Kashgar-city%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg/426px-Kashgar_station%2C_Kashgar-city%2C_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_railway_station" title="Kashgar railway station">Kashgar railway station</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanxin_Railway_Train_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lanxin_Railway_Train_01.jpg/266px-Lanxin_Railway_Train_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lanxin_Railway_Train_01.jpg/399px-Lanxin_Railway_Train_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lanxin_Railway_Train_01.jpg/532px-Lanxin_Railway_Train_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou-Xinjiang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway">Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BE%B3%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E7%9B%96%E6%A9%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E5%BE%B3%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E7%9B%96%E6%A9%8B.jpg/200px-%E5%BE%B3%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E7%9B%96%E6%A9%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E5%BE%B3%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E7%9B%96%E6%A9%8B.jpg/300px-%E5%BE%B3%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E7%9B%96%E6%A9%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E5%BE%B3%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E7%9B%96%E6%A9%8B.jpg/400px-%E5%BE%B3%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E7%9B%96%E6%A9%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Xinjiang Railway">Southern Xinjiang Railway</a></div></div></div></div></div> Xinjiang's rail hub is Ürümqi. To the east, <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">a conventional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_high-speed_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway">a high-speed rail</a> line runs through Turpan and Hami to <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> in Gansu Province. A <a href="/wiki/Ejin%E2%80%93Hami_railway" title="Ejin–Hami railway">third outlet to the east</a> connects Hami and Inner Mongolia. To the west, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Xinjiang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Xinjiang Railway">Northern Xinjiang</a> runs along the northern footslopes of the Tian Shan range through Changji, Shihezi, Kuytun and <a href="/wiki/Jinghe_County" title="Jinghe County">Jinghe</a> to the Kazakh border at Alashankou, where it links up with the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan%E2%80%93Siberia_Railway" title="Turkestan–Siberia Railway">Turkestan–Siberia Railway</a>. Together, the Northern Xinjiang and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang lines form part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway</a>, which extends from <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Xinjiang_railway" title="Northern Xinjiang railway">Northern Xinjiang railway</a> provides additional rail transport capacity to Jinghe, from which the <a href="/wiki/Jinghe%E2%80%93Yining%E2%80%93Khorgos_railway" title="Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway">Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway</a> heads into the Ili River Valley to <a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huocheng_County" title="Huocheng County">Huocheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khorgos" title="Khorgos">Khorgos</a>, a second rail border crossing with Kazakhstan. The <a href="/wiki/Kuytun%E2%80%93Beitun_railway" title="Kuytun–Beitun railway">Kuytun–Beitun railway</a> runs from Kuytun north into the <a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> to Karamay and Beitun, near Altay. In the south, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang_railway" title="Southern Xinjiang railway">Southern Xinjiang railway</a> from Turpan runs southwest along the southern footslopes of the Tian Shan into the Tarim Basin, with stops at Yanqi, Korla, <a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa</a>, Aksu, <a href="/wiki/Maralbexi_County" title="Maralbexi County">Maralbexi (Bachu)</a>, Artux and Kashgar. From Kashgar, the <a href="/wiki/Kashgar%E2%80%93Hotan_railway" title="Kashgar–Hotan railway">Kashgar–Hotan railway</a>, follows the southern rim of the Tarim to Hotan, with stops at <a href="/wiki/Shule_County" title="Shule County">Shule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akto_County" title="Akto County">Akto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yengisar_County" title="Yengisar County">Yengisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Shache (Yarkant)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kargilik_Town" title="Kargilik Town">Yecheng (Karghilik)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakax_County" title="Karakax County">Moyu (Karakax)</a>. There are also the <a href="/wiki/Hotan%E2%80%93Ruoqiang_railway" title="Hotan–Ruoqiang railway">Hotan–Ruoqiang railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golmud%E2%80%93Korla_railway" title="Golmud–Korla railway">Golmud–Korla railway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi%E2%80%93Dzungaria_railway" title="Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway">Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway</a> connects Ürümqi with coal fields in the eastern Junggar Basin. The <a href="/wiki/Hami%E2%80%93Lop_Nur_railway" title="Hami–Lop Nur railway">Hami–Lop Nur railway</a> connects Hami with potassium salt mines in and around Lop Nur. The <a href="/wiki/Golmud%E2%80%93Korla_railway" title="Golmud–Korla railway">Golmud–Korla railway</a>, opened in 2020, provides an outlet to Qinghai. Planning is underway on additional intercity railways.<a href="#cite_note-290">[272]</a> Railways <a href="/wiki/Khunjerab_Railway" title="Khunjerab Railway">to Pakistan</a> and Kyrgyzstan have been proposed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌʃɪndʒiːˈæŋ/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃɪnˈdʒjɑːŋ/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:新疆">新疆</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Xīnjiāng; <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>: شىنجاڭ, <a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a>: Xinjang </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarikoli-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarikoli_31-0">^</a> There is no official orthography for Sarikoli in China. This is the spelling used in the Sarikoli-Chinese dictionary written by linguist Gao Erqiang.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> is composed of <a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuitun</a> DACLC, <a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Aletai Prefecture</a>, and the former Ili Prefecture. Ili Prefecture has been disbanded and its former area is now directly administered by Ili AP. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-area-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-area_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-area_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152943/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2014xjtjnj/zyhj_2014/201506/t20150630_472020.html"><bdi lang="zh">6-1 自然资源划</bdi></a> [6-1 Natural Resources] (in Chinese). Statistics Bureau of Xinjiang. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2014xjtjnj/zyhj_2014/201506/t20150630_472020.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6-1+%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%92&rft.pub=Statistics+Bureau+of+Xinjiang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xjtj.gov.cn%2Fsjcx%2Ftjnj_3415%2F2014xjtjnj%2Fzyhj_2014%2F201506%2Ft20150630_472020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerrasYorke,_Amanda1991" class="citation book cs1">Mackerras, Colin; Yorke, Amanda (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiq_f71uXboC&q=%2BAydingkol&pg=PA192">The Cambridge handbook of contemporary China</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38755-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38755-2"><bdi>978-0-521-38755-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+handbook+of+contemporary+China&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38755-2&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Yorke%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyiq_f71uXboC%26q%3D%252BAydingkol%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html">"Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+Seventh+National+Population+Census+%28No.+3%29&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202105%2Ft20210510_1817188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613171035/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgtrt/eng/news/t1884310.htm">"Main Data of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from the Seventh National Population Census"</a>. www.fmprc.gov.cn. Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Toronto. 16 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgtrt/eng/news/t1884310.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fmprc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Main+Data+of+Xinjiang+Uygur+Autonomous+Region+from+the+Seventh+National+Population+Census&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Fce%2Fcgtrt%2Feng%2Fnews%2Ft1884310.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-progress-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-progress_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20030526/6.htm">"VI. Progress in Education, Science and Technology, Culture and Health Work"</a>. History and Development of Xinjiang. <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>. 26 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129173414/http://china.org.cn/e-white/20030526/6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+Development+of+Xinjiang&rft.atitle=VI.+Progress+in+Education%2C+Science+and+Technology%2C+Culture+and+Health+Work&rft.date=2003-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fe-white%2F20030526%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_CN-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_CN_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/status">"China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226074704/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/status">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FCN%2Fstatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDPdata-7"><a href="#cite_ref-GDPdata_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103">"National Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">China NBS</a>. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Data&rft.pub=China+NBS&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Feasyquery.htm%3Fcn%3DE0103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xinjiang.gov.cn/xinjiang/tjgb/202404/78f1b33dcaa94a9b83a8d291d0ff0461.shtml">"zh: 新疆维吾尔自治区2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报"</a> (Press release). xinjiang.gov.cn. Retrieved 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zh%3A+%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA2023%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=xinjiang.gov.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinjiang.gov.cn%2Fxinjiang%2Ftjgb%2F202404%2F78f1b33dcaa94a9b83a8d291d0ff0461.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html">"Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development"</a> (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+the+2023+national+economic+and+social+development&rft.pub=China+NBS&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202402%2Ft20240228_1947918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHDI-8"><a href="#cite_ref-SHDI_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0">"Human Development Indices (8.0)- China"</a>. Global Data Lab. Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Indices+%288.0%29-+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Ftable%2Fshdi%2FCHN%2F%3Flevels%3D1%2B4%26years%3D2022%26interpolation%3D0%26extrapolation%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2008" class="citation book cs1">Longman, J.C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8117-3"><bdi>978-1-4058-8117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+ESL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8117-3&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Xinjiang%20Uygur">"Xinjiang Uygur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+Uygur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FXinjiang%2520Uygur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2005-05/27/content_1463.htm">"新疆的历史与发展"</a>. www.gov.cn. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fzwgk%2F2005-05%2F27%2Fcontent_1463.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207121149/http://en.xinjiang.gov.cn/">"新疆维吾尔自治区政府网（En）"</a>. The Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.xinjiang.gov.cn">the original</a> on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Government+of+Xinjiang+Uygur+Autonomous+Region+of+China&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BD%91%EF%BC%88En%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.xinjiang.gov.cn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm">"National Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415082955/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Fndsj%2F2019%2Findexeh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_Gazetteer-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_Gazetteer_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul_B._Cohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_B._Cohen" title="Saul B. Cohen">Saul B. Cohen</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiagazettee0000unse_l7h3/page/52">"Aksai Chin"</a>. The Columbia Gazetteer of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1"><bdi>978-0-231-14554-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009181">2008009181</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212893637">212893637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aksai+Chin&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Gazetteer+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212893637&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009181&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14554-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiagazettee0000unse_l7h3%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> "divided between India and CHINA" </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Lamb2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Lamb" title="Alastair Lamb">Alastair Lamb</a> (25 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3270">The China-India Border--the Origins Of Disputed Boundaries</a>. London. p. 11. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China-India+Border--the+Origins+Of+Disputed+Boundaries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft.au=Alastair+Lamb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.pahar.3270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookings_2022_f218-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_2022_f218_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/as-india-and-china-clash-jfks-forgotten-crisis-is-back/#:~:text=In%201962%2C%20India%20was%20badly,has%20kept%20it%20ever%20since.">"As India and China clash, JFK's 'forgotten crisis' is back"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=As+India+and+China+clash%2C+JFK%27s+%27forgotten+crisis%27+is+back&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fas-india-and-china-clash-jfks-forgotten-crisis-is-back%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201962%252C%2520India%2520was%2520badly%2Chas%2520kept%2520it%2520ever%2520since.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oasis-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oasis_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oasis_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2015/0803/c1007-27399378.html"><bdi lang="zh">新疆绿洲面积已从4.3%增至9.7%</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> <bdi lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" class="extiw" title="zh:人民网">人民网</a></bdi> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011102206/http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2015/0803/c1007-27399378.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF%E5%B7%B2%E4%BB%8E4.3%25%E5%A2%9E%E8%87%B39.7%25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscitech.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2015%2F0803%2Fc1007-27399378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520054144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/8152132.stm">"Regions and territories: Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/8152132.stm">the original</a> on 20 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Regions+and+territories%3A+Xinjiang&rft.date=2011-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2Fcountry_profiles%2F8152132.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkestan-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Turkestan_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15095a.htm">"Turkestan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. XV. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420130916/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15095a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkestan&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15095a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-21"><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/excavations-iv">"EXCAVATIONS iv. In Chinese Turkestan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2020. <q>In contemporary geographic terminology, Chinese Turkestan refers to Xinjiang (Sinkiang), the Uighur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=EXCAVATIONS+iv.+In+Chinese+Turkestan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fexcavations-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9lwAAAAMAAJ">A Short History of Chinese Turkistan</a>. Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Chinese+Turkistan&rft.pub=Centre+of+Central+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+Kashmir&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9lwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheila_Hollihan-Elliot2006" class="citation book cs1">Sheila Hollihan-Elliot (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsinchina0000holl/">Muslims in China</a>. Mason Crest Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsinchina0000holl/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59084-880-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59084-880-2"><bdi>1-59084-880-2</bdi></a>. <q>For most of their history, the Uyghurs lived as tribes in a loosely affiliated nation on the northern Chinese border (sometimes called East Turkestan).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+China&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Mason+Crest+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59084-880-2&rft.au=Sheila+Hollihan-Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimsinchina0000holl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Samolin1964" class="citation book cs1">William Samolin (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastturkistantot0000unse/">East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>: Mouton & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastturkistantot0000unse/page/9">9</a>. <q>The general boundaries of East Turkistan are the Altai range on the northeast, Mongolia on the east, the Kansu corridor or the Su-lo-ho basin on the southeast, the K'un-lun system on the south, the Sarygol and Muztay-ata on the west, the main range of the T'ien-shan system on the north to the approximate longitude of Aqsu (80 deg. E), then generally northeast to the Altai system which the boundary joins in the vicinity of the Khrebët Nalinsk and Khrebët Sailjuginsk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Turkistan+to+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Mouton+%26+Co&rft.date=1964&rft.au=William+Samolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastturkistantot0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Neill-25"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Neill_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2008" class="citation news cs1">O'Neill, Mark (13 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061414/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1148&Itemid=31">"The Conqueror of China's Wild West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Sentinel" title="Asia Sentinel">Asia Sentinel</a>. 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The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024230910/https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/chinas-protracted-war-in-xinjiang/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=China%27s+%27Protracted+War%27+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2015-10-03&rft.aulast=Tiezzi&rft.aufirst=Shannonb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F10%2Fchinas-protracted-war-in-xinjiang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpo.org/article/19582">"East Turkestan: Chinese Authorities Confiscate Passports Amid Security Crackdown"</a>. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. 21 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075250/http://unpo.org/article/19582">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.atitle=East+Turkestan%3A+Chinese+Authorities+Confiscate+Passports+Amid+Security+Crackdown&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F19582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzyBuckley2019" class="citation news cs1">Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (16 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html">"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222022035/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Absolutely+No+Mercy%27%3A+Leaked+Files+Expose+How+China+Organized+Mass+Detentions+of+Muslims&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F11%2F16%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xinjiang-documents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzy2021" class="citation news cs1">Ramzy, Austin (20 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/world/asia/china-genocide-uighurs-explained.html">"China's Oppression of Muslims in Xinjiang, Explained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Oppression+of+Muslims+in+Xinjiang%2C+Explained&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F20%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-genocide-uighurs-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gao, Erqiang (高尔锵) (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3FSAAAACAAJ"><bdi lang="zh">塔吉克汉词典</bdi></a> [Tajik-Chinese Dictionary] (in Simplified Chinese). Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House (四川民族出版社). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5409-1744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5409-1744-9"><bdi>978-7-5409-1744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=Sichuan+Nationalities+Publishing+House+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text%29&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-7-5409-1744-9&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Erqiang+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Hans%22%3E%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E9%94%B5%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3FSAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEzNwgtiVQ0CpgPA3_3]-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyler2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEzNwgtiVQ0CpgPA3_3]_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTyler2004">Tyler (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2009xviii,_60-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2009xviii,_60_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill (2009)</a>, pp. xviii, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Whitfield, Susan</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aurelsteinonsilk0000whit">The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith</a>. Serindia Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aurelsteinonsilk0000whit/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-11-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-11-8"><bdi>978-1-932476-11-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+trade%2C+travel%2C+war+and+faith&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-11-8&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faurelsteinonsilk0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129124734/https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh98/frontier/en1.html">"The Lost Frontier – Treaty Maps that Changed Qing's Northwestern Boundaries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh98/frontier/en1.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020. <q>The Qianlong emperor (1736–1796) named the region Xinjiang, for New Territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Palace+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Frontier+%E2%80%93+Treaty+Maps+that+Changed+Qing%27s+Northwestern+Boundaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npm.gov.tw%2Fexh98%2Ffrontier%2Fen1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_M._Jacobs2019" class="citation podcast cs1">Justin M. Jacobs (14 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-39-ethnicity-tibet-and-xinjiang-in-the-prc/id1337064684?i=1000446900247">"Episode 39: Ethnicity, Tibet, and Xinjiang in the PRC"</a>. podcasts.apple.com (Podcast). Beyond Huaxia: A College History of China and Japan. Event occurs at 60:00–62:18. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episode+39%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Tibet%2C+and+Xinjiang+in+the+PRC&rft.pub=Beyond+Huaxia%3A+A+College+History+of+China+and+Japan&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft.au=Justin+M.+Jacobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpodcasts.apple.com%2Fus%2Fpodcast%2Fepisode-39-ethnicity-tibet-and-xinjiang-in-the-prc%2Fid1337064684%3Fi%3D1000446900247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%85%A8%E8%A6%BD1">"贵州通志 (四库全书本)/全览1"</a>. wikisource (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikisource&rft.atitle=%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97+%28%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%93%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E6%9C%AC%29%2F%E5%85%A8%E8%A7%881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25B2%25B4%25E5%25B7%259E%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%25BF%2597_%28%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%25BA%25AB%25E5%2585%25A8%25E6%259B%25B8%25E6%259C%25AC%29%2F%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25A6%25BD1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF任杨1948" class="citation book cs1">任, 可澄; 杨, 恩元 (1948). 贵州通志·前事志.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97%C2%B7%E5%89%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%BF%97&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=%E4%BB%BB&rft.aufirst=%E5%8F%AF%E6%BE%84&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%2C+%E6%81%A9%E5%85%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovingdon2010199-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovingdon2010199_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovingdon2010199_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBovingdon2010">Bovingdon (2010)</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA69_69]-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA69_69]_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiuFaure1996">Liu & Faure (1996)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA70_70]-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA70_70]_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiuFaure1996">Liu & Faure (1996)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">70</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA67_67]-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA67_67]_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiuFaure1996">Liu & Faure (1996)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">67</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA77_77]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA77_77]_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiuFaure1996">Liu & Faure (1996)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">77</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA78_78]-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFaure1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFW8SBAAAQBAJpgPA78_78]_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiuFaure1996">Liu & Faure (1996)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengLuNiYuan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Feng, Q.; Lu, Yan; Ni, X.; Yuan, K.; Yang, Ya-jun; Yang, Xiong; Liu, Chang; Lou, Haiyi; Ning, Zhilin; Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx177">"Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (10): 2572–2582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx177">10.1093/molbev/msx177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28595347">28595347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28730957">28730957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genetic+History+of+Xinjiang%27s+Uyghurs+Suggests+Bronze+Age+Multiple-Way+Contacts+in+Eurasia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2572-2582&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28730957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28595347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx177&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Q.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Yan&rft.au=Ni%2C+X.&rft.au=Yuan%2C+K.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ya-jun&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xiong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Chang&rft.au=Lou%2C+Haiyi&rft.au=Ning%2C+Zhilin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuchen&rft.au=Lu%2C+Dongsheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsx177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangDingGardnerWang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Wenjun; Ding, Manyu; Gardner, Jacob D.; Wang, Yongqiang; Miao, Bo; Guo, Wu; Wu, Xinhua; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Hu, Xingjun; Wang, Bo (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011967">"Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity"</a>. Science Advances. 7 (14). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.6690W">2021SciA....7.6690W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abd6690">10.1126/sciadv.abd6690</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011967">8011967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33789892">33789892</a>. <q>In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Ancient+Xinjiang+mitogenomes+reveal+intense+admixture+with+high+genetic+diversity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8011967%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33789892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abd6690&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.6690W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Wenjun&rft.au=Ding%2C+Manyu&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Jacob+D.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yongqiang&rft.au=Miao%2C+Bo&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wu&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xinhua&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Qiurong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8011967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossroads2019-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads2019_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2019" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Allison (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads</a>. Summertown, Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultures+of+Ancient+Xinjiang%2C+western+China%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Silk+Roads&rft.place=Summertown%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-407-9&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxUSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> "The first settlers had European paternal lineages, and maternal lineages of European and Siberian origin." [...] "a pattern that continued in to Xiaohe Phase II, in layers 3, 2 and 1, where the genes show greater mixing still (Li, et al. 2015). The origin of the mitochondrial lineages is more widespread, with the presence of west Eurasian, east Eurasian and Indian lineages." [...] "This may account for the marked genetic change over time in the Xiaohe population (Li 2010, Li, et al. 2010, Li et al. 2015)." The later Xiaohe people carried diverse east Eurasian maternal lineages, including a dominance of C4 and C5, generally linked to southern Siberia." </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetts2019">Betts 2019</a>, p. 50"This may account for the marked genetic change over time in the Xiaohe population (Li 2010, Li, et al. 2010, Li et al. 2015)." The later Xiaohe people carried diverse east Eurasian maternal lineages, including a dominance of C4 and C5, generally linked to southern Siberia." </li> <li id="cite_note-Globalization2015-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Globalization2015_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurr2015" class="citation book cs1">Schurr, Theodore (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DD94BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Globalization</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-78-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-78-0"><bdi>978-1-934536-78-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Anthropology&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-934536-78-0&rft.aulast=Schurr&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDD94BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> "In this regard, genetic data have recently been discovered from individuals interred in the Xiaohe cemetery from the Tarim Basin. Interestingly, they were shown to have both East Eurasian and West Eurasian mtDNA lineages, but only West Eurasian NRY lineages (Li et al 2010)." </li> <li id="cite_note-genetics-50"><a href="#cite_ref-genetics_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChunxiang_LiHongjie_LiYinqiu_CuiChengzhi_Xie2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chunxiang Li; Hongjie Li; Yinqiu Cui; Chengzhi Xie; Dawei Cai; Wenying Li; Victor H Mair; Zhi Xu; Quanchao Zhang; Idelis Abuduresule; Li Jin; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"</a>. BMC Biology. 8 (15): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15">10.1186/1741-7007-8-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">2838831</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20163704">20163704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+a+West-East+admixed+population+lived+in+the+Tarim+Basin+as+early+as+the+early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20163704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15&rft.au=Chunxiang+Li&rft.au=Hongjie+Li&rft.au=Yinqiu+Cui&rft.au=Chengzhi+Xie&rft.au=Dawei+Cai&rft.au=Wenying+Li&rft.au=Victor+H+Mair&rft.au=Zhi+Xu&rft.au=Quanchao+Zhang&rft.au=Idelis+Abuduresule&rft.au=Li+Jin&rft.au=Hong+Zhu&rft.au=Hui+Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-51"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangNingScottFu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"</a>. Nature. 599 (7884): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.599..256Z">2021Natur.599..256Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7">10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">8580821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34707286">34707286</a>. <q>Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%) (Supplementary Data 1E and Fig. 3a). Tarim_EMBA2 from Beifang can also be modelled as a mixture of Tarim_EMBA1 (about 89%) and Baikal_EBA (about 11%).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genomic+origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+Tarim+Basin+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=256-261&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.599..256Z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34707286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft.au=Scott%2C+Ashley&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft.au=Bj%C3%B8rn%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=Li%2C+Wenying&rft.au=Wei%2C+Dong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Fan%2C+Linyuan&rft.au=Abuduresule%2C+Idilisi&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2018" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Craig (3 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3U1UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63540-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63540-0"><bdi>978-1-108-63540-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Ancient+Eurasia%3A+The+First+Silk+Roads+Era%2C+100+BCE+%E2%80%93+250+CE&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-63540-0&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3U1UDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> "... the fact that in cemeteries such as <a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanbulaq">Yanbulaq</a> both Europoid and Mongoloid mummies have been found together, also indicates some degree of interaction between existing farming populations and newly arrived nomadic migrants from the West." </li> <li id="cite_note-Tremblay2007-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Tremblay2007_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremblay2007" class="citation book cs1">Tremblay, Xavier (2007). 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Leiden & Boston: Koninklijke Brill. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15830-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15830-6"><bdi>978-90-04-15830-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Buddhism+in+Serindia%3A+Buddhism+Among+Iranians%2C+Tocharians+and+Turks+before+the+13th+Century&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Leiden+%26+Boston&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15830-6&rft.aulast=Tremblay&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrot2019" class="citation journal cs1">Peyrot, Michaël (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ieul/7/1/article-p72_3.xml">"The deviant typological profile of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European may be due to Uralic substrate influence"</a>. Indo-European Linguistics. 7 (1): 72–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-00701007">10.1163/22125892-00701007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F139205">1887/139205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-5884">2212-5884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213924514">213924514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+deviant+typological+profile+of+the+Tocharian+branch+of+Indo-European+may+be+due+to+Uralic+substrate+influence&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-121&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F139205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213924514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2212-5884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22125892-00701007&rft.aulast=Peyrot&rft.aufirst=Micha%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fieul%2F7%2F1%2Farticle-p72_3.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Iaroslav Lebedynsky, Les Saces, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-337-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-337-2">2-87772-337-2</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1998" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinahistoricalc0000unse">China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary</a>. 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Brill. p. 677. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. 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Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axis+of+Logic&rft.atitle=Uyghur+Protests+Widen+as+Xinjiang+Unrest+Flares&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft.au=Amy+Goodman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faxisoflogic.com%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2FArticle_56244.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2021" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Michael (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/13/1/article-p9_9.xml">"Settler Colonialism and the Path toward Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang"</a>. Global Responsibility to Protect. 13. <a href="/wiki/Crawford_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Crawford School of Public Policy">Crawford School of Public Policy</a>, Australia: 9–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-984X-13010002">10.1163/1875-984X-13010002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233974395">233974395</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Responsibility+to+Protect&rft.atitle=Settler+Colonialism+and+the+Path+toward+Cultural+Genocide+in+Xinjiang&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-984X-13010002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233974395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fgr2p%2F13%2F1%2Farticle-p9_9.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovingdon201043–46-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovingdon201043–46_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBovingdon2010">Bovingdon (2010)</a>, pp. 43–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009176-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009176_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopperWebber2009">Hopper & Webber (2009)</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuoGuo2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsrUkAQAAIAAJ_220]-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuoGuo2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsrUkAQAAIAAJ_220]_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuoGuo2007">Guo & Guo (2007)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srUkAQAAIAAJ">220</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuoHickey2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmjD8NM4AyT8CpgPA164_164]-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuoHickey2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmjD8NM4AyT8CpgPA164_164]_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuoHickey2009">Guo & Hickey (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjD8NM4AyT8C&pg=PA164">164</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowell2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcSRw2dithoICpgPA37_37][[Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links]][[Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024]][[Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template"><span_style="white-space:_nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Link_rot|<span_title="&nbsp;Dead_link_tagged_April_2024">permanent_dead_link]]<span_style="visibility:hidden;_color:transparent;_padding-left:2px">&zwj;&#93;-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowell2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcSRw2dithoICpgPA37_37][[Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links]][[Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024]][[Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template"><span_style="white-space:_nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Link_rot|<span_title="&nbsp;Dead_link_tagged_April_2024">permanent_dead_link]]<span_style="visibility:hidden;_color:transparent;_padding-left:2px">&zwj;&#93;_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowell2009">Howell (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSRw2dithoIC&pg=PA37">37</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrell2023" class="citation book cs1">Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-75171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-75171-9"><bdi>978-0-295-75171-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ecological+History+of+Modern+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-295-75171-9&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=Stevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-104"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2022). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terzani-105"><a href="#cite_ref-terzani_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiziano_Terzani1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Terzani" title="Tiziano Terzani">Tiziano Terzani</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbiddendoor00terz">The Forbidden Door</a>. Asia 2000 Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbiddendoor00terz/page/224">224</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbiddendoor00terz/page/224">225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7160-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-7160-01-4"><bdi>978-962-7160-01-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forbidden+Door&rft.pages=224-225&rft.pub=Asia+2000+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-962-7160-01-4&rft.au=Tiziano+Terzani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforbiddendoor00terz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrouse2016" class="citation book cs1">Peyrouse, Sebastien (2016). "China and Central Asia". The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-9764-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939553543">939553543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+and+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=The+new+great+game%3A+China+and+South+and+Central+Asia+in+the+era+of+reform&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939553543&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1&rft.aulast=Peyrouse&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009173–175-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009173–175_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopperWebber2009">Hopper & Webber (2009)</a>, pp. 173–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009178–179-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009178–179_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopperWebber2009">Hopper & Webber (2009)</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009184-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009184_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopperWebber2009">Hopper & Webber (2009)</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009187–188-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopperWebber2009187–188_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopperWebber2009">Hopper & Webber (2009)</a>, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovingdon201011-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovingdon201011_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBovingdon2010">Bovingdon (2010)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-CACI-112"><a href="#cite_ref-CACI_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudelson2000" class="citation web cs1">Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (16 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150459/http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node%2F364">"Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CACI_Analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="CACI Analyst">CACI Analyst</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node/364">the original</a> on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CACI+Analyst&rft.atitle=Uyghur+%22separatism%22%3A+China%27s+policies+in+Xinjiang+fuel+dissent&rft.date=2000-02-16&rft.aulast=Rudelson&rft.aufirst=Justin+Ben-Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacianalyst.org%2Fnewsite%2Fnewsite%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunaratna-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Gunaratna_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunaratnaPereire2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gunaratna" title="Rohan Gunaratna">Gunaratna, Rohan</a>; Pereire, Kenneth George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106144335/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf">"An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China?"</a> (PDF). China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. 4 (2): 59. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 January 2011. <q>Since the <a href="/wiki/Ghulja_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulja Incident">Ghulja Incident</a>, numerous attacks including attacks on buses, clashes between ETIM militants and Chinese security forces, assassination attempts, attempts to attack Chinese key installations and government buildings have taken place, though many cases go unreported.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+and+Eurasia+Forum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+al-Qaeda+associate+group+operating+in+China%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gunaratna&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rft.au=Pereire%2C+Kenneth+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadstudies.org%2Fnew%2Fdocs%2FCEF%2FQuarterly%2FMay_2006%2FGunaratnaPereire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6241073.stm">"China 'anti-terror' raid kills 18"</a>. BBC News. 8 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+%27anti-terror%27+raid+kills+18&rft.date=2007-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6241073.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Van_Wie_Davis" title="Elizabeth Van Wie Davis">Elizabeth Van Wie Davis</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JD18Ad01.html">China confronts its Uyghur threat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512201206/http://atimes.com/atimes/China/JD18Ad01.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Times Online">Asia Times Online</a>, 18 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2008" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Andrew (5 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/asia/05china.html">"Ambush in China Raises Concerns as Olympics Near"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410102057/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/asia/05china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ambush+in+China+Raises+Concerns+as+Olympics+Near&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F05%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F05china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004192759/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/beijing_olympics/story/0,,24124957-5014104,00.html">"Waterhouse Caulfield Cup breakthrough"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/beijing_olympics/story/0,,24124957-5014104,00.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Waterhouse+Caulfield+Cup+breakthrough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fbeijing_olympics%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C24124957-5014104%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8237259.stm">"Chinese break up 'needle' riots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 4 September 2009. 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Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=China+condemns+2+ex-Xinjiang+officials+in+separatism+cases&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fworld-news-race-and-ethnicity-beijing-china-national-security-e4d7a915a2e3ebb6c6f50778a2aec81a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNi2021" class="citation web cs1">Ni, Vincent (26 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/26/china-replaces-xinjiang-party-boss-associated-uyghur-crackdown">"China replaces Xinjiang party boss associated with Uyghur crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226183258/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/26/china-replaces-xinjiang-party-boss-associated-uyghur-crackdown">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+replaces+Xinjiang+party+boss+associated+with+Uyghur+crackdown&rft.date=2021-12-26&rft.aulast=Ni&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fdec%2F26%2Fchina-replaces-xinjiang-party-boss-associated-uyghur-crackdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se2h1pyAjKw">Momen Langka! Presiden China Xi Jinping Kunjungi Kampung Muslim Uighur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompas_TV" title="Kompas TV">Kompas TV</a>, 19 July 2022 – via Youtube, <q>Selama 4 hari, Xi Jinping mengunjungi sejumlah situs di Xinjiang termasuk perkebunan kapas, zona perdagangan dan museum. Penduduk Uighur pun menyambut Presiden Xi Jinping.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Momen+Langka%21+Presiden+China+Xi+Jinping+Kunjungi+Kampung+Muslim+Uighur&rft.pub=Kompas+TV&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSe2h1pyAjKw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0Q2iq_HVFs&t=42s">China's President Xi visits far western Xinjiang region for first time in 8 years</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCMP" class="mw-redirect" title="SCMP">SCMP</a>, 15 July 2022 – via Youtube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+President+Xi+visits+far+western+Xinjiang+region+for+first+time+in+8+years&rft.pub=SCMP&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Ds0Q2iq_HVFs%26t%3D42s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/china-xi-jinping-visits-xinjiang-for-first-time-since-uyghur-crackdown/a-62481343">"Xi Jinping visits Xinjiang for first time since crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 15 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+visits+Xinjiang+for+first+time+since+crackdown&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchina-xi-jinping-visits-xinjiang-for-first-time-since-uyghur-crackdown%2Fa-62481343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFONG_HAN_SEAN2023" class="citation web cs1">ONG HAN SEAN (20 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2023/11/20/xinjiang-is-a-land-that039s-full-of-culture-colour-and-charm">"China's Xinjiang: A marvel of wild beauty and a land full of culture and charm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120143603/https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2023/11/20/xinjiang-is-a-land-that039s-full-of-culture-colour-and-charm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. <q>Our visit came on the heels of Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Ürümqi, where he reportedly stressed on the positive promotion of the region to show an open and confident Xinjiang. Xi also called for Xinjiang to be opened more widely for tourism to encourage visits from domestic and foreign tourists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xinjiang%3A+A+marvel+of+wild+beauty+and+a+land+full+of+culture+and+charm&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.au=ONG+HAN+SEAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel%2F2023%2F11%2F20%2Fxinjiang-is-a-land-that039s-full-of-culture-colour-and-charm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/china-how-is-beijing-whitewashing-its-xinjiang-policy/a-66779242">"China: How is Beijing whitewashing its Xinjiang policy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024. <q>But amid growing global attention on Xinjiang, China has been eager to portray the region as a "success story" by welcoming more tourists. 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Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Fear+and+oppression+in+Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+war+on+Uighur+culture&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatchadourian2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Khatchadourian, Raffi (5 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang">"Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+Crackdown+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Khatchadourian&rft.aufirst=Raffi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F04%2F12%2Fsurviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudworth2018" class="citation web cs1">Sudworth, John (24 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/China_hidden_camps">"China's hidden camps"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105022911/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/China_hidden_camps">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+hidden+camps&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.aulast=Sudworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fresources%2Fidt-sh%2FChina_hidden_camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMovius" class="citation news cs1">Movius, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/cultural-figures-caught-up-in-china-s-uyghur-persecution">"'Hundreds' of cultural figures caught up in China's Uyghur persecution"</a>. The Art Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102200655/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/cultural-figures-caught-up-in-china-s-uyghur-persecution">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=%27Hundreds%27+of+cultural+figures+caught+up+in+China%27s+Uyghur+persecution&rft.aulast=Movius&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Fnews%2Fcultural-figures-caught-up-in-china-s-uyghur-persecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-22278037">"Who are the Uyghurs and why is China being accused of genocide?"</a>. BBC News. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Uyghurs+and+why+is+China+being+accused+of+genocide%3F&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-22278037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-responsible-uyghur-genocide-unofficial-tribunal-says-2021-12-10/">"China's Xi responsible for Uyghur 'genocide', unofficial tribunal says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xi+responsible+for+Uyghur+%27genocide%27%2C+unofficial+tribunal+says&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchinas-xi-responsible-uyghur-genocide-unofficial-tribunal-says-2021-12-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/outgoing-un-human-rights-chief-says-serious-human-rights-violations-committed-2022-08-31/">"U.N. says China may have committed crimes against humanity in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.N.+says+China+may+have+committed+crimes+against+humanity+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Foutgoing-un-human-rights-chief-says-serious-human-rights-violations-committed-2022-08-31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP's_global_investigative_team-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP's_global_investigative_team_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP's_global_investigative_team_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP's_global_investigative_team2020" class="citation news cs1">AP's global investigative team (28 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c">"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Associated_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Associated Press">The Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.atitle=China+cuts+Uighur+births+with+IUDs%2C+abortion%2C+sterilization&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft.au=AP%27s+global+investigative+team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pakobserver.net/experts-reject-us-allegations-of-genocide-in-xinjiang-china/">"Experts reject US allegations of genocide in Xinjiang, China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Observer" title="Pakistan Observer">Pakistan Observer</a>. 25 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Observer&rft.atitle=Experts+reject+US+allegations+of+genocide+in+Xinjiang%2C+China&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpakobserver.net%2Fexperts-reject-us-allegations-of-genocide-in-xinjiang-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-187"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Irfan_IlmieTia_Mutiasari2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. Irfan Ilmie; Tia Mutiasari (11 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1940188/populasi-uighur-naik-25-persen-pemerintah-xinjiang-bantu-cek-keluarga">"Populasi Uighur naik 25 persen, pemerintah Xinjiang bantu cek keluarga"</a> [Uighur population up 25 percent, Xinjiang government helps check families]. <a href="/wiki/Antara_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Antara News">Antara News</a> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614144118/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1940188/populasi-uighur-naik-25-persen-pemerintah-xinjiang-bantu-cek-keluarga">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antara+News&rft.atitle=Populasi+Uighur+naik+25+persen%2C+pemerintah+Xinjiang+bantu+cek+keluarga&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft.au=M.+Irfan+Ilmie&rft.au=Tia+Mutiasari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antaranews.com%2Fberita%2F1940188%2Fpopulasi-uighur-naik-25-persen-pemerintah-xinjiang-bantu-cek-keluarga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasuki2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Basuki, Novi (20 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5863420/uighur-dan-pemboikotan-olimpiade-beijing">"Uighur dan Pemboikotan Olimpiade Beijing"</a> [Uighurs and the Boycott of the Beijing Olympics]. <a href="/wiki/Detik.com" title="Detik.com">Detik.com</a> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220720120855/https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5863420/uighur-dan-pemboikotan-olimpiade-beijing">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022. <q>Pada 2018, misalnya, persentase kelahiran Uighur adalah 11,9‰, sedangkan Han cuma 9,42‰. Secara keseluruhan, total populasi Uighur di Xinjiang naik dari yang sekitar 8,346 juta pada 2000, ke 11,624 juta lebih pada 2020. Alias rata-rata naik 1,71% tiap tahunnya. Jauh lebih tinggi ketimbang populasi suku minoritas lain di seluruh China yang saban warsa hanya naik 0,83%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detik.com&rft.atitle=Uighur+dan+Pemboikotan+Olimpiade+Beijing&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft.aulast=Basuki&rft.aufirst=Novi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fkolom%2Fd-5863420%2Fuighur-dan-pemboikotan-olimpiade-beijing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674970441-009/html">"6. From Party to Nation"</a>. Uyghur Nation. Harvard University Press. 2016. pp. 173–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674970441-009">10.4159/9780674970441-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97044-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97044-1"><bdi>978-0-674-97044-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+From+Party+to+Nation&rft.btitle=Uyghur+Nation&rft.pages=173-203&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674970441-009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97044-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674970441-009%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf">The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language, Policy, and Political Discourse</a> <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East–West Center</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101342/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-27/deaths-from-clashes-in-china-s-xinjiang-area-rises-to-35.html">Deaths From Clashes in China's Xinjiang Area Rises to 35</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006195016/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-27/deaths-from-clashes-in-china-s-xinjiang-area-rises-to-35.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Rémi Castets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/648">The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511024214/http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/648">Archived</a> 11 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Perspectives" title="China Perspectives">China Perspectives</a>. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213707/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/xinjiang.htm">"Uyghur Separatist Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American.edu" class="mw-redirect" title="American.edu">American.edu</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/xinjiang.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American.edu&rft.atitle=Uyghur+Separatist+Conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.american.edu%2Fted%2Fice%2Fxinjiang.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuBlachford2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Yuchao; Blachford, Dongyan (31 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670560500535043">"China's Fate as a Multinational State: a preliminary assessment"</a>. Journal of Contemporary China. 15 (47): 329–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670560500535043">10.1080/10670560500535043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564">1067-0564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154008693">154008693</a>. <q>Based on China's Constitution, any sub-national unit, either a province or an ethnic minority autonomous region, does not legally have the right to secede from China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=China%27s+Fate+as+a+Multinational+State%3A+a+preliminary+assessment&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=329-348&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154008693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670560500535043&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Yuchao&rft.au=Blachford%2C+Dongyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10670560500535043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-07/29/content_18338.htm">"中华人民共和国民族区域自治法 – Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy"</a>. www.gov.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210184637/http://www.gov.cn:80/test/2005-07/29/content_18338.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2021. <q>各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分 – Each and every ethnic autonomous region is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%B3%95+%E2%80%93+Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+Regional+Ethnic+Autonomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Ftest%2F2005-07%2F29%2Fcontent_18338.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2003-06/12/content_916306.htm">History and Development of Xinjiang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331230238/http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2003-06/12/content_916306.htm">Archived</a> 31 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100311042102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/8506601.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trekking+1%2C000km+in+China+for+e-mail&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Grammaticas&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Flow%2Fasia-pacific%2F8506601.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tianshannet.com/news/content/2010-05/14/content_4972406.htm"><bdi lang="zh">新疆互联网业务全面恢复</bdi></a> [Xinjiang internet service completely restored]. <a href="/wiki/Tianshannet" title="Tianshannet">Tianshan Net</a> (in Simplified Chinese). 14 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930123133/http://www.tianshannet.com/news/content/2010-05/14/content_4972406.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tianshan+Net&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tianshannet.com%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2F2010-05%2F14%2Fcontent_4972406.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/10/0514/02/66K2S9EU0001124J.html"><bdi lang="zh">新疆"7-5"事件后全面恢复互联网业务</bdi></a> [After the '5 July' riots, Xinjiang completely restores Internet service]. news.163.com (in Simplified Chinese). 14 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516051940/http://news.163.com/10/0514/02/66K2S9EU0001124J.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.163.com&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%227-5%22%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%90%8E%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2F10%2F0514%2F02%2F66K2S9EU0001124J.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2010" class="citation web cs1">Summers, Josh (14 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farwestchina.com/2010/05/xinjiang-internet-restored-after-10-months.html">"Xinjiang Internet restored after 10 months"</a>. FarWestChina blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100517022251/http://www.farwestchina.com/2010/05/xinjiang-internet-restored-after-10-months.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FarWestChina+blog&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+Internet+restored+after+10+months&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farwestchina.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fxinjiang-internet-restored-after-10-months.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html"><bdi lang="ja">1912年中国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1912%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1928年中国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1928%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1936–37年中国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1936%E2%80%9337%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1947年全国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1947%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1954-252"><a href="#cite_ref-census1954_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%99%BB%E8%AE%B0%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16767.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1964-253"><a href="#cite_ref-census1964_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm"><bdi lang="zh">第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E9%A1%B9%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16768.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1982-254"><a href="#cite_ref-census1982_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16769.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1990-255"><a href="#cite_ref-census1990_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B9%9D%E3%80%87%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16772.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2000-256"><a href="#cite_ref-census2000_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm"><bdi lang="zh">现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm">the original</a> on 29 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E5%B0%862000%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%B1%87%E6%80%BB%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%8B&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020331_15435.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2010-257"><a href="#cite_ref-census2010_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm">"Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+Major+Figures+of+the+2010+Population+Census&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fnewsandcomingevents%2Ft20110429_402722516.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3133228/china-census-xinjiangs-population-jumps-183-cent-over-past">"Xinjiang population up 18.3 per cent over past decade despite slowing births"</a>. 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+population+up+18.3+per+cent+over+past+decade+despite+slowing+births&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Feconomy%2Fglobal-economy%2Farticle%2F3133228%2Fchina-census-xinjiangs-population-jumps-183-cent-over-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2000). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-meeting-of-civilisations-the-mystery-of-chinas-celtic-mummies-413638.html">A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's Celtic mummies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403234936/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-meeting-of-civilisations-the-mystery-of-chinas-celtic-mummies-413638.html">Archived</a> 3 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rumbles+on+the+Rim+of+China%27s+Empire&rft.date=2009-07-11&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F12%2Fweekinreview%2F12wong.html%3F_r%3D2%26ref%3Dweekinreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburgs1983" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburgs, George (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHUYRM2527sC&pg=PA309">The Citizenship Law of the USSR</a>. BRILL. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2863-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2863-3"><bdi>978-90-247-2863-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110001453/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHUYRM2527sC&pg=PA309">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizenship+Law+of+the+USSR&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-90-247-2863-3&rft.aulast=Ginsburgs&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHUYRM2527sC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200851–52-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200851–52_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellér-Hann2008">Bellér-Hann (2008)</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007306-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007306_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward (2007)</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-ddx-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ddx_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ddx_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToops2004" class="citation journal cs1">Toops, Stanley (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf">"Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949"</a> (PDF). East-West Center Washington Working Papers (1). <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East–West Center</a>: 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716193518/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East-West+Center+Washington+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Demographics+and+Development+in+Xinjiang+after+1949&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Toops&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestcenter.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fstored%2Fpdfs%2FEWCWwp001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGXj4a3gss8wCpgPA243_243]-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGXj4a3gss8wCpgPA243_243]_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr2004">Starr (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243">243</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007104-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007104_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward (2007)</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007105-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007105_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007105_268-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward (2007)</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200852-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200852_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellér-Hann2008">Bellér-Hann (2008)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesny1896272-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesny1896272_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMesny1896">Mesny (1896)</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesny1899485-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesny1899485_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMesny1899">Mesny (1899)</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwb-272"><a href="#cite_ref-hrwb_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck1017.htm">"China: Human Rights Concerns in Xinjiang"</a>. Human Rights Watch Backgrounder. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112153554/http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck1017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch+Backgrounder&rft.atitle=China%3A+Human+Rights+Concerns+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fasia%2Fchina-bck1017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Toops2016" class="citation web cs1">Stanley Toops (7 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607184041/https://theasiadialogue.com/2016/03/07/spatial-results-of-the-2010-census-in-xinjiang/">"Spatial Results of the 2010 Census in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theasiadialogue.com/2016/03/07/spatial-results-of-the-2010-census-in-xinjiang/">the original</a> on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spatial+Results+of+the+2010+Census+in+Xinjiang&rft.place=University+of+Nottingham&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.au=Stanley+Toops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheasiadialogue.com%2F2016%2F03%2F07%2Fspatial-results-of-the-2010-census-in-xinjiang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLew2021" class="citation news cs1">Lew, Linda (15 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3137252/china-census-migration-drives-han-population-growth-xinjiang">"China census: migration drives Han population growth in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China+census%3A+migration+drives+Han+population+growth+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3137252%2Fchina-census-migration-drives-han-population-growth-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGXj4a3gss8wCpgPA242_242]-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGXj4a3gss8wCpgPA242_242]_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr2004">Starr (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA242">242</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Departmentof-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Departmentof_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="zh">2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料</bdi> [Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-105-05425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-105-05425-1"><bdi>978-7-105-05425-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54494505">54494505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2000%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Nationalities+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54494505&rft.isbn=978-7-105-05425-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/pcsj/rkpc/7rp/zk/indexch.htm">"China Population Census Yearbook 2020"</a>. 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Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 10 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml">the original</a> on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3%E2%80%937+%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%81%E5%B7%9E%E3%80%81%E5%B8%82%E3%80%81%E5%8E%BF%28%E5%B8%82%29%E5%88%86%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%95%B0&rft.pub=Statistic+Bureau+of+Xinjiang+Uygur+Autonomous+Region&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftjj.xinjiang.gov.cn%2Ftjj%2Frkjyu%2F202006%2F3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2022/indexeh.htm">China Statistical Yearbook</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/37006.html">"新疆维吾尔自治区2021年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 – 中国统计信息网"</a>. www.tjcn.org. 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The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf">2010 Islam by province, page 29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427140204/https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf">Archived</a> 27 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Data from Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-seymour-285"><a href="#cite_ref-seymour_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._Seymour1985" class="citation book cs1">James D. Seymour (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanrightsdevel0000seym">China Rights Annals 1 Human Rights Developments in the People's Republic of China from October 1983 through September 1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanrightsdevel0000seym/page/90">90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-320-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-320-8"><bdi>978-0-87332-320-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Rights+Annals+1+Human+Rights+Developments+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+from+October+1983+through+September+1984&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-320-8&rft.au=James+D.+Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanrightsdevel0000seym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2020" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Helen (25 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/25/thousands-of-xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-report-finds">"Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Xinjiang+mosques+destroyed+or+damaged%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fsep%2F25%2Fthousands-of-xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-report-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkopeliti2020" class="citation news cs1">Skopeliti, Clea (25 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-uighurs-b597919.html">"China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-uighurs-b597919.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=China%3A+Nearly+two-thirds+of+Xinjiang+mosques+damaged+or+demolished%2C+new+report+shows&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.aulast=Skopeliti&rft.aufirst=Clea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fxinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-uighurs-b597919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitu_Datta_Gupta2023" class="citation web cs1">Titu Datta Gupta (17 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/features/explorer/tourism-ethnic-unity-focus-xinjiang-journeys-new-era-683810">"Tourism, ethnic unity in focus as Xinjiang journeys to new era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Business_Standard" title="The Business Standard">The Business Standard</a>. Bangladesh. Retrieved 12 March 2024. <q>In Awat county near Aksu, a huge park, with a statue of 13th century Turkish philosopher Nasiruddin Hodza at the entrance, preserves the tradition of Daolang tribe and their forest of Euphrates poplar, known locally as king of desert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Tourism%2C+ethnic+unity+in+focus+as+Xinjiang+journeys+to+new+era&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft.au=Titu+Datta+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Ffeatures%2Fexplorer%2Ftourism-ethnic-unity-focus-xinjiang-journeys-new-era-683810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ts-289"><a href="#cite_ref-ts_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu_Qingxia_(苏清霞Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Su Qingxia (苏清霞), ed. (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ts.cn/content/2011-03/03/content_5636418.htm">"祖丽菲娅·阿不都卡德尔代表：见证新疆交通事业的日益腾飞"</a> [Representative Zulfiya Abdiqadir: evidence that Xinjiang's transport projects are developing more with each passing day]. <a href="/wiki/Tianshannet" title="Tianshannet">Tianshannet</a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224215419/http://news.ts.cn/content/2011-03/03/content_5636418.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tianshannet&rft.atitle=%E7%A5%96%E4%B8%BD%E8%8F%B2%E5%A8%85%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%B8%8D%E9%83%BD%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%9A%E8%A7%81%E8%AF%81%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A5%E7%9B%8A%E8%85%BE%E9%A3%9E&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ts.cn%2Fcontent%2F2011-03%2F03%2Fcontent_5636418.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923181859/http://news.hebei.cm/newsshow-54187.html">"新疆将重点规划城际铁路 4小时经济圈已形成"</a> [Xinjiang will focus on planning the formation of a four-hour economic circle for intercity railways]. news.hebei.cm (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.hebei.cm/newsshow-54187.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.hebei.cm&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%B0%86%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%9F%8E%E9%99%85%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF+4%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%9C%88%E5%B7%B2%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.hebei.cm%2Fnewsshow-54187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdle2003" class="citation book cs1">Adle, Chahryar, ed. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-12952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-12952-8"><bdi>978-9-004-12952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Russia+and+Tibet%3A+The+Debacle+of+Secret+Diplomacy%2C+1918%E2%80%931930s&rft.series=Brill%27s+Tibetan+Studies+Library&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9-004-12952-8&rft.aulast=Andreyev&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMqXnOBX4dREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreyev2014" class="citation book cs1">Andreyev, Alexandre (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TI6fAwAAQBAJ">The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-27043-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-27043-5"><bdi>978-9-004-27043-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Masters+Revived%3A+The+Occult+Lives+of+Nikolai+and+Elena+Roerich&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-004-27043-5&rft.aulast=Andreyev&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTI6fAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaabar1999" class="citation book cs1">Baabar (1999). Kaplonski, Christopher (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpxAAAAMAAJ">Twentieth Century Mongolia, Volume 1</a>. White Horse Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874267-40-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874267-40-9"><bdi>978-1-874267-40-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Mongolia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=White+Horse+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-874267-40-9&rft.au=Baabar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEpxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaabar1999" class="citation book cs1">Baabar, Bat-Ėrdėniĭn Batbayar (1999). Kaplonski, Christopher (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXxxAAAAMAAJ">History of Mongolia</a>. Monsudar Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-992-90038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-992-90038-3"><bdi>978-9-992-90038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mongolia&rft.pub=Monsudar+Pub.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9-992-90038-3&rft.aulast=Baabar&rft.aufirst=Bat-%C4%96rd%C4%97ni%C4%ADn+Batbayar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXxxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13589-2&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellér-Hann2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellér-Hann, Ildikó, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC">Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-7041-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-5290">1759-5290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+the+Uyghurs+Between+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1759-5290&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNKCU3BdeBbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellér-Hann2008" class="citation book cs1">Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC">Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-16675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-16675-2"><bdi>978-9-004-16675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Matters+in+Xinjiang%2C+1880%E2%80%931949%3A+Towards+a+Historical+Anthropology+of+the+Uyghur&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9-004-16675-2&rft.aulast=Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rft.aufirst=Ildik%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcF4lMj8skvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovingdon2010" class="citation book cs1">Bovingdon, Gardner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrtIa77Sj2IC">The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51941-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51941-0"><bdi>978-0-231-51941-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uyghurs%3A+Strangers+in+Their+Own+Land&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51941-0&rft.aulast=Bovingdon&rft.aufirst=Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrtIa77Sj2IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopperWebber2009" class="citation cs2">Hopper, Ben; Webber, Michael (2009), "Migration, Modernisation and Ethnic Estrangement: Uyghur migration to Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, PRC", Inner Asia, 11 (2): 173–203, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000009793066460">10.1163/000000009793066460</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=Migration%2C+Modernisation+and+Ethnic+Estrangement%3A+Uyghur+migration+to+Urumqi%2C+Xinjiang+Uyghur+Autonomous+Region%2C+PRC&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-203&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000009793066460&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Webber%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|agency=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSautman2000" class="citation cs2">Sautman, Barry (2000), "Is Xinjiang an Internal Colony?", Inner Asia, 2 (33): 239–271, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F146481700793647788">10.1163/146481700793647788</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=Is+Xinjiang+an+Internal+Colony%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=239-271&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F146481700793647788&rft.aulast=Sautman&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiu1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Qiu, Yuanyao (1994), <bdi lang="zh">《跨世纪的中国人口：新疆卷》</bdi> [China's population across the centuries: Xinjiang volume], Beijing: China Statistics Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%B7%A8%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%8D%B7%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Yuanyao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGlJAAAAYAAJ">The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 23</a> (9th ed.). 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Shanghai: Printed at the "Celestial Empire" Office 10-Hankow Road-10. 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+North-China+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Contents&rft.volume=X&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4hJAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOA5NxDIbfYC">(Another online copy)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament._House_of_Commons1871" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBoTAAAAYAAJ">Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command</a>. Vol. 51. H.M. Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Papers%2C+House+of+Commons+and+Command&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Parliament.+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBoTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament._House_of_Commons1914" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMIOAQAAIAAJ">Papers by Command</a>. Vol. 101. H.M. Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+by+Command&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Parliament.+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMIOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office._Historical_Section,_George_Walter_Prothero1920" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section, George Walter Prothero (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZYzAQAAMAAJ">Handbooks Prepared Under the Direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, Issues 67–74</a>. H.M. 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Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03701-5"><bdi>978-1-137-03701-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes%2C+Genocide%2C+and+Justice%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-03701-5&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaynFAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnellElliottForetMillward2004" class="citation book cs1">Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A. 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04091-4"><bdi>978-3-447-04091-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04091-4&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2001" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Mark C. 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Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 7. Brill Academic Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12307-6"><bdi>978-90-04-12307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchu+Grammar%2C+Section+8+Uralic+%26+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12307-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHwPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoHickey2009" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Baogang; Hickey, Dennis V., eds. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726297-9"><bdi>978-0-19-726297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+the+Village%3A+Music%2C+Memory+and+Ritual+Among+the+Sibe+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726297-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQlxJdK6wGUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE. Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1"><bdi>978-1-4392-2134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Jade+Gate+to+Rome%3A+A+Study+of+the+Silk+Routes+during+the+Later+Han+Dynasty%2C+1st+to+2nd+centuries+CE&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=BookSurge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4392-2134-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Howell, Anthony J. 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Tardieu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ographie+math%C3%A9matique%2C+physique+%26+politique+de+toutes+les+parties+du+monde&rft.pub=H.+Tardieu&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Mentelle&rft.aufirst=Edme&rft.au=Malte+Conrad+Brun&rft.au=Pierre-Etienne+Herbin+de+Halle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCghUAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesny1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Mesny" title="William Mesny">Mesny, William</a> (1896). Mesny's Chinese Miscellany. Vol. II. Shanghai.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesny%27s+Chinese+Miscellany&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Mesny&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesny1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Mesny" title="William Mesny">Mesny, William</a> (1899). Mesny's Chinese Miscellany. Vol. III. 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Shanghai.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesny%27s+Chinese+Miscellany&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Mesny&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell2015" class="citation book cs1">Michell, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reBFF3fWjPAC">Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria, and the rebellion of the Tungans and Taranchis, 1862 to 1866</a>. Sagwan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-340-54298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-340-54298-6"><bdi>978-1-340-54298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Turkestan+and+Dzungaria%2C+and+the+rebellion+of+the+Tungans+and+Taranchis%2C+1862+to+1866&rft.pub=Sagwan+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-340-54298-6&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreBFF3fWjPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> Reprint of: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanovski1870" class="citation book cs1">Romanovski, M., ed. (1870). Notes on the Central Asiatic Question. 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Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2933-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-2933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Pass%3A+Economy%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Empire+in+Qing+Central+Asia%2C+1759%E2%80%931864&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2933-8&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMC6sAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC">Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorozova2009" class="citation book cs1">Morozova, Irina Y. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78437-9"><bdi>978-1-135-78437-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialist+Revolutions+in+Asia%3A+The+Social+History+of+Mongolia+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78437-9&rft.aulast=Morozova&rft.aufirst=Irina+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1GRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Myer, Will (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ViEVNqYEG2oC">Islam and Colonialism Western Perspectives on Soviet Asia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78583-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78583-3"><bdi>978-1-135-78583-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Colonialism+Western+Perspectives+on+Soviet+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78583-3&rft.aulast=Myer&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DViEVNqYEG2oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanScobell2013" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, Andrew James; Scobell, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etRkjLv8AosC">China's Search for Security</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51164-3"><bdi>978-0-231-51164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Search+for+Security&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51164-3&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+James&rft.au=Scobell%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetRkjLv8AosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2005" class="citation book cs1">Newby, L. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C">The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C.1760-1860</a>. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Vol. 16. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4"><bdi>978-90-04-14550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+And+the+Khanate%3A+A+Political+History+of+Qing+Relations+With+Khoqand+C.1760-1860&rft.series=Brill%27s+Inner+Asian+Library&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14550-4&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTmO416hNQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyman1977" class="citation book cs1">Nyman, Lars-Erik (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNlwAAAAMAAJ">Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918–1934</a>. Lund studies in international history. Vol. 8. Esselte studium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-24-27287-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-24-27287-6"><bdi>978-91-24-27287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+and+Chinese%2C+Russian+and+Japanese+interests+in+Sinkiang%2C+1918%E2%80%931934&rft.series=Lund+studies+in+international+history&rft.pub=Esselte+studium&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-91-24-27287-6&rft.aulast=Nyman&rft.aufirst=Lars-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNlwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine1996" class="citation book cs1">Paine, S. C. M. 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Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02207-6"><bdi>978-0-465-02207-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloody+White+Baron%3A+The+Extraordinary+Story+of+the+Russian+Nobleman+Who+Became+the+Last+Khan+of+Mongolia&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02207-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_2oJYvNHAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2010" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Charles H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKgs8-pj4_YC">Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49141-9"><bdi>978-1-139-49141-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Interactions+in+the+Early+Modern+Age%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49141-9&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKgs8-pj4_YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegg2001" class="citation book cs1">Pegg, Carole (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEGTwiCvd8C">Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities</a>. Vol. 1. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98030-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98030-0"><bdi>978-0-295-98030-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolian+Music%2C+Dance%2C+%26+Oral+Narrative%3A+Performing+Diverse+Identities&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98030-0&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxEGTwiCvd8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2009" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Peter C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC">China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</a> (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5"><bdi>978-0-674-04202-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04202-5&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue1996" class="citation cs2">Perdue, Peter C. (October 1996), "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia", Modern Asian Studies, 30 (4 Special Issue: War in Modern China): 757–793, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00016796">10.1017/s0026749x00016796</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312949">312949</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146587527">146587527</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Military+Mobilization+in+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth-Century+China%2C+Russia%2C+and+Mongolia&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4+Special+Issue%3A+War+in+Modern+China&rft.pages=757-793&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146587527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312949%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00016796&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2011" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Vincent, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5p_rjMLgj_8C">State Capitalism, Contentious Politics and Large-Scale Social Change</a>. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Vol. 29. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19445-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19445-8"><bdi>978-90-04-19445-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Capitalism%2C+Contentious+Politics+and+Large-Scale+Social+Change&rft.series=Studies+in+Critical+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19445-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5p_rjMLgj_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersTemplemanb2012" class="citation book cs1">Powers, John; Templemanb, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC">Historical Dictionary of Tibet</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7984-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7984-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Templemanb%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVlyX6iSDEQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1963" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Buddha (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-1HAAAAMAAJb">The modern approach to history</a>. University Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+modern+approach+to+history&rft.pub=University+Publishers&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Buddha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-1HAAAAMAAJb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahul2000" class="citation book cs1">Rahul, Ram (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tI77bC989PoC">March of Central Asia</a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-109-2"><bdi>978-81-7387-109-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=March+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-109-2&rft.aulast=Rahul&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtI77bC989PoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedRaschke2010" class="citation book cs1">Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC">The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36540-9"><bdi>978-0-313-36540-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ETIM%3A+China%27s+Islamic+Militants+and+the+Global+Terrorist+Threat&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36540-9&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=J.+Todd&rft.au=Raschke%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5I2b_hrJO8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John A.G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429114744/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZNiAQAAQBAJ">A History of China</a> (revised ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34411-2"><bdi>978-0-230-34411-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZNiAQAAQBAJ">the original</a> on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+China&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34411-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZNiAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudelsonRudelson1992" class="citation book cs1">Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ">Bones in the Sand: The Struggle to Create Uighur Nationalist Ideologies in Xinjiang, China</a> (reprint ed.). Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones+in+the+Sand%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+Uighur+Nationalist+Ideologies+in+Xinjiang%2C+China&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Rudelson&rft.aufirst=Justin+Jon&rft.au=Rudelson%2C+Justin+Ben-Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D905wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudelson1997" class="citation book cs1">Rudelson, Justin Jon (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC">Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10786-0"><bdi>978-0-231-10786-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oasis+Identities%3A+Uyghur+Nationalism+Along+China%27s+Silk+Road&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10786-0&rft.aulast=Rudelson&rft.aufirst=Justin+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMT2D_0_eBPQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10787-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10787-0">0-231-10787-0</a> (pbk.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1969" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, William L. (2 January 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19690102&id=ylsgAAAAIBAJ&pg=4665,144363">"Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China"</a>. The Lewiston Daily Sun. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lewiston+Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=Russians+Back+Revolution+in+Province+Inside+China&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1969-01-02&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1928%26dat%3D19690102%26id%3DylsgAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4665%2C144363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C">Historical Dictionary of Mongolia</a>. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. Vol. 74 (3rd, illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7452-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Mongolia&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Asia%2C+Oceania%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=3rd%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7452-7&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JN83EDDLl4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton2005" class="citation book cs1">Shelton, Dinah C. (2005). Shelton, Dinah (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ">Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity</a>. Vol. 3. Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865850-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865850-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+genocide+and+crimes+against+humanity&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865850-6&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Dinah+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-8YAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor" class="citation book cs1">Sinor, Denis (ed.). 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0380-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-0380-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Altaic+Civilization+III%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Thirtieth+Meeting+of+the+Permanent+International+Altaistic+Conference%2C+Indiana+University%2C+Bloomington%2C+Indiana%2C+June+19%E2%80%9325%2C+1987&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0380-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWbAbwxMZXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2004" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC">Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</a>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1318-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-1318-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1318-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXj4a3gss8wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymourAnderson1999" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, James D.; Anderson, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHwkn9pnjSwC">New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China</a>. Socialism and Social Movements Series. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0510-8"><bdi>978-0-7656-0510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Ghosts%2C+Old+Ghosts%3A+Prisons+and+Labor+Reform+Camps+in+China&rft.series=Socialism+and+Social+Movements+Series&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0510-8&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHwkn9pnjSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamm2013" class="citation book cs1">Tamm, Eric (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801064813/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpG8QEguXEC">The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China</a>. Counterpoint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-876-4"><bdi>978-1-58243-876-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpG8QEguXEC">the original</a> on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse+that+Leaps+Through+Clouds%3A+A+Tale+of+Espionage%2C+the+Silk+Road%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+China&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58243-876-4&rft.aulast=Tamm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkbpG8QEguXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheobald2013" class="citation book cs1">Theobald, Ulrich (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ">War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25567-8"><bdi>978-90-04-25567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Finance+and+Logistics+in+Late+Imperial+China%3A+A+Study+of+the+Second+Jinchuan+Campaign+%281771%E2%80%931776%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25567-8&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUodAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinibai2010" class="citation news cs1">Tinibai, Kenjali (28 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705185320/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm">"China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street"</a>. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=China+and+Kazakhstan%3A+A+Two-Way+Street&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft.aulast=Tinibai&rft.aufirst=Kenjali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fglobalbiz%2Fcontent%2Fmay2010%2Fgb20100528_168520.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinibai2010" class="citation news cs1">Tinibai, Kenjali (27 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html">"Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street"</a>. Transitions Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transitions+Online&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+and+China%3A+A+Two-Way+Street&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.aulast=Tinibai&rft.aufirst=Kenjali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tol.org%2Fclient%2Farticle%2F21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2004" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, Christian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C">Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3533-3"><bdi>978-0-8135-3533-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+West+China%3A+The+Taming+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3533-3&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEzNwgtiVQ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalcottJohnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Walcott, Susan M.; Johnson, Corey, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ">Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-07875-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-07875-1"><bdi>978-1-135-07875-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Corridors+of+Interconnection%3A+From+the+South+China+to+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-07875-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkAVAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZheng2008" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Gungwu; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXXnd81uoMoC">China and the New International Order</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93226-1"><bdi>978-0-203-93226-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+New+International+Order&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93226-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXXnd81uoMoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2007" class="citation book cs1">Wayne, Martin I. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ybmWJXjxUYC">China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10623-3"><bdi>978-1-134-10623-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+War+on+Terrorism%3A+Counter-Insurgency%2C+Politics+and+Internal+Security&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10623-3&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Martin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ybmWJXjxUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongZheng2002" class="citation book cs1">Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C">China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectivesb</a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-270-650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-270-650-8"><bdi>978-981-270-650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Post-Jiang+Leadership+Succession%3A+Problems+and+Perspectivesb&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-270-650-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEdQ1IuJFH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2012" class="citation book cs1">Westad, Odd Arne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uL8NoXZtyxMCb">Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02936-5"><bdi>978-0-465-02936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Empire%3A+China+and+the+World+Since+1750&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02936-5&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuL8NoXZtyxMCb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongZheng2002" class="citation book cs1">Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C">China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives</a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-270-650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-270-650-8"><bdi>978-981-270-650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Post-Jiang+Leadership+Succession%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-270-650-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEdQ1IuJFH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700405282349">10.1177/0097700405282349</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062627">20062627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144587815">144587815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Reinventing+China+Imperial+Qing+Ideology+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Chinese+National+Identity+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144587815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20062627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700405282349&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Gang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZnamenski2011" class="citation book cs1">Znamenski, Andrei (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC">Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia</a> (illustrated ed.). Quest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0891-6"><bdi>978-0-8356-0891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Shambhala%3A+Magic%2C+Prophecy%2C+and+Geopolitics+in+the+Heart+of+Asia&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0891-6&rft.aulast=Znamenski&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J6T2uz1KSoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Xinjiang <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Xinjiang">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Xinjiang&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCôté2011" class="citation journal cs1">Côté, Isabelle (2011). "Political mobilization of a regional minority: Han Chinese settlers in Xinjiang". <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies" title="Ethnic and Racial Studies">Ethnic and Racial Studies</a>. 34 (11): 1855–1873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.2010.543692">10.1080/01419870.2010.543692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144071415">144071415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Political+mobilization+of+a+regional+minority%3A+Han+Chinese+settlers+in+Xinjiang&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1855-1873&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.2010.543692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144071415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=C%C3%B4t%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroner2009" class="citation web cs1">Croner, Don (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091310/http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf">"False Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan"</a> (PDF). dambijantsan.doncroner.com. Ulaan Baatar: Don Croner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dambijantsan.doncroner.com&rft.atitle=False+Lama+%E2%80%93+The+Life+and+Death+of+Dambijantsan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Croner&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdambijantsan.doncroner.com%2FJaLama-Chapter1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroner2010" class="citation web cs1">Croner, Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091401/http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama.1-5.pdf">"Ja Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan"</a> (PDF). dambijantsan.doncroner.com. Ulaan Baatar: Don Croner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama.1-5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dambijantsan.doncroner.com&rft.atitle=Ja+Lama+%E2%80%93+The+Life+and+Death+of+Dambijantsan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Croner&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdambijantsan.doncroner.com%2FJaLama.1-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hierman, Brent. "The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002." Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 2007, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp. 48–62.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2004" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hodong (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC">Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6723-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-6723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War+in+China%3A+The+Muslim+Rebellion+and+State+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%2C+1864%E2%80%931877&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6723-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hodong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtduqAtBzegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2008" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Kwangmin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AywctwAACAAJ">Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696–1814</a>. University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-10126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-10126-3"><bdi>978-1-109-10126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saintly+Brokers%3A+Uyghur+Muslims%2C+Trade%2C+and+the+Making+of+Qing+Central+Asia%2C+1696%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-109-10126-3&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Kwangmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAywctwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanMampillyBartoli2011" class="citation book cs1">Nan, Susan Allen; Mampilly, Zachariah Cherian; Bartoli, Andrea, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx0p4RCdD4wC">Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37576-7"><bdi>978-0-313-37576-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715288234">715288234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacemaking%3A+From+Practice+to+Theory&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715288234&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37576-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHx0p4RCdD4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7576-7">978-0-3133-7576-7</a> (set); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7578-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7578-1">978-0-3133-7578-1</a> (v. 1); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7580-4">978-0-3133-7580-4</a> (v. 2); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7577-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-7577-4">978-0-3133-7577-4</a> (ebk.).</li> <li>Norins, Martin R. <a href="//archive.org/details/gatewaytoasiasin00nori/" class="extiw" title="iarchive:gatewaytoasiasin00nori/">Gateway to Asia : Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far West</a> (1944)</li> <li>Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars With The Xiongnu – A translation From Zizhi Tongjian. AuthorHouse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4490-0604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4490-0604-4">978-1-4490-0604-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYellinek2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Yellinek, Roie (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/islamic-countries-engage-with-china-against-the-background-of-repression-in-xinjiang/">"Islamic Countries Engage with China Against the Background of Repression in Xinjiang"</a>. China Brief. Vol. 19, no. 5. <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Brief&rft.atitle=Islamic+Countries+Engage+with+China+Against+the+Background+of+Repression+in+Xinjiang&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Yellinek&rft.aufirst=Roie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fislamic-countries-engage-with-china-against-the-background-of-repression-in-xinjiang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbILAAAAIAAJ">Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73–75</a>. Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar (in German). O. Harrassowitz. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02237-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02237-8"><bdi>978-3-447-02237-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Asiatische+Forschungen%2C+Volumes+73%E2%80%9375&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02237-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbILAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MysOTiETbsC">Bulletin de la Section de géographie</a> (in French). Vol. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+de+la+Section+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MysOTiETbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RA5AAAAIAAJ">Ethnological Information on China: A Collection; Articles from Various Issues of Sovetskai͡a Ėtnografii͡a (Moscow)</a>. CCM Information Corporation. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnological+Information+on+China%3A+A+Collection%3B+Articles+from+Various+Issues+of+Sovetskai%CD%A1a+%C4%96tnografii%CD%A1a+%28Moscow%29&rft.pub=CCM+Information+Corporation&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RA5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ">Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2</a>. The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2933-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-2933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inner+Asia%2C+Volume+4%2C+Issues+1%E2%80%932&rft.pub=The+White+Horse+Press+for+the+Mongolia+and+Inner+Asia+Studies+Unit+at+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2933-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1RuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513">"Radio war aims at China Moslems"</a>. The Montreal Gazette. UPI. 22 September 1981. p. 11 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Radio+war+aims+at+China+Moslems&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1981-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19810922%26id%3D3oAxAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5348%2C448513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Xinjiang">Sinkiang</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Xinjiang#Q34800" class="extiw" title="voy:Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Xinjiang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Xinjiang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kazakhstan Province">East Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almaty_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaty Province">Almaty Provinces</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mn_flag_bayan_olgiy_aymag.svg/23px-Mn_flag_bayan_olgiy_aymag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mn_flag_bayan_olgiy_aymag.svg/35px-Mn_flag_bayan_olgiy_aymag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mn_flag_bayan_olgiy_aymag.svg/46px-Mn_flag_bayan_olgiy_aymag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Khovd_Aimag_%28since_2014%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khovd_Aimag_%28since_2014%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Khovd_Aimag_%28since_2014%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khovd_Aimag_%28since_2014%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Khovd_Aimag_%28since_2014%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khovd_Aimag_%28since_2014%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd</a> and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mn_flag_govi-altai_aimag_2011.svg/23px-Mn_flag_govi-altai_aimag_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mn_flag_govi-altai_aimag_2011.svg/35px-Mn_flag_govi-altai_aimag_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mn_flag_govi-altai_aimag_2011.svg/46px-Mn_flag_govi-altai_aimag_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Govi-Altai_Province" title="Govi-Altai Province">Govi-Altai</a> Provinces, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg/21px-Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg/33px-Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg/42px-Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Issyk_Kul_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Issyk Kul Region">Issyk Kul</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Naryn_obl_flag.svg/23px-Naryn_obl_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Naryn_obl_flag.svg/35px-Naryn_obl_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Naryn_obl_flag.svg/45px-Naryn_obl_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Naryn_Region" title="Naryn Region">Naryn</a> and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Osh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Osh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Osh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Osh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Osh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Osh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Osh_Region" title="Osh Region">Osh Regions</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Xinjiang<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Disputed region of Aksai Chin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings" title="1992 Ürümqi bombings">1992 Ürümqi bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid" title="2007 Xinjiang raid">2007 Xinjiang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest" title="2008 Uyghur unrest">2008 Uyghur unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">Shaoguan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">September 2009 Xinjiang unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing" title="2010 Aksu bombing">2010 Aksu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis" title="Pishan hostage crisis">Pishan hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack" title="2012 Yecheng attack">2012 Yecheng attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest" title="April 2013 Bachu unrest">April 2013 Bachu unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots" title="June 2013 Shanshan riots">June 2013 Shanshan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout" title="2014 China–Vietnam border shootout">2014 China–Vietnam border shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir" title="Assassination of Juma Tayir">Assassination of Juma Tayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrui" title="Mingrui">Mingrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(politician)" title="Li Zhi (politician)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hudayar" title="Salih Hudayar">Salih Hudayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Osman_Yaghma" title="Ghulam Osman Yaghma">Ghulam Osman Yaghma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Rahile Dawut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" title="Category:Xinjiang">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County-level_divisions_of_Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang" title="Template:Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang" title="Template talk:Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County-level_divisions_of_Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Xinjiang" title="List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang">County-level divisions</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang</a> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Former_capitals_of_Chinese_provinces" title="Former capitals of Chinese provinces">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianshan District">Tianshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybag_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Saybag District">Saybag District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinshi_District,_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinshi District, Ürümqi">Xinshi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuimogou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuimogou District">Shuimogou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toutunhe_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Toutunhe District">Toutunhe District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabancheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabancheng District">Dabancheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Midong District">Midong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_County" title="Ürümqi County">Ürümqi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamay_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamay District">Karamay District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanzi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushanzi District">Dushanzi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiantan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Baijiantan District">Baijiantan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orku_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Orku District">Orku District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaochang District">Gaochang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksun_County" title="Toksun County">Toksun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshan_County" title="Shanshan County">Shanshan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Kumul / Hami</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yizhou_District,_Hami" title="Yizhou District, Hami">Yizhou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwu_County" title="Yiwu County">Yiwu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkol_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County">Barkol Kazakh County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ili_Kazakh" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgas">Korgas</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuytun</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yining_County" title="Yining County">Yining County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huocheng_County" title="Huocheng County">Huocheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongliu_County" title="Gongliu County">Gongliu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyuan_County" title="Xinyuan County">Xinyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaosu_County" title="Zhaosu County">Zhaosu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekes_County" title="Tekes County">Tekes County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilka_County" title="Nilka County">Nilka County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapqal_Xibe_Autonomous_County" title="Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County">Qapqal Xibe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Usu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawan,_Xinjiang" title="Shawan, Xinjiang">Shawan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_County" title="Emin County">Emin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumin_County" title="Yumin County">Yumin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toli_County" title="Toli County">Toli County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoboksar_Mongol_Autonomous_County" title="Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County">Hoboksar Mongol County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinggil_County" title="Qinggil County">Qinghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeminay_County" title="Jeminay County">Jeminay County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyun_County" title="Fuyun County">Fuyun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqin_County" title="Burqin County">Burqin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuhai_County" title="Fuhai County">Fuhai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habahe_County" title="Habahe County">Habahe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">Prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsu_County" title="Onsu County">Onsu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xayar_County" title="Xayar County">Xayar County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng_County" title="Baicheng County">Baicheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awat_County" title="Awat County">Awat County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpin_County" title="Kalpin County">Kalpin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhe_County,_Xinjiang" title="Xinhe County, Xinjiang">Xinhe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqturpan_County" title="Uqturpan County">Wushi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar / Kashi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar / Kashi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralbexi_County" title="Maralbexi County">Maralbexi / Bachu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poskam_County,_Xinjiang" title="Poskam County, Xinjiang">Poskam / Zepu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payzawat_County" title="Payzawat County">Payzawat / Jiashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargilik_County" title="Kargilik County">Kargilik / Yecheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yopurga_County" title="Yopurga County">Yopurga / Yuepuhu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_County" title="Shule County">Yengixahar / Shule County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makit_County" title="Makit County">Makit / Maigaiti County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yengisar_County" title="Yengisar County">Yengisar / Yingjisha County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkant / Shache County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shufu_County" title="Shufu County">Konaxahar / Shufu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxkorgan_Tajik_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County">Taxkorgan Tajik County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan / Hetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan_County" title="Hotan County">Hotan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_County" title="Lop County">Lop / Luopu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_County" title="Niya County">Niya / Minfeng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_County" title="Pishan County">Gumar / Pishan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qira_County" title="Qira County">Qira / Cele County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutian_County,_Xinjiang" title="Yutian County, Xinjiang">Keriya / Yutian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakax_County" title="Karakax County">Karakax / Moyu County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukang" title="Fukang">Fukang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitai_County" title="Qitai County">Qitai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_County" title="Manas County">Manas County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Jimsar County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutubi_County" title="Hutubi County">Hutubi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Mori Kazakh Autonomous County">Mori County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala Mongol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghe_County" title="Jinghe County">Jinghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenquan_County" title="Wenquan County">Wenquan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingholin Mongol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejing_County" title="Hejing County">Hejing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_County" title="Yuli County">Yuli County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxud_County" title="Hoxud County">Hoxud County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiemo_County" title="Qiemo County">Qiemo County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohu_County" title="Bohu County">Bohu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luntai_County" title="Luntai County">Luntai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruoqiang_County" title="Ruoqiang County">Ruoqiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanqi_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Yanqi Hui Autonomous County">Yanqi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu Kyrgyz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akqi_County" title="Akqi County">Akqi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugqat_County" title="Ulugqat County">Ulugqat County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_County" title="Akto County">Akto County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">XPCC</a> administered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="County-level_cities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang" title="Baiyang, Xinjiang">Baiyang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">Beitun</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe">Huyanghe</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang">Xinxing</a> city</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Tacheng and Altay are prefectures within and under the administration of the Ili Prefecture.</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>Ethnic minority autonomous areas</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Dong_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Dong autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Dong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hui_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Hui autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Hui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Korean autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Korean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Manchu_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Manchu autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Manchu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Miao_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Miao autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Miao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Mongol autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Mongol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Tibetan autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Tibetan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Tujia_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Tujia autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Tujia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang" title="Template:Xinjiang">Uyghur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Yao_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Yao autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Yao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Yi_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Yi autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhuang_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Zhuang autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Zhuang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Other_ethnic_minorities_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Other ethnic minorities autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Others</a></dd></dl> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provincial-level_divisions_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Template:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Template talk:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provincial-level_divisions_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Province-level divisions of China">Provincial-level divisions of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:China_blank_province_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/150px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/225px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/300px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality" title="Direct-administered municipality">Direct-administered municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Disputed province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:80%;"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a> is <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">claimed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> but administered by the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a>).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34800#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/237867093">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212006/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4077460-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018776">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941810f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941810f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571077">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFBenjamin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensonSvanberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetts2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBovingdon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretschneider1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridgmanWilliams1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Michael_Hogan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaster2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChunxiang_LiHongjie_LiYinqiu_CuiChengzhi_Xie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCôté2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Stanway2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebataCentral_Asian_Studies_Programme2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickens1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDongYangUlgiatiYan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnellElliottForetMillward2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupreeNaby1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbank1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalkenheimHsieh2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFengLuNiYuan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnaut2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGernet1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinsburgs1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorbunov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorelova2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrammaticas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office._Historical_Section,_George_Walter_Prothero1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office._Historical_Section1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament._House_of_Commons1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament._House_of_Commons1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunaratnaPereire2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuoGuo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuoHickey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHERNÁNDEZ-MORALESMATHIESENLAULEALI2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaines2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_GibbBernard_LewisJohannes_Hendrik_KramersCharles_Pellat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHathaway2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopperWebber2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslamic_Culture_Board1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_D._Seymour1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_BrownPaul_Pickowicz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJinhui_DuanShuying_WeiMing_ZengYanfang_Ju2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuntunenSchlyter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJustin_M._Jacobs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKangWang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatchadourian2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKim2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaikwan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattimore1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattimoreNachukdorji1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLew2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiewWang2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuFaure1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Irfan_IlmieTia_Mutiasari2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackerrasYorke,_Amanda1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryMair2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinaBlanchardSpring2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMartyn1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeehan1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMentelleMalte_Conrad_BrunPierre-Etienne_Herbin_de_Halle1804\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesny1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesny1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesny1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Civil_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Civil_Affairs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorozova2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMovius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurtaugh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanMampillyBartoli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanScobell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewby2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyman1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFONG_HAN_SEAN2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaine1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPegg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerdue1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerdue2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyrot2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyrouse2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowersTemplemanb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQian2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiu1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahul2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamzy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamzyBuckley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReedRaschke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichburg,_Keith_B.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomanovski1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudelson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudelson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudelsonRudelson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaul_B._Cohen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSautman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelçuk_Colakoğlu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymourAnderson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheila_Hollihan-Elliot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenzhen_Bureau_of_Statistics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinor1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkaff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkopeliti2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_Toops2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSu_Qingxia_()2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudworth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamm2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheobald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiezzi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinibai2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTitu_Datta_Gupta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiziano_Terzani1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToops2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremblay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsangCheung2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwitchettWechsler1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalcottJohnson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangDingGardnerWang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZheng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebAdmin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Samolin1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongZheng2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYellinek2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangNingScottFu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhuBlachford2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZnamenski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF任杨1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF国务院人口普查办公室_\u0026#91;Department_of_Population_Census_of_the_State_Council\u0026#93;国家统计局人口和就业统计司编_\u0026#91;Department_of_Population_and_Employment_Statistics,_National_Bureau_of_Statistics\u0026#93;2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编2022\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamification_of_Xinjiang\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Big\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth year and age\"] = 4,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CNY\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 145,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite podcast\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 94,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Coord\"] = 75,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn-lr\"] = 14,\n [\"Efn-ur\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 14,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 144,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Xinjiang\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Image label\"] = 48,\n [\"Image label begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Image label end\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Inner Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam and China\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 77,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Large\"] = 24,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 5,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"ManchuSibeUnicode\"] = 1,\n [\"MongolUnicode\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 3,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 7,\n [\"Non-primary source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Normal\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-lr\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ur\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 11,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad\"] = 2,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 19,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 50,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 61,\n [\"Smaller\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"US$\"] = 4,\n [\"Ug-textonly\"] = 28,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Url\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Wikivoyage-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Xinjiang\"] = 1,\n [\"Xinjiang topics\"] = 1,\n [\"\\\\\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","680","18.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","640","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","420","11.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","5.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","3.2"],["(for generator)","80","2.2"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","80","2.2"],["[others]","900","24.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-lww75","timestamp":"20241127201951","ttl":272431,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Xinjiang","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinjiang","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34800","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34800","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-12T21:51:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T22:33:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8a\/Karakul-muztagh-ata-d09.jpg","headline":"autonomous region in China"}</script> </body> </html>