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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fy.wikipedia.org&uselang=fy" class=""><span>Donaasjes</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:Nije_ynstellings_oanmeitsje&returnto=Fenysje" title="Jo wurde fan herten útnûge in akkount oan te meitsjen en jo oan te melden, mar it hoecht net" class=""><span>Akkount meitsje</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:Oanmelde&returnto=Fenysje" title="Jo wurde 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Oanmelde</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Siden foar ôfmelde meidoggers <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Yntroduksje" aria-label="Mear witte oer bewurkjen"><span>mear witte</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Myn_bydragen" title="List fan wizigings makke fan dit YP-adres ôf [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Myn_oerlis" title="Oerlis oer bewurkings fan dit YP-adres ôf [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Oerlis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webstee"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Ynhâld" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ynhâld</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">nei sydbalke ferplakke</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ferbergje</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Begjin</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Namme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Namme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skiednis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skiednis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Skiednis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Skiednis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Subseksje Skiednis omklappe</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Skiednis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oarsprong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oarsprong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oarsprong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oarsprong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bloeitiid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bloeitiid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bloeitiid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bloeitiid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stifting_fan_Kartago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stifting_fan_Kartago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stifting fan Kartago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stifting_fan_Kartago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Assyrje_en_Babyloanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Assyrje_en_Babyloanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Under Assyrje en Babyloanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Assyrje_en_Babyloanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perzyske_tiid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perzyske_tiid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Perzyske tiid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perzyske_tiid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistyske_tiid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistyske_tiid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Hellenistyske tiid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistyske_tiid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stêdsteaten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stêdsteaten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stêdsteaten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stêdsteaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kultuer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Subseksje Kultuer omklappe</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polityk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polityk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Polityk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polityk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rjochtsysteem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rjochtsysteem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rjochtsysteem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rjochtsysteem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Leger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Taal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alfabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Alfabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sjoch_ek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sjoch_ek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sjoch ek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sjoch_ek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keppeling_om_utens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keppeling_om_utens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Keppeling om utens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keppeling_om_utens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Ynhâld" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ynhâldsopjefte omklappe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ynhâldsopjefte omklappe</span> </label> <div 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Beskikber yn 100 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="topside"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisi%C3%AB" title="Fenisië – Afrikaansk" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fenisië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%89%84" title="ፊንቄ – Amhaarsk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊንቄ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فينيقيا – Arabysk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فينيقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فينيقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينيقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Asturysk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikiya" title="Finikiya – Azerbeidzjaansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Finikiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فنیقی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فنیقی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Basjkiersk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiersk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фінікія – Wyt-Russysk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фінікія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Wyt-Russysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Bulgaarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ফিনিশিয়া – Bengaalsk" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaalsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikia" title="Fenikia – Bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fenikia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikija" title="Fenikija – Bosnysk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fenikija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Финики – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Финики" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%ADcia" title="Fenícia – Katalaansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fenícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%AD-n%C3%A0%CC%A4-g%C4%AD" title="Pĭ-nà̤-gĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pĭ-nà̤-gĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisya" title="Penisya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Penisya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffenicia" title="Ffenicia – Welsk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffenicia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nicie" title="Fénicie – Tsjechysk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fénicie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikien" title="Fønikien – Deensk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fønikien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nizien" title="Phönizien – Dútsk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phönizien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Dútsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Ingelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicio" title="Fenicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fenicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Spaansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foiniikia" title="Foiniikia – Estlânsk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foiniikia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estlânsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenizia" title="Fenizia – Baskysk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fenizia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فنیقی‌ها – Perzysk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فنیقی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foinikia" title="Foinikia – Finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Foinikia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nicie" title="Phénicie – Frânsk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phénicie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frânsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fh%C3%A9in%C3%ADc" title="An Fhéiníc – Iersk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhéiníc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iersk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicios" title="Fenicios – Galisysk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fenicios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="פיניקיה – Hebreeuwsk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיניקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuwsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ोनीशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ोनीशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փյունիկիա – Armeensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փյունիկիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A7" title="Փիւնիկէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փիւնիկէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicija" title="Fenicija – Kroatysk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fenicija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6n%C3%ADcia" title="Fönícia – Hongaarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fönícia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Fenisia" title="Bangsa Fenisia – Yndonezysk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsa Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Yndonezysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6n%C3%ADka" title="Föníka – Yslâns" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Föníka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslâns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Italiaansk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="フェニキア – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェニキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Fenisia" title="Bangsa Fenisia – Javaansk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bangsa Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფინიკია – Georgysk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინიკია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifniqen" title="Ifniqen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ifniqen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Kirgizysk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="페니키아 – Koreaansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페니키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEn%C3%AEkya" title="Fînîkya – Koerdysk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fînîkya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenices" title="Phoenices – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phoenices" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisia" title="Fenisia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikija" title="Finikija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Finikija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%B7ija" title="Feniķija – Letlâns" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Feniķija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letlâns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisia" title="Fenisia – Malagasysk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Феникија – Macedonysk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Феникија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഫിനീഷ്യൻ സംസ്കാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിനീഷ്യൻ സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Финик – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Финик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फिनीशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिनीशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Bi" title="Feniċi – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Feniċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%87" title="فینیقیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فینیقیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenici%C3%AB" title="Fenicië – Nederlânsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fenicië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlânsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikia" title="Fønikia – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fønikia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikia" title="Fønikia – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fønikia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Occitaansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiinishiyaa" title="Fiinishiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fiinishiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਫੋਨੀਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੋਨੀਸ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicja" title="Fenicja – Poalsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fenicja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poalsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="فونیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فونیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فینیکیان – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فینیکیان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%ADcia" title="Fenícia – Portugeesk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fenícia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugeesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Roemeensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Russysk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%ACtzios" title="Fenìtzios – Sardinysk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fenìtzios" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finici" title="Finici – Siciliaansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Finici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicie" title="Phoenicie – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phoenicie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikija" title="Fenikija – Servokroatysk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fenikija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servokroatysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පීනිෂියාව – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පීනිෂියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dania" title="Feničania – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Feničania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicija" title="Fenicija – Sloveensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fenicija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikasit" title="Fenikasit – Albaneesk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fenikasit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Феникија – Servysk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феникија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicien" title="Fenicien – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fenicien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finisia" title="Finisia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Finisia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="போனீசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போனீசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ฟินิเชีย – Thais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟินิเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikeliler" title="Fenikeliler – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fenikeliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фінікія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фінікія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="فونیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فونیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikiya" title="Finikiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Finikiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenici" title="Fenici – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fenici" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisya" title="Fenisya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fenisya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腓尼基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფინიკია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინიკია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基 – Sineesk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腓尼基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Sineesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基 – Kantoneesk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腓尼基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantoneesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Yntertaalkeppelings bewurkje" class="wbc-editpage">Keppelings bewurkje</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nammeromten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fenysje" title="De sideynhâld sjen litte [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oerlis:Fenysje" rel="discussion" title="Oerlis oer de sideynhâld [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Oerlis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalfariant feroarje" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Frysk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Werjeften"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fenysje"><span>Lêze</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit" title="Dizze side bewurkje [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewurkje</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit" title="De boarnekoade fan dizze side bewurkje [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Boarne bewurkje</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=history" title="Eardere ferzjes fan dizze side [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Skiednis besjen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Helpmiddels" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Helpmiddels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Helpmiddels</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">nei sydbalke ferplakke</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ferbergje</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mear opsjes" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fenysje"><span>Lêze</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit" title="Dizze side bewurkje [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewurkje</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit" title="De boarnekoade fan dizze side bewurkje [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Boarne bewurkje</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=history"><span>Skiednis besjen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemien </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Wat_is_hjirmei_keppele/Fenysje" title="List fan alle siden dy't nei dizze side ferwize [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hjirmei keppele</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Folgje_keppelings/Fenysje" rel="nofollow" title="De lêste feroarings yn siden dêr't dizze side nei ferwiist [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Keppelings folgje</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Bys%C3%BBndere_siden" title="List fan alle bysûndere siden [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Bysûndere siden</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&oldid=1137577" title="Bliuwende keppeling nei dizze ferzje fan 'e side"><span>Fêste keppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=info" title="Mear ynformaasje oer dizze side"><span>Sidegegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:Sitearje&page=Fenysje&id=1137577&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Op hokker wize dizze side sitearre wurde kin"><span>Dizze side sitearje</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFenysje"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFenysje"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ofdrukke/eksportearje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fenysje"><span>Boek meitsje</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fenysje&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ynlade as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&printable=yes" title="Ofdrukferzje fan dizze side [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Ofdrukferzje</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Yn oare projekten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoenicia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41642" title="Keppeling nei it ferbûne dataopslachitem [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">nei sydbalke ferplakke</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ferbergje</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ut Wikipedy</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fy" dir="ltr"><table class="toccolours vatop infobox" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right;width:300px;margin-left:0.5em;border: 1px solid #999999; color: #000; background-color: #f8f8f8; font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size: large;" bgcolor="#f8f8f8">Fenysje <br /> 𐤐𐤕 <br /> <i>Pūt</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fenisysk" title="Fenisysk">Fenisysk</a>)</small> <br /> Φοινίκη <br /> <i>Phoiníkē</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Gryksk" title="Gryksk">Gryksk</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size: large;" bgcolor="#f8f8f8"><small><span style="color:white;">0</span>2500 f.Kr. - 539 f.Kr.</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #DCDCDC;">geografyske lokaasje </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Phoenicia_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Phoenicia_map-en.svg/280px-Phoenicia_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Phoenicia_map-en.svg/420px-Phoenicia_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Phoenicia_map-en.svg/560px-Phoenicia_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="405" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #DCDCDC;">polityk </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/wiki/Haadst%C3%AAd" title="Haadstêd">haadstêd</a></b> </td> <td>gjint; wichtige stêden wiene: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byblos (noch net skreaun)">Byblos</a> (2500–1000 f.Kr.) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrus (noch net skreaun)">Tyrus</a> (900–550 f.Kr.) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/wiki/Offisjele_taal" title="Offisjele taal">offisjele taal</a></b> </td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Fenisysk" title="Fenisysk">Fenisysk</a> <br /> • <a href="/wiki/Punysk" title="Punysk">Punysk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/wiki/Steatsfoarm" title="Steatsfoarm">steatsfoarm</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St%C3%AAdsteat" class="mw-redirect" title="Stêdsteat">stêdsteaten</a> behearske troch <a href="/wiki/Kening" title="Kening">keningen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_fan_lannen_en_gebieten" class="mw-redirect" title="List fan lannen en gebieten">ûntstien út</a></b> </td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaäniten</a> <br /> • <a href="/wiki/Hettityske_Ryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hettityske Ryk">Hettityske Ryk</a><br /> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nije_Ryk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nije Ryk (noch net skreaun)">Egyptyske Ryk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_fan_lannen_en_gebieten" class="mw-redirect" title="List fan lannen en gebieten">opgien yn</a></b> </td> <td>• <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_(Blue).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/20px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/40px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaimeniden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achaimeniden (noch net skreaun)">Achaemenidysk Fenysje</a> <br /> • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Carthage_standard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carthage_standard.svg/20px-Carthage_standard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carthage_standard.svg/30px-Carthage_standard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carthage_standard.svg/40px-Carthage_standard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_fan_lannen_en_territoaria" title="List fan lannen en territoaria">no diel fan</a></b></td> <td>• <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <br /> • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a><br /> • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrje" title="Syrje">Syrje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/Oerflak" title="Oerflak">oerflak</a></b></td> <td>20.000 km² (1000 f.Kr.) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Amarnamap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Amarnamap.png/300px-Amarnamap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Amarnamap.png/450px-Amarnamap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Amarnamap.png/600px-Amarnamap.png 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>De kultueren yn it Midden-Easten om 1200 f.Kr. hinne</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fenysje</b> of <b>Fenisië</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a>: <i>Phoenicia</i>, fan it <a href="/wiki/Aldgryksk" title="Aldgryksk">Aldgryksk</a>: Φοινίκη, <i>Phoiníkē</i>), wie yn de <a href="/wiki/Aldheid" title="Aldheid">Aldheid</a> de namme fan de fruchtbere kuststripe tusken it <a href="/wiki/Libanon_(berchtme)" title="Libanon (berchtme)">Libanonberchtme</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Middell%C3%A2nske_See" title="Middellânske See">Middellânske See</a>. Fenysje omfieme in oantal selsstannige stêden, wêrûnder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byblos (noch net skreaun)">Byblos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beir%C3%BBt" title="Beirût">Beirût</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrus (noch net skreaun)">Tyrus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidon (noch net skreaun)">Sidon</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akko (noch net skreaun)">Akko</a>, dy't tusken 1200 en 800 f.Kr. harren grutste bloei meimakken. Yn <a href="/wiki/63_f.Kr." title="63 f.Kr.">63 f.Kr.</a> waard it gebiet tegearre mei <a href="/wiki/Koelesyrje" title="Koelesyrje">Syrje</a> by it <a href="/wiki/Romeinske_Ryk" title="Romeinske Ryk">Imperium Romanum</a> ynlive en waard sadwaande part fan de provinsje <i><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></i>. </p><p>De bewenners fan Fenysje rekken harren ta de <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaäniten</a> en wiene besibbe mei de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiten (noch net skreaun)">Semityske</a> bewenners fan <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a>. De Fenysjers kamen op de foargrûn nei de <a href="/wiki/Ynstoarting_fan_it_ynternasjonaal_stelsel_oan_%27e_ein_fan_%27e_Br%C3%BBnstiid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynstoarting fan it ynternasjonaal stelsel oan 'e ein fan 'e Brûnstiid">ynstoarting fan it ynternasjonaal stelsel oan 'e ein fan 'e Brûnstiid</a> om <a href="/wiki/1150_f.Kr." title="1150 f.Kr.">1150 f.Kr.</a> hinne. Troch de iuwen hinne wienen de <a href="/wiki/Fenysjers" title="Fenysjers">Fenysjers</a> de wichtichste frachtferfierders en hannelers fan it Middellânske Seegebiet. Harren betsjutting foar de wrâldskiednis leit yn it feit dat sy oeral by de kust del (oant <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cádiz (noch net skreaun)">Cádiz</a>) koloanjes stiften dy't stadichoan selsstannige steaten waarden. De wichtichste Fenysyske koloanje wie <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a>. </p><p>Harren meast ferneamde neilittenskip wie it <a href="/wiki/Fenisysk_Alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenisysk Alfabet">Fenisysk Alfabet</a> dat se oer it Middellânske Seegebiet stjoerd hiene. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namme">Namme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Dielside bewurkje: Namme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Namme"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De namme "Fenysje" waard nei alle gedachten algemien om't de Griken it folk dêre mei <i>phoiniki</i> (Gryksk Φοινίκη <i>Phoiníkē</i>) oantsjutten. De namme giet faaks tebek op it eardere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Line%C3%AAr_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lineêr B (noch net skreaun)">Lineêr B</a> <i>ponikijo</i>, dat fan de <a href="/wiki/Alde_Egypte" title="Alde Egypte">âlde Egyptners</a> oernaam waard dy't <i>Fnkhw</i> foar "Syrjers" brûkten.<br /> Om't dat wurd hast itselde hearde as it Grykske wurd φοῖνιξ (<i>phoînix</i>) waard it dêroan synonym, fanwegen de belutsenens fan dat folk mei de ferneamde <a href="/wiki/Poarper" class="mw-redirect" title="Poarper">poarperkleurstof</a> (Tyrysk poarper) troch it fangen en ferwurkjen fan poarperslakken. De Fenysjers wiene ferneamd om harren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadel (noch net skreaun)">dadels</a> en kleurstoffen, dêrfan komt it dat de Griken Fenysje "poarperlân" neamden. </p><p>De lânseigen namme foar it lân wie 𐤐𐤕 (<i>Pūt</i>) en foar it folk wie 𐤐𐤍𐤉𐤌 (<i>Pōnnim</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skiednis">Skiednis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Dielside bewurkje: Skiednis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Skiednis"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Der is net in soad fan Fenisysk skriuwen en literatuer oerlevere. Itjinge dat bekend oer harren is, komt fan boarnen om utens, sa as fan oare beskavings, en fan <a href="/wiki/Archeology" title="Archeology">archeologysk</a> ûndersyk </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oarsprong">Oarsprong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Dielside bewurkje: Oarsprong" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Oarsprong"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaänityske</a> kultuer, dêr't de Fenysyske kultuer fan ôfstammet, ûntwikkele himsels yn de <a href="/wiki/Kopertiid" title="Kopertiid">kopertiid</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byblos (noch net skreaun)">Byblos</a> is in archeologysk fynplak fan de iere <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BBnstiid" title="Brûnstiid">brûnstiid</a>. De stêd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugarit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugarit (noch net skreaun)">Ugarit</a> is in archeologysk fynplak fan de lette brûnstiid, en wurdt archeologysk sjoen ta Kanaän rekkene, dochs heart de Ugarityske taal net ta de <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4nityske_talen" title="Kanaänityske talen">Kanaänityske taalfamylje</a>. </p><p>Guon <a href="/wiki/Skiedkundige" title="Skiedkundige">skiedkundigen</a> tinke dat der bewiis is dat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiten (noch net skreaun)">Semiten</a> harren ferspraten oer de <a href="/wiki/Fruchtbere_Healmoanne" title="Fruchtbere Healmoanne">Fruchtbere Healmoanne</a> hinne om sa'n <a href="/wiki/2500_f.Kr." title="2500 f.Kr.">2500 f.Kr.</a> hinne, wylst oaren tinke dat de Fenysjers in mingsel binne fan de eardere net-Semtyske bewenners mei de Semityske nijkommers. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> leaude dat de Fenysjers fan oarsprong út <a href="/wiki/Bachrein" title="Bachrein">Bachrein</a> ôfkomstich wiene, itjinge de lettere skriuwer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> it ek mei iens wie. Genetysk ûndersyk hat lykwols sjen litten dat de Libanezen fan hjoed-de-dei fan in befolking, dy't besibbe oan de Kanaäniten wie, ôfstamje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bloeitiid">Bloeitiid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Dielside bewurkje: Bloeitiid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bloeitiid"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:PhoenicianTrade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhoenicianTrade.png/300px-PhoenicianTrade.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhoenicianTrade.png/450px-PhoenicianTrade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/PhoenicianTrade.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Fenysyske hannelsrûtes</figcaption></figure> <p>Der waard mear oer Fenysje bekend troch de bemasterings fan it gebiet troch <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BBtmosis_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tûtmosis III (noch net skreaun)">Tûtmosis III</a> (1479-1425 f.Kr.). De Egyptners foelen de havenstêden Byblos, Arwad en Ullasa oan om't dy krúsjale ferbinings mei it efterlân (troch de rivieren de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahr_al-Kabir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahr al-Kabir (noch net skreaun)">Nahr al-Kabir</a> en de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orontes (noch net skreaun)">Orontes</a>) hiene. Dy stêden joegen Egypte tagong ta de hannel mei <a href="/wiki/Mesopotaamje" title="Mesopotaamje">Mesopotaamje</a>, en tagong ta in grutte hoemannichte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seder (noch net skreaun)">sederhout</a> yn it gebiet. Yn it midden fan de <a href="/wiki/Fjirtjinde_iuw_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="Fjirtjinde iuw f.Kr.">fjirtjinde iuw f.Kr.</a> waarden de Fenisyske <a href="/wiki/St%C3%AAdsteat" class="mw-redirect" title="Stêdsteat">stêdsteaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Fazalsteat" title="Fazalsteat">fazalsteaten</a> fan Egypte. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrus (noch net skreaun)">Tyrus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidon (noch net skreaun)">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beir%C3%BBt" title="Beirût">Beirût</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byblos (noch net skreaun)">Byblos</a> waarden de wichtichste stêden. De Fenysjers hiene in soad autonomy en harren stêden wiene gegoed en goed ûntwikkele. Byblos wie de wichtichste stêd bûten Egypte en wie in mulpunt fan it meitsjen fan <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BBns" title="Brûns">brûns</a>. Sidon en Tyrus krigen ek in soad belangstelling fan de Egyptners en sa ûntstie der stadichoan in ûnderlinge striid tusken de stêden. </p><p>De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_brieven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna brieven (noch net skreaun)">Amarna brieven</a> neame dat fan 1350 oant 1300 f.Kr. de buorlju fan de Fenysjers, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoriten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoriten (noch net skreaun)">Amoriten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hettiten" title="Hettiten">Hettiten</a>, Fenisyske stêden oanfoelen, benammen yn it noarden. Egypte ferlear syn greep op de kuststripe fan Ugarit, yn noardlik Syrje, oant Byblos yn Mid-Libanon. </p><p>Yn it tiidrek fan de <a href="/wiki/Ynstoarting_fan_it_ynternasjonaal_stelsel_oan_%27e_ein_fan_%27e_Br%C3%BBnstiid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynstoarting fan it ynternasjonaal stelsel oan 'e ein fan 'e Brûnstiid">ynstoarting fan it ynternasjonaal stelsel oan 'e ein fan 'e Brûnstiid</a>, tusken 1200 oant 1150 f.Kr., ferswakten en stoarten de measte beskavings fan dy tiid yn, lykas dy fan de Egyptners, de Hettiten en <a href="/wiki/Mysene" title="Mysene">Myseensk Grikelân</a>. De Fenisyske beskaving oerlibbe dy stoarm en kaam lykwols om <a href="/w/index.php?title=1230_f.Kr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1230 f.Kr. (noch net skreaun)">1230 f.Kr.</a> hinne op en ûntjoech him fluch dêrnei. Dat tiidrek wurdt ek wol de "Fenisyske renêssanse" neamd. De Fenysjers waarden de wichtichste hannelers en seemacht yn de omkriten en soene dat foar de folgjende iuwen bliuwe. </p><p>Hja waarden de wichtichste hannelers yn it <a href="/wiki/Middell%C3%A2nske_See" title="Middellânske See">Middellânske Seegebiet</a> en stiften yn de <a href="/wiki/Tsiende_iuw_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiende iuw f.Kr.">tsiende iuw f.Kr.</a> fannijs de lange hannelsrûte tusken Egypte en Mesopotaamje. Al yn de iere <a href="/wiki/Izertiid" title="Izertiid">izertiid</a> stiften de Fenysjers havens, warehuzen, merken en delsettings oan de kusten fan it Middellânske Seegebiet en it suden fan it <a href="/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See">Swarte Seegebiet</a>. Koloanjes waarden stifte op <a href="/wiki/Syprus" title="Syprus">Syprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardynje" title="Sardynje">Sardynje</a> de <a href="/wiki/Balearen" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearen">Balearen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisylje" title="Sisylje">Sisylje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> en oan de kusten fan <a href="/wiki/Noard-Afrika" title="Noard-Afrika">Noard-Afrika</a> en it <a href="/wiki/Ibearysk_skiereil%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibearysk skiereilân">Ibearysk skiereilân</a>. </p><p>Yn dy tiid waard Tyrus de rykste en machtichste Fenisyske stêdsteat, benammen ûnder de hearskippij fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiram_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiram I (noch net skreaun)">Hiram I</a> (969-936 f.Kr.) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Itobaal_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itobaal I (noch net skreaun)">Itobaal I</a> (887-856 f.Kr.). Tyrus wreide syn gebiet út nei it noarden oant Beirût ta, en oermastere syn âlde rivaal Sidon. Ek parten fan Syprus waarden oermastere. Itobaal neamde himsels "kening fan de Sidoanjers" en dy titel waard ek troch syn opfolgers brûkt. Dêrby kaam hast gâns Fenysje ûnder ien hearsker. </p><p>Yn de lette izertiid, tusken 750 en 650 f.Kr. wie de Fenisyske skipbou, hannel en kultuer op syn hichtepunt. De Fenisyske ynfloed oer it Grykske "easten" wie frij grut. Harren meast ferhannele produkt wie fijn tekstyl, ornaris kleure mei Tyrysk poarper. De <i><a href="/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias">Ilias</a></i> fan <a href="/wiki/Homearus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homearus">Homearus</a>, dy't yn dy tiid skreaun waard, ferwiisde gauris nei de kwaliteit fan de Fenisyske klean en metalen dingen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stifting_fan_Kartago">Stifting fan Kartago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Dielside bewurkje: Stifting fan Kartago" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Stifting fan Kartago"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:1rightarrow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/15px-1rightarrow.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/23px-1rightarrow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/30px-1rightarrow.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <small>De Wikipedy hat ek in side <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a>.</small></dd></dl> <p>Kartago waard stifte troch Fenysjers fan Tyrus, nei alle gedachten as in tuskenstop fan de metaalhannel mei it <a href="/wiki/Ibearysk_skiereil%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibearysk skiereilân">Ibearysk skiereilân</a>. De namme fan de stêd yn <a href="/wiki/Punysk" title="Punysk">Punysk</a> <i>Qart-Ḥadašt</i> (𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕‎), betsjut "Nije Stêd". Guon boarnen, sa as dy fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filistos_fan_Sisylje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filistos fan Sisylje (noch net skreaun)">Filistos fan Sisylje</a>, wolle hawwe dat Kartago om <a href="/w/index.php?title=1215_f.Kr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1215 f.Kr. (noch net skreaun)">1215 f.Kr.</a> hinne stifte waard, far de <a href="/wiki/Trojaanske_Oarloch" title="Trojaanske Oarloch">fal fan Troaje</a>. De Grykske skriuwer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Time%C3%BCs_fan_Tauromenium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeüs fan Tauromenium (noch net skreaun)">Timeüs fan Tauromenium</a>, om <a href="/wiki/300_f.Kr." title="300 f.Kr.">300 f.Kr.</a> hinne, oppenearre dat Kartago yn <a href="/wiki/814_f.Kr." title="814 f.Kr.">814 f.Kr.</a> stifte waard, itjinge oannaam wurdt troch de measte hjoedddeistige skiedkundigen. Kartago woeks út ta in multy-etnysk ryk, dat grutte parten fan <a href="/wiki/Noard-Afrika" title="Noard-Afrika">Noard-Afrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardynje" title="Sardynje">Sardynje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisylje" title="Sisylje">Sisylje</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Balearen" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearen">Balearen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> en súdlik <a href="/wiki/Ibearje" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibearje">Ibearje</a> omfiemje soe. It ryk waard yn de <a href="/wiki/Punyske_Oarloggen" class="mw-redirect" title="Punyske Oarloggen">Punyske Oarloggen</a> (264-146 f.Kr.) troch de <a href="/wiki/Romeinske_Republyk" title="Romeinske Republyk">Romeinske Republyk</a> ferneatige en Kartago waard dêrnei fannijs opboud as in Romeinske stêd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Assyrje_en_Babyloanje">Under Assyrje en Babyloanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Dielside bewurkje: Under Assyrje en Babyloanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Under Assyrje en Babyloanje"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg/220px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg/330px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg/440px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Twa brûnzen fragminten fan in Assyryske paleisdoar, dy't in kolleksje fan de Fenisyske stêden Tyrus en Sidon foarstelt</figcaption></figure> <p>De Fenysjers wiene in hannelsmacht mei in smelle stripe lân oan de kust. Dêrtroch wie it lân net grut genôch en hiene se net genôch manlju en foarmje in grut leger. Doe't oanswettende lannen machtiger waarden, kamen de Fenysjers ûnder de hearskippij fan hearskers om utens. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Assyryske_Ryk" title="Assyryske Ryk">Assyryske</a> bemastering fan Fenysje sette útein ûnder kening <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmanasser_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmanasser III (noch net skreaun)">Salmanasser III</a>, dy't yn <a href="/wiki/858_f.Kr." title="858 f.Kr.">858 f.Kr.</a> oan de macht kaam en dy't mei in stikmannich militêre tochten tsjin oanswettende lannen úteinsette. De Fenisyske stêdsteaten kamen ûnder syn hearskippij en moasten hege belestings, yn jild, guod, en grûnstoffen, oan him betelje. Ynearsten bleaune se fazalsteaten fan de Assyrjers. Dat feroare ûnder kening <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiglat-Pileser_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiglat-Pileser III (noch net skreaun)">Tiglat-Pileser III</a> yn <a href="/wiki/744_f.Kr." title="744 f.Kr.">744 f.Kr.</a> Yn <a href="/wiki/738_f.Kr." title="738 f.Kr.">738 f.Kr.</a> waard it grutste part fan de Levant, mei noardlik Fenysje ynbegrepen, anneksearre. Allinnich Tyrus en Byblos, de machtichste stêdsteaten, bleaune as fazalsteaten bestean en bûten streekrjocht Assyrysk bewâld. </p><p>Tyrus, Byblos en Sidon kamen yn opstân tsjin de Assyrjers. Yn <a href="/wiki/721_f.Kr." title="721 f.Kr.">721 f.Kr.</a> belegere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargon_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargon II (noch net skreaun)">Sargon II</a> Tyrus en sloech de opstân del. Syn opfolger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanherib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanherib (noch net skreaun)">Sanherib</a> sloech fierdere rebûljes del yn it gebiet. Yn de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nde_iuw_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="Sânde iuw f.Kr.">sânde iuw f.Kr.</a> bleau Sidon de Assyrjers bestriden, mar waard ta einbeslút folslein ferneatige, en syn befolking waard ta slaven makke. Op it plak fan de ruïne waard in nije stêd boud. Oan de ein fan dy iuw rekke it Assyryske Ryk ferswakke troch in stikmannich opstannen, dat ta it ferneatigjen fan harren ryk troch it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medyske_Ryk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medyske Ryk (noch net skreaun)">Medyske Ryk</a> late. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Babyloanje" title="Babyloanje">Babyloanje</a>, dat in fazalsteat fan it Assyryske Ryk wie, makke gebrûk fan it neigean fan it Assyryske Ryk en de Babyloanjers stiften al rillegau it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijbabyloanyske_Ryk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nijbabyloanyske Ryk (noch net skreaun)">Nijbabyloanyske Ryk</a>. De Fenysjers kamen yn ferwar tsjin de Babyloanjers, mar kening <a href="/wiki/Neb%C3%BBkadn%C3%AAzer_II" title="Nebûkadnêzer II">Nebûkadnêzer II</a> belegere Tyrus yn <a href="/wiki/587_f.Kr." title="587 f.Kr.">587 f.Kr.</a> trettjin jier lang. Ta einbeslút joech dy him oan de kening oer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perzyske_tiid">Perzyske tiid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Dielside bewurkje: Perzyske tiid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Perzyske tiid"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg/220px-Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg/330px-Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg/440px-Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>It bouwen fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontonbr%C3%AAge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontonbrêge (noch net skreaun)">pontonbrêgen</a> oer it Ksekseskanaal troch Fenysjers yn de Gryksk-Perzyske Oarloggen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Coin_of_Abdashtart_I,_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Munten fan Straton I fan Sidon yn de Achaimenidyske tiid. Hy stiet efter de Perzyske kening op de striidwein</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn <a href="/wiki/539_f.Kr." title="539 f.Kr.">539 f.Kr.</a> naam <a href="/wiki/Syrus_de_Grutte" title="Syrus de Grutte">Syrus de Grutte</a>, de kening en stifter fan de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaimeniden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achaimeniden (noch net skreaun)">Achaimeniden</a>, dy't oer it <a href="/wiki/Perzyske_Ryk" title="Perzyske Ryk">Perzyske Ryk</a> hearsken, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylon (noch net skreaun)">Babylon</a> yn. Ek Fenyskje kaam ûnder Perzysk gesach. It grutste part fan de Levant waard troch Syrus yn ien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satraap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satraap (noch net skreaun)">satrapy</a> (provinsje) foarme en dy moasten in jierlikse belesting fan 350 talinten betelje, dat rûchwei de helte fan dy fan Egypte en <a href="/wiki/Lybje" title="Lybje">Lybje</a> wie. </p><p>Fenysje waard ferparte yn fjouwer fazalkeninkriken; Sidon, Tyrus, Arwad en Byblos, dy't in reedlik grutte autonomy krigen. Ta tsjinstelling fan oare parten fan it Perzyske Ryk, binne der gjin boarnen bekend dy't oer Perzyske amtners yn de Fenisyske stêdsteaten prate. Pleatslike Fenisyske keningen mochten oan de macht bliuwe en waarden deselde rjochten as de Perzyske atrapen jûn, sa as erflike opfolging en it slaan litten fan harren eigen munten. </p><p>De Fenysjers wiene in soad wurdich foar it Perzyske Ryk, benammen foar harren kunde yn skipbou en skipfeart. Hja bouden it grutste part fan de Perzyske float yn de Gryksk-<a href="/wiki/Perzyske_Oarloggen" title="Perzyske Oarloggen">Perzyske Oarloggen</a> yn de lette <a href="/wiki/Fyfde_iuw_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="Fyfde iuw f.Kr.">fyfde iuw f.Kr.</a> Fenysjers ûnder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kserkses_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kserkses I (noch net skreaun)">Kserkses I</a> bouden it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksekseskanaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksekseskanaal (noch net skreaun)">Ksekseskanaal</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontonbr%C3%AAge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontonbrêge (noch net skreaun)">pontonbrêgen</a> oer dat kanaal, sa't de Perzyske troepen it Grykske fêstelân ynfalle koene. Nettsjinsteande waarden se swier bestraffe troch de Perzyske kening nei't er de <a href="/wiki/Slach_by_Salamis" title="Slach by Salamis">Slach by Salamis</a> ferlear en hy beskuldige harren fan leffens en fûn dat se neat wurdich wiene. </p><p>Yn it midden fan de <a href="/wiki/Fjirde_iuw_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="Fjirde iuw f.Kr.">fjirde iuw f.Kr.</a> late kening Tennes fan Sidon in mislearre rebûlje tsjin de Perzyske kening <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artkserkses_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artkserkses III (noch net skreaun)">Artkserkses III</a> mei help fan de Egyptners. Sidon waard ferneatige en dat late ta it fannijs oplibjen fan Tyrus, dy't de wichtichste Fenisyske stêd waard oant it kommen fan <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_de_Grutte" title="Aleksander de Grutte">Aleksander de Grutte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistyske_tiid">Hellenistyske tiid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Dielside bewurkje: Hellenistyske tiid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Hellenistyske tiid"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_(1898-1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/220px-A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/330px-A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/440px-A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>De belegering fan Tyrus troch Aleksander de Grutte troch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Castaigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Castaigne (noch net skreaun)">André Castaigne</a> (1898-1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fenysje wie ien fan de earste gebieten dy't troch <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_de_Grutte" title="Aleksander de Grutte">Aleksander de Grutte</a> oermastere waard yn syn militêre tochten yn westlik Aazje. Aleksander syn wichtichste doel yn de Levant wie Tyrus, om't dat de grutste en wichtichste stêd yn de omkriten wie. Tyrus joech him nei in belegering fan sân moanne lang oer, dêr't in soad fan de befolking nei <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a> flechten. Tyrus wegere Aleksander de timpel fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melkart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melkart (noch net skreaun)">Melkart</a> besykje te litten dat ta it deadzjen fan syn ôffurdigen late. Aleksander liet dêropta twatûzen fan de foaroansteande ynwenners fan de stêd <a href="/wiki/Krusiging" title="Krusiging">krusigje</a> en in marionet waard as hearsker oer de stêd oansteld. De rêst fan Fenysje kaam folle makliker ûnder Aleksander syn gesach, dêr't Sidon ûnder oaren him freedsum oerjoech. </p><p>Aleksander syn ryk hie ta doel en <a href="/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme">hellenisearje</a> de oermastere folken, dêr't de Grykske kultuer, leauwe en taal ferspraat en oplein waarden. Dat waard ornaris dien troch it stiftsjen fan nije stêden, om dêr Grykske kolonisten ferhúzje hinne te litten. Ek de nammen fan de oarspronklike stêden waarden fergrykske. Der wie lykwols gjin organisearre hellenisearring geande yn Fenysje, en de measte Fenisyske stêden holden harren oarspronklike nammen, op in pear úsûnderings nei. Grykske kolonisaasje en it oanstellen fan Grykske amtners yn Fenysje waarden beheind. </p><p>De Fenysjers ûnderholden nauwe bannen mei Kartago. De <a href="/wiki/Seleusidyske_Ryk" title="Seleusidyske Ryk">Seleusidyske</a> kening <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demetrius_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demetrius I (noch net skreaun)">Demetrius I</a> ûntsnapte út Rome wei en ferfear mei in Kartaachske boat, dy't guod nei Tyrus ta levere. Troch de hannelskontakten dy't de Fenysjers mei de Griken hiene, late dat ta it makliker oannimmen fan de <a href="/wiki/Masedoanje_(Aldheid)" title="Masedoanje (Aldheid)">Masedoanyske</a> hearskippij troch de Fenysjers </p><p>Doe't Aleksander syn ryk nei syn dea yn <a href="/wiki/323_f.Kr." title="323 f.Kr.">323 f.Kr.</a> útinoar foel, kaam Fenysje ûnder ien fan syn opfolgers, de <a href="/wiki/Seleusiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleusiden">Seleusiden</a>, dy't harren sintrum yn Syrje hiene. Nei de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syryske_Oarloggen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syryske Oarloggen (noch net skreaun)">Syryske Oarloggen</a> waard Fenysje troch in oare opfolger fan Aleksander, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemee%C3%ABrs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptolemeeërs (noch net skreaun)">Ptolemeeërs</a>, dy't harren sintrum yn Egypte hiene, oermastere yn de <a href="/wiki/Tredde_iuw_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="Tredde iuw f.Kr.">tredde iuw f.Kr.</a> De folgjende iuw kaam Fenysje wer oan de Seleusiden oant it midden fan de <a href="/wiki/Earste_iuw_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earste iuw f.Kr.">earste iuw f.Kr.</a> Under harren hearskippij hiene de Fenysjers in reedlik grutte autonomy. Yn <a href="/wiki/82_f.Kr." title="82 f.Kr.">82 f.Kr.</a> waard it Seleusidyske Ryk, mei Fenysje ynbegrepen, oermastere troch kening <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigranes_de_Grutte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigranes de Grutte (noch net skreaun)">Tigranes de Grutte</a> fan it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keninkryk_Armeenje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keninkryk Armeenje (noch net skreaun)">keninkryk Armeenje</a>. Om't harren buffersteat troch in fijân bemastere waard, griep Rome yn en anneksearre it gebiet. Fenysje waard by de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinske_provinsje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinske provinsje (noch net skreaun)">Romeinske provinsje</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></i> yndield. Yn de <a href="/wiki/Tredde_iuw" class="mw-redirect" title="Tredde iuw">tredde iuw</a> n.Kr. waard Fenysje in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje_(Romeinske_provinsje)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenysje (Romeinske provinsje) (noch net skreaun)">selsstannige provinsje</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stêdsteaten"><span id="St.C3.AAdsteaten"></span>Stêdsteaten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Dielside bewurkje: Stêdsteaten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Stêdsteaten"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fenysje hat nea in ienheidssteat west. It wie ferparte yn in oantal <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polis">poleis</a></i>. De wichtichste fan dy <i>poleis</i> wiene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arad_(st%C3%AAd_yn_Kana%C3%A4n)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arad (stêd yn Kanaän) (noch net skreaun)">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beir%C3%BBt" title="Beirût">Beirût</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byblos (noch net skreaun)">Byblos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidon (noch net skreaun)">Sidon</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrus (noch net skreaun)">Tyrus</a>. Underlinge konflikten kamen wolris foar, mar bewapene konflikten kamen amper foar. </p><p>Lange jierren wiene dy <i>poleis</i> ûnderhearrich oan de grutte riken yn it gebiet, lykas it <a href="/wiki/Assyryske_Ryk" title="Assyryske Ryk">Assyryske Ryk</a> of it <a href="/wiki/Perzyske_Ryk" title="Perzyske Ryk">Perzyske Ryk</a> fan de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaimeniden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achaimeniden (noch net skreaun)">Achaimeniden</a>, dêr't se wol in reedlike grutte autonomy by holden. De Fenysyske stêden leveren boppedat it grutste part fan de kriichsfloat fan it Perzyske Ryk. Yn de <a href="/wiki/Klassike_Aldheid" title="Klassike Aldheid">Klassike Aldheid</a> wiene de Fenysjers yn de seehannel de grutste konkurrinten fan de Griken. </p><p>Fan de tsiende iuw f.Kr. ôf stiften de Fenysjers hannelsposten en tuskenstoppen yn it gânse Middellânske Seegebiet. De Fenysjers stiften stêden benammen op Syprus, Sisylje, Sardynje, Malta, Noard-Afrika, de Baleären en súdlik Ibearje. </p><p>Ek de Fenisyske koloanjes wiene reedlik autonoom, hoewol't de koloanjes in jierliks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trib%C3%BAt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribút (noch net skreaun)">tribút</a> nei de memmestêd stjoerden. Sels nei de ûnôfhinklikens fan <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a>, stjoerde dy stêd noch tributen nei syn memmestêd Tyrus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuer">Kultuer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Dielside bewurkje: Kultuer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kultuer"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De kultuer fan Fenysje wie besibbe mei dy fan de oare Kanaäniten. Op grûn fan syn geografyske lizzing en lettere hannelskontakten, waard de kultuer fan Fenysje beynfloede troch dy fan <a href="/wiki/Minoyske_beskaving" title="Minoyske beskaving">Minoysk Kreta</a>, it <a href="/wiki/Alde_Egypte" title="Alde Egypte">Alde Egypte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotaamje" title="Mesopotaamje">Mesopotaamje</a> en de kultueren fan it <a href="/wiki/Middell%C3%A2nske_See" title="Middellânske See">Middellânske Seegebiet</a>. Yn de lette <a href="/wiki/Izertiid" title="Izertiid">izertiid</a> , sa om 1300 f.Kr. hinne, ûntwikkele Fenysje ta in eigen selsstannich folk, mei syn eigen kultuer, taal en ekonomy dêr't it grûnwurk fan op de seehannel lei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polityk">Polityk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Dielside bewurkje: Polityk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Polityk"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg/220px-Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg/330px-Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg/440px-Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>19e iuwske ôfbyld fan Fenisyske seehannelers. It belang fan de Fenysyske hannel late ta it dielen fan de macht fan de kening mei hannelsfamyljes.</figcaption></figure> <p>De Fenisyske stêdsteaten wiene ûnôfhinklik faninoar yn binnenlânske en bûtenlânske saken. Alliânsjes tusken stêden kamen komselden foar. De macht en de ynfloed fan de stêden feroare troch de tiid hinne. Sidon wie de machtichste stêd yn de tolfde en alfde iuw f.Kr. en hie in reedlike ynfloed oer syn buorlju, mar fan de tsiende iuw f.Kr ôf waard Tyrus de machtichste. </p><p>De Fenisyske maatskippij wie sterk ferdield yn klassen en wie sterk monargaal, benammen yn de iere jierren. De stêden hiene keningen, dêr't it keningskip erflik fan wie en dy't de absolute macht hiene oer boargerlike, kommersjele en religieuze saken. Hja betrouden op amtners fan de aadlike en hannelsklasse; it preesterskip wie in selsstannige klasse, dy't ornaris bestimd wie foar keninklike of foaroansteande hannelsfamyljes. De kening waard sjoen as in ôffurdige fan de goaden en fierde in soad religieuze rituelen út. </p><p>Fan de fyftjinde iuw f.Kr. ôf, waarden de Fenisyske keningen rieplachte troch rieden of gearkomsten en dy waarden stadichoan machtiger. Yn de sechsde iuw f.Kr., ûnder de Babyloanyske hearskippij, naam Tyrus foar in skoftke in systeem oan, dy't bestie út in pear rjochters, <i>sufetes</i>, dy't keazen waarden troch de machtichste aadlike famyljes, en se tsjinnen mar koarte amtsterminen. </p><p>Doe't it leger fan Aleksander de Grutte foar Tyrus oer stie, kaam de kening harren net temjitte, mar ôffurdigen fan it mienebest fan de stêd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rjochtsysteem">Rjochtsysteem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Dielside bewurkje: Rjochtsysteem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Rjochtsysteem"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg/220px-PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg/330px-PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg/440px-PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/St%C3%AAle" title="Stêle">stêle</a> fan Tyrus mei Fenisyske ynskripsjes (4e iuw f.Kr.), Nasjonale Museum yn Beirût.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nei de kening en syn rie, wiene de wichtichste politike funksjes yn hast eltse Fenysyske stêdsteat dy fan de lânfâd en de legeroerste. Der is net folle oer harren funksjes bekend, mar it is wol wis dat de lânfâd ferantwurdlik wie foar it ûntfangen fan belestings, it hjitten fan oarderings, it oersjen fan de rjochters, en it neifolgjen fan de wet. Om't kriichsfiering komselden foarkaam by de Fenysjers, wie de legeroerste ferantwurdlik foar de ferdigening en de feiligens fan de stêdsteaten en harren efterlân. </p><p>De Fenysjers hiene in systeem fan rjochters en rjochthoven, dy't it rjocht útsprutsen en misdriuwen bestraften neffens in kodifisearre wet. Wetten waarden ferwêzentlike troch de steat en dy wiene de ferantwurdlikens fan de hearsker en de oanstelde amtners. Lykas yn oare Levantynske maatskippijen wiene de straffen wreed en befoaroardiele. In moard op in boarger wie minder serieus as dy op in ealman. De boppeste klasse hiene de measte rjochten en dy waarden frijsteld fan swiere straffen, en koene harren straffen gauris ôfbetelje. Frije manlju fan alle klassen koene harren sels ferstjintwurdigje yn it rjochthof en dy hiene mear rjochten as froulju en bern, wylst slaven gjin rjochten hiene. Hja koene harren froulju, bern of slaven foar harren straffen útsitte litte ynstee fan harren sels. Abbekaten kamen stadichoan yn it amt foar dejingen dy't harren saak sels net bepleitsje koene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leger">Leger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Dielside bewurkje: Leger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Leger"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Fenysjers hiene net folle ynteresse yn bemasterings fan oare gebieten en wiene in reedlik freedsum folk. De woltierigens fan alle stêdsteaten kamen fan de seehannel, dêr't it fan belang wie goede relaasjes te hawwen en in seker mienskiplik betrouwen te hawwen. Hja hiene in tekoart oan gebiet en grûnstoffen om in grut leger op te bouwen. Eltse stêd hie in legeroerste dy't fearntwurdlik wie foar de ferdigening en de feiligens fan de stêd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taal">Taal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Dielside bewurkje: Taal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Taal"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:1rightarrow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/15px-1rightarrow.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/23px-1rightarrow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/30px-1rightarrow.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <small>De Wikipedy hat ek in side <a href="/wiki/Fenisysk" title="Fenisysk">Fenisysk</a>.</small></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:1rightarrow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/15px-1rightarrow.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/23px-1rightarrow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/30px-1rightarrow.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <small>De Wikipedy hat ek in side <a href="/wiki/Punysk" title="Punysk">Punysk</a>.</small></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg/220px-Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg/330px-Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg/440px-Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5299" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarkofaach" title="Sarkofaach">Sarkofaach</a> fan Ahiram mei de âldste ynskripsje fan it Fenysyske alfabet</figcaption></figure> <p>It <a href="/wiki/Fenisysk" title="Fenisysk">Fenisysk</a> wie part fan de <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4nityske_talen" title="Kanaänityske talen">Kanaänityske taalfamylje</a>, da't in <a href="/wiki/Taalkloft" class="mw-redirect" title="Taalkloft">taalkloft</a> fan de <a href="/wiki/Semityske_talen" title="Semityske talen">Semityske talen</a> wie. It <a href="/wiki/Punysk" title="Punysk">Punysk</a>, dat fan it Fenysysk ôfstamme, waard yn it Kartaachske Ryk sprutsen. It Punysk waard oant de fyfde iuw n.Kr. noch sprutsen en dat waard noch neamd troch de hillige <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alfabet">Alfabet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Dielside bewurkje: Alfabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Alfabet"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:1rightarrow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/15px-1rightarrow.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/23px-1rightarrow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1rightarrow.png/30px-1rightarrow.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <small>De Wikipedy hat ek in side <a href="/wiki/Fenisysk_Alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenisysk Alfabet">Fenisysk Alfabet</a>.</small></dd></dl> <p>Om 1050 f.Kr. hinne ûntwikkelen de Fenysjers in skrift om yn harren eigen taal te skriuwen. It Kanaänitysk-Fenisysk skrift bestie út 22 letters, dy't allegear in <a href="/wiki/Byl%C3%BBd" class="mw-redirect" title="Bylûd">bylûd</a> wiene. It is mooglik dat it in soarte fan trochsetting wie fan it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protosina%C3%AFtysk_skrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protosinaïtysk skrift (noch net skreaun)">Protosinaïtysk</a> (Protokanaänitysk) skrift, dat ûntwikkele waard yn de lette <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BBnstiid" title="Brûnstiid">brûnstiid</a> yn de <a href="/wiki/Sina%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaï">Sinaï</a> of yn <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaän</a>. Troch harren seehannel ferspraten de Fenysjers harren <a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">alfabet</a> nei <a href="/wiki/Anatoalje" title="Anatoalje">Anatoalje</a>, Noard-Afrika en Jeropa. De namme "Fenisysk" waard oan ynskripsjes fan 1050 f.Kr. ôf jûn, om't Fenisysk, <a href="/wiki/Hebriuwsk" title="Hebriuwsk">Hebriuwsk</a> en oare Kanaänityske dialekten dêrfoar slim faninoar te ûnderskieden wiene. Fenysyske ynskripsjes waarden fûn yn <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrje" title="Syrje">Syrje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syprus" title="Syprus">Syprus</a> en oare plakken oant yn de iere kristlike tiid ta. </p><p>It alfabet waard oannaam en oanpast troch de Griken mooglik yn de achtste iuw f.Kr. Dat barde net yn ien kear, mar troch in proses fan kommersjele útwikselings. It Fenisyske alfabet waard mooglik troch Fenysyske emigranten nei <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a> ta brocht en dêr wei fersprate it stadichoan nei it noarden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religy">Religy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Dielside bewurkje: Religy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Religy"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/220px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/330px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/440px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>In byldsje fan Baäl mei de earm omheech, dat by Ugarit, yn it uterste noarden fan Fenysje, fûn waard (14e-12e iuw f.Kr.). Museum fan de <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>De religy dy't útoefene waard yn Fenysje wie besibbe oan dy fan syn Kanaänityske buorlju, dy't op syn bart in soad skaaimerken hie dy't oerienkamen mei dy yn oare parten fan de Semityske wrâld. Religieuze rituelen wiene benammen ornearre foar doelen fan de stêdsteaten; it beteljen fan belestings waard as religieuze offerings sjoen. In soad Fenisyske religieuze teksten binne spitigernôch ferlern gien. </p><p>Ferskate Kanaänityske gebrûken, dy't troch âlde boarnen en troch skiedkundigen neamd waarden, wiene timpelhuorkerij en berne-opoffering. Soksoarte plakken, bekend as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofeet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofeet (noch net skreaun)">tofeten</a></i> waarden brûkt troch de Fenysjers en "ferbrân harren jonkjes en harren famkes yn it fjoer". Dy rituelen waarden troch <i>Jahweh</i> yn de <a href="/wiki/Hebriuwske_Bibel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebriuwske Bibel">Hebriuwske Bibel</a> feroardiele, benammen yn <i><a href="/wiki/Jeremia_(bibelboek)" title="Jeremia (bibelboek)">Jeremia</a> 7:30-32</i> en <i><a href="/wiki/2_Keningen" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Keningen">2 Keningen</a> 23:10</i> en <i>17:17</i>. Nettsjinsteande dy en oare wichtige ferskillen, wiene der ek noch wol kulturele en religieuze oerienkomsten tusken de âlde Hebreeërs en Fenysjers. </p><p>De Kanaänityske <a href="/wiki/Mytology" title="Mytology">mytology</a> blykt net sa wiidweidich te wêzen as dy fan syn Semityske sibben yn Mesopotaamje. Yn Kanaän waard de oppergod <i>El</i> (𐤀𐤋, "god") neamd. De soan fan El wie <i>Baäl</i> (𐤁𐤏𐤋, "master", "heare"), in wichtige stjerrende-en-opsteande stoarmgod. Oare goaden waarden by harren keninklike titels neamd, lykas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melkart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melkart (noch net skreaun)">Melkart</a></i>, dat "kening fan de stêd" betsjut, of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adonis (noch net skreaun)">Adonis</a></i>, dat "heare" betsjut. </p><p>Religueuze gearkomsten, sa as bygelyks yn Tyrus, waard de <i>marzeh</i> (𐤌𐤓𐤆𐤄, "plak fan gearkommen") neamd, en dat wie ek in plak foar sosjale moetings. De <i>Marzeh</i> hold banketten foar harren leden op feestdagen. Yn Kartago, dêr't in republikeinsk regearsysteem ûntstie, begûn de marzeh in politike rôl te spyljen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sjoch_ek">Sjoch ek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Dielside bewurkje: Sjoch ek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sjoch ek"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenysjers" title="Fenysjers">Fenysjers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keppeling_om_utens">Keppeling om utens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Dielside bewurkje: Keppeling om utens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Keppeling om utens"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenicia.org/index.shtml">Encyclopedia Phoeniciana (Phoenicia.org)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Canaan/Phoenicians.html">Canaan <i>and Ancient Israël @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenician.org">The Phoenician Experience (Phoenician.org)</a></li></ul> <div style="position:absolute; visibility:hidden; height:0; margin-top:1em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes"><span id="Boarnen.2C_noaten_en_referinsjes"></span>Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berjocht:Boarnen&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </div> <table class="toccolours" style="font-size:85%; margin-top:1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px; clear: both;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Boarnen, noaten en/as referinsjes:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>G. Herm, <i>Die Phönizier. Das Purpurreich der Antike</i>, München, 1985. <a href="/wiki/Wiki:Boekynformaasje/3430144523" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3430144523</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p>Foar boarnen en oare literatuer, sjoch ûnder: <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"><i>References</i>, op dizze side</a>. </p> <hr /> <div class="interProject" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoenicia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phoenicia">Commons</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate plainlinks"><div id="commonscat" class="plainlinks" style="padding:5px;"> <table id="catcommonslink" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td id="commonsinfopict" rowspan="1" valign="top"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Wikimedia Commons</figcaption></figure> </td> <td id="commonslink"> Ofbylden dy't by dit ûnderwerp hearre, binne te finen yn de kategory <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoenicia?uselang=fy">Phoenicia</a> fan <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="commons:">Wikimedia Commons</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Opfrege fan "<a dir="ltr" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&oldid=1137577">https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenysje&oldid=1137577</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Kategoryen" title="Wiki:Kategoryen">Kategoryen</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Levantynske_Aldheid" title="Kategory:Levantynske Aldheid">Levantynske Aldheid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Skiednis_fan_Israel" title="Kategory:Skiednis fan Israel">Skiednis fan Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Skiednis_fan_Libanon" title="Kategory:Skiednis fan Libanon">Skiednis fan Libanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Skiednis_fan_Syrje" title="Kategory:Skiednis fan Syrje">Skiednis fan Syrje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Fenysjers" title="Kategory:Fenysjers">Fenysjers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ferburgen kategory: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Kategory:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Dizze side is it lêst bewurke op 15 nov 2023 om 22.09.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fy">Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele</a>; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. 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