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<span>1800s-1820s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800s-1820s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1830s-1890s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1830s-1890s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>1830s-1890s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1830s-1890s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">History of New York City (1784–1854)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History of New York City</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(prehistory%E2%80%931664)" title="History of New York City (prehistory–1664)">Lenape and New Netherland</a>, to 1664<br /><i><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%E2%80%931783)" title="History of New York City (1665–1783)">British and Revolution</a>, 1665–1783<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal and early American</a>, 1784–1854<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)" title="History of New York City (1855–1897)">Tammany and Consolidation</a>, 1855–1897<br />(<a href="/wiki/New_York_City_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York City in the American Civil War">Civil War</a>, 1861–1865)<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%E2%80%931945)" title="History of New York City (1898–1945)">Early 20th century</a>, 1898–1945<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1946%E2%80%931977)" title="History of New York City (1946–1977)">Post–World War II</a>, 1946–1977<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="History of New York City (1978–present)">Modern and post-9/11</a>, 1978–present</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>See also</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_transportation_in_New_York_City" title="History of transportation in New York City">Transportation</a><br />Timelines: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City" title="Timeline of New York City">NYC</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bronx" title="Timeline of the Bronx">Bronx</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brooklyn" title="Timeline of Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Queens" title="Timeline of Queens">Queens</a> • <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island#Timeline" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_New_York_City" title="Category:History of New York City">Category</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_New_York_City" title="Template:History of New York City"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_New_York_City" title="Template talk:History of New York City"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_New_York_City" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of New York City"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (1784–1854)</b> started with the creation of the city as the capital of the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> from January 11, 1785, to Autumn 1788, and then under the United States Constitution from its ratification in 1789 until moving to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1790. The city grew as an economic center with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> in 1825; the growth of its railroads added to its dominance. <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> began to grow in influence with the support of many Irish immigrants, culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in 1854. The city had become the nation's most important port and financial center and competed with Boston as the center of high culture.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_capital_city">As a capital city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a capital city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington%27s_entry_into_New_York_1783,_Currier_and_Ives_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Washington%27s_entry_into_New_York_1783%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1857.jpg/220px-Washington%27s_entry_into_New_York_1783%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Washington%27s_entry_into_New_York_1783%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1857.jpg/330px-Washington%27s_entry_into_New_York_1783%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Washington%27s_entry_into_New_York_1783%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1857.jpg/440px-Washington%27s_entry_into_New_York_1783%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> enters New York in triumph following the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">British evacuation of America</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Hall,_Wall_Street,_1789_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Federal_Hall%2C_Wall_Street%2C_1789_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Federal_Hall%2C_Wall_Street%2C_1789_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Federal_Hall%2C_Wall_Street%2C_1789_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Federal_Hall%2C_Wall_Street%2C_1789_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Federal_Hall%2C_Wall_Street%2C_1789_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Federal_Hall%2C_Wall_Street%2C_1789_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption>City Hall (later <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a>), 1789</figcaption></figure> <p>With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783 and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">withdrawal of British troops from the city</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> in 1785. The first <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">government of the United States</a>, operating under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</a> since its ratification in 1781, was soon found inadequate for the needs of the new nation. However, certain successes were achieved while in New York, including the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a>, which laid the framework for the addition of new states into the Union. </p><p>A call for revision to the Articles was led by New Yorker <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a> was convened with representatives from the states to discuss the necessary changes. Lacking representation from all of the states, the convention made no suggestions for changing the Articles but instead drafted a report that led to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787 to create an entirely new governing document. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_federal_city">As a federal city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a federal city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's and state's status within the new union under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> written in 1787 was under question when Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> proved reluctant to submit state power to a strong national government and was opposed to ratification. Some New York City businessmen proposed <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_secession" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City secession">New York City secession</a> as an alternative to joining the union separately, but Alexander Hamilton and others argued persuasively in the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Papers">Federalist Papers</a>, published in city newspapers, for state ratification, which after much dispute finally passed in 1788. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was inaugurated as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> on the balcony of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a> in 1789, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> was drafted in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> sat for the first time in New York. After 1790, Congress left for Philadelphia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_growth_and_economic_leadership">Population growth and economic leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population growth and economic leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grid_1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Grid_1811.jpg/125px-Grid_1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Grid_1811.jpg/188px-Grid_1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Grid_1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An 1807 version of the Commissioner's Grid plan for Manhattan; it was adopted in 1811.</figcaption></figure> <p>New York remained a cosmopolitan enclave within America. The new French consul gave a report in 1810: </p> <dl><dd><i>"its inhabitants, who are for the most part foreigners and made up of every nation except Americans so to speak, have in general no mind for anything but business. New York might be described as a permanent fair in which two-thirds of the population is always being replaced; where huge business deals are being made, almost always with fictitious capital, and where luxury has reached alarming heights... It is in the countryside and in the inland towns that one must look for the American population of New York State."</i> (quoted by <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>, <i>The Perspective of the World</i>, 1984 p 406).</dd></dl> <p>The French consul's "fictitious capital" betokens the world of credit, on which New Yorkers' confidence has been based. The <a href="/wiki/Commissioners%27_Plan_of_1811" title="Commissioners' Plan of 1811">Commissioners' Plan of 1811</a> imposed a surveyed grid upon all of Manhattan's varied terrain, in a far-reaching though perhaps topographically insensitive vision. </p><p>New York, with a population of 96,000 in 1810, surged far beyond its rivals, reaching a population of 1,080,000 in 1860, compared to 566,000 in Philadelphia, 212,000 in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and 178,000 in Boston. Historian Robert Albion identifies four aggressive moves by New York entrepreneurs and politicians that helped it jump to the top of American cities. Of greatest importance, it sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>, which began operations in 1825, forming a continuous water route from New York north to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, then west to <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> using the new canal to reach the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. It opened a large new market in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a> and the Old Northwest. New York set up an auction system that efficiently and rapidly sold imported cargoes to the highest bidder. Exporters from Britain discovered New York offered the best prices for their goods, and they increasingly ignored Boston and Philadelphia, where the local merchants tried to impose higher markups by avoiding auctions. New York began the world's first regular packet service to England with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Ball_Line_(trans-Atlantic_packet)" title="Black Ball Line (trans-Atlantic packet)">Black Ball Line</a> in 1818. By 1830, it dominated the nation's merchant marine. Ambitious shippers reached beyond the natural hinterland to open large-scale coastal trade, especially one that brought <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Southern cotton</a> to New York for export to textile mills in the Northeast and in Europe, and carried manufactured products to the South. By 1830, 40 cents of every dollar the mills paid for cotton went to New York brokers to cover the cost of shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main rivals, Boston Philadelphia and Baltimore, tried to compete with the Erie Canal by opening their own networks of canals and railroads; they never caught up.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacturing was not a major factor in the city's growth in the 19th century—factories were chiefly being built in towns and smaller cities with waterfalls and fast rivers that were harnessed to generate the power, or were closer to coal supplies. </p><p>In 1792, a group of merchants made the "<a href="/wiki/Buttonwood_Agreement" title="Buttonwood Agreement">Buttonwood Agreement</a>" and began meeting under a <a href="/wiki/Platanus" title="Platanus">buttonwood tree</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> epidemic that summer sent New Yorkers fleeing north to nearby healthful <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>. In 1797, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> took control of Tammany Hall and used it to win the state's electoral vote in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1800">1800 presidential election</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadway_and_City_Hall_in_New_York_(Brodway-Gatan_Och_R%C3%A5dhuset_i_New_York)_MET_DP109558.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Broadway_and_City_Hall_in_New_York_%28Brodway-Gatan_Och_R%C3%A5dhuset_i_New_York%29_MET_DP109558.jpg/220px-Broadway_and_City_Hall_in_New_York_%28Brodway-Gatan_Och_R%C3%A5dhuset_i_New_York%29_MET_DP109558.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Broadway_and_City_Hall_in_New_York_%28Brodway-Gatan_Och_R%C3%A5dhuset_i_New_York%29_MET_DP109558.jpg/330px-Broadway_and_City_Hall_in_New_York_%28Brodway-Gatan_Och_R%C3%A5dhuset_i_New_York%29_MET_DP109558.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Broadway_and_City_Hall_in_New_York_%28Brodway-Gatan_Och_R%C3%A5dhuset_i_New_York%29_MET_DP109558.jpg/440px-Broadway_and_City_Hall_in_New_York_%28Brodway-Gatan_Och_R%C3%A5dhuset_i_New_York%29_MET_DP109558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Broadway in 1824</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1807, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a> initiated a <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> line from New York City to Albany, which accelerated the movement of cargo and passengers upriver. Lumber and coal were the main products brought into New York.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of regular steam ferries spurred the growth of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, which was established as a city in 1834. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/19thcentury.jpg/220px-19thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/19thcentury.jpg/330px-19thcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/19thcentury.jpg/440px-19thcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan" title="Five Points, Manhattan">Five Points</a> depicted circa 1829</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 3, 1821, the <a href="/wiki/1821_Norfolk_and_Long_Island_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane">Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane</a> caused a storm surge of 13 ft in one hour, leading to widespread flooding south of <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Canal Street (Manhattan)">Canal Street</a>, but few deaths were reported. The hurricane is estimated to have been a Category 3 event and to have made landfall at <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay" title="Jamaica Bay">Jamaica Bay</a>, making it the only hurricane in recorded history to directly strike New York City. </p><p>In 1824, a riot occurred in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> between Irish Protestants and Catholics, after a parade by members of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orange Order</a>. This was a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Riots" title="Orange Riots">Orange Riots</a> of the 1870s. </p><p>Immigrants provided a ready resource for those opposing <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery">abolition of slavery</a>. These were often led by gangsters from <a href="/wiki/The_Bowery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bowery">the Bowery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five_Points_Gang" title="Five Points Gang">Five Points</a>. On July 7, 1834, a series of riots started, terminating in the destruction of St. Phillip's Negro Church on Center Street and generally terrorizing the <a href="/wiki/Five_Points_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Points (Manhattan)">Five Points</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831, as the city continued to expand, the University of the City of New York, now <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, was founded at <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square</a> in Greenwich Village. The first of a series of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics began in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1835, with the epidemic past, Manhattan was in the throes of the first of its building booms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1835_Great_Fire_of_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1835_Great_Fire_of_New_York.jpg/220px-1835_Great_Fire_of_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1835_Great_Fire_of_New_York.jpg/330px-1835_Great_Fire_of_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1835_Great_Fire_of_New_York.jpg/440px-1835_Great_Fire_of_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>The Great Fire of 1835, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburgh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Late on December 16, 1835, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York" title="Great Fire of New York">Great Fire of New York</a> broke out. The temperature was below zero (F), and <a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">gale</a>-force winds were blowing. Firemen, some called from as far away as Philadelphia, were at first helpless to battle the wind-driven fire because of icing lines and pumps. The fire leveled 50 acres (200,000 square meters) in the Financial District. Some merchandise was carried to churches that were thought to be fireproof, but several of these burned anyway. Eventually, the fire was controlled by blowing up buildings in the fire's path. </p><p>Many of the merchants who lost their stores thought they would be covered by insurance, but the tremendous losses, and, in many cases, the destruction of the insurance company headquarters in the financial district, bankrupted the insurance firms, and much of the loss was not covered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astor_Place_Opera-House_riots_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Astor_Place_Opera-House_riots_crop.jpg/220px-Astor_Place_Opera-House_riots_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Astor_Place_Opera-House_riots_crop.jpg/330px-Astor_Place_Opera-House_riots_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Astor_Place_Opera-House_riots_crop.jpg/440px-Astor_Place_Opera-House_riots_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Astor_Place_Riot" title="Astor Place Riot">Astor Place Riot</a> in 1849</figcaption></figure> <p>The fires of the period and the increased need for water for industry led to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Croton_Aqueduct" title="Croton Aqueduct">Croton Aqueduct</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Water system">water system</a> between 1837 and 1842. The aqueduct brought fresh water from the <a href="/wiki/Croton_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Croton Dam">Croton Dam</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a> over the <a href="/wiki/High_Bridge_(New_York_City)" title="High Bridge (New York City)">High Bridge</a> to the Receiving Reservoir between <a href="/wiki/79th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="79th Street (Manhattan)">79th Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/86th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="86th Street (Manhattan)">86th Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)">Sixth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)">Seventh</a> Avenues. From the Receiving Reservoir water flowed into the Distributing Reservoir, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Croton_Distributing_Reservoir" title="Croton Distributing Reservoir">Croton Reservoir</a>. The aqueduct opened on October 14, 1842, with great celebration. President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, former presidents <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Buren" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin van Buren">Martin van Buren</a>, and New York Governor <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> were among those in attendance. </p><p>The city's rapid development was again interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>. The city recovered and by mid-century established itself as the financial and mercantile capital of the western hemisphere. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_New_York_City_Fire_of_1845" title="Great New York City Fire of 1845">Great New York City Fire of 1845</a> destroyed 345 wooden buildings in the Financial District. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson River Railroad">Hudson River Railroad</a> (which grew into the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Central">New York Central</a>) opened October 3, 1851; it extended the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_and_Hudson_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk and Hudson Railroad">Mohawk and Hudson Railroad</a>, the first railroad built in the state, south to New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_the_immigrant_city">Rise of the immigrant city</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise of the immigrant city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYC_1848.jpg/300px-NYC_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYC_1848.jpg/450px-NYC_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYC_1848.jpg/600px-NYC_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6652" data-file-height="4363" /></a><figcaption>New York City and the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, 1848.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds-eye_view_of_New_York,_1851.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Birds-eye_view_of_New_York%2C_1851.png/300px-Birds-eye_view_of_New_York%2C_1851.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Birds-eye_view_of_New_York%2C_1851.png/450px-Birds-eye_view_of_New_York%2C_1851.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Birds-eye_view_of_New_York%2C_1851.png/600px-Birds-eye_view_of_New_York%2C_1851.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>Bird's-eye view of New York City, 1851</figcaption></figure> <p>The city and its nearby suburbs grew rapidly for several reasons. The natural harbor at the base of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> ports at <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a> provided almost unlimited capacity for trading ships and protection from storms. Not until 1985 did New York lose its place as the busiest port in the world. </p><p>Other cities, like Boston, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, had good natural harbors, but New York's advantage over other cities of the Eastern Seaboard was that the Hudson River and the Erie Canal formed the only water route through the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. </p><p>The city's cosmopolitan attitude and tolerance of many different cultures encouraged many different types of immigrant groups to settle in the city. Starting in the late 1840s, the city saw increased <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> immigration with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a> immigration with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. People who came from Ireland were poor, without knowledge of their new world; once arrived on the docks, unscrupulous landlords offered them squalid tenements that were once houses for middle-class New Yorkers. They crowded into dirty rooms, and the <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> of the city became known for high rates of disease. Immigrants were skilled laborers and craftsmen; Germans settled in a new neighborhood named "Kleindeutschland" (Little Germany) and opened many shops where they worked as artisans. Many Irish immigrants were responsible for building the subway and sky-scrapers. </p><p>Raw unregulated capitalism created large middle, upper-middle and upper classes, but its need for manpower encouraged immigration into the city on an unprecedented scale, with mixed results. The famed "<a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>" was brought into being, from which multitudes have since arisen in the successful pursuit of <a href="/wiki/American_dream" class="mw-redirect" title="American dream">the American Dream</a>. In the mid-to-late 19th century, areas of poverty could be found in contrast between rich stretches of lower <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Park" title="Gramercy Park">Gramercy Park</a> and Lafayette Street (wealth that would later take up more extravagant residence on Fifth Avenue) and the squalid enclave of <a href="/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan" title="Five Points, Manhattan">Five Points</a> (abject poverty that was later to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower East Side, Manhattan">Lower East Side</a>). </p><p>Tammany Hall's influence increased with its courting of the immigrant Irish vote, leading to the election of the first Tammany mayor, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a>, in 1854, and a trend of consolidation was beginning in the region with the three-year-old <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">City of Williamsburgh</a> joining Brooklyn in 1855, establishing it as America's third largest city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">American urban history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City_history#19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of New York City history">Timeline of New York City, 19th century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward K. Spann, <i>The New Metropolis: New York City, 1840-1857</i> (Columbia University Press, 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert G. Albion, "New York Port and its disappointed rivals, 1815-1860." <i>Journal of Business and Economic History</i> (1931) 3: 602-629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Rubin, "Canal or railroad? Imitation and innovation in the response to the Erie canal in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston." <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i> (1961): 1-106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balthasar Henry Meyer, and Caroline Elizabeth MacGill, <i>History of Transportation in the United States before 1860</i> (1917) pp. 161-206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/riots/printerfriendly/nycity_riots_article10a.htm">"Abolition Riots 1834–1836"</a>. New York Times July 29, 1877. Brooklyn Eagle October 11, 1885<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abolition+Riots+1834%E2%80%931836&rft.pub=New+York+Times+July+29%2C+1877.+Brooklyn+Eagle+October+11%2C+1885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorybox.com%2Fny_city%2Friots%2Fprinterfriendly%2Fnycity_riots_article10a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Rosenberg, <i>The cholera years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866</i> (1962).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adelman, Melvin Leonard. <i>A sporting time: New York City and the rise of modern athletics, 1820-70</i> (1990).</li> <li>Anbinder, Tyler. "From Famine to Five Points: Lord Lansdowne's Irish Tenants Encounter North America's Most Notorious Slum." <i>American Historical Review</i> 107.2 (2002): 351–387. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532290">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Anbinder, Tyler. <i>Five Points: the 19th-century New York City neighborhood that invented tap dance, stole elections, and became the world's most notorious slum</i> (2001)</li> <li>Binder, Frederick M., and David M. Reimers. <i>All the nations under heaven: an ethnic and racial history of New York City</i> (1995)</li> <li>Burns, Ric, and James Sanders. <i>New York: An Illustrated History</i> (2003), large-scale book version of Burns PBS documentary, <a href="/wiki/New_York:_A_Documentary_Film" title="New York: A Documentary Film">New York: A Documentary Film</a> an eight part, 17½ hour documentary film directed by <a href="/wiki/Ric_Burns" title="Ric Burns">Ric Burns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. It originally aired in 1999–2003.</li> <li>Bulthuis. Kyle T. <i>Four Steeples over the City Streets: Religion and Society in New York's Early Republic Congregations</i> (NYU Press, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=42660">online review</a></li> <li>Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. <i>Gotham: a history of New York City to 1898</i> (Oxford University Press, 1998), The standard scholarly survey; 1390 pages</li> <li>Crouthamel, James L. "The Newspaper Revolution in New York 1830-1860," <i>New York History</i> (1964) 45#2 pp. 91–113 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23166673">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Gilfoyle, Timothy J. <i>City of eros: New York City, prostitution, and the commercialization of sex, 1790-1920</i> (1994)</li> <li>Gorn, Elliott J. "" Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American": Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City." <i>Journal of American History</i> (1987): 388-410. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900028">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Gronowicz, Anthony. <i>Race and class politics in New York City before the Civil War</i> (. Northeastern Univ Press, 1998)</li> <li>Haeger, John D. <i>John Jacob Astor: Business and Finance in the Early Republic</i> (1991)</li> <li>Harris, Leslie M.. "Slavery, Emancipation, and Class Formation in Colonial and Early National New York City," <i>Journal of Urban History,</i> March 2004, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp 339–359,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth T.</a>, ed. (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a></i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300055366" title="Special:BookSources/0300055366"><bdi>0300055366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0300055366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span>' 2nd ed. 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pessen" title="Edward Pessen">Pessen, Edward</a>. <i>Riches, class, and power before the Civil War</i> (1973)</li> <li>Scherzer, Kenneth A. <i>The unbounded community: Neighborhood life and social structure in New York City, 1830-1875</i> (1992).</li> <li>Scobey, David. "Anatomy of the promenade: The politics of bourgeois sociability in nineteenth‐century New York." <i>Social History</i> 17.2 (1992): 203–227.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stansell" title="Christine Stansell">Stansell, Christine</a>. <i>City of women: Sex and class in New York, 1789-1860</i> (1987).</li> <li>Stott, Richard Briggs. <i>Workers in the metropolis: Class, ethnicity, and youth in antebellum New York City</i> (1990)</li> <li>Spann, Edward K. <i>The New Metropolis: New York City, 1840-1857</i> (Columbia University Press, 1983)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorsanger,_Catherine_Hoover,_&_Howat,_John_K.,_eds.2000" class="citation book cs1">Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover, & Howat, John K., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16"><i>Art and the empire city: New York, 1825-1861</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870999574" title="Special:BookSources/9780870999574"><bdi>9780870999574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+the+empire+city%3A+New+York%2C+1825-1861&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780870999574&rft.au=Voorsanger%2C+Catherine+Hoover%2C+%26+Howat%2C+John+K.%2C+eds.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F56268%2Frec%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Wilentz, Sean. <i>Chants Democratic: New York City and the rise of the American working class, 1788-1850</i> (1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. <i>Empire City: New York Through the Centuries</i> (2005), 1015 pages of excerpts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Empire-City-York-Through-Centuries/dp/0231109091/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Still, Bayrd, ed. <i>Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present</i> (New York University Press, 1956) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/97287805/mirror-for-gotham-new-york-as-seen-by-contemporaries">online edition</a></li> <li>Stokes, I.N. Phelps. <i>The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections </i> (6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see <a href="/wiki/The_Iconography_of_Manhattan_Island" title="The Iconography of Manhattan Island">The Iconography of Manhattan Island</a> All volumes are on line free at: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofman01stok#page/n13/mode/2up">I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1. 1915</a> v. 1. The period of discovery (1524-1609); the Dutch period (1609-1664). The English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period (1763-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction; New York as the state and federal capital (1783-1811)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofma_02stok#page/n13/mode/2up">I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2. 1916</a> v. 2. Cartography: an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North America; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes. The Manatus maps. The Castello plan. The Dutch grants. Early New York newspapers (1725-1811). Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofman_b03stok#page/n11/mode/2up">I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918</a> v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812-1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865); period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island (1876-1909)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofman_a04stok#page/n13/mode/2up">I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4. 1922</a>; v. 4. The period of discovery (565-1626); the Dutch period (1626-1664). The English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period, part I (1763-1776)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofman05stok#page/n13/mode/2up">I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926</a>; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783-1811). The War of 1812 (1812-1815); period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865); Period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island (1876-1909)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofman06stok#page/n13/mode/2up">I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928</a>; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index.</li></ul></li> <li>Wilentz, Sean. <i>Chants democratic: New York City & the rise of the American working class, 1788-1850</i> (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chantsdemocratic00sean">online free</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_in_the_18th_century">Published in the 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Published in the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Franks1786" class="citation book cs1">David Franks (1786). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newyorkdirectory00fran_0#page/n35/mode/2up"><i>New York Directory</i></a>. New York: Printed by Shepard Kollock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Printed+by+Shepard+Kollock&rft.date=1786&rft.au=David+Franks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnewyorkdirectory00fran_0%23page%2Fn35%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span> (reprint of 1886)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/longworthsameric1798newy#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Longworth's American Almanack, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. New York. 1798.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanack%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1798&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameric1798newy%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_in_the_19th_century">Published in the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Published in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1800s-1820s">1800s-1820s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1800s-1820s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/longworthsameric2618long#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. New York: D. Longworth. 1801.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Longworth&rft.date=1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameric2618long%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4AVAAAAYAAJ"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. New York: David Longworth. 1808.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=David+Longworth&rft.date=1808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4AVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/longworthsameric1813newy#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. New York: David Longworth. 1812.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=David+Longworth&rft.date=1812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameric1813newy%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/longworthsameric4018long#page/n11/mode/2up"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. New York: Davic Longworth. 1815.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Davic+Longworth&rft.date=1815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameric4018long%23page%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedidiah_MorseRichard_C._Morse1823" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Jedidiah Morse</a>; Richard C. Morse (1823), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/528/mode/1up">"New York"</a>, <i>New Universal Gazetteer</i> (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+York&rft.btitle=New+Universal+Gazetteer&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=S.+Converse&rft.date=1823&rft.au=Jedidiah+Morse&rft.au=Richard+C.+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnewuniversalgaze00morsrich%23page%2F528%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/longworthsameric18256long#page/n21/mode/2up"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. New York: Thomas Longworth. 1825.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Longworth&rft.date=1825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameric18256long%23page%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/longworthsameric1826newy#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. New York: Thomas Longworth. 1826.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Longworth&rft.date=1826&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameric1826newy%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/longworthsameri00longgoog#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. 1827.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameri00longgoog%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hardie1827" class="citation cs2">James Hardie (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0M6AAAAMAAJ"><i>Description of the City of New York</i></a>, NY: Samuel Marks</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Samuel+Marks&rft.date=1827&rft.au=James+Hardie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG0M6AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1830s-1890s">1830s-1890s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1830s-1890s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosiah_Conder1830" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Conder_(editor_and_author)" title="Josiah Conder (editor and author)">Josiah Conder</a> (1830), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/moderntraveller23condiala#page/198/mode/2up">"North America: New York"</a>, <i>The Modern Traveller</i>, vol. 23, London: J.Duncan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+America%3A+New+York&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Traveller&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.Duncan&rft.date=1830&rft.au=Josiah+Conder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmoderntraveller23condiala%23page%2F198%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Brewster1832" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a>, ed. (1832). "City of New York". <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Edinburgh Encyclopædia"><i>Edinburgh Encyclopædia</i></a>. Vol. 18. Philadelphia: Joseph and Edward Parker. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft3dz0hq2k">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3dz0hq2k</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=City+of+New+York&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Joseph+and+Edward+Parker&rft.date=1832&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft3dz0hq2k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dn0VAAAAYAAJ"><i>Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City Directory</i></a>. 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New York: Thomas Longworth. 1839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longworth%27s+American+Almanac%2C+New+York+Register%2C+and+City+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Longworth&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flongworthsameric00newy%23page%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens,_Charles1842" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens, Charles</a> (1842), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americannotesfor01dickrich#page/190/mode/2up">"New York"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americannotesfor01dickrich"><i>American Notes</i></a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman and Hall">Chapman and Hall</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+York&rft.btitle=American+Notes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1842&rft.au=Dickens%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericannotesfor01dickrich%23page%2F190%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6U-AAAAYAAJ"><i>New York City Directory for 1842 and 1843</i></a>. 1842.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+City+Directory+for+1842+and+1843&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6U-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSsrAAAAYAAJ"><i>Doggett's New York City Directory</i></a>. 1845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doggett%27s+New+York+City+Directory&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSsrAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1845" class="citation cs2">Thomson, John (1845), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00thomuoft#page/707/mode/1up">"New York"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newuniversalgaze00thomuoft"><i>New Universal Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary</i></a>, London: H.G. Bohn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+York&rft.btitle=New+Universal+Gazetteer+and+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnewuniversalgaze00thomuoft%23page%2F707%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZQ-AAAAYAAJ"><i>Doggett's New York City Directory</i></a>. 1848.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doggett%27s+New+York+City+Directory&rft.date=1848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZQ-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Williams1849" class="citation cs2">W. Williams (1849), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appletonsnewyork00will"><i>Appletons' New York City and Vicinity Guide</i></a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_travel_guides" title="Appletons' travel guides">D. Appleton & Company</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+New+York+City+and+Vicinity+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1849&rft.au=W.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fappletonsnewyork00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Porter_Belden1850" class="citation book cs1">E. Porter Belden (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorkpastprese1850beld"><i>New York, Past, Present, and Future</i></a> (3rd ed.). NY: Prall, Lewis & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York%2C+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.place=NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prall%2C+Lewis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1850&rft.au=E.+Porter+Belden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorkpastprese1850beld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Wilson1852" class="citation book cs1">Henry Wilson, ed. (1852). <i>Directory of the City of New York</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Fowler_Trow" title="John Fowler Trow">John F. Trow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fchi.27275303">2027/chi.27275303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+F.+Trow&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fchi.27275303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/francissguidetoc01fran#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Stranger's Hand-Book for the City of New York</i></a>. New York: C.S. Francis & Co. 1854. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8067569">8067569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stranger%27s+Hand-Book+for+the+City+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=C.S.+Francis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1854&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8067569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffrancissguidetoc01fran%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChas._H._Haswell1896" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haynes_Haswell" title="Charles Haynes Haswell">Chas. H. Haswell</a> (1896), <i>Reminiscences of an Octogenarian of the City of New York (1816 to 1860)</i>, New York: Harper & Brothers, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7189696M">7189696M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+an+Octogenarian+of+the+City+of+New+York+%281816+to+1860%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7189696M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Chas.+H.+Haswell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Parkhurst" title="Charles Henry Parkhurst">Parkhurst, Charles Henry</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourfightwithtam00parkgoog">Our fight with Tammany</a> 1895</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1993" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Marilynn Wood (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8199p209;brand=ucpress"><i>Their Sisters' Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830–1870</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520078345" title="Special:BookSources/9780520078345"><bdi>9780520078345</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Their+Sisters%27+Keepers%3A+Prostitution+in+New+York+City%2C+1830%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780520078345&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Marilynn+Wood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft8199p209%3Bbrand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p209/">read free online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Check List of Directories of the City of New York", <i>Bulletin of the New York Public Library</i>, vol. 5, 1901, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433081923769">2027/nyp.33433081923769</a>, <q>Part 2: Chronological List</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+New+York+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Check+List+of+Directories+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433081923769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+City+%281784%E2%80%931854%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%E2%80%931783)" title="History of New York City (1665–1783)">History of New York City <br /> (1665–1783)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> History of New York City <br /> (1784–1854) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)" title="History of New York City (1855–1897)">History of New York City <br /> (1855–1897)</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784–1854)&oldid=1245675338">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1784–1854)&oldid=1245675338</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_New_York_City" title="Category:19th century in New York City">19th century in New York City</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2024">Articles with dead external links from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2012">Use mdy dates from March 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 12:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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